سمارٽ فون

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[[فائل:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|200px|left]]
'''اسمارٽ فون''' (smartphones) هڪ موبائل ڊيوائس آهي جيڪو روايتي [[موبائل فون]] (فيچر فون) جي ڪارڪردگي کي جديد ڪمپيوٽنگ صلاحيتن سان گڏ ڪري ٿو. ان ۾ عام طور تي هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين انٽرفيس هوندو آهي، جيڪو صارفين کي ايپليڪيشنن ۽ خدمتن جي وسيع رينج تائين رسائي جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ ويب برائوزنگ، اي ميل، ۽ سوشل ميڊيا، انهي سان گڏ ملٽي ميڊيا پلے بیک ۽ اسٽريمنگ. اسمارٽ فونز ۾ بلٽ ان ڪيمرا، GPS نيويگيشن ۽ مختلف مواصلاتي طريقن لاءِ سپورٽ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ وائس ڪالز، ٽيڪسٽ ميسيجنگ، ۽ انٽرنيٽ تي ٻڌل ميسيجنگ ايپس شامل آهن. اسمارٽ فونز کي پراڻين ڊيزائن جي فيچر فونز کان انهن جي وڌيڪ جديد هارڊويئر صلاحيتن ۽ وسيع موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم، انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي، ڪاروباري ايپليڪيشنون، موبائل ادائيگيون، ۽ ملٽي ميڊيا ڪارڪردگي، جنهن ۾ موسيقي، وڊيو، گيمنگ، ريڊيو ۽ ٽيليويزن شامل آهن، جي ڪري مختلف آهن.

اسمارٽ فونز ۾ عام طور تي ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر &lt;small&gt;(MOS)&lt;/small&gt; انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس، مختلف سينسرز ۽ ڪيترن ئي وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن پروٽوڪولز جي سهولت موجود هوندي آهي. اسمارٽ فون سينسرز جي مثالن ۾ ايڪسلروميٽر، بيروميٽر، گائرو اسڪوپ ۽ ميگنيٽوميٽرز شامل آهن. انهن کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ۽ ٿرڊ پارٽي سافٽ ويئر ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن ڪارڪردگي کي بهتر بڻائي سگهجي. اسمارٽ فونز پاران سپورٽ ڪيل وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن جي معيارن ۾ LTE، 5G NR، وائي فائي، بلوٽوٿ ۽ سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن شامل آهن. سال &lt;small&gt;2020&lt;/small&gt;ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري، ٺاهيندڙن سيٽلائيٽ ميسيجنگ ۽ ايمرجنسي سروسز کي شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن سان انهن جي افاديت انهن ڏورانهن علائقن تائين وڌي وئي جتي قابل اعتماد سيلولر ڪوريج موجود نه هئي. اسمارٽ فونز گهڻي حد تائين پرسنل ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ (PDA) ڊوائيسز، هٿ ۾ رکڻ جهڙن ننڍن پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر، پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئرز (PMP)، پوائنٽ-اينڊ-شوٽ ڪئميرا، ڪيمڪارڊر ۽ ڪجهه حد تائين هٿ ۾ رکڻ وارن وڊيو گيم ڪنسول، اي-ريڊر ڊوائيس، پاڪيٽ ڪيلڪيوليٽرز ۽ GPS ٽريڪنگ يونٽن جي جاءِ ورتي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Islam |first=Zak |date=30 December 2012 |title=Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=Tom's Hardware |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Wikipedia homepage on a large Android phone, 2015-04-16.jpg|thumb|نيڪسس 6 (Nexus 6)، جيڪو هڪ [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] اسمارٽ فون آهي، [[انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا]] جو مکيه صفحو ڏيکاري رهيو آهي.]]
2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ آئي فون (iPhone) جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت کانپوءِ، اڪثر اسمارٽ فونز پتلي، سليٽ جهڙي شڪل ۽ وڏين ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرينن سان ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جن ۾ فزيڪل ڪيبورڊ جي بدران ملٽي ٽچ اشارن جي سهولت موجود آهي. اڪثر جديد اسمارٽ فونز ۾ اها صلاحيت هوندي آهي ته صارف هڪ مرڪزي ايپ اسٽور تان اضافي ايپليڪيشنون ڊائون لوڊ يا خريد ڪري سگهن. انهن ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪلائوڊ اسٽوريج، ڪلائوڊ سنڪرونائيزيشن ۽ ورچوئل اسسٽنٽس جي سهولت هوندي آهي. 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان وٺي، بهتر هارڊويئر ۽ تيز رفتار وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن اسمارٽ فون انڊسٽري جي ترقي کي هٿي ڏني آهي. 2014ع تائين، سڄي دنيا ۾ هر سال هڪ ارب کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فونز وڪرو ٿيندا هئا. صرف 2019ع ۾، سڄي دنيا ۾ 1.54 ارب اسمارٽ فون يونٽس موڪليا ويا؛ سال 2020ع تائين، دنيا جي آبادي جو 75.05 سيڪڙو ماڻهو اسمارٽ فون استعمال ڪندڙ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#topicOverview | title=Topic: Smartphones }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال ڪجهه حد تائين سهولت ۽ زندگي جي اطمينان سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، پر ان سان جسماني، ذهني ۽ ادراڪي (cognitive) صحت تي مختلف منفي اثر پڻ سڃاتا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagong2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Sagong | first1 = H.| last2 = Yoon | first2 = J. Y.| title = The effects of smartphone use on life satisfaction in older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms| journal = CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing| volume = 40| issue = 8| pages = 523-530| date = 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''سمارٽ فون''' يا ذهين فون (Smartphone) [[عام فون]] جي نسبت ۾ ڪافي خصوصيتن جو مالڪ هوندو آهي.

, 
==تاريخ==

پهرين ڪمرشل اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر. 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز. سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') پاران 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا. * 

شروعاتي اسمارٽ فونز بنيادي طور تي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ڏانهن مارڪيٽ ڪيا ويا، سيلولر ٽيليفوني جي مدد سان اسٽينڊ اڪيلو PDA ڊوائيسز جي ڪارڪردگي کي پل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، پر انهن جي وڏي شڪ، مختصر بيٽري جي زندگي، سست اينالاگ سيلولر نيٽ ورڪ، ۽ وائرليس ڊيٽا سروسز جي ناپختگي جي ڪري محدود هئا. اهي مسئلا آخرڪار MOS ٽرانزسٽرز جي ايڪسپونشنل اسڪيلنگ ۽ مينيچرائيزيشن سان حل ڪيا ويا ذيلي مائڪرون سطحن تائين (مور جو قانون)، بهتر ليٿيم آئن بيٽري، تيز ڊجيٽل موبائل ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ (ايڊ هولم جو قانون)، ۽ وڌيڪ پختو سافٽ ويئر پليٽ فارم جيڪي موبائل ڊوائيس ايڪو سسٽم کي ڊيٽا فراهم ڪندڙن کان آزاد طور تي ترقي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏين ٿا. * اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (ٻن لفظن ۾) 1980 کان پريس ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1985 کان، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1987 کان. اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (هڪ ننڍي لفظ جي طور تي) پهريون ڀيرو 1997 ۾ ايريڪسن پاران هڪ نئين ڊوائيس تصور، GS88 کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. پهرين تجارتي اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا.

==هارڊويئر==
[[File:Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg|thumb|هڪ اهڙو اسمارٽ فون جنهن جي مٿئين حصي ۾ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر لڳل آهي، جنهن کي ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو.]]&lt;!--Please replace with more close-up picture when found.--&gt;
{{Further|موبائيل فون جون خاصيتون}}

هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي &lt;small&gt;'''ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt;) انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس هونديون آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ اربن ننڍڙا ”&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt; فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽرز“ (&lt;small&gt;MOSFETs&lt;/small&gt;) موجود هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference |url=https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217200937/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ هيٺيون '''موس &lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt; چپس''' هونديون آهن: &lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;  

* ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر (CMOS سسٽم-آن-ا-چپ)
* فليش ميموري (فلوٽنگ-گيٽ MOS ميموري)
* سيلولر موڊيم (بيس بينڊ RF CMOS)
* RF ٽرانسيوور (RF CMOS)
* فون ڪئميرا جو اميج سينسر (CMOS اميج سينسر)
* پاور مينيجمينٽ انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (پاور MOSFETs)
*ڊسپلي ڊرائيور (LCD يا LED ڊرائيور) 
*وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن چپس (وائي-فائي، بلوٽوٿ، GPS رسيور) 
*ساؤنڊ چپ (آڊيو ڪوڊيڪ ۽ پاور ايمپليفائر) 
*جائيروسڪوپ (Gyroscope) 
*ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرين ڪنٽرولر (ASIC ۽ DSP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Joel |chapter=Touchscreen technology basics &amp; a new development |title=2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference Presentation Slides |date=May 2010 |volume=6 |publisher=CMOS Emerging Technologies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&amp;pg=PA34 |isbn=9781927500057 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
*RF پاور ايمپليفائر (LDMOS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |archive-date=2014-05-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baliga2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Baliga |first1=B. Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StJpDQAAQBAJ |title=Silicon RF Power MOSFETS |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812561213 |author1-link=B. Jayant Baliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asif&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT128 |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NXP-LDMOS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=LDMOS Products and Solutions |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |access-date=4 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪجهه فونن ۾ ايف ايم (FM) ريڊيو رسيور، نوٽيفڪيشن لاءِ هارڊويئر LED، ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال لاءِ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر پڻ لڳل هوندا آهن. ڪجهه ماڊلز ۾ اضافي سينسرز، جهڙوڪ ماحولياتي گرمي پد ماپڻ لاءِ ٿرماميٽر، نمي ماپڻ لاءِ هائيگرو ميٽر، ۽ الٽرا وائلٽ شعاعن کي ماپڻ لاءِ سينسر پڻ هوندا آهن.

خاص مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيل ڪجهه اسمارٽ فون ۾ &lt;small&gt;'''غير معمولي هارڊويئر'''&lt;/small&gt;، جهڙوڪ &lt;small&gt;'''پروجيڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;Samsung&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Beam&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;i8520 ۽ Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530&lt;/small&gt;)، آپٽيڪل زوم لينس (&lt;small&gt;Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ۽ Samsung Galaxy K&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Zoom&lt;/small&gt;)، ٿرمل ڪئميرا ۽ حتيٰ ته &lt;small&gt;PMR446&lt;/small&gt; (واڪي-ٽاڪي ريڊيو) ٽرانسيوور لڳل هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camera and thermal imaging Review |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/cat-s60-camera-and-thermal-imaging-page-3 |website=Trusted Reviews |language=en |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Purvi |title=Ulefone Armor 3T Review: A Digital Walkie-Talkie Smartphone |url=https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |website=Veditto |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419231512/https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |archive-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

=== سينٽرل پروسيسنگ يونٽ ===
اسمارٽ فون ۾ سينٽرل پراسيسنگ يونٽ &lt;small&gt;(CPUs)&lt;/small&gt; هوندا آهن، جيڪا ڪمپيوٽر ۾ موجود &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جهڙا ئي هوندا آهن، پر ان کي گهٽ توانائي واري ماحول ۾ هلائڻ لاءِ خاص طور تي ترتيب ڏنو ويو هوندو آهي. اسمارٽ فونز ۾، &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; عام طور تي ڪامپليمينٽري ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر(&lt;small&gt;CMOS&lt;/small&gt;) سسٽم-آن-آ-چپ (&lt;small&gt;system-on-a-chip&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;SoC)&lt;/small&gt; ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر ۾ ضم ٿيل هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;   

موبائل جي &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي جو دارومدار نه رڳو ڪلاڪ ريٽ (جيڪو عام طور تي هرٽز جي ضربن ۾ ٻڌايو ويندو آهي) تي هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title = CPU Frequency
 | work = CPU World Glossary
 | publisher = CPU World
 | date = 25 March 2008
 | url = http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html
 | access-date =1 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ميموري جي ترتيب (&lt;small&gt;memory&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;hierarchy&lt;/small&gt;) تي پڻ هوندو آهي. انهن چئلينجن جي ڪري، موبائل فون &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي کي اڪثر ڪري انهن اسڪورز (&lt;small&gt;scores&lt;/small&gt;) ذريعي وڌيڪ صحيح طور تي بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي عام طور تي استعمال ٿيندڙ ايپليڪيشن ۾ حقيقي اثرائتي ڪارڪردگي ماپڻ لاءِ مختلف معياري ٽيسٽ آهن. 

===Buttons===
[[File:TouchWiz 2013 device options.png|thumb|upright|&quot;Device options&quot; menu of Samsung Mobile's [[TouchWiz]] user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second]]
[[File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg|thumb|The [[HTC Desire]], a 2010 smartphone with [[optical trackpad]] and search button]]

Smartphones are typically equipped with a power button and volume buttons. Some pairs of volume buttons are unified. Some are equipped with a dedicated camera shutter button. Units for outdoor use may be equipped with an &quot;SOS&quot; emergency call and &quot;PTT&quot; ([[push-to-talk]] button). The presence of physical front-side buttons such as the [[home button|home]] and navigation buttons has decreased throughout the 2010s, increasingly becoming replaced by capacitive touch sensors and simulated (on-screen) buttons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Athow |first1=Desire |title=Best rugged smartphones of 2021: waterproof, shockproof and IP68 mobiles |url=https://www.techradar.com/best/best-rugged-smartphones |website=TechRadar |access-date=18 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As with classic mobile phones, early smartphones such as the [[Samsung Omnia II]] were equipped with buttons for accepting and declining phone calls. Due to the advancements of functionality besides phone calls, these have increasingly been replaced by navigation buttons such as &quot;menu&quot; (also known as &quot;options&quot;), &quot;back&quot;, and &quot;tasks&quot;. Some early 2010s smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire]] were additionally equipped with a &quot;Search&quot; button (🔍) for quick access to a web search engine or apps' internal search feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/13/the-menu-navigation-button-has-finally-been-retired-in-android-10/ |language=en |title=The menu navigation button has finally been retired in Android 10 |author=Corbin Davenport |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2013, smartphones' home buttons started integrating [[fingerprint scanner]]s, starting with the [[iPhone 5s]] and [[Samsung Galaxy S5]].

Functions may be assigned to button combinations. For example, [[screenshot]]s can usually be taken using the home and power buttons, with a short press on iOS and one-second holding Android OS, the two most popular mobile operating systems. On smartphones with no physical home button, usually the volume-down button is instead pressed with the power button. Some smartphones have a screenshot and possibly [[screencast]] shortcuts in the navigation button bar or the power button menu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Krasnoff |first1=Barbara |title=How to take screenshots on your iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/21340137/apple-iphone-screenshots-ios-how-to-take |website=The Verge |access-date=21 June 2021 |language=en |date=2020-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Take Screenshot on LG G3 (3 Methods) |url=https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-take-screenshot-on-lg-g3/ |website=DroidViews |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2014-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=4 Ways To Take a Screenshot on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra - NaldoTech |url=https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2020-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204222/https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Display===
{{main|Display device}}

[[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone touchscreen]]
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the [[Display device|screen]]. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] of [[16:9]], but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as possible.

====Screen sizes====
[[File:Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile phone front face logged in screen.jpg|thumb|Blackview A60 Andoid Go mobile phone smartphone cell phone showing the front-facing camera is put in notch display]]
Screen sizes are measured in diagonal [[inch]]es. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called &quot;[[phablet]]s&quot;. Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and &quot;edge-to-edge&quot; designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonearena-s7edgenotphablet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5&quot; Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2&quot; devices|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galaxy-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482|website=PhoneArena|date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-phabletpytha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017|url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-s8aspectratio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110244/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Panel types====
[[Liquid-crystal display]]s (LCDs) and [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by [[Wacom (company)|Wacom]] and [[Samsung]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=M. J.|date=1987-04-01|title=Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications|volume=7|issue=4|pages=31–44|doi=10.1109/MCG.1987.276869|bibcode=1987ICGA....7d..31W |s2cid=16707568|issn=0272-1716}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Apple's [[Force Touch]] system. A few phones, such as the [[YotaPhone]] prototype, are equipped with a low-power [[electronic paper]] rear display, as used in [[e-book reader]]s.

====Alternative input methods====
[[File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png|thumb|Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a [[Google Chromium]] derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the [[tabbed browsing|tab]] list using the stylus on a [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4]].]]
[[File:HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg|thumb|Optical track pad sensor of an [[HTC Legend]], 2010]]

Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a [[stylus]] for higher precision input and hovering detection or a [[Touchscreen#Self-capacitance|self-capacitive touch screen]]s layer for floating finger detection. The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the [[Samsung Galaxy S4]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]], [[Samsung Galaxy S5|S5]], [[Samsung Galaxy Alpha|Alpha]], and [[Sony Xperia Sola]], making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far.

Hovering can enable preview [[tooltip]]s such as on the [[video player]]'s seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the [[dial pad]], as well as [[lock screen]] animations, and the simulation of a [[mouseover|hover]]ing [[mouse cursor]] on web sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How does Air view work? |url=https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |website=Samsung Galaxy site |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028203958/https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |archive-date=2016-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floating touch™ – Developer World |url=http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003815/http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Change Unlock Effect on Galaxy S4 Lock Screen |url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |website=Android Widget Center |language=en |date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609051907/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |archive-date=2013-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to relevant tools such as digital [[post-it note]]s and highlighting of text and elements when dragging while pressed, resembling drag selection using a [[computer mouse]]. Some series such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] and [[LG G Stylus]] series have an integrated tray to store the stylus in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |website=Android Authority |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012837/https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Few devices such as the [[iPhone 6s]] until [[iPhone Xs]] and [[Huawei Mate S]] are equipped with a [[Force Touch|pressure-sensitive touch screen]], where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Lance |last=Whitney |date=2019-07-08|title=How to Use and Control 3D Touch on Your iPhone|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gallery/121589/how-to-use-and-control-3d-touch-on-your-iphone|access-date=2021-04-02|website=PCMag UK|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zibreg|first=Christian|date=2015-10-28|title=Apple rejects Gravity, a 3D Touch-based iPhone 6s digital scale app|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2015/10/28/apple-pulls-gravity-app/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire|HTC Desire (Bravo)]] and [[HTC Legend]] are equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HTC Bravo: TMO UK Nexus One Plus Optical Trackpad – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2010/01/21/htc-bravo-tmo-uk-nexus-one-plus-optical-trackpad/ |website=phandroid.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=21 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Notification light====
[[File:Notification_LED.webm|thumb|right]]
{{Main article|Notification LED}}

Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power [[light-emitting diode]]s besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption.

To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue ([[RGB]]) are able to create a multitude of colour combinations.

===Sensors===
Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications.

====Common sensors====
[[Accelerometer]]s and [[gyroscope]]s enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include [[bubble level]] simulation. An [[ambient light sensor]] allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an [[RGB sensor]] enables the adaption of screen colour.

Many mobile phones are also equipped with a [[barometer]] sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since 2012 with the [[Galaxy S3]], and Apple since 2014 with the [[iPhone 6]]. It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude.

A [[magnetometer]] can act as a [[digital magnetic compass|digital compass]] by measuring [[Earth's magnetic field]].

====Rare sensors====
Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 [[Galaxy S5]] and [[Galaxy Note 4]] with a [[heart rate]] sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-25|title=How to Use Heart Rate Sensor on Note 4 as a Shutter Button|url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Android Widget Center|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163525/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/ |archive-date=2021-06-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So far, only the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy S4]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]] are equipped with an [[thermometer|ambient temperature sensor]] and a [[hygrometer|humidity sensor]], and only the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4|Note 4]] with an [[ultraviolet]] radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2013-04-10|title=Hidden innovation in the Galaxy S4|url=https://www.sammobile.com/2013/04/10/hidden-innovation-in-the-galaxy-s4/|access-date=|website=SamMobile|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Ray|title=Playing with the Note 4's UV and SpO2 sensors|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Playing-with-the-Note-4s-UV-and-SpO2-sensors_id60358|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Phone Arena|date=September 6, 2014 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rear infrared [[laser]] beam for distance measurement can enable [[time-of-flight camera]] functionality with accelerated [[autofocus]], as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting with [[LG G3]] and [[LG V10]].

Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet.

===Storage===
While [[eMMC]] (''embedded multi media card'') [[flash storage]] was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, [[Universal Flash Storage|UFS]] (''Universal Flash Storage'') with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Odunayo |title=eMMC or UFS: Understanding new generation of mobile phone storage |url=https://www.dignited.com/23879/emmc-or-ufs-mobile-phone-storage/ |website=Dignited |date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Capacity
While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with [[Samsung Telecommunications|Samsung]] for example increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512 GB within only 2{{1/2}} years between 2016 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Russell |title=Understanding Smartphone Storage – How much storage does your phone need? |url=https://www.lifewire.com/smartphone-buying-guides-577502 |website=Lifewire |date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Starts Producing First 512-Gigabyte Universal Flash Storage for Next-Generation Mobile Devices |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171204006182/en/Samsung-Starts-Producing-512-Gigabyte-Universal-Flash-Storage |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gottsegen |first1=Gordon |title=Samsung is bringing a huge 512GB memory chip to its phones |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-512gb-memory-chip-announcement/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2017-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=US will only receive 32GB Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/us-getting-32gb-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-675313/ |website=Android Authority |date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Memory cards====
[[File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG|thumb|Inserted memory and SIM cards]]
{{main article|MicroSD#Mobile phones}}

The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using [[MicroSD#Mobile phones|MicroSD]] [[memory card]]s, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ {{section link|SD_card|2009–2019: SDXC}}). Benefits over [[USB on the go]] storage and [[cloud storage]] include [[offline]] availability and [[privacy]], not reserving and protruding from the [[charging port]], no connection instability or [[latency (engineering)|latency]], no dependence on voluminous [[data plan]]s, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between devices by changing memory cards, large-scale [[data backup]]s can be created offline, and data can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-us |title=MicroSD vs. cloud storage: Which do you prefer? |url=https://news.wirefly.com/2013/05/31/microsd-vs-cloud-storage-which-do-you-prefer |website=phonedog.com |date=31 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-nz |title=Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage |url=https://www.ni.com/en-nz/support/documentation/supplemental/12/understanding-life-expectancy-of-flash-storage.html |website=www.ni.com |date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=How to back up your Android phone |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/backup-android-phone-708622/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In case of technical [[brick (electronics)|defects]] which make the device unusable or [[boot (computing)|unbootable]] as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, [[bendgate|bending damage]], [[malware]], or bogus [[software update|system update]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Popa |first1=Bogdan |title=Xiaomi Ships Android 11 Update, Completely Bricks Devices |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/xiaomi-ships-android-11-update-completely-bricks-devices-531859.shtml |website=softpedia |language=english |date=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; etc., data stored on the memory card is likely [[data recovery|rescueable]] externally, while data on the inaccessible internal storage would be [[data loss|lost]]. A memory card can usually{{efn|Presuming common [[file system]] support, which is usually given. Some software-specific data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device.}} immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior [[file transfer]]s.

Some [[dual-SIM]] mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a [[SIM card]] or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM and memory card usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kaufberatung: Smartphones mit Dual-SIM und Micro-SD |url=https://www.techstage.de/ratgeber/kaufberatung-smartphones-mit-dual-sim-und-micro-sd/3t4xzm3 |website=TechStage |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=de |date=2019-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Physical location
The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies [[hot swapping]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to increase internal memory on the Galaxy Note 4 |url=https://www.nextpit.com/how-to-increase-internal-memory-on-galaxy-note-4 |website=NextPit |date=July 5, 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thorn |first1=Thomas |title=Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/samsung-galaxy-s4-mini-1137603/review |website=TechRadar |language=en |date=2013-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hidalgo |first1=Jason |title=Replace the SIM &amp; Memory Card in a Samsung Galaxy S7 or S7 Edge |url=https://www.lifewire.com/install-sim-memory-galaxy-s7-4023729 |website=Lifewire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy Fit]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Ace|Ace]] have a sideways memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 review: Ace in the hole |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_ace_s5830-review-573.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=1 |date=2011-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====File transfer====
Originally, [[mass storage]] access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the [[Media Transfer Protocol]] as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common [[file system]] support, as communication is done through an [[abstraction layer]].

However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and [[random access]] of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Happened To Mass Storage &amp; File Management? [Updated] - Mobility Arena - Mobile Phone, Smartphone, Cell Phone Reviews |url=https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |website=mobilityarena.com |date=2011-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100252/https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |archive-date=2021-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sound===
Some audio quality enhancing features, such as [[Voice over LTE]] and [[HD Voice]] have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in [[long-distance call]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it|title=Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It|first=Jeff|last=Hecht|work=[[IEEE]]|date=September 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible|title=Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?|first=Elena|last=Malykhina|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audio quality can be improved using a [[VoIP]] application over [[Wi-Fi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/whats-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681|title=What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?|first=Alan|last=Henry|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Lifehacker|date=May 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a [[speakerphone]] feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

Some mobile phones such as the [[HTC One M8]] and the [[Sony Xperia Z2]] are equipped with [[stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Andrew |title=HTC One M8 BoomSound speakers are loud and proud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-speaker-comparison/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Audio connector====
The [[Phone connector (audio)#Miniature size|3.5mm headphone receptible]] ([[colloquialism|coll.]] &quot;''headphone jack''&quot;) allows the immediate operation of passive [[headphone]]s, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port side) than on the top of the device.

The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple [[iPhone 7]]. An [[adapter]] reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug.

Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth [[transceiver]] and a battery with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Was ditching the headphone jack a good idea? |url=https://www.soundguys.com/was-ditching-the-headphone-jack-a-good-idea-13825/ |website=SoundGuys |date=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Battery===
Smartphones typically feature [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] or [[lithium-polymer battery|lithium-polymer batteries]] due to their high [[energy density|energy densities]].

Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Fixes of Unexpected Phone Shutoffs - RTCL ... rtcl.eecs.umich.edu › assets › 2020 |url=https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2020/youngmoon-mobisys20.pdf |date=2020-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Battery capacity may be reduced to 80% after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jasieniak |first1=Jacek |title=Explainer: how to extend your phone's battery life |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-to-extend-your-phones-battery-life-80958 |website=The Conversation |date=July 31, 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.ukm.my/jqma/v10_1/jqma-10-1-paper4.pdf |title=Modelling of Charge/Discharge Cycle of Lithium Ion Battery System |first1=Ho Kar |last1=Yee |first2=Sivakumar |last2=Ramakrishnan |first3=Ahmad Azmin |last3=Mohamad |journal=Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=2014 |pages=39–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Some mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for [[Planned obsolescence#Batteries|planned obsolescence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Planned obsolescence: the outrage of our electronic waste mountain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/the-right-to-repair-planned-obsolescence-electronic-waste-mountain |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Charging====
[[File:Cheero powerbank &amp; Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg|thumb|A high-capacity portable [[battery charger]] ([[Battery charger#Power bank|''power bank'']])]]

Due to limitations of [[electrical current]]s that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle, charging protocols which make use of elevated [[voltages]] such as [[Qualcomm Quick Charge]] and [[MediaTek Pump Express]] have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a device needs to be attached to a power source.

The smartphone's integrated [[charge controller]] (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a supported [[mobile phone charger|charger]]. &quot;[[VOOC]]&quot; by Oppo, also marketed as &quot;dash charge&quot;, took the counter approach and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later, [[USB Power Delivery]] (''USB-PD'') was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Sumukh |title=Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo VOOC vs USB-PD - TechPP |url=https://techpp.com/2020/04/09/qualcomm-quick-charge-vs-oneplus-warp-charge-vs-oppo-vooc-vs-usb-pd/ |website=techpp.com |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 [[watt]]s in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222405/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20 Watts in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Nick |title=How it works: Dash Charge fast charging on the OnePlus 3 |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/How-it-works-Dash-Charge-fast-charging-on-the-OnePlus-3_id82646 |website=Phone Arena |date=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 45 watts in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Byford |first1=Sam |title=Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |website=The Verge |language=en |date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation of the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PSA: The Galaxy S8 and S8+ doesn't actually Fast Charge while you're using it – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2017/05/11/samsung-galaxy-s8-plus-wont-fast-charge-problems/ |website=phandroid.com |date=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is powered off}}

[[Wireless charging]] has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with [[Qi (standard)|''Qi'']] being the most common standard, followed by [[Powermat]]. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission, charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging rates.

By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6 phones with the best battery life|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-battery-life/|access-date=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-customer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html|access-date=September 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Kendrick |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/ |title=The secret behind poor smartphone battery life|work=ZDNet |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-years/ |title=Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external &quot;battery packs&quot;. External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that &quot;piggyback&quot; onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the [[Galaxy Note 7]] smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/|title=Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas|date=May 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For consumer convenience, [[inductive charging|wireless charging]] stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/|title=The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Power management====
A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC) of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a few hundred milliwatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Frumusanu |first1=Andrei |title=Analysing AMOLED Power Efficiency Improvements |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623204043/http://anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=2015-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cameras===
{{main|Camera phone|Digital camera|Videophone}}

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. {{As of|2019}} phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Images are usually saved in the [[JPEG]] file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s also have [[Raw image format|RAW]] imaging capability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Shoot Photos in DNG/RAW on Samsung Galaxy S7 |url=https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |website=Android Beat {{!}} Android News, Hacks, Apps, Tips &amp; Reviews Blog |access-date=19 August 2021 |language=en-us |date=24 April 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213752/https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nikam |first1=Sohil |title=Samsung Dropping RAW Image Support Into Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge Via Android 5.1.1 Update - TechShout |url=https://www.techshout.com/samsung-to-bless-galaxy-s6-and-s6-edge-with-raw-photo-support-via-android-5-1-1-update/ |website=www.techshout.com |access-date=19 August 2021 |date=2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Space constraints====
Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for &quot;[[selfie]]s&quot; and [[video chat]]. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for [[image sensor]]s and [[Lens|optics]], rear-facing cameras are often housed in a &quot;bump&quot; that is thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose ([[Telephoto lens|telephoto]], [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]], etc.).

Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera module while increasing [[ergonomy]], as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with [[Image stabilization#Optical image stabilization|optical image stabilisation]] (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus [[Raw image format|RAW]] images. [[High-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]], &quot;[[Bokeh]] mode&quot; with multi lenses and multi-shot [[Night mode camera|night mode]]s are now also familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019 |url=https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512034618/https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |archive-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via [[computational photography]] [[Digital image processing|image processing]] and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

====Dedicated camera button====
Some mobile phones such as the [[Samsung i8000 Omnia 2]], some [[Nokia Lumia]]s and some [[Sony Xperia]]s are equipped with a physical camera shutter button.

Those with two pressure levels resemble the [[point-and-shoot]] intuition of dedicated [[compact camera]]s. The camera button may be used as a [[shortcut (computing)|shortcut]] to quickly and [[ergonomy|ergonomically]] launch the camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button.

===Back cover materials===
Back covers of smartphones are typically made of [[polycarbonate]], aluminium, or glass. Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the [[Galaxy S5]] or leathered on the [[Galaxy Note 3]] and [[Note 4]].

While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less &quot;premium&quot; among [[fashion]]- and [[fad|trend]]-oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock absorption, greater [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass, which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of radio signals or wireless power like metal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=A Discussion on Material Choices in Mobile |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031624/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 9, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=2014-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bring back plastic phones. |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/bring-back-plastic-phones-1004824/ |website=Android Authority |date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benefits And Applications Of Polycarbonates |url=https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |website=Tuflite |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411235448/https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/ |website=Android Authority |date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Accessories===
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including [[Mobile phone accessories#Cases|cases]], [[#Memory_cards|memory card]]s, [[screen protector]]s, [[Battery charger#Mobile phone charger|chargers]], [[wireless charging|wireless power]] stations, [[USB On-The-Go]] adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), [[Mobile High-Definition Link|MHL]] adapters, add-on batteries, [[power bank]]s, [[headphones]], combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct [[Telephone call|call]]s on the device without holding it to the ear), and [[Bluetooth]]-enabled [[powered speaker]]s that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a &quot;book&quot;-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some &quot;book&quot;-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as [[wallet]]s.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

However, some companies, like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to &quot;reduce [[carbon footprint]]&quot;, etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters.
==سافٽ ويئر==
: موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست: وڪرو: استعمال: تنقيد ۽ مسئلا: صحت تي اثر: پابنديون ۽ روڪون: مخصوص ڊجيٽل ڪيمرائن جي جاءِ وٺڻ: عمر (استعمال جو مدو):

==Software==
===Mobile operating systems===
{{Main|Mobile operating system}}

A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an [[operating system]] for phones, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[smartwatch]]es, or other [[mobile device]]s. Globally, Android and [[IOS]] are the two most used mobile operating systems based on [[Usage share of operating systems|usage share]], with the former having been the best selling OS globally on all devices since 2013.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a [[personal computer]] operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a [[touchscreen]], [[Cellular network|cellular]], Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) mobile navigation, [[video camera|video-]] and [[digital camera|single-frame picture cameras]], [[speech recognition]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recorder]], [[portable media player|music player]], [[near-field communication]], and [[infrared blaster]]. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=May 29, 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use. Other well-known mobile operating systems are [[Flyme OS]] and [[Harmony OS]].
[[File:20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra]] has an [[artificial intelligence]]-powered feature.]]
Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems{{Em dash}}the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary [[real-time operating system]] which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious [[base station]]s to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Thom Holwerda |website=[[OSNews]] |date=November 12, 2013 |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/27416/the-second-operating-system-hiding-in-every-mobile-phone/ |title=The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--

The below list and subsequent details in it are unwarranted for the scope of this article. It is better replaced by a link to corresponding main article (see above). Even if any reason the below needs to be retained, a single paragraph summarising entire contents, should be enough.

====Android====
{{Main article|Android (operating system)}}
[[File:Android OS.jpg|thumb|Several smartphones running Google's Android OS]]
[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (based on the modified [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system developed by [[Google Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OS MS 3Q10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent |date=November 10, 2010 |publisher=Gartner, Inc |at=Table 2 |access-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113073826/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for [[Turing machine|general purpose computers]] (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) [[personal computer]]s (PCs). Although the Android operating system is [[free and open-source software]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ICS is coming to AOSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/android-building/msg/c0e01b4619a1455a |title=ICS is coming to AOSP}}&lt;/ref&gt; in devices sold, much of the software [[Product bundling|bundled]] with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is [[proprietary software]] and closed source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903011541/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=December 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged since Android 4.0. The current Android version is [[Android Pie|9.0 Pie]].

Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items, except for the first and second releases.

Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own [[List_of_custom_Android_distributions|modified versions]] of the operating system.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianfrag&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Android fragmentation 'worse than ever' – but OpenSignal says that's good|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/android-fragmentation-visualised-opensignal|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 1, 2013|date=July 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====iOS====
{{Main article|iOS}}
[[iOS]] (formerly named iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system from [[Apple Inc.]] It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|title=Apple Took 89% Of Q4 Smartphone Profits With Android OEMs In A Race To The Bottom|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110736/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|archive-date=July 15, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system. The [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]] and second or third-generation [[Apple TV]] all use [[iOS]], which is derived from [[macOS]].

Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, &quot;[[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]]&quot; allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.

Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by [[Foxconn]] or another of Apple's partners.

====Sailfish OS====
{{main article|Sailfish OS}}

[[Sailfish OS]] is from [[Jolla]]. It is open source with [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is [[proprietary software]] (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI. Using third party software extends usability but does not make the OS code close, in the same way as preinstalled Microsoft Word (closed source) on a Linux device does not make Linux closed source.

After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the [[MeeGo]] project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and [[Mer (software distribution)|Mer]] business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the [[Jolla (mobile phone)|Jolla smartphone]], was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, [[Jolla Tablet]] was launched and the [[BRICS]] countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.

Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake.

====Tizen====
{{main article|Tizen}}

[[Tizen]] (based on the [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system hosted by [[Linux Foundation]], together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]].

Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) devices, and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the [[WebKit]] runtime. According to Intel, Tizen &quot;combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo.&quot; [[HTML5]] apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the &quot;future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5.&quot; Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |title=Welcome to Tizen! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013071516/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |website=Tizen.org |date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ricker |first=Thomas |date=September 28, 2011 |url=http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |title=MeeGo is dead: Meet Tizen, another new open source OS based on Linux |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051802/http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |website=Thisismynext.com |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|title=Tizen 2.1 SDK and Source Code Release|publisher=Tizen.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730123852/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|archive-date=July 30, 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone.

====Ubuntu Touch====
{{main article|Ubuntu Touch}}

[[Ubuntu Touch]] is from [[Canonical Ltd.]] It is open source and uses the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;/&gt; The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an [[LXC]] container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|title=ContainerArchitecture|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|archive-date=October 31, 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for cloud and IoT, rather than phone and convergence|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/(&quot;Foundation&quot; paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to takeover the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-blog-1/post/is-ubuntu-touch-dead-56|title=Is Ubuntu Touch Dead?|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/foundation/ubports-foundation|title=The UBports Foundation *: Details about the foundation|access-date=27 September 2018|date=19 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on [[Ubuntu]] [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_15.04_(Vivid_Vervet)|15.04 (Vivid Vervet)]] and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_16.04_LTS_(Xenial_Xerus)|16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].

====Discontinued operating systems====

=====Bada=====
{{main article|Bada}}

[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from &quot;바다 (bada)&quot;, meaning &quot;ocean&quot; or &quot;sea&quot; in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy.
On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to [[Tizen]] instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062542/http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |archive-date=2013-02-28 |title=Samsung scraps Bada OS, folds it into Tizen – FierceMobileIT |website=Fiercemobilecontent.com |date=February 25, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====BlackBerry 10=====

[[BlackBerry 10]] (based on the [[QNX]] OS) is from [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]]. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in the late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by the mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update]|first=Patrick |last=O'Rourke |date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|archive-date=January 5, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IDC.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC|date=February 24, 2015|work=IDC.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|archive-date=February 25, 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.

=====Firefox OS=====
{{main article|Firefox OS}}

[[Firefox OS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |title=B2G – MozillaWiki |publisher=mozilla.org |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807222134/https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from [[Mozilla]]. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the [[Mozilla Public License]] built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.

According to [[Ars Technica]], &quot;Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |title=Mozilla eyes mobile OS landscape with new Boot to Gecko project |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912005225/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= B2G OS and Gecko Announcement from Ari Jaaksi &amp; David Bryant |url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |access-date= September 27, 2016 |date= September 27, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |archive-date= January 22, 2011 |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin=====
{{main article|MeeGo|Maemo|Moblin}}

[[MeeGo (operating system)|MeeGo]] was from non-profit organization [[The Linux Foundation]]. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona, [[Nokia]] and [[Intel]] both unveiled ''MeeGo'', a mobile operating system that combined [[Moblin]] and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the [[Nokia N9]] on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/21/introducing-the-nokia-n9-all-it-takes-is-a-swipe/ |title=Introducing the Nokia N9: all it takes is a swipe! &amp;#124; Nokia Conversations – The official Nokia Blog |publisher=Nokia |date=June 21, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |title=MeeGo Not Dead Yet as LG Continues the Charge — Mobile Technology News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829160853/http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maemo]] was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and [[Internet tablet]]s. It is open source and GPL, based on [[Debian GNU/Linux]] and draws much of its [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Software framework|frameworks]], and [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from the GNOME project. It uses the [[Matchbox (window manager)|Matchbox]] window manager and the [[GTK]]-based [[Hildon]] as its GUI and [[application framework]].

=====Palm OS=====
{{main article|Palm OS}}
[[File:Treo 300.jpg|thumb|A [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]] Treo 300 smartphone (2002)]]
[[Palm OS]]/Garnet OS was from [[Access Co.]] It is closed source and proprietary. [[webOS]] was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, [[open architecture]] and multitasking abilities.

=====Symbian=====
{{Main article|Symbian}}
[[File:Nokia N70 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Nokia N70]] smartphone (2005) running [[Symbian]] OS, which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s]]
The [[Symbian]] platform was developed by [[Nokia]] for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|title=Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone|date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154613/https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|archive-date=August 8, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====webOS=====
{{main article|webOS}}

[[webOS]] was developed by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the [[Palm Pre]]. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the [[HP Veer|Veer]] and the [[HP Pre 3|Pre 3]]) and a tablet (the [[HP TouchPad|TouchPad]]) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |title=HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination; Makes Other Announcements |publisher=HP |date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006182519/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |title=The next chapter for webOS |publisher=HP webOS Developer Blog |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924172749/http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap/#.UIgNYMXA-So |title=Open webOS::Roadmap |publisher=Open webOS Project |date=September 2012 |access-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145336/http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap#.UIgNYMXA-So |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to [[LG Electronics]], who used the operating system for its &quot;smart&quot; or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.

=====Windows 10 Mobile=====
[[Windows 10 Mobile]] (formerly called [[Windows Phone]]) rom [[Microsoft]], now discontinued. It is closed source and proprietary.

Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's [[Metro Design Language]]. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as [[OneDrive]] and Office, [[Xbox Music]], [[Xbox Video]], [[Xbox Live]] games and [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]], but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as [[Facebook]] and [[Google Account|Google accounts]]. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by [[Microsoft Mobile]]/[[Nokia]], and also by [[HTC]] and [[Samsung]].

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with [[Windows 10 Mobile]], bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart [[Windows 10]], and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

In October 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/257174-microsoft-admits-windows-10-mobile-finally-mercifully-dead|title=Microsoft Admits Windows 10 Mobile Is Finally, Mercifully Dead|first=Joel|last=Hruska|website=www.extremetech.com|date=9 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

===Mobile apps===
{{Main|Mobile app}}

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term &quot;app&quot; is a short-form of the term &quot;software application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2011-3|title=What The Heck Is An &quot;App&quot;?|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Application stores===
{{Main|List of mobile app distribution platforms}}

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted [[list of mobile app distribution platforms|online distribution]] for third-party applications ([[software]] and [[computer programs]]) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including [[video game]]s, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on [[List of mobile app distribution platforms#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms, such as [[GetJar]], [[Handango]], [[Handmark]], and [[PocketGear]]. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's [[BlackBerry App World]], Android-related app stores like [[Aptoide]], [[Cafe Bazaar]], [[F-Droid]], [[GetJar]], and [[Opera Mobile Store]]. In February 2014, 93% of [[mobile developers]] were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |title=W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==List of current smartphone brands==
{{Dynamic list}}
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:100px&quot;&gt;
*[[Asus]]
*[[Google Pixel]]
*[[Hisense]]
*[[Honor (brand)|Honor]]
*[[HTC]]
*[[Huawei]]
*[[Infinix]]
*[[iPhone]]
*[[iQOO]]
*[[Itel Mobile|Itel]]
*[[Lava International|Lava]]
*[[Lenovo]]
*[[LG]]
*[[Meizu]]
*[[Motorola Mobility|Motorola]]
*[[Nokia]]
*[[Nothing (technology company)|Nothing]]
*[[Nubia Technology|Nubia]]
*[[OnePlus]]
*[[Oppo]]
*[[POCO (company)|POCO]]
*[[Realme]]
*[[Redmi]]
*[[Samsung Galaxy]]
*[[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
*[[Sony Xperia]]
*[[TCL Technology|TCL]]
*[[Tecno Mobile|Tecno]]
*[[Umidigi]]
*[[vivo (technology company)|Vivo]]
*[[Xiaomi]]
*[[ZTE]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==Sales==

&lt;div class=&quot;floatright&quot;&gt;
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize=width:270 height:400
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:45 top:10 right:16
AlignBars=justify
Period=from:0 till:1700
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal

Colors=
 id:gray value:gray(0.5)
 id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
 id:line2 value:gray(0.7)

BarData=
 bar:2007 text:2007
 bar:2008 text:2008
 bar:2009 text:2009
 bar:2010 text:2010
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2012 text:2012
 bar:2013 text:2013
 bar:2014 text:2014
 bar:2015 text:2015
 bar:2016 text:2016
 bar:2017 text:2017
 bar:2018 text:2018
 bar:2019 text:2019
 bar:2020 text:2020
 bar:2021 text:2021
 bar:2022 text:2022

PlotData=
 color:tan1 width:10

 bar:2007 from:start till:122 text:122
 bar:2008 from:start till:139 text:139
 bar:2009 from:start till:172 text:172
 bar:2010 from:start till:296 text:296
 bar:2011 from:start till:472 text:472
 bar:2012 from:start till:680 text:680
 bar:2013 from:start till:969 text:969
 bar:2014 from:start till:1244 text:1,244
 bar:2015 from:start till:1423 text:1,423
 bar:2016 from:start till:1495 text:1,495
 bar:2017 from:start till:1536 text:1,536
 bar:2018 from:start till:1556 text:1,556
 bar:2019 from:start till:1540 text:1,540
 bar:2020 from:start till:1351 text:1,351
 bar:2021 from:start till:1433 text:1,433
 bar:2022 from:start till:1395 text:1,395

TextData=
 pos:(40,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text: Worldwide smartphone sales (million)
TextData=
 pos:(40,5) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: gartner.com
&lt;/timeline&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos|url=http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|work=GIGAOM|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Erica|last=Ogg|date=December 22, 2011|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723153620/http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobile-retailer/|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Leena|last=Rao|date=September 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | work= 3 News NZ | title= Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones | date= April 29, 2013 | access-date= April 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | archive-date= August 1, 2013 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-smartphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html|title=We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in the Smartphone Decline.|first=Jake|last=Swearingen|date=December 4, 2018|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |archive-date=January 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent [[:wikt:year-over-year|year on year]]. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-market-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/ |title=It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever |author=Daniel van Boom |date=April 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid [[Huawei]], [[Oppo]] and [[Xiaomi]] introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung-and-huawei/|title=As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei|first=Daphne|last=Leprince-Ringuet|date=November 26, 2019|website=[[ZDNet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-americans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/|title=Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says|first=Samuel|last=Axon|date=December 11, 2019|website=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-change-2019-12|title=Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry|first=Lisa|last=Eadicicco|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_india-news-39917.php|title=Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India|website=GSMArena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counterpoint-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/|title=Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?|first=Alan|last=Weissberger|date=November 8, 2019|website=[[IEEE Communications Society]] Technology Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline|title=Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'|first=Steve|last=McCaskill|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[TechRadar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also predicted that prices of smartphones may go higher due to global [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] Chip shortage which may effect the sales also.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AI Chip Shortage Causes Sharp Rise in Smartphone Prices, May Increase by Nearly 7% by 2026 |url=https://news.aibase.com/news/23987}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===By manufacturer===
{{see also|List of best-selling mobile phones}}
In 2011, [[Samsung]] had the highest shipment [[market share]] worldwide, followed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. [[Huawei]], [[LG Corporation|LG]] and [[Lenovo]] were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-may-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/ |title=Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask |work=[[Engadget]] |first=Jon |last=Fingas |date=January 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-shipments-q1-2014|title= Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC|first= Steven|last= Millward|date= May 13, 2014|access-date= September 9, 2014|work= Tech In Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.&lt;ref name=&quot;brett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-smartphones/24320385/|title=Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales|author=Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY|date=March 3, 2015|work=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | url = https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-08-19-gartner-says-five-of-top-10-worldwide-mobile-phone-vendors-increased-sales-in-second-quarter-of-2016 | title = Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016 | publisher = Gartner | date = August 19, 2016 | access-date = May 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, [[Oppo]] with 25.5 million and [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] with 22.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/|title= 6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese|first= Frank|last= Hersey|date=2017-07-04|access-date= 2017-07-07|work= technode}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2017-02-28|title=Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Realme]], a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and [[Honor (brand)|Honor]], a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth {{as of|2019|lc=on}}, amid growing Chinese nationalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-for-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/|title= Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market|author=‌Argam Artashyan|date=December 12, 2019|website=GizChina}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones|title=Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones &amp;#124; TechRadar|website=www.techradar.com|date=December 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units. Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a 14.1% market share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Apple loses top phonemaker spot to Samsung as iPhone shipments drop, IDC says |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/retail/apple-loses-top-phonemaker-spot-to-samsung-as-iphone-shipments-drop-idc-says-1.1713152284439 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===By operating system===
{{Further|Mobile operating system#By operating system}}

==Use==
{{See also|Mobile phone#Use|Technological convergence}}

===Contemporary use and convergence===
{{multiple image|width=150|perrow=2|image1=A2 &amp; Zen (307730569).jpg|image2=Sony Cybershot DSC W210.jpg|image3=Mobiles Navigationsgeraet Navigon im Einsatz.JPG|image4=PDA Mapping.jpg|footer=Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: ''(from top-left)'' [[portable media player]]s (inc. &quot;MP3 players&quot;); [[Point-and-shoot camera|compact digital camera]]s; [[Satellite navigation device|in-car satellite navigation systems]]; [[personal digital assistant]]s (inc. [[electronic organizer]]s)|alt1=sdas}}

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing [[Cellular network|network]], [[mobile processor]], and [[Computer data storage|storage]] technologies led to a [[Technological convergence|convergence]] where separate [[mobile phone]]s, [[Personal organizer|organizer]]s, and [[portable media player]]s were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why |url=http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overtake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/ |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=2013-08-15 |first=Don |last=Reisinger }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816183428/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2013 |title=Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time |author=Rob van der Meulen &amp; Janessa Rivera |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-first-time-worldwide/ |title=Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=CompTIA Strata Study Guide |author=Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-97742-2 |page=140 |access-date=July 5, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&amp;q=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete&amp;pg=PA140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|title=PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec|last=Yu|first=Emily|publisher=EE Times Asia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|archive-date=23 April 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in [[Image sensor|digital camera sensor]]s and on-device [[Digital image processing|image processing]] software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler [[Point-and-shoot camera|camera]]s for photographs and video recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The built-in [[Global navigation satellite systems|GPS]] capabilities and [[List of online map services|mapping]] apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone [[satellite navigation]] [[Personal navigation assistant#Market developments|devices]], and paper [[Road map|map]]s became less common.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesTollonGPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mobile gaming]] on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wijman |first1=Tom |title=Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018|url=https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/|website=newzoo.com|publisher=Newzoo|date=30 April 2018|access-date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing many people to use them in place of [[handheld game consoles]], and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en#view=features_specifications |title=Xperia Play {{!}} PlayStation certified Android mobile |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Sony Ericsson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en |archive-date=August 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review|title=Android handheld of the future. Not today.|last=Lowe|first=Scott|website=IGN|date=July 30, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; People frequently have chosen not to get [[Landline|fixed-line telephone service]] in favor of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|title=Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones|work=[[CBS News]]|date=4 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|title=The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013|date=June 23, 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|archive-date=2014-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Streaming media#Music streaming platforms|Music streaming]] apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite [[Radio receiver|radio]]. [[Streaming media|Streaming video]] services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching [[television]]. People have often stopped wearing [[wristwatch]]es in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of [[alarm clock]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing/ |website=Motherboard.vice.com |publisher=Motherboard |access-date=16 August 2018 |language=en-us |date=10 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobile phones can also be used as a digital [[note taking]], [[text editing]] and [[memorandum]] device whose [[computer]]ization facilitates searching of entries.

Additionally, [[Global Internet usage#Broadband usage|in many lesser technologically developed regions]] smartphones are people's first and only means of [[mobile broadband|Internet access]] due to their portability,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx|title=ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016|publisher=Telecommunication Development Bureau, [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)|access-date=2015-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|reason=Which documents say that, and where?|date=June 2022}} with [[personal computer]]s being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or [[Text messaging|messaging]] in place of using [[fax]] (facsimile) machines. [[Mobile payment|Payment apps and services]] on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. [[Mobile banking]] apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] or teller. [[Guide book]] apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated [[Audio tour#Smartphone tours|audio guide]] equipment.

===Mobile banking and payment===
{{main|Mobile banking|Mobile payment}}

{{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}
[[File:Mobile payment 03.JPG|thumb|Mobile payment system]]
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide [[mobile banking]] services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's [[M-PESA]] mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator [[Safaricom]] to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

[[Branchless banking]] has been successful in South Africa and the [[Philippines]]. A pilot project in [[Bali]] was launched in 2011 by the [[International Finance Corporation]] and an [[Indonesia]]n bank, [[Bank Mandiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html |title=Branchless banking to start in Bali |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another application of mobile banking technology is [[Zidisha]], a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/ |title=&quot;Zidisha Set to &quot;Expand&quot; in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance&quot;, Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 |publisher=Microfinancefocus.com |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in [[Espoo]] were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators [[Globe Telecom|Globe]] and [[Smart Communications|Smart]].

Some mobile phones can make [[mobile payment]]s via direct mobile billing schemes, or through [[contactless payment]]s if the phone and the [[point of sale]] support [[near-field communication]] (NFC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |title=Mobile Payments: Look to Korea |author=Feig, Nancy |publisher=banktech.com |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2010 |title=NFC mobile phone set to explode |author=Ready, Sarah |publisher=connectedplanetonline.com |date=10 November 2009 |access-date=29 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |title=VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments |author=Tofel, Kevin C. |publisher=gigaom.com |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621023021/http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Facsimile===
Some [[mobile app|apps]] allows for sending and receiving [[fax|facsimile (fax)]], over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster [[binary image|bi-level]] graphics) generated directly and digitally from [[document file format|document]] and [[image file formats|image]] file formats.

===Films===
{{also|List of films shot on mobile phones}}
Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film festivals for such films, including the [[SmartFone Flick Fest]] in [[Sydney]], Australia;&lt;ref name=ff&gt;{{cite web |title=SF3 |website=FilmFreeway |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SF3 |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kornits2024&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=The rise and rise of smartphone films – Australia leads the way |website=FilmInk |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/the-rise-and-rise-of-smartphone-films-australia-leads-the-way-2/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dublin Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in [[San Diego]]; the Spanish festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone International Film Festival;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Fletcher |title=Darcy Yuille: One Punch Man |website=FilmInk |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/darcy-yuille-one-punch-man/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto Smartphone Film Festival; New York Mobile Film Festival; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=Short Film of the Week: Idiot-Proof |website=FilmInk |date=13 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/short-film-of-the-week-idiot-proof/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism and issues==

===Social impacts===
====Manufacture====
[[Cobalt]] and [[lithium]] are needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers in cobalt and lithium mining, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] during [[Cobalt#Democratic Republic of the Congo|artisanal mining of cobalt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |website=NPR |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |access-date=10 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The lithium rush in Africa |author= |work=Global Witness |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2025 |url= https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/a-rush-for-lithium-in-africa-risks-fuelling-corruption-and-failing-citizens/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports indicate that thousands of artisanal lithium diggers are working in unsafe conditions, with reports of child labour and miners being buried by a mine collapse, also in [[Zimbabwe]]; and suspected corruption cases in [[Namibia]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2019 [[International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla|a lawsuit]] was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of [[child labor]] in mining cobalt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| year=2023 | title=Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025 | website=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/ | access-date=9 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Use====
{{main|Problematic smartphone use}}

In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].&lt;ref name=Colaner&gt;{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|access-date=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002| s2cid = 9196376 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A &quot;[[smombie]]&quot; (a combination of &quot;smartphone&quot; and &quot;[[zombie]]&quot;) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunday-times&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2016 | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a &quot;mobile lane&quot; for walking in [[Chongqing]], China.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg]], Germany, to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Rick Noack |date=April 25, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ |title=This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don't have to look up |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===While driving===
{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}

[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]

Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last1 = Atchley|first1 = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|issue = 1|pages=134–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&amp;template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070714%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&amp;template=printart|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]&lt;!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--&gt; in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.]]

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|s2cid=205403680|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf | title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group | journal = Social Science Computer Review | doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 | volume = 28 | year = 2010 | pages = 336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas | s2cid = 61640965 | archive-date = March 30, 2024 | access-date = January 24, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091657/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=January 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. In the United States, as of May 2025, 31 states had banned handheld phone use while driving, and 49 states had banned text messaging while driving.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHTSA2025DistractedLaws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Distracted Driving Laws by State |url=https://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/sites/tsm.gov/files/2025-10/distracted-distracted-driving-law-maps-graphic-en-2025-16302-v4-tag.pdf |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |date=October 27, 2025 |access-date=May 31, 2026 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Legal===
{{Main|Smartphone wars}}

A &quot;patent war&quot; between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider &quot;patent wars&quot;]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone operating systems such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

===Security===
{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juniper-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 |title=Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=trustbus11&gt;{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy &amp; Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|first1=Mylonas |last1=Alexios |first2=Tsoumas |last2=Bill |first3=Dritsas |last3=Stelios |first4=Gritzalis |last4=Dimitris }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archive-date=August 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malware risk also comes from what is known as an &quot;update attack&quot;, where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lookout-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Apple's &quot;Find my iPhone&quot; and Google's &quot;Android Device Manager&quot; can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed [[Vault 7]] detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307194849/http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|archive-date=2017-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|magazine=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of [[spyware]], called [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]], developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often{{Em dash}}partly via use of [[Zero-day (computing)|0-day exploits]]{{Em dash}}without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Packet analysis|Analysis of data traffic]] by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this [[pre-installed software]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Haoyu |last2=Patras |first2=Paul |last3=Leith |first3=Douglas J. |title=Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets |date=6 October 2021 |url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/Android_privacy_report.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tech report|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|first1=Murugiah P.|last1=Souppaya|first2=Karen A.|last2=Scarfone|series=Special Publication (NIST SP)|id=800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Health effects ==

=== General effects on health ===

According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shankar|first1=S Barani|last2=Rani|first2=S Leslie|last3=Brundha|first3=M P|date=July 2020|title=Comparison study of factors associated with smartphone addiction among college students|journal=Drug Invention Today|volume=14|issue=7|pages=1165–1168|issn=0975-7619|via=Academic Search Complete}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on cognition and mental health===
{{Main|Digital media use and mental health}}

There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health.

=== Hemorrhoids risk ===

Use of a smartphone while sitting on the toilet has been associated with a higher prevalence of hemorrhoids. A study found that individuals who use a smartphone while sitting on the toilet spend, on average, more time there, and that the likelihood of developing hemorrhoids increases by approximately 46% compared to those who do not use a smartphone while on the toilet (after adjustment for age, sex, and other medical factors).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramprasad2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Ramprasad | first1 = Chethan| last2 = Wu | first2 = Colin| last3 = Chang | first3 = Jocelyn| last4 = Rangan | first4 = Vikram| last5 = Iturrino | first5 = Johanna| last6 = Ballou | first6 = Sarah| last7 = Singh | first7 = Prashant| last8 = Lembo | first8 = Anthony| last9 = Nee | first9 = Judy| last10 = Pasricha | first10 = Trisha| title = Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids| journal = PLOS One| volume = 20| issue = 9| pages = e0329983| date = 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regulation of mobile health applications ===

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 | s2cid = 16910239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sleep===
{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, &quot;Night Mode&quot; functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|access-date=January 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as &quot;[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]&quot;. Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in &quot;[[ego depletion]]&quot;. Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-bluelight&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kalsbeek |first=Andries |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C |title=The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing |publisher=Elsevier |page=382 |isbn=978-0-444-59427-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Luisa |last=Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Restrictions and bans ==
{{Further|Digital detox}}
In some countries authorities make efforts to reduce digital device use, including smartphones among students.

* [[South Korea]] passed nationwide classroom phone ban. The law will come to effect in March 2026. Exceptions allowed for students with disabilities, emergencies and educational purposes. 
* [[France]] and [[Finland]] made partial bans, generally for younger students. 
* [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[China]] created stronger restrictions. The policy improved the situation in Dutch schools.
* In [[Australia]] there are state-level bans. [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] are introducing policies that prohibit phone use during school hours.

&quot;There is significant scientific and medical proof that smartphone addiction has extremely harmful effects on students' brain development and emotional growth,&quot; [[Cho Jung-hun]], who introduced the bill in South Korea told the BBC. Not all students agree this will solve the problem. &quot;Rather than simply taking phones away, I think the first step should be teaching students what they can do without them,&quot; said Seo Min-joon, an 18-year-old high schooler. Another student, aged 13, said that he does not have time to be addicted to his phone due to an overloaded schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=South Korea passes nationwide classroom phone ban to combat youth smartphone addiction |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/32c9667fafd6 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024–2025 Australia and France began to advance legislation which prohibits entirely the use of social media by children under the age of 15–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=France mulls total ban on social media for under 15, digital curfew for teens |url=https://trt.global/world/article/366d24cfd490 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Australia the law came into effect on 10 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |title=Can you ban kids from social media? Australia is about to, but some teens are a step ahead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crk7xgzj8y8o |access-date=7 December 2025 |agency=BBC |date=6 December 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Replacement of dedicated digital cameras==
As the 2010s decade commenced, the sale figures of dedicated compact cameras decreased sharply since mobile phone cameras were increasingly perceived as serving as a sufficient surrogate camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=As iPhone Turns 15, Smartphones Continue to Hurt Camera Sales |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/as-iphone-turns-15-smartphones-continue-to-hurt-camera-sales/6647692.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Increases in computing power in mobile phones enabled fast image processing and high-resolution filming, with 1080p Full HD being achieved in 2011 and the barrier to 2160p 4K being breached in 2013.

However, due to design and space limitations, smartphones lack several features found even on low-budget compact cameras, including a [[Hot swapping|hot-swappable]] memory card and battery for nearly uninterrupted operation, physical buttons and knobs for focusing and capturing and zooming, a [[Tripod (photography)#Bolt threads|bolt thread tripod mount]], a [[capacitor]]-charged [[xenon flash]] that exceeds the brightness of smartphones' LED flashlights, and an ergonomic grip for steadier holding during handheld shooting, which enables longer exposure times. Since dedicated cameras can be more spacious, they can house larger image sensors and feature [[optical zoom]]ing.

Since the late 2010s, smartphone manufacturers have bypassed the lack of optical zoom to a limited extent by incorporating additional rear cameras with fixed magnification levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobile Photography vs. the DSLR {{!}} B&amp;H eXplora |url=https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/hands-review/mobile-photography-vs-dslr |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.bhphotovideo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brad |date=2017-08-16 |title=DSLRs vs. Smartphone Cameras, Compared: The Pros and Cons |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/dslr-vs-smartphone-cameras-comparison/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=MUO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آپريشنل زندگي ==
{{Further|Lithium-ion battery#Lifespan|Planned obsolescence#Batteries}}
[[File:Day_4_Agbogloshie_(25891029818).jpg|thumb|اگبوگبلوشي ۾ اي-فضلو ]]
موبائل فونن ۾ (2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي ٻئي اڌ کان جاري ڪيل) آپريشنل زندگي عام طور تي بلٽ ان بيٽرين جي ڪري محدود هوندي آهي. جيڪي مٽائڻ لاءِ ٺهيل نه آهن. بيٽرين جي زندگي جي توقع پاور ڊيوائس جي استعمال جي شدت تي منحصر آهي. جتي سرگرمي (وڌيڪ استعمال) ۽ وڌيڪ توانائي جي گهرج وارا ڪم بيٽري کي اڳ ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا آهن. 

ليٿيم-آئن ۽ ليٿيم-پوليمر بيٽريون (جيڪي عام طور تي پورٽيبل اليڪٽرانڪس کي طاقت ڏين ٿيون) اضافي طور تي مڪمل چارج ۽ گہرے ڊسچارج چڪرن کان وڌيڪ ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. ۽ جڏهن ڊگهي وقت تائين استعمال نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. جتي خود ڊسچارج نقصانڪار ڊسچارج جي کوٽائي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cycle-life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134| title = Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 196| issue = 8| pages = 3942–3948| year = 2011| last1 = Wang | first1 = J.| last2 = Liu | first2 = P.| last3 = Hicks-Garner | first3 = J.| last4 = Sherman | first4 = E.| last5 = Soukiazian | first5 = S.| last6 = Verbrugge | first6 = M.| last7 = Tataria | first7 = H.| last8 = Musser | first8 = J.| last9 = Finamore | first9 = P.| bibcode = 2011JPS...196.3942W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.057| title = Cycle life testing and modeling of graphite/LiCoO2 cells under different state of charge ranges| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 327| pages = 394–400| year = 2016| last1 = Saxena | first1 = S.| last2 = Hendricks | first2 = C.| last3 = Pecht | first3 = M.| bibcode = 2016JPS...327..394S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Questions and answers related to lithium - ion rechargeable b attery care |url=https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |publisher=PLARAD Torque &amp; Tension Systems |access-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235201/https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٺاهيندڙن ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز کي مرمت کان پوءِ ڪم ڪرڻ کان روڪيو آهي. اجزاء جي منفرد سيريل نمبرن کي ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيندي. تنهن ڪري اهو ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪندو يا بي ترتيب جي صورت ۾ ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي غير فعال ڪندو. اهو متبادل کان پوءِ ٿيندو. سيريل نمبر جي لاڪنگ پهريون ڀيرو 2015 ۾ آئي فون 6 تي دستاويز ڪئي وئي هئي. جيڪو &quot;هوم&quot; بٽڻ جي هڪ سڃاڻپ ٿيل متبادل جي ڪري غير فعال ٿي ويندو. بعد ۾ ايپل ۽ سام سنگ اسمارٽ فونز تي ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي محدود ڪئي وئي. جڏهن وينڊر پاران اختيار نه ڪيل بيٽري جي متبادل جو پتو لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Furqan |date=2021-01-18 |title=Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware Repairs |url=https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Wccftech |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Macworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{portal|Telephones|Internet|Modern history}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[موبائل فون]]
* [[اينڊروئيڊ]]
* موبائيل ڪمپيوٽرن جون فهرستن 
* موبائيل ايپ جي تقسيم وارن پليٽ فارمز جي فهرست
* ميڊيا ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول 
* موبائيل انٽرنيٽ ڊيوائس 
* پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئر 
* اسمارٽ فون ڪِل سوئچ 
* اسمارٽ فون زومبي
{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==نوٽس==
{{notelist}}

==ٻاهرين ڳنڍڻا==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اسمارٽ فون]]
[[زمرو:اينڊرائيڊ]]
[[زمرو:موبائل فون]]
[[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪلائنٽس]]
[[زمرو:ذاتي ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ]]
[[زمرو:صارفين لاءِ اليڪٽرانڪس]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات فراهم ڪندڙ آلات]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]</text>
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
[[فائل:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|200px|left]]
'''اسمارٽ فون''' (smartphones) هڪ موبائل ڊيوائس آهي جيڪو روايتي [[موبائل فون]] (فيچر فون) جي ڪارڪردگي کي جديد ڪمپيوٽنگ صلاحيتن سان گڏ ڪري ٿو. ان ۾ عام طور تي هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين انٽرفيس هوندو آهي، جيڪو صارفين کي ايپليڪيشنن ۽ خدمتن جي وسيع رينج تائين رسائي جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ ويب برائوزنگ، اي ميل، ۽ سوشل ميڊيا، انهي سان گڏ ملٽي ميڊيا پلے بیک ۽ اسٽريمنگ. اسمارٽ فونز ۾ بلٽ ان ڪيمرا، GPS نيويگيشن ۽ مختلف مواصلاتي طريقن لاءِ سپورٽ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ وائس ڪالز، ٽيڪسٽ ميسيجنگ، ۽ انٽرنيٽ تي ٻڌل ميسيجنگ ايپس شامل آهن. اسمارٽ فونز کي پراڻين ڊيزائن جي فيچر فونز کان انهن جي وڌيڪ جديد هارڊويئر صلاحيتن ۽ وسيع موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم، انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي، ڪاروباري ايپليڪيشنون، موبائل ادائيگيون، ۽ ملٽي ميڊيا ڪارڪردگي، جنهن ۾ موسيقي، وڊيو، گيمنگ، ريڊيو ۽ ٽيليويزن شامل آهن، جي ڪري مختلف آهن.

اسمارٽ فونز ۾ عام طور تي ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر &lt;small&gt;(MOS)&lt;/small&gt; انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس، مختلف سينسرز ۽ ڪيترن ئي وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن پروٽوڪولز جي سهولت موجود هوندي آهي. اسمارٽ فون سينسرز جي مثالن ۾ ايڪسلروميٽر، بيروميٽر، گائرو اسڪوپ ۽ ميگنيٽوميٽرز شامل آهن. انهن کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ۽ ٿرڊ پارٽي سافٽ ويئر ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن ڪارڪردگي کي بهتر بڻائي سگهجي. اسمارٽ فونز پاران سپورٽ ڪيل وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن جي معيارن ۾ LTE، 5G NR، وائي فائي، بلوٽوٿ ۽ سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن شامل آهن. سال &lt;small&gt;2020&lt;/small&gt;ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري، ٺاهيندڙن سيٽلائيٽ ميسيجنگ ۽ ايمرجنسي سروسز کي شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن سان انهن جي افاديت انهن ڏورانهن علائقن تائين وڌي وئي جتي قابل اعتماد سيلولر ڪوريج موجود نه هئي. اسمارٽ فونز گهڻي حد تائين پرسنل ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ (PDA) ڊوائيسز، هٿ ۾ رکڻ جهڙن ننڍن پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر، پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئرز (PMP)، پوائنٽ-اينڊ-شوٽ ڪئميرا، ڪيمڪارڊر ۽ ڪجهه حد تائين هٿ ۾ رکڻ وارن وڊيو گيم ڪنسول، اي-ريڊر ڊوائيس، پاڪيٽ ڪيلڪيوليٽرز ۽ GPS ٽريڪنگ يونٽن جي جاءِ ورتي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Islam |first=Zak |date=30 December 2012 |title=Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=Tom's Hardware |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Wikipedia homepage on a large Android phone, 2015-04-16.jpg|thumb|نيڪسس 6 (Nexus 6)، جيڪو هڪ [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] اسمارٽ فون آهي، [[انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا]] جو مکيه صفحو ڏيکاري رهيو آهي.]]
2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ آئي فون (iPhone) جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت کانپوءِ، اڪثر اسمارٽ فونز پتلي، سليٽ جهڙي شڪل ۽ وڏين ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرينن سان ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جن ۾ فزيڪل ڪيبورڊ جي بدران ملٽي ٽچ اشارن جي سهولت موجود آهي. اڪثر جديد اسمارٽ فونز ۾ اها صلاحيت هوندي آهي ته صارف هڪ مرڪزي ايپ اسٽور تان اضافي ايپليڪيشنون ڊائون لوڊ يا خريد ڪري سگهن. انهن ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪلائوڊ اسٽوريج، ڪلائوڊ سنڪرونائيزيشن ۽ ورچوئل اسسٽنٽس جي سهولت هوندي آهي. 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان وٺي، بهتر هارڊويئر ۽ تيز رفتار وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن اسمارٽ فون انڊسٽري جي ترقي کي هٿي ڏني آهي. 2014ع تائين، سڄي دنيا ۾ هر سال هڪ ارب کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فونز وڪرو ٿيندا هئا. صرف 2019ع ۾، سڄي دنيا ۾ 1.54 ارب اسمارٽ فون يونٽس موڪليا ويا؛ سال 2020ع تائين، دنيا جي آبادي جو 75.05 سيڪڙو ماڻهو اسمارٽ فون استعمال ڪندڙ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#topicOverview | title=Topic: Smartphones }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال ڪجهه حد تائين سهولت ۽ زندگي جي اطمينان سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، پر ان سان جسماني، ذهني ۽ ادراڪي (cognitive) صحت تي مختلف منفي اثر پڻ سڃاتا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagong2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Sagong | first1 = H.| last2 = Yoon | first2 = J. Y.| title = The effects of smartphone use on life satisfaction in older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms| journal = CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing| volume = 40| issue = 8| pages = 523-530| date = 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''سمارٽ فون''' يا ذهين فون (Smartphone) [[عام فون]] جي نسبت ۾ ڪافي خصوصيتن جو مالڪ هوندو آهي.

, 
==تاريخ==

پهرين ڪمرشل اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر. 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز. سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') پاران 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا. * 

شروعاتي اسمارٽ فونز بنيادي طور تي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ڏانهن مارڪيٽ ڪيا ويا، سيلولر ٽيليفوني جي مدد سان اسٽينڊ اڪيلو PDA ڊوائيسز جي ڪارڪردگي کي پل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، پر انهن جي وڏي شڪ، مختصر بيٽري جي زندگي، سست اينالاگ سيلولر نيٽ ورڪ، ۽ وائرليس ڊيٽا سروسز جي ناپختگي جي ڪري محدود هئا. اهي مسئلا آخرڪار MOS ٽرانزسٽرز جي ايڪسپونشنل اسڪيلنگ ۽ مينيچرائيزيشن سان حل ڪيا ويا ذيلي مائڪرون سطحن تائين (مور جو قانون)، بهتر ليٿيم آئن بيٽري، تيز ڊجيٽل موبائل ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ (ايڊ هولم جو قانون)، ۽ وڌيڪ پختو سافٽ ويئر پليٽ فارم جيڪي موبائل ڊوائيس ايڪو سسٽم کي ڊيٽا فراهم ڪندڙن کان آزاد طور تي ترقي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏين ٿا. * اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (ٻن لفظن ۾) 1980 کان پريس ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1985 کان، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1987 کان. اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (هڪ ننڍي لفظ جي طور تي) پهريون ڀيرو 1997 ۾ ايريڪسن پاران هڪ نئين ڊوائيس تصور، GS88 کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. پهرين تجارتي اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا.

==هارڊويئر==
[[File:Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg|thumb|هڪ اهڙو اسمارٽ فون جنهن جي مٿئين حصي ۾ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر لڳل آهي، جنهن کي ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو.]]&lt;!--Please replace with more close-up picture when found.--&gt;
{{Further|موبائيل فون جون خاصيتون}}

هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي &lt;small&gt;'''ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt;) انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس هونديون آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ اربن ننڍڙا ”&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt; فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽرز“ (&lt;small&gt;MOSFETs&lt;/small&gt;) موجود هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference |url=https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217200937/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ هيٺيون '''موس &lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt; چپس''' هونديون آهن: &lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;  

* ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر (CMOS سسٽم-آن-ا-چپ)
* فليش ميموري (فلوٽنگ-گيٽ MOS ميموري)
* سيلولر موڊيم (بيس بينڊ RF CMOS)
* RF ٽرانسيوور (RF CMOS)
* فون ڪئميرا جو اميج سينسر (CMOS اميج سينسر)
* پاور مينيجمينٽ انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (پاور MOSFETs)
*ڊسپلي ڊرائيور (LCD يا LED ڊرائيور) 
*وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن چپس (وائي-فائي، بلوٽوٿ، GPS رسيور) 
*ساؤنڊ چپ (آڊيو ڪوڊيڪ ۽ پاور ايمپليفائر) 
*جائيروسڪوپ (Gyroscope) 
*ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرين ڪنٽرولر (ASIC ۽ DSP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Joel |chapter=Touchscreen technology basics &amp; a new development |title=2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference Presentation Slides |date=May 2010 |volume=6 |publisher=CMOS Emerging Technologies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&amp;pg=PA34 |isbn=9781927500057 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
*RF پاور ايمپليفائر (LDMOS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |archive-date=2014-05-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baliga2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Baliga |first1=B. Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StJpDQAAQBAJ |title=Silicon RF Power MOSFETS |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812561213 |author1-link=B. Jayant Baliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asif&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT128 |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NXP-LDMOS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=LDMOS Products and Solutions |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |access-date=4 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪجهه فونن ۾ ايف ايم (FM) ريڊيو رسيور، نوٽيفڪيشن لاءِ هارڊويئر LED، ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال لاءِ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر پڻ لڳل هوندا آهن. ڪجهه ماڊلز ۾ اضافي سينسرز، جهڙوڪ ماحولياتي گرمي پد ماپڻ لاءِ ٿرماميٽر، نمي ماپڻ لاءِ هائيگرو ميٽر، ۽ الٽرا وائلٽ شعاعن کي ماپڻ لاءِ سينسر پڻ هوندا آهن.

خاص مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيل ڪجهه اسمارٽ فون ۾ &lt;small&gt;'''غير معمولي هارڊويئر'''&lt;/small&gt;، جهڙوڪ &lt;small&gt;'''پروجيڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;Samsung&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Beam&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;i8520 ۽ Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530&lt;/small&gt;)، آپٽيڪل زوم لينس (&lt;small&gt;Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ۽ Samsung Galaxy K&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Zoom&lt;/small&gt;)، ٿرمل ڪئميرا ۽ حتيٰ ته &lt;small&gt;PMR446&lt;/small&gt; (واڪي-ٽاڪي ريڊيو) ٽرانسيوور لڳل هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camera and thermal imaging Review |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/cat-s60-camera-and-thermal-imaging-page-3 |website=Trusted Reviews |language=en |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Purvi |title=Ulefone Armor 3T Review: A Digital Walkie-Talkie Smartphone |url=https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |website=Veditto |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419231512/https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |archive-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

=== سينٽرل پروسيسنگ يونٽ ===
اسمارٽ فون ۾ سينٽرل پراسيسنگ يونٽ &lt;small&gt;(CPUs)&lt;/small&gt; هوندا آهن، جيڪا ڪمپيوٽر ۾ موجود &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جهڙا ئي هوندا آهن، پر ان کي گهٽ توانائي واري ماحول ۾ هلائڻ لاءِ خاص طور تي ترتيب ڏنو ويو هوندو آهي. اسمارٽ فونز ۾، &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; عام طور تي ڪامپليمينٽري ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر(&lt;small&gt;CMOS&lt;/small&gt;) سسٽم-آن-آ-چپ (&lt;small&gt;system-on-a-chip&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;SoC)&lt;/small&gt; ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر ۾ ضم ٿيل هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;   

موبائل جي &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي جو دارومدار نه رڳو ڪلاڪ ريٽ (جيڪو عام طور تي هرٽز جي ضربن ۾ ٻڌايو ويندو آهي) تي هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title = CPU Frequency
 | work = CPU World Glossary
 | publisher = CPU World
 | date = 25 March 2008
 | url = http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html
 | access-date =1 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ميموري جي ترتيب (&lt;small&gt;memory&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;hierarchy&lt;/small&gt;) تي پڻ هوندو آهي. انهن چئلينجن جي ڪري، موبائل فون &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي کي اڪثر ڪري انهن اسڪورز (&lt;small&gt;scores&lt;/small&gt;) ذريعي وڌيڪ صحيح طور تي بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي عام طور تي استعمال ٿيندڙ ايپليڪيشن ۾ حقيقي اثرائتي ڪارڪردگي ماپڻ لاءِ مختلف معياري ٽيسٽ آهن. 

===Buttons===
[[File:TouchWiz 2013 device options.png|thumb|upright|&quot;Device options&quot; menu of Samsung Mobile's [[TouchWiz]] user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second]]
[[File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg|thumb|The [[HTC Desire]], a 2010 smartphone with [[optical trackpad]] and search button]]

Smartphones are typically equipped with a power button and volume buttons. Some pairs of volume buttons are unified. Some are equipped with a dedicated camera shutter button. Units for outdoor use may be equipped with an &quot;SOS&quot; emergency call and &quot;PTT&quot; ([[push-to-talk]] button). The presence of physical front-side buttons such as the [[home button|home]] and navigation buttons has decreased throughout the 2010s, increasingly becoming replaced by capacitive touch sensors and simulated (on-screen) buttons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Athow |first1=Desire |title=Best rugged smartphones of 2021: waterproof, shockproof and IP68 mobiles |url=https://www.techradar.com/best/best-rugged-smartphones |website=TechRadar |access-date=18 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As with classic mobile phones, early smartphones such as the [[Samsung Omnia II]] were equipped with buttons for accepting and declining phone calls. Due to the advancements of functionality besides phone calls, these have increasingly been replaced by navigation buttons such as &quot;menu&quot; (also known as &quot;options&quot;), &quot;back&quot;, and &quot;tasks&quot;. Some early 2010s smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire]] were additionally equipped with a &quot;Search&quot; button (🔍) for quick access to a web search engine or apps' internal search feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/13/the-menu-navigation-button-has-finally-been-retired-in-android-10/ |language=en |title=The menu navigation button has finally been retired in Android 10 |author=Corbin Davenport |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2013, smartphones' home buttons started integrating [[fingerprint scanner]]s, starting with the [[iPhone 5s]] and [[Samsung Galaxy S5]].

Functions may be assigned to button combinations. For example, [[screenshot]]s can usually be taken using the home and power buttons, with a short press on iOS and one-second holding Android OS, the two most popular mobile operating systems. On smartphones with no physical home button, usually the volume-down button is instead pressed with the power button. Some smartphones have a screenshot and possibly [[screencast]] shortcuts in the navigation button bar or the power button menu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Krasnoff |first1=Barbara |title=How to take screenshots on your iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/21340137/apple-iphone-screenshots-ios-how-to-take |website=The Verge |access-date=21 June 2021 |language=en |date=2020-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Take Screenshot on LG G3 (3 Methods) |url=https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-take-screenshot-on-lg-g3/ |website=DroidViews |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2014-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=4 Ways To Take a Screenshot on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra - NaldoTech |url=https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2020-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204222/https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Display===
{{main|Display device}}

[[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone touchscreen]]
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the [[Display device|screen]]. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] of [[16:9]], but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as possible.

====Screen sizes====
[[File:Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile phone front face logged in screen.jpg|thumb|Blackview A60 Andoid Go mobile phone smartphone cell phone showing the front-facing camera is put in notch display]]
Screen sizes are measured in diagonal [[inch]]es. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called &quot;[[phablet]]s&quot;. Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and &quot;edge-to-edge&quot; designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonearena-s7edgenotphablet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5&quot; Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2&quot; devices|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galaxy-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482|website=PhoneArena|date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-phabletpytha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017|url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-s8aspectratio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110244/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Panel types====
[[Liquid-crystal display]]s (LCDs) and [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by [[Wacom (company)|Wacom]] and [[Samsung]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=M. J.|date=1987-04-01|title=Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications|volume=7|issue=4|pages=31–44|doi=10.1109/MCG.1987.276869|bibcode=1987ICGA....7d..31W |s2cid=16707568|issn=0272-1716}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Apple's [[Force Touch]] system. A few phones, such as the [[YotaPhone]] prototype, are equipped with a low-power [[electronic paper]] rear display, as used in [[e-book reader]]s.

====Alternative input methods====
[[File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png|thumb|Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a [[Google Chromium]] derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the [[tabbed browsing|tab]] list using the stylus on a [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4]].]]
[[File:HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg|thumb|Optical track pad sensor of an [[HTC Legend]], 2010]]

Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a [[stylus]] for higher precision input and hovering detection or a [[Touchscreen#Self-capacitance|self-capacitive touch screen]]s layer for floating finger detection. The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the [[Samsung Galaxy S4]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]], [[Samsung Galaxy S5|S5]], [[Samsung Galaxy Alpha|Alpha]], and [[Sony Xperia Sola]], making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far.

Hovering can enable preview [[tooltip]]s such as on the [[video player]]'s seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the [[dial pad]], as well as [[lock screen]] animations, and the simulation of a [[mouseover|hover]]ing [[mouse cursor]] on web sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How does Air view work? |url=https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |website=Samsung Galaxy site |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028203958/https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |archive-date=2016-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floating touch™ – Developer World |url=http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003815/http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Change Unlock Effect on Galaxy S4 Lock Screen |url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |website=Android Widget Center |language=en |date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609051907/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |archive-date=2013-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to relevant tools such as digital [[post-it note]]s and highlighting of text and elements when dragging while pressed, resembling drag selection using a [[computer mouse]]. Some series such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] and [[LG G Stylus]] series have an integrated tray to store the stylus in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |website=Android Authority |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012837/https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Few devices such as the [[iPhone 6s]] until [[iPhone Xs]] and [[Huawei Mate S]] are equipped with a [[Force Touch|pressure-sensitive touch screen]], where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Lance |last=Whitney |date=2019-07-08|title=How to Use and Control 3D Touch on Your iPhone|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gallery/121589/how-to-use-and-control-3d-touch-on-your-iphone|access-date=2021-04-02|website=PCMag UK|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zibreg|first=Christian|date=2015-10-28|title=Apple rejects Gravity, a 3D Touch-based iPhone 6s digital scale app|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2015/10/28/apple-pulls-gravity-app/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire|HTC Desire (Bravo)]] and [[HTC Legend]] are equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HTC Bravo: TMO UK Nexus One Plus Optical Trackpad – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2010/01/21/htc-bravo-tmo-uk-nexus-one-plus-optical-trackpad/ |website=phandroid.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=21 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Notification light====
[[File:Notification_LED.webm|thumb|right]]
{{Main article|Notification LED}}

Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power [[light-emitting diode]]s besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption.

To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue ([[RGB]]) are able to create a multitude of colour combinations.

===Sensors===
Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications.

====Common sensors====
[[Accelerometer]]s and [[gyroscope]]s enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include [[bubble level]] simulation. An [[ambient light sensor]] allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an [[RGB sensor]] enables the adaption of screen colour.

Many mobile phones are also equipped with a [[barometer]] sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since 2012 with the [[Galaxy S3]], and Apple since 2014 with the [[iPhone 6]]. It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude.

A [[magnetometer]] can act as a [[digital magnetic compass|digital compass]] by measuring [[Earth's magnetic field]].

====Rare sensors====
Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 [[Galaxy S5]] and [[Galaxy Note 4]] with a [[heart rate]] sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-25|title=How to Use Heart Rate Sensor on Note 4 as a Shutter Button|url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Android Widget Center|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163525/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/ |archive-date=2021-06-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So far, only the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy S4]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]] are equipped with an [[thermometer|ambient temperature sensor]] and a [[hygrometer|humidity sensor]], and only the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4|Note 4]] with an [[ultraviolet]] radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2013-04-10|title=Hidden innovation in the Galaxy S4|url=https://www.sammobile.com/2013/04/10/hidden-innovation-in-the-galaxy-s4/|access-date=|website=SamMobile|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Ray|title=Playing with the Note 4's UV and SpO2 sensors|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Playing-with-the-Note-4s-UV-and-SpO2-sensors_id60358|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Phone Arena|date=September 6, 2014 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rear infrared [[laser]] beam for distance measurement can enable [[time-of-flight camera]] functionality with accelerated [[autofocus]], as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting with [[LG G3]] and [[LG V10]].

Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet.

===Storage===
While [[eMMC]] (''embedded multi media card'') [[flash storage]] was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, [[Universal Flash Storage|UFS]] (''Universal Flash Storage'') with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Odunayo |title=eMMC or UFS: Understanding new generation of mobile phone storage |url=https://www.dignited.com/23879/emmc-or-ufs-mobile-phone-storage/ |website=Dignited |date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Capacity
While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with [[Samsung Telecommunications|Samsung]] for example increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512 GB within only 2{{1/2}} years between 2016 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Russell |title=Understanding Smartphone Storage – How much storage does your phone need? |url=https://www.lifewire.com/smartphone-buying-guides-577502 |website=Lifewire |date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Starts Producing First 512-Gigabyte Universal Flash Storage for Next-Generation Mobile Devices |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171204006182/en/Samsung-Starts-Producing-512-Gigabyte-Universal-Flash-Storage |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gottsegen |first1=Gordon |title=Samsung is bringing a huge 512GB memory chip to its phones |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-512gb-memory-chip-announcement/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2017-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=US will only receive 32GB Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/us-getting-32gb-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-675313/ |website=Android Authority |date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Memory cards====
[[File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG|thumb|Inserted memory and SIM cards]]
{{main article|MicroSD#Mobile phones}}

The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using [[MicroSD#Mobile phones|MicroSD]] [[memory card]]s, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ {{section link|SD_card|2009–2019: SDXC}}). Benefits over [[USB on the go]] storage and [[cloud storage]] include [[offline]] availability and [[privacy]], not reserving and protruding from the [[charging port]], no connection instability or [[latency (engineering)|latency]], no dependence on voluminous [[data plan]]s, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between devices by changing memory cards, large-scale [[data backup]]s can be created offline, and data can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-us |title=MicroSD vs. cloud storage: Which do you prefer? |url=https://news.wirefly.com/2013/05/31/microsd-vs-cloud-storage-which-do-you-prefer |website=phonedog.com |date=31 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-nz |title=Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage |url=https://www.ni.com/en-nz/support/documentation/supplemental/12/understanding-life-expectancy-of-flash-storage.html |website=www.ni.com |date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=How to back up your Android phone |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/backup-android-phone-708622/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In case of technical [[brick (electronics)|defects]] which make the device unusable or [[boot (computing)|unbootable]] as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, [[bendgate|bending damage]], [[malware]], or bogus [[software update|system update]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Popa |first1=Bogdan |title=Xiaomi Ships Android 11 Update, Completely Bricks Devices |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/xiaomi-ships-android-11-update-completely-bricks-devices-531859.shtml |website=softpedia |language=english |date=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; etc., data stored on the memory card is likely [[data recovery|rescueable]] externally, while data on the inaccessible internal storage would be [[data loss|lost]]. A memory card can usually{{efn|Presuming common [[file system]] support, which is usually given. Some software-specific data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device.}} immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior [[file transfer]]s.

Some [[dual-SIM]] mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a [[SIM card]] or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM and memory card usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kaufberatung: Smartphones mit Dual-SIM und Micro-SD |url=https://www.techstage.de/ratgeber/kaufberatung-smartphones-mit-dual-sim-und-micro-sd/3t4xzm3 |website=TechStage |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=de |date=2019-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Physical location
The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies [[hot swapping]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to increase internal memory on the Galaxy Note 4 |url=https://www.nextpit.com/how-to-increase-internal-memory-on-galaxy-note-4 |website=NextPit |date=July 5, 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thorn |first1=Thomas |title=Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/samsung-galaxy-s4-mini-1137603/review |website=TechRadar |language=en |date=2013-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hidalgo |first1=Jason |title=Replace the SIM &amp; Memory Card in a Samsung Galaxy S7 or S7 Edge |url=https://www.lifewire.com/install-sim-memory-galaxy-s7-4023729 |website=Lifewire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy Fit]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Ace|Ace]] have a sideways memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 review: Ace in the hole |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_ace_s5830-review-573.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=1 |date=2011-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====File transfer====
Originally, [[mass storage]] access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the [[Media Transfer Protocol]] as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common [[file system]] support, as communication is done through an [[abstraction layer]].

However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and [[random access]] of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Happened To Mass Storage &amp; File Management? [Updated] - Mobility Arena - Mobile Phone, Smartphone, Cell Phone Reviews |url=https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |website=mobilityarena.com |date=2011-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100252/https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |archive-date=2021-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sound===
Some audio quality enhancing features, such as [[Voice over LTE]] and [[HD Voice]] have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in [[long-distance call]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it|title=Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It|first=Jeff|last=Hecht|work=[[IEEE]]|date=September 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible|title=Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?|first=Elena|last=Malykhina|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audio quality can be improved using a [[VoIP]] application over [[Wi-Fi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/whats-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681|title=What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?|first=Alan|last=Henry|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Lifehacker|date=May 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a [[speakerphone]] feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

Some mobile phones such as the [[HTC One M8]] and the [[Sony Xperia Z2]] are equipped with [[stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Andrew |title=HTC One M8 BoomSound speakers are loud and proud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-speaker-comparison/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Audio connector====
The [[Phone connector (audio)#Miniature size|3.5mm headphone receptible]] ([[colloquialism|coll.]] &quot;''headphone jack''&quot;) allows the immediate operation of passive [[headphone]]s, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port side) than on the top of the device.

The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple [[iPhone 7]]. An [[adapter]] reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug.

Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth [[transceiver]] and a battery with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Was ditching the headphone jack a good idea? |url=https://www.soundguys.com/was-ditching-the-headphone-jack-a-good-idea-13825/ |website=SoundGuys |date=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Battery===
Smartphones typically feature [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] or [[lithium-polymer battery|lithium-polymer batteries]] due to their high [[energy density|energy densities]].

Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Fixes of Unexpected Phone Shutoffs - RTCL ... rtcl.eecs.umich.edu › assets › 2020 |url=https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2020/youngmoon-mobisys20.pdf |date=2020-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Battery capacity may be reduced to 80% after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jasieniak |first1=Jacek |title=Explainer: how to extend your phone's battery life |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-to-extend-your-phones-battery-life-80958 |website=The Conversation |date=July 31, 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.ukm.my/jqma/v10_1/jqma-10-1-paper4.pdf |title=Modelling of Charge/Discharge Cycle of Lithium Ion Battery System |first1=Ho Kar |last1=Yee |first2=Sivakumar |last2=Ramakrishnan |first3=Ahmad Azmin |last3=Mohamad |journal=Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=2014 |pages=39–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Some mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for [[Planned obsolescence#Batteries|planned obsolescence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Planned obsolescence: the outrage of our electronic waste mountain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/the-right-to-repair-planned-obsolescence-electronic-waste-mountain |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Charging====
[[File:Cheero powerbank &amp; Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg|thumb|A high-capacity portable [[battery charger]] ([[Battery charger#Power bank|''power bank'']])]]

Due to limitations of [[electrical current]]s that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle, charging protocols which make use of elevated [[voltages]] such as [[Qualcomm Quick Charge]] and [[MediaTek Pump Express]] have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a device needs to be attached to a power source.

The smartphone's integrated [[charge controller]] (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a supported [[mobile phone charger|charger]]. &quot;[[VOOC]]&quot; by Oppo, also marketed as &quot;dash charge&quot;, took the counter approach and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later, [[USB Power Delivery]] (''USB-PD'') was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Sumukh |title=Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo VOOC vs USB-PD - TechPP |url=https://techpp.com/2020/04/09/qualcomm-quick-charge-vs-oneplus-warp-charge-vs-oppo-vooc-vs-usb-pd/ |website=techpp.com |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 [[watt]]s in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222405/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20 Watts in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Nick |title=How it works: Dash Charge fast charging on the OnePlus 3 |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/How-it-works-Dash-Charge-fast-charging-on-the-OnePlus-3_id82646 |website=Phone Arena |date=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 45 watts in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Byford |first1=Sam |title=Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |website=The Verge |language=en |date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation of the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PSA: The Galaxy S8 and S8+ doesn't actually Fast Charge while you're using it – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2017/05/11/samsung-galaxy-s8-plus-wont-fast-charge-problems/ |website=phandroid.com |date=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is powered off}}

[[Wireless charging]] has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with [[Qi (standard)|''Qi'']] being the most common standard, followed by [[Powermat]]. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission, charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging rates.

By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6 phones with the best battery life|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-battery-life/|access-date=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-customer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html|access-date=September 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Kendrick |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/ |title=The secret behind poor smartphone battery life|work=ZDNet |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-years/ |title=Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external &quot;battery packs&quot;. External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that &quot;piggyback&quot; onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the [[Galaxy Note 7]] smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/|title=Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas|date=May 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For consumer convenience, [[inductive charging|wireless charging]] stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/|title=The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Power management====
A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC) of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a few hundred milliwatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Frumusanu |first1=Andrei |title=Analysing AMOLED Power Efficiency Improvements |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623204043/http://anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=2015-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cameras===
{{main|Camera phone|Digital camera|Videophone}}

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. {{As of|2019}} phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Images are usually saved in the [[JPEG]] file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s also have [[Raw image format|RAW]] imaging capability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Shoot Photos in DNG/RAW on Samsung Galaxy S7 |url=https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |website=Android Beat {{!}} Android News, Hacks, Apps, Tips &amp; Reviews Blog |access-date=19 August 2021 |language=en-us |date=24 April 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213752/https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nikam |first1=Sohil |title=Samsung Dropping RAW Image Support Into Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge Via Android 5.1.1 Update - TechShout |url=https://www.techshout.com/samsung-to-bless-galaxy-s6-and-s6-edge-with-raw-photo-support-via-android-5-1-1-update/ |website=www.techshout.com |access-date=19 August 2021 |date=2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Space constraints====
Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for &quot;[[selfie]]s&quot; and [[video chat]]. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for [[image sensor]]s and [[Lens|optics]], rear-facing cameras are often housed in a &quot;bump&quot; that is thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose ([[Telephoto lens|telephoto]], [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]], etc.).

Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera module while increasing [[ergonomy]], as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with [[Image stabilization#Optical image stabilization|optical image stabilisation]] (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus [[Raw image format|RAW]] images. [[High-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]], &quot;[[Bokeh]] mode&quot; with multi lenses and multi-shot [[Night mode camera|night mode]]s are now also familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019 |url=https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512034618/https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |archive-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via [[computational photography]] [[Digital image processing|image processing]] and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

====Dedicated camera button====
Some mobile phones such as the [[Samsung i8000 Omnia 2]], some [[Nokia Lumia]]s and some [[Sony Xperia]]s are equipped with a physical camera shutter button.

Those with two pressure levels resemble the [[point-and-shoot]] intuition of dedicated [[compact camera]]s. The camera button may be used as a [[shortcut (computing)|shortcut]] to quickly and [[ergonomy|ergonomically]] launch the camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button.

===Back cover materials===
Back covers of smartphones are typically made of [[polycarbonate]], aluminium, or glass. Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the [[Galaxy S5]] or leathered on the [[Galaxy Note 3]] and [[Note 4]].

While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less &quot;premium&quot; among [[fashion]]- and [[fad|trend]]-oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock absorption, greater [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass, which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of radio signals or wireless power like metal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=A Discussion on Material Choices in Mobile |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031624/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 9, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=2014-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bring back plastic phones. |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/bring-back-plastic-phones-1004824/ |website=Android Authority |date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benefits And Applications Of Polycarbonates |url=https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |website=Tuflite |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411235448/https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/ |website=Android Authority |date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Accessories===
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including [[Mobile phone accessories#Cases|cases]], [[#Memory_cards|memory card]]s, [[screen protector]]s, [[Battery charger#Mobile phone charger|chargers]], [[wireless charging|wireless power]] stations, [[USB On-The-Go]] adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), [[Mobile High-Definition Link|MHL]] adapters, add-on batteries, [[power bank]]s, [[headphones]], combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct [[Telephone call|call]]s on the device without holding it to the ear), and [[Bluetooth]]-enabled [[powered speaker]]s that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a &quot;book&quot;-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some &quot;book&quot;-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as [[wallet]]s.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

However, some companies, like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to &quot;reduce [[carbon footprint]]&quot;, etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters.
==سافٽ ويئر==
: موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست: وڪرو: استعمال: تنقيد ۽ مسئلا: صحت تي اثر: پابنديون ۽ روڪون: مخصوص ڊجيٽل ڪيمرائن جي جاءِ وٺڻ: عمر (استعمال جو مدو):

==Software==
===Mobile operating systems===
{{Main|Mobile operating system}}

A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an [[operating system]] for phones, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[smartwatch]]es, or other [[mobile device]]s. Globally, Android and [[IOS]] are the two most used mobile operating systems based on [[Usage share of operating systems|usage share]], with the former having been the best selling OS globally on all devices since 2013.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a [[personal computer]] operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a [[touchscreen]], [[Cellular network|cellular]], Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) mobile navigation, [[video camera|video-]] and [[digital camera|single-frame picture cameras]], [[speech recognition]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recorder]], [[portable media player|music player]], [[near-field communication]], and [[infrared blaster]]. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=May 29, 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use. Other well-known mobile operating systems are [[Flyme OS]] and [[Harmony OS]].
[[File:20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra]] has an [[artificial intelligence]]-powered feature.]]
Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems{{Em dash}}the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary [[real-time operating system]] which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious [[base station]]s to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Thom Holwerda |website=[[OSNews]] |date=November 12, 2013 |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/27416/the-second-operating-system-hiding-in-every-mobile-phone/ |title=The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--

The below list and subsequent details in it are unwarranted for the scope of this article. It is better replaced by a link to corresponding main article (see above). Even if any reason the below needs to be retained, a single paragraph summarising entire contents, should be enough.

====Android====
{{Main article|Android (operating system)}}
[[File:Android OS.jpg|thumb|Several smartphones running Google's Android OS]]
[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (based on the modified [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system developed by [[Google Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OS MS 3Q10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent |date=November 10, 2010 |publisher=Gartner, Inc |at=Table 2 |access-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113073826/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for [[Turing machine|general purpose computers]] (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) [[personal computer]]s (PCs). Although the Android operating system is [[free and open-source software]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ICS is coming to AOSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/android-building/msg/c0e01b4619a1455a |title=ICS is coming to AOSP}}&lt;/ref&gt; in devices sold, much of the software [[Product bundling|bundled]] with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is [[proprietary software]] and closed source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903011541/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=December 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged since Android 4.0. The current Android version is [[Android Pie|9.0 Pie]].

Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items, except for the first and second releases.

Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own [[List_of_custom_Android_distributions|modified versions]] of the operating system.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianfrag&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Android fragmentation 'worse than ever' – but OpenSignal says that's good|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/android-fragmentation-visualised-opensignal|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 1, 2013|date=July 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====iOS====
{{Main article|iOS}}
[[iOS]] (formerly named iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system from [[Apple Inc.]] It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|title=Apple Took 89% Of Q4 Smartphone Profits With Android OEMs In A Race To The Bottom|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110736/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|archive-date=July 15, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system. The [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]] and second or third-generation [[Apple TV]] all use [[iOS]], which is derived from [[macOS]].

Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, &quot;[[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]]&quot; allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.

Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by [[Foxconn]] or another of Apple's partners.

====Sailfish OS====
{{main article|Sailfish OS}}

[[Sailfish OS]] is from [[Jolla]]. It is open source with [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is [[proprietary software]] (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI. Using third party software extends usability but does not make the OS code close, in the same way as preinstalled Microsoft Word (closed source) on a Linux device does not make Linux closed source.

After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the [[MeeGo]] project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and [[Mer (software distribution)|Mer]] business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the [[Jolla (mobile phone)|Jolla smartphone]], was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, [[Jolla Tablet]] was launched and the [[BRICS]] countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.

Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake.

====Tizen====
{{main article|Tizen}}

[[Tizen]] (based on the [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system hosted by [[Linux Foundation]], together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]].

Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) devices, and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the [[WebKit]] runtime. According to Intel, Tizen &quot;combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo.&quot; [[HTML5]] apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the &quot;future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5.&quot; Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |title=Welcome to Tizen! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013071516/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |website=Tizen.org |date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ricker |first=Thomas |date=September 28, 2011 |url=http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |title=MeeGo is dead: Meet Tizen, another new open source OS based on Linux |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051802/http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |website=Thisismynext.com |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|title=Tizen 2.1 SDK and Source Code Release|publisher=Tizen.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730123852/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|archive-date=July 30, 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone.

====Ubuntu Touch====
{{main article|Ubuntu Touch}}

[[Ubuntu Touch]] is from [[Canonical Ltd.]] It is open source and uses the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;/&gt; The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an [[LXC]] container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|title=ContainerArchitecture|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|archive-date=October 31, 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for cloud and IoT, rather than phone and convergence|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/(&quot;Foundation&quot; paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to takeover the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-blog-1/post/is-ubuntu-touch-dead-56|title=Is Ubuntu Touch Dead?|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/foundation/ubports-foundation|title=The UBports Foundation *: Details about the foundation|access-date=27 September 2018|date=19 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on [[Ubuntu]] [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_15.04_(Vivid_Vervet)|15.04 (Vivid Vervet)]] and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_16.04_LTS_(Xenial_Xerus)|16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].

====Discontinued operating systems====

=====Bada=====
{{main article|Bada}}

[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from &quot;바다 (bada)&quot;, meaning &quot;ocean&quot; or &quot;sea&quot; in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy.
On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to [[Tizen]] instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062542/http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |archive-date=2013-02-28 |title=Samsung scraps Bada OS, folds it into Tizen – FierceMobileIT |website=Fiercemobilecontent.com |date=February 25, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====BlackBerry 10=====

[[BlackBerry 10]] (based on the [[QNX]] OS) is from [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]]. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in the late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by the mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update]|first=Patrick |last=O'Rourke |date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|archive-date=January 5, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IDC.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC|date=February 24, 2015|work=IDC.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|archive-date=February 25, 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.

=====Firefox OS=====
{{main article|Firefox OS}}

[[Firefox OS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |title=B2G – MozillaWiki |publisher=mozilla.org |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807222134/https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from [[Mozilla]]. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the [[Mozilla Public License]] built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.

According to [[Ars Technica]], &quot;Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |title=Mozilla eyes mobile OS landscape with new Boot to Gecko project |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912005225/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= B2G OS and Gecko Announcement from Ari Jaaksi &amp; David Bryant |url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |access-date= September 27, 2016 |date= September 27, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |archive-date= January 22, 2011 |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin=====
{{main article|MeeGo|Maemo|Moblin}}

[[MeeGo (operating system)|MeeGo]] was from non-profit organization [[The Linux Foundation]]. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona, [[Nokia]] and [[Intel]] both unveiled ''MeeGo'', a mobile operating system that combined [[Moblin]] and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the [[Nokia N9]] on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/21/introducing-the-nokia-n9-all-it-takes-is-a-swipe/ |title=Introducing the Nokia N9: all it takes is a swipe! &amp;#124; Nokia Conversations – The official Nokia Blog |publisher=Nokia |date=June 21, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |title=MeeGo Not Dead Yet as LG Continues the Charge — Mobile Technology News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829160853/http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maemo]] was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and [[Internet tablet]]s. It is open source and GPL, based on [[Debian GNU/Linux]] and draws much of its [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Software framework|frameworks]], and [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from the GNOME project. It uses the [[Matchbox (window manager)|Matchbox]] window manager and the [[GTK]]-based [[Hildon]] as its GUI and [[application framework]].

=====Palm OS=====
{{main article|Palm OS}}
[[File:Treo 300.jpg|thumb|A [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]] Treo 300 smartphone (2002)]]
[[Palm OS]]/Garnet OS was from [[Access Co.]] It is closed source and proprietary. [[webOS]] was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, [[open architecture]] and multitasking abilities.

=====Symbian=====
{{Main article|Symbian}}
[[File:Nokia N70 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Nokia N70]] smartphone (2005) running [[Symbian]] OS, which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s]]
The [[Symbian]] platform was developed by [[Nokia]] for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|title=Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone|date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154613/https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|archive-date=August 8, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====webOS=====
{{main article|webOS}}

[[webOS]] was developed by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the [[Palm Pre]]. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the [[HP Veer|Veer]] and the [[HP Pre 3|Pre 3]]) and a tablet (the [[HP TouchPad|TouchPad]]) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |title=HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination; Makes Other Announcements |publisher=HP |date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006182519/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |title=The next chapter for webOS |publisher=HP webOS Developer Blog |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924172749/http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap/#.UIgNYMXA-So |title=Open webOS::Roadmap |publisher=Open webOS Project |date=September 2012 |access-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145336/http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap#.UIgNYMXA-So |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to [[LG Electronics]], who used the operating system for its &quot;smart&quot; or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.

=====Windows 10 Mobile=====
[[Windows 10 Mobile]] (formerly called [[Windows Phone]]) rom [[Microsoft]], now discontinued. It is closed source and proprietary.

Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's [[Metro Design Language]]. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as [[OneDrive]] and Office, [[Xbox Music]], [[Xbox Video]], [[Xbox Live]] games and [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]], but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as [[Facebook]] and [[Google Account|Google accounts]]. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by [[Microsoft Mobile]]/[[Nokia]], and also by [[HTC]] and [[Samsung]].

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with [[Windows 10 Mobile]], bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart [[Windows 10]], and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

In October 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/257174-microsoft-admits-windows-10-mobile-finally-mercifully-dead|title=Microsoft Admits Windows 10 Mobile Is Finally, Mercifully Dead|first=Joel|last=Hruska|website=www.extremetech.com|date=9 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

===Mobile apps===
{{Main|Mobile app}}

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term &quot;app&quot; is a short-form of the term &quot;software application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2011-3|title=What The Heck Is An &quot;App&quot;?|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Application stores===
{{Main|List of mobile app distribution platforms}}

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted [[list of mobile app distribution platforms|online distribution]] for third-party applications ([[software]] and [[computer programs]]) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including [[video game]]s, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on [[List of mobile app distribution platforms#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms, such as [[GetJar]], [[Handango]], [[Handmark]], and [[PocketGear]]. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's [[BlackBerry App World]], Android-related app stores like [[Aptoide]], [[Cafe Bazaar]], [[F-Droid]], [[GetJar]], and [[Opera Mobile Store]]. In February 2014, 93% of [[mobile developers]] were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |title=W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==List of current smartphone brands==
{{Dynamic list}}
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:100px&quot;&gt;
*[[Asus]]
*[[Google Pixel]]
*[[Hisense]]
*[[Honor (brand)|Honor]]
*[[HTC]]
*[[Huawei]]
*[[Infinix]]
*[[iPhone]]
*[[iQOO]]
*[[Itel Mobile|Itel]]
*[[Lava International|Lava]]
*[[Lenovo]]
*[[LG]]
*[[Meizu]]
*[[Motorola Mobility|Motorola]]
*[[Nokia]]
*[[Nothing (technology company)|Nothing]]
*[[Nubia Technology|Nubia]]
*[[OnePlus]]
*[[Oppo]]
*[[POCO (company)|POCO]]
*[[Realme]]
*[[Redmi]]
*[[Samsung Galaxy]]
*[[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
*[[Sony Xperia]]
*[[TCL Technology|TCL]]
*[[Tecno Mobile|Tecno]]
*[[Umidigi]]
*[[vivo (technology company)|Vivo]]
*[[Xiaomi]]
*[[ZTE]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==Sales==

&lt;div class=&quot;floatright&quot;&gt;
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize=width:270 height:400
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:45 top:10 right:16
AlignBars=justify
Period=from:0 till:1700
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal

Colors=
 id:gray value:gray(0.5)
 id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
 id:line2 value:gray(0.7)

BarData=
 bar:2007 text:2007
 bar:2008 text:2008
 bar:2009 text:2009
 bar:2010 text:2010
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2012 text:2012
 bar:2013 text:2013
 bar:2014 text:2014
 bar:2015 text:2015
 bar:2016 text:2016
 bar:2017 text:2017
 bar:2018 text:2018
 bar:2019 text:2019
 bar:2020 text:2020
 bar:2021 text:2021
 bar:2022 text:2022

PlotData=
 color:tan1 width:10

 bar:2007 from:start till:122 text:122
 bar:2008 from:start till:139 text:139
 bar:2009 from:start till:172 text:172
 bar:2010 from:start till:296 text:296
 bar:2011 from:start till:472 text:472
 bar:2012 from:start till:680 text:680
 bar:2013 from:start till:969 text:969
 bar:2014 from:start till:1244 text:1,244
 bar:2015 from:start till:1423 text:1,423
 bar:2016 from:start till:1495 text:1,495
 bar:2017 from:start till:1536 text:1,536
 bar:2018 from:start till:1556 text:1,556
 bar:2019 from:start till:1540 text:1,540
 bar:2020 from:start till:1351 text:1,351
 bar:2021 from:start till:1433 text:1,433
 bar:2022 from:start till:1395 text:1,395

TextData=
 pos:(40,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text: Worldwide smartphone sales (million)
TextData=
 pos:(40,5) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: gartner.com
&lt;/timeline&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos|url=http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|work=GIGAOM|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Erica|last=Ogg|date=December 22, 2011|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723153620/http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobile-retailer/|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Leena|last=Rao|date=September 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | work= 3 News NZ | title= Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones | date= April 29, 2013 | access-date= April 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | archive-date= August 1, 2013 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-smartphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html|title=We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in the Smartphone Decline.|first=Jake|last=Swearingen|date=December 4, 2018|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |archive-date=January 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent [[:wikt:year-over-year|year on year]]. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-market-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/ |title=It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever |author=Daniel van Boom |date=April 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid [[Huawei]], [[Oppo]] and [[Xiaomi]] introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung-and-huawei/|title=As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei|first=Daphne|last=Leprince-Ringuet|date=November 26, 2019|website=[[ZDNet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-americans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/|title=Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says|first=Samuel|last=Axon|date=December 11, 2019|website=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-change-2019-12|title=Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry|first=Lisa|last=Eadicicco|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_india-news-39917.php|title=Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India|website=GSMArena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counterpoint-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/|title=Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?|first=Alan|last=Weissberger|date=November 8, 2019|website=[[IEEE Communications Society]] Technology Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline|title=Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'|first=Steve|last=McCaskill|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[TechRadar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also predicted that prices of smartphones may go higher due to global [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] Chip shortage which may effect the sales also.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AI Chip Shortage Causes Sharp Rise in Smartphone Prices, May Increase by Nearly 7% by 2026 |url=https://news.aibase.com/news/23987}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===By manufacturer===
{{see also|List of best-selling mobile phones}}
In 2011, [[Samsung]] had the highest shipment [[market share]] worldwide, followed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. [[Huawei]], [[LG Corporation|LG]] and [[Lenovo]] were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-may-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/ |title=Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask |work=[[Engadget]] |first=Jon |last=Fingas |date=January 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-shipments-q1-2014|title= Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC|first= Steven|last= Millward|date= May 13, 2014|access-date= September 9, 2014|work= Tech In Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.&lt;ref name=&quot;brett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-smartphones/24320385/|title=Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales|author=Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY|date=March 3, 2015|work=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | url = https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-08-19-gartner-says-five-of-top-10-worldwide-mobile-phone-vendors-increased-sales-in-second-quarter-of-2016 | title = Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016 | publisher = Gartner | date = August 19, 2016 | access-date = May 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, [[Oppo]] with 25.5 million and [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] with 22.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/|title= 6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese|first= Frank|last= Hersey|date=2017-07-04|access-date= 2017-07-07|work= technode}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2017-02-28|title=Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Realme]], a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and [[Honor (brand)|Honor]], a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth {{as of|2019|lc=on}}, amid growing Chinese nationalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-for-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/|title= Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market|author=‌Argam Artashyan|date=December 12, 2019|website=GizChina}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones|title=Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones &amp;#124; TechRadar|website=www.techradar.com|date=December 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units. Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a 14.1% market share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Apple loses top phonemaker spot to Samsung as iPhone shipments drop, IDC says |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/retail/apple-loses-top-phonemaker-spot-to-samsung-as-iphone-shipments-drop-idc-says-1.1713152284439 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===By operating system===
{{Further|Mobile operating system#By operating system}}

==Use==
{{See also|Mobile phone#Use|Technological convergence}}

===Contemporary use and convergence===
{{multiple image|width=150|perrow=2|image1=A2 &amp; Zen (307730569).jpg|image2=Sony Cybershot DSC W210.jpg|image3=Mobiles Navigationsgeraet Navigon im Einsatz.JPG|image4=PDA Mapping.jpg|footer=Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: ''(from top-left)'' [[portable media player]]s (inc. &quot;MP3 players&quot;); [[Point-and-shoot camera|compact digital camera]]s; [[Satellite navigation device|in-car satellite navigation systems]]; [[personal digital assistant]]s (inc. [[electronic organizer]]s)|alt1=sdas}}

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing [[Cellular network|network]], [[mobile processor]], and [[Computer data storage|storage]] technologies led to a [[Technological convergence|convergence]] where separate [[mobile phone]]s, [[Personal organizer|organizer]]s, and [[portable media player]]s were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why |url=http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overtake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/ |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=2013-08-15 |first=Don |last=Reisinger }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816183428/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2013 |title=Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time |author=Rob van der Meulen &amp; Janessa Rivera |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-first-time-worldwide/ |title=Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=CompTIA Strata Study Guide |author=Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-97742-2 |page=140 |access-date=July 5, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&amp;q=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete&amp;pg=PA140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|title=PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec|last=Yu|first=Emily|publisher=EE Times Asia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|archive-date=23 April 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in [[Image sensor|digital camera sensor]]s and on-device [[Digital image processing|image processing]] software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler [[Point-and-shoot camera|camera]]s for photographs and video recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The built-in [[Global navigation satellite systems|GPS]] capabilities and [[List of online map services|mapping]] apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone [[satellite navigation]] [[Personal navigation assistant#Market developments|devices]], and paper [[Road map|map]]s became less common.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesTollonGPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mobile gaming]] on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wijman |first1=Tom |title=Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018|url=https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/|website=newzoo.com|publisher=Newzoo|date=30 April 2018|access-date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing many people to use them in place of [[handheld game consoles]], and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en#view=features_specifications |title=Xperia Play {{!}} PlayStation certified Android mobile |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Sony Ericsson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en |archive-date=August 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review|title=Android handheld of the future. Not today.|last=Lowe|first=Scott|website=IGN|date=July 30, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; People frequently have chosen not to get [[Landline|fixed-line telephone service]] in favor of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|title=Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones|work=[[CBS News]]|date=4 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|title=The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013|date=June 23, 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|archive-date=2014-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Streaming media#Music streaming platforms|Music streaming]] apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite [[Radio receiver|radio]]. [[Streaming media|Streaming video]] services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching [[television]]. People have often stopped wearing [[wristwatch]]es in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of [[alarm clock]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing/ |website=Motherboard.vice.com |publisher=Motherboard |access-date=16 August 2018 |language=en-us |date=10 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobile phones can also be used as a digital [[note taking]], [[text editing]] and [[memorandum]] device whose [[computer]]ization facilitates searching of entries.

Additionally, [[Global Internet usage#Broadband usage|in many lesser technologically developed regions]] smartphones are people's first and only means of [[mobile broadband|Internet access]] due to their portability,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx|title=ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016|publisher=Telecommunication Development Bureau, [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)|access-date=2015-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|reason=Which documents say that, and where?|date=June 2022}} with [[personal computer]]s being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or [[Text messaging|messaging]] in place of using [[fax]] (facsimile) machines. [[Mobile payment|Payment apps and services]] on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. [[Mobile banking]] apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] or teller. [[Guide book]] apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated [[Audio tour#Smartphone tours|audio guide]] equipment.

===Mobile banking and payment===
{{main|Mobile banking|Mobile payment}}

{{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}
[[File:Mobile payment 03.JPG|thumb|Mobile payment system]]
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide [[mobile banking]] services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's [[M-PESA]] mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator [[Safaricom]] to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

[[Branchless banking]] has been successful in South Africa and the [[Philippines]]. A pilot project in [[Bali]] was launched in 2011 by the [[International Finance Corporation]] and an [[Indonesia]]n bank, [[Bank Mandiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html |title=Branchless banking to start in Bali |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another application of mobile banking technology is [[Zidisha]], a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/ |title=&quot;Zidisha Set to &quot;Expand&quot; in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance&quot;, Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 |publisher=Microfinancefocus.com |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in [[Espoo]] were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators [[Globe Telecom|Globe]] and [[Smart Communications|Smart]].

Some mobile phones can make [[mobile payment]]s via direct mobile billing schemes, or through [[contactless payment]]s if the phone and the [[point of sale]] support [[near-field communication]] (NFC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |title=Mobile Payments: Look to Korea |author=Feig, Nancy |publisher=banktech.com |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2010 |title=NFC mobile phone set to explode |author=Ready, Sarah |publisher=connectedplanetonline.com |date=10 November 2009 |access-date=29 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |title=VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments |author=Tofel, Kevin C. |publisher=gigaom.com |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621023021/http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Facsimile===
Some [[mobile app|apps]] allows for sending and receiving [[fax|facsimile (fax)]], over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster [[binary image|bi-level]] graphics) generated directly and digitally from [[document file format|document]] and [[image file formats|image]] file formats.

===Films===
{{also|List of films shot on mobile phones}}
Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film festivals for such films, including the [[SmartFone Flick Fest]] in [[Sydney]], Australia;&lt;ref name=ff&gt;{{cite web |title=SF3 |website=FilmFreeway |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SF3 |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kornits2024&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=The rise and rise of smartphone films – Australia leads the way |website=FilmInk |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/the-rise-and-rise-of-smartphone-films-australia-leads-the-way-2/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dublin Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in [[San Diego]]; the Spanish festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone International Film Festival;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Fletcher |title=Darcy Yuille: One Punch Man |website=FilmInk |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/darcy-yuille-one-punch-man/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto Smartphone Film Festival; New York Mobile Film Festival; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=Short Film of the Week: Idiot-Proof |website=FilmInk |date=13 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/short-film-of-the-week-idiot-proof/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism and issues==

===Social impacts===
====Manufacture====
[[Cobalt]] and [[lithium]] are needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers in cobalt and lithium mining, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] during [[Cobalt#Democratic Republic of the Congo|artisanal mining of cobalt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |website=NPR |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |access-date=10 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The lithium rush in Africa |author= |work=Global Witness |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2025 |url= https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/a-rush-for-lithium-in-africa-risks-fuelling-corruption-and-failing-citizens/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports indicate that thousands of artisanal lithium diggers are working in unsafe conditions, with reports of child labour and miners being buried by a mine collapse, also in [[Zimbabwe]]; and suspected corruption cases in [[Namibia]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2019 [[International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla|a lawsuit]] was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of [[child labor]] in mining cobalt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| year=2023 | title=Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025 | website=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/ | access-date=9 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Use====
{{main|Problematic smartphone use}}

In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].&lt;ref name=Colaner&gt;{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|access-date=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002| s2cid = 9196376 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A &quot;[[smombie]]&quot; (a combination of &quot;smartphone&quot; and &quot;[[zombie]]&quot;) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunday-times&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2016 | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a &quot;mobile lane&quot; for walking in [[Chongqing]], China.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg]], Germany, to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Rick Noack |date=April 25, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ |title=This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don't have to look up |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===While driving===
{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}

[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]

Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last1 = Atchley|first1 = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|issue = 1|pages=134–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&amp;template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070714%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&amp;template=printart|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]&lt;!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--&gt; in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.]]

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|s2cid=205403680|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf | title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group | journal = Social Science Computer Review | doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 | volume = 28 | year = 2010 | pages = 336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas | s2cid = 61640965 | archive-date = March 30, 2024 | access-date = January 24, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091657/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=January 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. In the United States, as of May 2025, 31 states had banned handheld phone use while driving, and 49 states had banned text messaging while driving.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHTSA2025DistractedLaws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Distracted Driving Laws by State |url=https://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/sites/tsm.gov/files/2025-10/distracted-distracted-driving-law-maps-graphic-en-2025-16302-v4-tag.pdf |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |date=October 27, 2025 |access-date=May 31, 2026 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Legal===
{{Main|Smartphone wars}}

A &quot;patent war&quot; between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider &quot;patent wars&quot;]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone operating systems such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

===Security===
{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juniper-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 |title=Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=trustbus11&gt;{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy &amp; Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|first1=Mylonas |last1=Alexios |first2=Tsoumas |last2=Bill |first3=Dritsas |last3=Stelios |first4=Gritzalis |last4=Dimitris }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archive-date=August 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malware risk also comes from what is known as an &quot;update attack&quot;, where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lookout-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Apple's &quot;Find my iPhone&quot; and Google's &quot;Android Device Manager&quot; can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed [[Vault 7]] detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307194849/http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|archive-date=2017-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|magazine=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of [[spyware]], called [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]], developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often{{Em dash}}partly via use of [[Zero-day (computing)|0-day exploits]]{{Em dash}}without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Packet analysis|Analysis of data traffic]] by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this [[pre-installed software]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Haoyu |last2=Patras |first2=Paul |last3=Leith |first3=Douglas J. |title=Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets |date=6 October 2021 |url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/Android_privacy_report.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tech report|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|first1=Murugiah P.|last1=Souppaya|first2=Karen A.|last2=Scarfone|series=Special Publication (NIST SP)|id=800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Health effects ==

=== General effects on health ===

According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shankar|first1=S Barani|last2=Rani|first2=S Leslie|last3=Brundha|first3=M P|date=July 2020|title=Comparison study of factors associated with smartphone addiction among college students|journal=Drug Invention Today|volume=14|issue=7|pages=1165–1168|issn=0975-7619|via=Academic Search Complete}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on cognition and mental health===
{{Main|Digital media use and mental health}}

There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health.

=== Hemorrhoids risk ===

Use of a smartphone while sitting on the toilet has been associated with a higher prevalence of hemorrhoids. A study found that individuals who use a smartphone while sitting on the toilet spend, on average, more time there, and that the likelihood of developing hemorrhoids increases by approximately 46% compared to those who do not use a smartphone while on the toilet (after adjustment for age, sex, and other medical factors).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramprasad2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Ramprasad | first1 = Chethan| last2 = Wu | first2 = Colin| last3 = Chang | first3 = Jocelyn| last4 = Rangan | first4 = Vikram| last5 = Iturrino | first5 = Johanna| last6 = Ballou | first6 = Sarah| last7 = Singh | first7 = Prashant| last8 = Lembo | first8 = Anthony| last9 = Nee | first9 = Judy| last10 = Pasricha | first10 = Trisha| title = Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids| journal = PLOS One| volume = 20| issue = 9| pages = e0329983| date = 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regulation of mobile health applications ===

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 | s2cid = 16910239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sleep===
{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, &quot;Night Mode&quot; functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|access-date=January 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as &quot;[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]&quot;. Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in &quot;[[ego depletion]]&quot;. Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-bluelight&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kalsbeek |first=Andries |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C |title=The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing |publisher=Elsevier |page=382 |isbn=978-0-444-59427-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Luisa |last=Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Restrictions and bans ==
{{Further|Digital detox}}
In some countries authorities make efforts to reduce digital device use, including smartphones among students.

* [[South Korea]] passed nationwide classroom phone ban. The law will come to effect in March 2026. Exceptions allowed for students with disabilities, emergencies and educational purposes. 
* [[France]] and [[Finland]] made partial bans, generally for younger students. 
* [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[China]] created stronger restrictions. The policy improved the situation in Dutch schools.
* In [[Australia]] there are state-level bans. [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] are introducing policies that prohibit phone use during school hours.

&quot;There is significant scientific and medical proof that smartphone addiction has extremely harmful effects on students' brain development and emotional growth,&quot; [[Cho Jung-hun]], who introduced the bill in South Korea told the BBC. Not all students agree this will solve the problem. &quot;Rather than simply taking phones away, I think the first step should be teaching students what they can do without them,&quot; said Seo Min-joon, an 18-year-old high schooler. Another student, aged 13, said that he does not have time to be addicted to his phone due to an overloaded schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=South Korea passes nationwide classroom phone ban to combat youth smartphone addiction |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/32c9667fafd6 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024–2025 Australia and France began to advance legislation which prohibits entirely the use of social media by children under the age of 15–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=France mulls total ban on social media for under 15, digital curfew for teens |url=https://trt.global/world/article/366d24cfd490 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Australia the law came into effect on 10 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |title=Can you ban kids from social media? Australia is about to, but some teens are a step ahead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crk7xgzj8y8o |access-date=7 December 2025 |agency=BBC |date=6 December 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نامزد ٿيل ڊجيٽل ڪئميرن جي تبديلي ==
جيئن 2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ٿي نامزد ٿيل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرن جي وڪري جا انگ اکر تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي ويا ڇاڪاڻ ته موبائل فون ڪئميرا هڪ ڪافي متبادل ڪئميرا طور ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=As iPhone Turns 15, Smartphones Continue to Hurt Camera Sales |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/as-iphone-turns-15-smartphones-continue-to-hurt-camera-sales/6647692.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

موبائل فون ۾ ڪمپيوٽنگ پاور ۾ واڌ تيز تصوير پروسيسنگ ۽ اعليٰ ريزوليوشن فلمنگ کي فعال ڪيو. 2011 ۾ 1080p مڪمل HD حاصل ڪيو ويو ۽ 2013 ۾ 2160p 4K جي رڪاوٽ کي ٽوڙيو ويو. 

ڇاڪاڻ ته نامزد ٿيل ڪئميرا وڌيڪ وسيع ٿي سگهن ٿا, اهي وڏا تصويري سينسر رکي سگهن ٿا ۽ آپٽيڪل زومنگ جي خاصيت رکي سگهن ٿا, بهرحال ڊيزائن ۽ جاءِ جي حدن جي ڪري اسمارٽ فونز ۾ گهٽ بجيٽ واري ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرا تي به ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون نه آهن. جنهن ۾ هڪ گرم-سوپيبل ميموري ڪارڊ ۽ بيٽري, تقريبن بي ترتيب آپريشن لاءِ, فوڪس ڪرڻ ۽ ڪيپچر ڪرڻ ۽ زوم ڪرڻ لاءِ جسماني بٽڻ ۽ نوب, هڪ بولٽ ٿريڊ ٽرپائيڊ ماؤنٽ, هڪ ڪيپيسٽر چارج ٿيل زينون فليش (جيڪو اسمارٽ فونز جي ايل اي ڊي ٽارچ جي چمڪ کان وڌيڪ آهي) ۽ هٿ ۾ شوٽنگ دوران مستحڪم هولڊنگ لاءِ هڪ ايرگونومڪ گرفت (جيڪو وڌيڪ نمائش جي وقت کي فعال بڻائي ٿو) شامل آهن. 

2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر کان وٺي. اسمارٽ فون ٺاهيندڙن محدود حد تائين, مقرر ڪيل ميگنيفڪيشن ليول سان اضافي ريئر ڪيمرا شامل ڪندي, آپٽيڪل زوم جي کوٽ کي نظرانداز ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobile Photography vs. the DSLR {{!}} B&amp;H eXplora |url=https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/hands-review/mobile-photography-vs-dslr |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.bhphotovideo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brad |date=2017-08-16 |title=DSLRs vs. Smartphone Cameras, Compared: The Pros and Cons |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/dslr-vs-smartphone-cameras-comparison/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=MUO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آپريشنل زندگي ==
{{Further|Lithium-ion battery#Lifespan|Planned obsolescence#Batteries}}
[[File:Day_4_Agbogloshie_(25891029818).jpg|thumb|اگبوگبلوشي ۾ اي-فضلو ]]
موبائل فونن ۾ (2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي ٻئي اڌ کان جاري ڪيل) آپريشنل زندگي عام طور تي بلٽ ان بيٽرين جي ڪري محدود هوندي آهي. جيڪي مٽائڻ لاءِ ٺهيل نه آهن. بيٽرين جي زندگي جي توقع پاور ڊيوائس جي استعمال جي شدت تي منحصر آهي. جتي سرگرمي (وڌيڪ استعمال) ۽ وڌيڪ توانائي جي گهرج وارا ڪم بيٽري کي اڳ ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا آهن. 

ليٿيم-آئن ۽ ليٿيم-پوليمر بيٽريون (جيڪي عام طور تي پورٽيبل اليڪٽرانڪس کي طاقت ڏين ٿيون) اضافي طور تي مڪمل چارج ۽ گہرے ڊسچارج چڪرن کان وڌيڪ ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. ۽ جڏهن ڊگهي وقت تائين استعمال نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. جتي خود ڊسچارج نقصانڪار ڊسچارج جي کوٽائي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cycle-life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134| title = Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 196| issue = 8| pages = 3942–3948| year = 2011| last1 = Wang | first1 = J.| last2 = Liu | first2 = P.| last3 = Hicks-Garner | first3 = J.| last4 = Sherman | first4 = E.| last5 = Soukiazian | first5 = S.| last6 = Verbrugge | first6 = M.| last7 = Tataria | first7 = H.| last8 = Musser | first8 = J.| last9 = Finamore | first9 = P.| bibcode = 2011JPS...196.3942W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.057| title = Cycle life testing and modeling of graphite/LiCoO2 cells under different state of charge ranges| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 327| pages = 394–400| year = 2016| last1 = Saxena | first1 = S.| last2 = Hendricks | first2 = C.| last3 = Pecht | first3 = M.| bibcode = 2016JPS...327..394S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Questions and answers related to lithium - ion rechargeable b attery care |url=https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |publisher=PLARAD Torque &amp; Tension Systems |access-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235201/https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٺاهيندڙن ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز کي مرمت کان پوءِ ڪم ڪرڻ کان روڪيو آهي. اجزاء جي منفرد سيريل نمبرن کي ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيندي. تنهن ڪري اهو ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪندو يا بي ترتيب جي صورت ۾ ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي غير فعال ڪندو. اهو متبادل کان پوءِ ٿيندو. سيريل نمبر جي لاڪنگ پهريون ڀيرو 2015 ۾ آئي فون 6 تي دستاويز ڪئي وئي هئي. جيڪو &quot;هوم&quot; بٽڻ جي هڪ سڃاڻپ ٿيل متبادل جي ڪري غير فعال ٿي ويندو. بعد ۾ ايپل ۽ سام سنگ اسمارٽ فونز تي ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي محدود ڪئي وئي. جڏهن وينڊر پاران اختيار نه ڪيل بيٽري جي متبادل جو پتو لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Furqan |date=2021-01-18 |title=Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware Repairs |url=https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Wccftech |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Macworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{portal|Telephones|Internet|Modern history}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[موبائل فون]]
* [[اينڊروئيڊ]]
* موبائيل ڪمپيوٽرن جون فهرستن 
* موبائيل ايپ جي تقسيم وارن پليٽ فارمز جي فهرست
* ميڊيا ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول 
* موبائيل انٽرنيٽ ڊيوائس 
* پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئر 
* اسمارٽ فون ڪِل سوئچ 
* اسمارٽ فون زومبي
{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==نوٽس==
{{notelist}}

==ٻاهرين ڳنڍڻا==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اسمارٽ فون]]
[[زمرو:اينڊرائيڊ]]
[[زمرو:موبائل فون]]
[[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪلائنٽس]]
[[زمرو:ذاتي ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ]]
[[زمرو:صارفين لاءِ اليڪٽرانڪس]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات فراهم ڪندڙ آلات]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="152659" sha1="kd1nczlyew4okvbn9fpgx7bas1wlmpw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Handheld mobile device}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
[[فائل:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|200px|left]]
'''اسمارٽ فون''' (smartphones) هڪ موبائل ڊيوائس آهي جيڪو روايتي [[موبائل فون]] (فيچر فون) جي ڪارڪردگي کي جديد ڪمپيوٽنگ صلاحيتن سان گڏ ڪري ٿو. ان ۾ عام طور تي هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين انٽرفيس هوندو آهي، جيڪو صارفين کي ايپليڪيشنن ۽ خدمتن جي وسيع رينج تائين رسائي جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ ويب برائوزنگ، اي ميل، ۽ سوشل ميڊيا، انهي سان گڏ ملٽي ميڊيا پلے بیک ۽ اسٽريمنگ. اسمارٽ فونز ۾ بلٽ ان ڪيمرا، GPS نيويگيشن ۽ مختلف مواصلاتي طريقن لاءِ سپورٽ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ وائس ڪالز، ٽيڪسٽ ميسيجنگ، ۽ انٽرنيٽ تي ٻڌل ميسيجنگ ايپس شامل آهن. اسمارٽ فونز کي پراڻين ڊيزائن جي فيچر فونز کان انهن جي وڌيڪ جديد هارڊويئر صلاحيتن ۽ وسيع موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم، انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي، ڪاروباري ايپليڪيشنون، موبائل ادائيگيون، ۽ ملٽي ميڊيا ڪارڪردگي، جنهن ۾ موسيقي، وڊيو، گيمنگ، ريڊيو ۽ ٽيليويزن شامل آهن، جي ڪري مختلف آهن.

اسمارٽ فونز ۾ عام طور تي ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر &lt;small&gt;(MOS)&lt;/small&gt; انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس، مختلف سينسرز ۽ ڪيترن ئي وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن پروٽوڪولز جي سهولت موجود هوندي آهي. اسمارٽ فون سينسرز جي مثالن ۾ ايڪسلروميٽر، بيروميٽر، گائرو اسڪوپ ۽ ميگنيٽوميٽرز شامل آهن. انهن کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ۽ ٿرڊ پارٽي سافٽ ويئر ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن ڪارڪردگي کي بهتر بڻائي سگهجي. اسمارٽ فونز پاران سپورٽ ڪيل وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن جي معيارن ۾ LTE، 5G NR، وائي فائي، بلوٽوٿ ۽ سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن شامل آهن. سال &lt;small&gt;2020&lt;/small&gt;ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري، ٺاهيندڙن سيٽلائيٽ ميسيجنگ ۽ ايمرجنسي سروسز کي شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن سان انهن جي افاديت انهن ڏورانهن علائقن تائين وڌي وئي جتي قابل اعتماد سيلولر ڪوريج موجود نه هئي. اسمارٽ فونز گهڻي حد تائين پرسنل ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ (PDA) ڊوائيسز، هٿ ۾ رکڻ جهڙن ننڍن پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر، پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئرز (PMP)، پوائنٽ-اينڊ-شوٽ ڪئميرا، ڪيمڪارڊر ۽ ڪجهه حد تائين هٿ ۾ رکڻ وارن وڊيو گيم ڪنسول، اي-ريڊر ڊوائيس، پاڪيٽ ڪيلڪيوليٽرز ۽ GPS ٽريڪنگ يونٽن جي جاءِ ورتي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Islam |first=Zak |date=30 December 2012 |title=Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=Tom's Hardware |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Wikipedia homepage on a large Android phone, 2015-04-16.jpg|thumb|نيڪسس 6 (Nexus 6)، جيڪو هڪ [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] اسمارٽ فون آهي، [[انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا]] جو مکيه صفحو ڏيکاري رهيو آهي.]]
2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ آئي فون (iPhone) جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت کانپوءِ، اڪثر اسمارٽ فونز پتلي، سليٽ جهڙي شڪل ۽ وڏين ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرينن سان ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جن ۾ فزيڪل ڪيبورڊ جي بدران ملٽي ٽچ اشارن جي سهولت موجود آهي. اڪثر جديد اسمارٽ فونز ۾ اها صلاحيت هوندي آهي ته صارف هڪ مرڪزي ايپ اسٽور تان اضافي ايپليڪيشنون ڊائون لوڊ يا خريد ڪري سگهن. انهن ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪلائوڊ اسٽوريج، ڪلائوڊ سنڪرونائيزيشن ۽ ورچوئل اسسٽنٽس جي سهولت هوندي آهي. 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان وٺي، بهتر هارڊويئر ۽ تيز رفتار وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن اسمارٽ فون انڊسٽري جي ترقي کي هٿي ڏني آهي. 2014ع تائين، سڄي دنيا ۾ هر سال هڪ ارب کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فونز وڪرو ٿيندا هئا. صرف 2019ع ۾، سڄي دنيا ۾ 1.54 ارب اسمارٽ فون يونٽس موڪليا ويا؛ سال 2020ع تائين، دنيا جي آبادي جو 75.05 سيڪڙو ماڻهو اسمارٽ فون استعمال ڪندڙ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#topicOverview | title=Topic: Smartphones }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال ڪجهه حد تائين سهولت ۽ زندگي جي اطمينان سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، پر ان سان جسماني، ذهني ۽ ادراڪي (cognitive) صحت تي مختلف منفي اثر پڻ سڃاتا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagong2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Sagong | first1 = H.| last2 = Yoon | first2 = J. Y.| title = The effects of smartphone use on life satisfaction in older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms| journal = CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing| volume = 40| issue = 8| pages = 523-530| date = 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''سمارٽ فون''' يا ذهين فون (Smartphone) [[عام فون]] جي نسبت ۾ ڪافي خصوصيتن جو مالڪ هوندو آهي.

, 
==تاريخ==

پهرين ڪمرشل اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر. 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز. سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') پاران 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا. * 

شروعاتي اسمارٽ فونز بنيادي طور تي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ڏانهن مارڪيٽ ڪيا ويا، سيلولر ٽيليفوني جي مدد سان اسٽينڊ اڪيلو PDA ڊوائيسز جي ڪارڪردگي کي پل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، پر انهن جي وڏي شڪ، مختصر بيٽري جي زندگي، سست اينالاگ سيلولر نيٽ ورڪ، ۽ وائرليس ڊيٽا سروسز جي ناپختگي جي ڪري محدود هئا. اهي مسئلا آخرڪار MOS ٽرانزسٽرز جي ايڪسپونشنل اسڪيلنگ ۽ مينيچرائيزيشن سان حل ڪيا ويا ذيلي مائڪرون سطحن تائين (مور جو قانون)، بهتر ليٿيم آئن بيٽري، تيز ڊجيٽل موبائل ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ (ايڊ هولم جو قانون)، ۽ وڌيڪ پختو سافٽ ويئر پليٽ فارم جيڪي موبائل ڊوائيس ايڪو سسٽم کي ڊيٽا فراهم ڪندڙن کان آزاد طور تي ترقي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏين ٿا. * اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (ٻن لفظن ۾) 1980 کان پريس ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1985 کان، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1987 کان. اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (هڪ ننڍي لفظ جي طور تي) پهريون ڀيرو 1997 ۾ ايريڪسن پاران هڪ نئين ڊوائيس تصور، GS88 کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. پهرين تجارتي اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا.

==هارڊويئر==
[[File:Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg|thumb|هڪ اهڙو اسمارٽ فون جنهن جي مٿئين حصي ۾ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر لڳل آهي، جنهن کي ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو.]]&lt;!--Please replace with more close-up picture when found.--&gt;
{{Further|موبائيل فون جون خاصيتون}}

هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي &lt;small&gt;'''ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt;) انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس هونديون آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ اربن ننڍڙا ”&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt; فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽرز“ (&lt;small&gt;MOSFETs&lt;/small&gt;) موجود هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference |url=https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217200937/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ هيٺيون '''موس &lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt; چپس''' هونديون آهن: &lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;  

* ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر (CMOS سسٽم-آن-ا-چپ)
* فليش ميموري (فلوٽنگ-گيٽ MOS ميموري)
* سيلولر موڊيم (بيس بينڊ RF CMOS)
* RF ٽرانسيوور (RF CMOS)
* فون ڪئميرا جو اميج سينسر (CMOS اميج سينسر)
* پاور مينيجمينٽ انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (پاور MOSFETs)
*ڊسپلي ڊرائيور (LCD يا LED ڊرائيور) 
*وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن چپس (وائي-فائي، بلوٽوٿ، GPS رسيور) 
*ساؤنڊ چپ (آڊيو ڪوڊيڪ ۽ پاور ايمپليفائر) 
*جائيروسڪوپ (Gyroscope) 
*ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرين ڪنٽرولر (ASIC ۽ DSP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Joel |chapter=Touchscreen technology basics &amp; a new development |title=2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference Presentation Slides |date=May 2010 |volume=6 |publisher=CMOS Emerging Technologies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&amp;pg=PA34 |isbn=9781927500057 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
*RF پاور ايمپليفائر (LDMOS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |archive-date=2014-05-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baliga2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Baliga |first1=B. Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StJpDQAAQBAJ |title=Silicon RF Power MOSFETS |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812561213 |author1-link=B. Jayant Baliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asif&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT128 |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NXP-LDMOS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=LDMOS Products and Solutions |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |access-date=4 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪجهه فونن ۾ ايف ايم (FM) ريڊيو رسيور، نوٽيفڪيشن لاءِ هارڊويئر LED، ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال لاءِ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر پڻ لڳل هوندا آهن. ڪجهه ماڊلز ۾ اضافي سينسرز، جهڙوڪ ماحولياتي گرمي پد ماپڻ لاءِ ٿرماميٽر، نمي ماپڻ لاءِ هائيگرو ميٽر، ۽ الٽرا وائلٽ شعاعن کي ماپڻ لاءِ سينسر پڻ هوندا آهن.

خاص مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيل ڪجهه اسمارٽ فون ۾ &lt;small&gt;'''غير معمولي هارڊويئر'''&lt;/small&gt;، جهڙوڪ &lt;small&gt;'''پروجيڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;Samsung&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Beam&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;i8520 ۽ Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530&lt;/small&gt;)، آپٽيڪل زوم لينس (&lt;small&gt;Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ۽ Samsung Galaxy K&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Zoom&lt;/small&gt;)، ٿرمل ڪئميرا ۽ حتيٰ ته &lt;small&gt;PMR446&lt;/small&gt; (واڪي-ٽاڪي ريڊيو) ٽرانسيوور لڳل هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camera and thermal imaging Review |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/cat-s60-camera-and-thermal-imaging-page-3 |website=Trusted Reviews |language=en |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Purvi |title=Ulefone Armor 3T Review: A Digital Walkie-Talkie Smartphone |url=https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |website=Veditto |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419231512/https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |archive-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

=== سينٽرل پروسيسنگ يونٽ ===
اسمارٽ فون ۾ سينٽرل پراسيسنگ يونٽ &lt;small&gt;(CPUs)&lt;/small&gt; هوندا آهن، جيڪا ڪمپيوٽر ۾ موجود &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جهڙا ئي هوندا آهن، پر ان کي گهٽ توانائي واري ماحول ۾ هلائڻ لاءِ خاص طور تي ترتيب ڏنو ويو هوندو آهي. اسمارٽ فونز ۾، &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; عام طور تي ڪامپليمينٽري ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر(&lt;small&gt;CMOS&lt;/small&gt;) سسٽم-آن-آ-چپ (&lt;small&gt;system-on-a-chip&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;SoC)&lt;/small&gt; ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر ۾ ضم ٿيل هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;   

موبائل جي &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي جو دارومدار نه رڳو ڪلاڪ ريٽ (جيڪو عام طور تي هرٽز جي ضربن ۾ ٻڌايو ويندو آهي) تي هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title = CPU Frequency
 | work = CPU World Glossary
 | publisher = CPU World
 | date = 25 March 2008
 | url = http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html
 | access-date =1 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ميموري جي ترتيب (&lt;small&gt;memory&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;hierarchy&lt;/small&gt;) تي پڻ هوندو آهي. انهن چئلينجن جي ڪري، موبائل فون &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي کي اڪثر ڪري انهن اسڪورز (&lt;small&gt;scores&lt;/small&gt;) ذريعي وڌيڪ صحيح طور تي بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي عام طور تي استعمال ٿيندڙ ايپليڪيشن ۾ حقيقي اثرائتي ڪارڪردگي ماپڻ لاءِ مختلف معياري ٽيسٽ آهن. 

===Buttons===
[[File:TouchWiz 2013 device options.png|thumb|upright|&quot;Device options&quot; menu of Samsung Mobile's [[TouchWiz]] user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second]]
[[File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg|thumb|The [[HTC Desire]], a 2010 smartphone with [[optical trackpad]] and search button]]

Smartphones are typically equipped with a power button and volume buttons. Some pairs of volume buttons are unified. Some are equipped with a dedicated camera shutter button. Units for outdoor use may be equipped with an &quot;SOS&quot; emergency call and &quot;PTT&quot; ([[push-to-talk]] button). The presence of physical front-side buttons such as the [[home button|home]] and navigation buttons has decreased throughout the 2010s, increasingly becoming replaced by capacitive touch sensors and simulated (on-screen) buttons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Athow |first1=Desire |title=Best rugged smartphones of 2021: waterproof, shockproof and IP68 mobiles |url=https://www.techradar.com/best/best-rugged-smartphones |website=TechRadar |access-date=18 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As with classic mobile phones, early smartphones such as the [[Samsung Omnia II]] were equipped with buttons for accepting and declining phone calls. Due to the advancements of functionality besides phone calls, these have increasingly been replaced by navigation buttons such as &quot;menu&quot; (also known as &quot;options&quot;), &quot;back&quot;, and &quot;tasks&quot;. Some early 2010s smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire]] were additionally equipped with a &quot;Search&quot; button (🔍) for quick access to a web search engine or apps' internal search feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/13/the-menu-navigation-button-has-finally-been-retired-in-android-10/ |language=en |title=The menu navigation button has finally been retired in Android 10 |author=Corbin Davenport |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2013, smartphones' home buttons started integrating [[fingerprint scanner]]s, starting with the [[iPhone 5s]] and [[Samsung Galaxy S5]].

Functions may be assigned to button combinations. For example, [[screenshot]]s can usually be taken using the home and power buttons, with a short press on iOS and one-second holding Android OS, the two most popular mobile operating systems. On smartphones with no physical home button, usually the volume-down button is instead pressed with the power button. Some smartphones have a screenshot and possibly [[screencast]] shortcuts in the navigation button bar or the power button menu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Krasnoff |first1=Barbara |title=How to take screenshots on your iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/21340137/apple-iphone-screenshots-ios-how-to-take |website=The Verge |access-date=21 June 2021 |language=en |date=2020-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Take Screenshot on LG G3 (3 Methods) |url=https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-take-screenshot-on-lg-g3/ |website=DroidViews |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2014-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=4 Ways To Take a Screenshot on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra - NaldoTech |url=https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2020-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204222/https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Display===
{{main|Display device}}

[[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone touchscreen]]
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the [[Display device|screen]]. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] of [[16:9]], but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as possible.

====Screen sizes====
[[File:Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile phone front face logged in screen.jpg|thumb|Blackview A60 Andoid Go mobile phone smartphone cell phone showing the front-facing camera is put in notch display]]
Screen sizes are measured in diagonal [[inch]]es. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called &quot;[[phablet]]s&quot;. Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and &quot;edge-to-edge&quot; designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonearena-s7edgenotphablet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5&quot; Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2&quot; devices|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galaxy-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482|website=PhoneArena|date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-phabletpytha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017|url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-s8aspectratio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110244/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Panel types====
[[Liquid-crystal display]]s (LCDs) and [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by [[Wacom (company)|Wacom]] and [[Samsung]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=M. J.|date=1987-04-01|title=Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications|volume=7|issue=4|pages=31–44|doi=10.1109/MCG.1987.276869|bibcode=1987ICGA....7d..31W |s2cid=16707568|issn=0272-1716}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Apple's [[Force Touch]] system. A few phones, such as the [[YotaPhone]] prototype, are equipped with a low-power [[electronic paper]] rear display, as used in [[e-book reader]]s.

====Alternative input methods====
[[File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png|thumb|Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a [[Google Chromium]] derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the [[tabbed browsing|tab]] list using the stylus on a [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4]].]]
[[File:HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg|thumb|Optical track pad sensor of an [[HTC Legend]], 2010]]

Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a [[stylus]] for higher precision input and hovering detection or a [[Touchscreen#Self-capacitance|self-capacitive touch screen]]s layer for floating finger detection. The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the [[Samsung Galaxy S4]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]], [[Samsung Galaxy S5|S5]], [[Samsung Galaxy Alpha|Alpha]], and [[Sony Xperia Sola]], making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far.

Hovering can enable preview [[tooltip]]s such as on the [[video player]]'s seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the [[dial pad]], as well as [[lock screen]] animations, and the simulation of a [[mouseover|hover]]ing [[mouse cursor]] on web sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How does Air view work? |url=https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |website=Samsung Galaxy site |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028203958/https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |archive-date=2016-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floating touch™ – Developer World |url=http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003815/http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Change Unlock Effect on Galaxy S4 Lock Screen |url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |website=Android Widget Center |language=en |date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609051907/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |archive-date=2013-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to relevant tools such as digital [[post-it note]]s and highlighting of text and elements when dragging while pressed, resembling drag selection using a [[computer mouse]]. Some series such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] and [[LG G Stylus]] series have an integrated tray to store the stylus in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |website=Android Authority |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012837/https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Few devices such as the [[iPhone 6s]] until [[iPhone Xs]] and [[Huawei Mate S]] are equipped with a [[Force Touch|pressure-sensitive touch screen]], where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Lance |last=Whitney |date=2019-07-08|title=How to Use and Control 3D Touch on Your iPhone|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gallery/121589/how-to-use-and-control-3d-touch-on-your-iphone|access-date=2021-04-02|website=PCMag UK|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zibreg|first=Christian|date=2015-10-28|title=Apple rejects Gravity, a 3D Touch-based iPhone 6s digital scale app|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2015/10/28/apple-pulls-gravity-app/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire|HTC Desire (Bravo)]] and [[HTC Legend]] are equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HTC Bravo: TMO UK Nexus One Plus Optical Trackpad – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2010/01/21/htc-bravo-tmo-uk-nexus-one-plus-optical-trackpad/ |website=phandroid.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=21 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Notification light====
[[File:Notification_LED.webm|thumb|right]]
{{Main article|Notification LED}}

Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power [[light-emitting diode]]s besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption.

To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue ([[RGB]]) are able to create a multitude of colour combinations.

===Sensors===
Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications.

====Common sensors====
[[Accelerometer]]s and [[gyroscope]]s enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include [[bubble level]] simulation. An [[ambient light sensor]] allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an [[RGB sensor]] enables the adaption of screen colour.

Many mobile phones are also equipped with a [[barometer]] sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since 2012 with the [[Galaxy S3]], and Apple since 2014 with the [[iPhone 6]]. It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude.

A [[magnetometer]] can act as a [[digital magnetic compass|digital compass]] by measuring [[Earth's magnetic field]].

====Rare sensors====
Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 [[Galaxy S5]] and [[Galaxy Note 4]] with a [[heart rate]] sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-25|title=How to Use Heart Rate Sensor on Note 4 as a Shutter Button|url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Android Widget Center|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163525/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/ |archive-date=2021-06-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So far, only the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy S4]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]] are equipped with an [[thermometer|ambient temperature sensor]] and a [[hygrometer|humidity sensor]], and only the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4|Note 4]] with an [[ultraviolet]] radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2013-04-10|title=Hidden innovation in the Galaxy S4|url=https://www.sammobile.com/2013/04/10/hidden-innovation-in-the-galaxy-s4/|access-date=|website=SamMobile|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Ray|title=Playing with the Note 4's UV and SpO2 sensors|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Playing-with-the-Note-4s-UV-and-SpO2-sensors_id60358|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Phone Arena|date=September 6, 2014 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rear infrared [[laser]] beam for distance measurement can enable [[time-of-flight camera]] functionality with accelerated [[autofocus]], as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting with [[LG G3]] and [[LG V10]].

Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet.

===Storage===
While [[eMMC]] (''embedded multi media card'') [[flash storage]] was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, [[Universal Flash Storage|UFS]] (''Universal Flash Storage'') with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Odunayo |title=eMMC or UFS: Understanding new generation of mobile phone storage |url=https://www.dignited.com/23879/emmc-or-ufs-mobile-phone-storage/ |website=Dignited |date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Capacity
While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with [[Samsung Telecommunications|Samsung]] for example increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512 GB within only 2{{1/2}} years between 2016 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Russell |title=Understanding Smartphone Storage – How much storage does your phone need? |url=https://www.lifewire.com/smartphone-buying-guides-577502 |website=Lifewire |date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Starts Producing First 512-Gigabyte Universal Flash Storage for Next-Generation Mobile Devices |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171204006182/en/Samsung-Starts-Producing-512-Gigabyte-Universal-Flash-Storage |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gottsegen |first1=Gordon |title=Samsung is bringing a huge 512GB memory chip to its phones |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-512gb-memory-chip-announcement/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2017-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=US will only receive 32GB Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/us-getting-32gb-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-675313/ |website=Android Authority |date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Memory cards====
[[File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG|thumb|Inserted memory and SIM cards]]
{{main article|MicroSD#Mobile phones}}

The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using [[MicroSD#Mobile phones|MicroSD]] [[memory card]]s, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ {{section link|SD_card|2009–2019: SDXC}}). Benefits over [[USB on the go]] storage and [[cloud storage]] include [[offline]] availability and [[privacy]], not reserving and protruding from the [[charging port]], no connection instability or [[latency (engineering)|latency]], no dependence on voluminous [[data plan]]s, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between devices by changing memory cards, large-scale [[data backup]]s can be created offline, and data can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-us |title=MicroSD vs. cloud storage: Which do you prefer? |url=https://news.wirefly.com/2013/05/31/microsd-vs-cloud-storage-which-do-you-prefer |website=phonedog.com |date=31 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-nz |title=Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage |url=https://www.ni.com/en-nz/support/documentation/supplemental/12/understanding-life-expectancy-of-flash-storage.html |website=www.ni.com |date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=How to back up your Android phone |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/backup-android-phone-708622/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In case of technical [[brick (electronics)|defects]] which make the device unusable or [[boot (computing)|unbootable]] as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, [[bendgate|bending damage]], [[malware]], or bogus [[software update|system update]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Popa |first1=Bogdan |title=Xiaomi Ships Android 11 Update, Completely Bricks Devices |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/xiaomi-ships-android-11-update-completely-bricks-devices-531859.shtml |website=softpedia |language=english |date=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; etc., data stored on the memory card is likely [[data recovery|rescueable]] externally, while data on the inaccessible internal storage would be [[data loss|lost]]. A memory card can usually{{efn|Presuming common [[file system]] support, which is usually given. Some software-specific data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device.}} immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior [[file transfer]]s.

Some [[dual-SIM]] mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a [[SIM card]] or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM and memory card usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kaufberatung: Smartphones mit Dual-SIM und Micro-SD |url=https://www.techstage.de/ratgeber/kaufberatung-smartphones-mit-dual-sim-und-micro-sd/3t4xzm3 |website=TechStage |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=de |date=2019-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Physical location
The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies [[hot swapping]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to increase internal memory on the Galaxy Note 4 |url=https://www.nextpit.com/how-to-increase-internal-memory-on-galaxy-note-4 |website=NextPit |date=July 5, 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thorn |first1=Thomas |title=Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/samsung-galaxy-s4-mini-1137603/review |website=TechRadar |language=en |date=2013-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hidalgo |first1=Jason |title=Replace the SIM &amp; Memory Card in a Samsung Galaxy S7 or S7 Edge |url=https://www.lifewire.com/install-sim-memory-galaxy-s7-4023729 |website=Lifewire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy Fit]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Ace|Ace]] have a sideways memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 review: Ace in the hole |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_ace_s5830-review-573.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=1 |date=2011-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====File transfer====
Originally, [[mass storage]] access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the [[Media Transfer Protocol]] as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common [[file system]] support, as communication is done through an [[abstraction layer]].

However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and [[random access]] of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Happened To Mass Storage &amp; File Management? [Updated] - Mobility Arena - Mobile Phone, Smartphone, Cell Phone Reviews |url=https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |website=mobilityarena.com |date=2011-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100252/https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |archive-date=2021-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sound===
Some audio quality enhancing features, such as [[Voice over LTE]] and [[HD Voice]] have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in [[long-distance call]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it|title=Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It|first=Jeff|last=Hecht|work=[[IEEE]]|date=September 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible|title=Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?|first=Elena|last=Malykhina|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audio quality can be improved using a [[VoIP]] application over [[Wi-Fi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/whats-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681|title=What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?|first=Alan|last=Henry|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Lifehacker|date=May 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a [[speakerphone]] feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

Some mobile phones such as the [[HTC One M8]] and the [[Sony Xperia Z2]] are equipped with [[stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Andrew |title=HTC One M8 BoomSound speakers are loud and proud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-speaker-comparison/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Audio connector====
The [[Phone connector (audio)#Miniature size|3.5mm headphone receptible]] ([[colloquialism|coll.]] &quot;''headphone jack''&quot;) allows the immediate operation of passive [[headphone]]s, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port side) than on the top of the device.

The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple [[iPhone 7]]. An [[adapter]] reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug.

Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth [[transceiver]] and a battery with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Was ditching the headphone jack a good idea? |url=https://www.soundguys.com/was-ditching-the-headphone-jack-a-good-idea-13825/ |website=SoundGuys |date=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Battery===
Smartphones typically feature [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] or [[lithium-polymer battery|lithium-polymer batteries]] due to their high [[energy density|energy densities]].

Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Fixes of Unexpected Phone Shutoffs - RTCL ... rtcl.eecs.umich.edu › assets › 2020 |url=https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2020/youngmoon-mobisys20.pdf |date=2020-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Battery capacity may be reduced to 80% after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jasieniak |first1=Jacek |title=Explainer: how to extend your phone's battery life |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-to-extend-your-phones-battery-life-80958 |website=The Conversation |date=July 31, 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.ukm.my/jqma/v10_1/jqma-10-1-paper4.pdf |title=Modelling of Charge/Discharge Cycle of Lithium Ion Battery System |first1=Ho Kar |last1=Yee |first2=Sivakumar |last2=Ramakrishnan |first3=Ahmad Azmin |last3=Mohamad |journal=Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=2014 |pages=39–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Some mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for [[Planned obsolescence#Batteries|planned obsolescence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Planned obsolescence: the outrage of our electronic waste mountain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/the-right-to-repair-planned-obsolescence-electronic-waste-mountain |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Charging====
[[File:Cheero powerbank &amp; Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg|thumb|A high-capacity portable [[battery charger]] ([[Battery charger#Power bank|''power bank'']])]]

Due to limitations of [[electrical current]]s that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle, charging protocols which make use of elevated [[voltages]] such as [[Qualcomm Quick Charge]] and [[MediaTek Pump Express]] have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a device needs to be attached to a power source.

The smartphone's integrated [[charge controller]] (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a supported [[mobile phone charger|charger]]. &quot;[[VOOC]]&quot; by Oppo, also marketed as &quot;dash charge&quot;, took the counter approach and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later, [[USB Power Delivery]] (''USB-PD'') was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Sumukh |title=Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo VOOC vs USB-PD - TechPP |url=https://techpp.com/2020/04/09/qualcomm-quick-charge-vs-oneplus-warp-charge-vs-oppo-vooc-vs-usb-pd/ |website=techpp.com |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 [[watt]]s in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222405/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20 Watts in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Nick |title=How it works: Dash Charge fast charging on the OnePlus 3 |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/How-it-works-Dash-Charge-fast-charging-on-the-OnePlus-3_id82646 |website=Phone Arena |date=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 45 watts in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Byford |first1=Sam |title=Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |website=The Verge |language=en |date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation of the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PSA: The Galaxy S8 and S8+ doesn't actually Fast Charge while you're using it – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2017/05/11/samsung-galaxy-s8-plus-wont-fast-charge-problems/ |website=phandroid.com |date=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is powered off}}

[[Wireless charging]] has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with [[Qi (standard)|''Qi'']] being the most common standard, followed by [[Powermat]]. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission, charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging rates.

By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6 phones with the best battery life|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-battery-life/|access-date=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-customer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html|access-date=September 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Kendrick |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/ |title=The secret behind poor smartphone battery life|work=ZDNet |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-years/ |title=Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external &quot;battery packs&quot;. External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that &quot;piggyback&quot; onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the [[Galaxy Note 7]] smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/|title=Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas|date=May 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For consumer convenience, [[inductive charging|wireless charging]] stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/|title=The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Power management====
A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC) of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a few hundred milliwatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Frumusanu |first1=Andrei |title=Analysing AMOLED Power Efficiency Improvements |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623204043/http://anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=2015-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cameras===
{{main|Camera phone|Digital camera|Videophone}}

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. {{As of|2019}} phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Images are usually saved in the [[JPEG]] file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s also have [[Raw image format|RAW]] imaging capability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Shoot Photos in DNG/RAW on Samsung Galaxy S7 |url=https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |website=Android Beat {{!}} Android News, Hacks, Apps, Tips &amp; Reviews Blog |access-date=19 August 2021 |language=en-us |date=24 April 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213752/https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nikam |first1=Sohil |title=Samsung Dropping RAW Image Support Into Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge Via Android 5.1.1 Update - TechShout |url=https://www.techshout.com/samsung-to-bless-galaxy-s6-and-s6-edge-with-raw-photo-support-via-android-5-1-1-update/ |website=www.techshout.com |access-date=19 August 2021 |date=2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Space constraints====
Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for &quot;[[selfie]]s&quot; and [[video chat]]. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for [[image sensor]]s and [[Lens|optics]], rear-facing cameras are often housed in a &quot;bump&quot; that is thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose ([[Telephoto lens|telephoto]], [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]], etc.).

Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera module while increasing [[ergonomy]], as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with [[Image stabilization#Optical image stabilization|optical image stabilisation]] (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus [[Raw image format|RAW]] images. [[High-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]], &quot;[[Bokeh]] mode&quot; with multi lenses and multi-shot [[Night mode camera|night mode]]s are now also familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019 |url=https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512034618/https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |archive-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via [[computational photography]] [[Digital image processing|image processing]] and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

====Dedicated camera button====
Some mobile phones such as the [[Samsung i8000 Omnia 2]], some [[Nokia Lumia]]s and some [[Sony Xperia]]s are equipped with a physical camera shutter button.

Those with two pressure levels resemble the [[point-and-shoot]] intuition of dedicated [[compact camera]]s. The camera button may be used as a [[shortcut (computing)|shortcut]] to quickly and [[ergonomy|ergonomically]] launch the camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button.

===Back cover materials===
Back covers of smartphones are typically made of [[polycarbonate]], aluminium, or glass. Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the [[Galaxy S5]] or leathered on the [[Galaxy Note 3]] and [[Note 4]].

While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less &quot;premium&quot; among [[fashion]]- and [[fad|trend]]-oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock absorption, greater [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass, which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of radio signals or wireless power like metal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=A Discussion on Material Choices in Mobile |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031624/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 9, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=2014-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bring back plastic phones. |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/bring-back-plastic-phones-1004824/ |website=Android Authority |date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benefits And Applications Of Polycarbonates |url=https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |website=Tuflite |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411235448/https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/ |website=Android Authority |date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Accessories===
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including [[Mobile phone accessories#Cases|cases]], [[#Memory_cards|memory card]]s, [[screen protector]]s, [[Battery charger#Mobile phone charger|chargers]], [[wireless charging|wireless power]] stations, [[USB On-The-Go]] adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), [[Mobile High-Definition Link|MHL]] adapters, add-on batteries, [[power bank]]s, [[headphones]], combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct [[Telephone call|call]]s on the device without holding it to the ear), and [[Bluetooth]]-enabled [[powered speaker]]s that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a &quot;book&quot;-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some &quot;book&quot;-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as [[wallet]]s.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

However, some companies, like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to &quot;reduce [[carbon footprint]]&quot;, etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters.
==سافٽ ويئر==
: موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست: وڪرو: استعمال: تنقيد ۽ مسئلا: صحت تي اثر: پابنديون ۽ روڪون: مخصوص ڊجيٽل ڪيمرائن جي جاءِ وٺڻ: عمر (استعمال جو مدو):

==Software==

=== موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم ===
{{Main|موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم}}

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم (Mobile OS) فون، ٽيبليٽ، اسمارٽ واچ يا ٻين موبائل ڊوائيسز لاءِ هڪ آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهي. عالمي سطح تي, استعمال جي حصيداري جي بنياد تي, [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] ۽ [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] ٻه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهن.[[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] 2013 کان وٺي سڀني ڊوائيسز تي عالمي سطح تي بهترين وڪرو ٿيندڙ او ايس رهيو آهي. 

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم هڪ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر آپريٽنگ سسٽم جي خاصيتن کي گڏ ڪن ٿا ٻين خاصيتن سان جيڪي موبائل يا هٿ ۾ استعمال لاءِ ڪارآمد آهن. عام طور تي شامل آهن. ۽ جديد موبائل سسٽم ۾ ضروري سمجهيا وڃن ٿا انهن مان گھڻا, هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين. سيلولر فون, بلوٽوٿ. وائي فائي محفوظ رسائي. وائي فائي. گلوبل پوزيشننگ سسٽم (GPS) موبائل نيويگيشن. وڊيو- ۽ سنگل فريم تصوير ڪئميرا. تقرير جي سڃاڻپ. وائس رڪارڊر. ميوزڪ پليئر. ويجهو فيلڊ ڪميونيڪيشن. ۽ انفراريڊ بلاسٽر. 2018 جي پهرين ٽه ماهي تائين &lt;small&gt;383&lt;/small&gt; ملين کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فون وڪرو ڪيا ويا جن مان &lt;small&gt;85.9&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو اينڊرائيڊ هلائي رهيا هئا. &lt;small&gt;14.1&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] (iOS) ۽ ٻين او ايس هلائيندڙ اسمارٽ فونز جو هڪ گهٽ تعداد  هلائي رهيا هئا. صرف اينڊرائيڊ مشهور ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ سسٽم ونڊوز کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي. ۽ عام طور تي. اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال (ٽيبليٽ کان سواءِ به) ڊيسڪ ٽاپ جي استعمال کان وڌيڪ آهي. ٻيا مشهور موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم فلائيم او ايس ۽ هارموني او ايس آهن.

mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an [[operating system]] for phones, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[smartwatch]]es, or other [[mobile device]]s. Globally, Android and [[IOS]] are the two most used mobile operating systems based on [[Usage share of operating systems|usage share]], with the former having been the best selling OS globally on all devices since 2013.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a [[personal computer]] operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a [[touchscreen]], [[Cellular network|cellular]], Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) mobile navigation, [[video camera|video-]] and [[digital camera|single-frame picture cameras]], [[speech recognition]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recorder]], [[portable media player|music player]], [[near-field communication]], and [[infrared blaster]]. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=May 29, 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use. Other well-known mobile operating systems are [[Flyme OS]] and [[Harmony OS]].
[[File:20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra]] has an [[artificial intelligence]]-powered feature.]]
Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems{{Em dash}}the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary [[real-time operating system]] which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious [[base station]]s to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Thom Holwerda |website=[[OSNews]] |date=November 12, 2013 |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/27416/the-second-operating-system-hiding-in-every-mobile-phone/ |title=The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--

The below list and subsequent details in it are unwarranted for the scope of this article. It is better replaced by a link to corresponding main article (see above). Even if any reason the below needs to be retained, a single paragraph summarising entire contents, should be enough.

====Android====
{{Main article|Android (operating system)}}
[[File:Android OS.jpg|thumb|Several smartphones running Google's Android OS]]
[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (based on the modified [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system developed by [[Google Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OS MS 3Q10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent |date=November 10, 2010 |publisher=Gartner, Inc |at=Table 2 |access-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113073826/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for [[Turing machine|general purpose computers]] (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) [[personal computer]]s (PCs). Although the Android operating system is [[free and open-source software]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ICS is coming to AOSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/android-building/msg/c0e01b4619a1455a |title=ICS is coming to AOSP}}&lt;/ref&gt; in devices sold, much of the software [[Product bundling|bundled]] with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is [[proprietary software]] and closed source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903011541/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=December 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged since Android 4.0. The current Android version is [[Android Pie|9.0 Pie]].

Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items, except for the first and second releases.

Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own [[List_of_custom_Android_distributions|modified versions]] of the operating system.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianfrag&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Android fragmentation 'worse than ever' – but OpenSignal says that's good|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/android-fragmentation-visualised-opensignal|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 1, 2013|date=July 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====iOS====
{{Main article|iOS}}
[[iOS]] (formerly named iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system from [[Apple Inc.]] It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|title=Apple Took 89% Of Q4 Smartphone Profits With Android OEMs In A Race To The Bottom|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110736/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|archive-date=July 15, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system. The [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]] and second or third-generation [[Apple TV]] all use [[iOS]], which is derived from [[macOS]].

Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, &quot;[[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]]&quot; allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.

Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by [[Foxconn]] or another of Apple's partners.

====Sailfish OS====
{{main article|Sailfish OS}}

[[Sailfish OS]] is from [[Jolla]]. It is open source with [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is [[proprietary software]] (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI. Using third party software extends usability but does not make the OS code close, in the same way as preinstalled Microsoft Word (closed source) on a Linux device does not make Linux closed source.

After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the [[MeeGo]] project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and [[Mer (software distribution)|Mer]] business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the [[Jolla (mobile phone)|Jolla smartphone]], was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, [[Jolla Tablet]] was launched and the [[BRICS]] countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.

Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake.

====Tizen====
{{main article|Tizen}}

[[Tizen]] (based on the [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system hosted by [[Linux Foundation]], together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]].

Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) devices, and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the [[WebKit]] runtime. According to Intel, Tizen &quot;combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo.&quot; [[HTML5]] apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the &quot;future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5.&quot; Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |title=Welcome to Tizen! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013071516/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |website=Tizen.org |date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ricker |first=Thomas |date=September 28, 2011 |url=http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |title=MeeGo is dead: Meet Tizen, another new open source OS based on Linux |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051802/http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |website=Thisismynext.com |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|title=Tizen 2.1 SDK and Source Code Release|publisher=Tizen.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730123852/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|archive-date=July 30, 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone.

====Ubuntu Touch====
{{main article|Ubuntu Touch}}

[[Ubuntu Touch]] is from [[Canonical Ltd.]] It is open source and uses the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;/&gt; The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an [[LXC]] container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|title=ContainerArchitecture|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|archive-date=October 31, 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for cloud and IoT, rather than phone and convergence|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/(&quot;Foundation&quot; paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to takeover the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-blog-1/post/is-ubuntu-touch-dead-56|title=Is Ubuntu Touch Dead?|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/foundation/ubports-foundation|title=The UBports Foundation *: Details about the foundation|access-date=27 September 2018|date=19 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on [[Ubuntu]] [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_15.04_(Vivid_Vervet)|15.04 (Vivid Vervet)]] and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_16.04_LTS_(Xenial_Xerus)|16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].

====Discontinued operating systems====

=====Bada=====
{{main article|Bada}}

[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from &quot;바다 (bada)&quot;, meaning &quot;ocean&quot; or &quot;sea&quot; in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy.
On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to [[Tizen]] instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062542/http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |archive-date=2013-02-28 |title=Samsung scraps Bada OS, folds it into Tizen – FierceMobileIT |website=Fiercemobilecontent.com |date=February 25, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====BlackBerry 10=====

[[BlackBerry 10]] (based on the [[QNX]] OS) is from [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]]. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in the late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by the mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update]|first=Patrick |last=O'Rourke |date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|archive-date=January 5, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IDC.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC|date=February 24, 2015|work=IDC.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|archive-date=February 25, 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.

=====Firefox OS=====
{{main article|Firefox OS}}

[[Firefox OS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |title=B2G – MozillaWiki |publisher=mozilla.org |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807222134/https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from [[Mozilla]]. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the [[Mozilla Public License]] built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.

According to [[Ars Technica]], &quot;Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |title=Mozilla eyes mobile OS landscape with new Boot to Gecko project |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912005225/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= B2G OS and Gecko Announcement from Ari Jaaksi &amp; David Bryant |url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |access-date= September 27, 2016 |date= September 27, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |archive-date= January 22, 2011 |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin=====
{{main article|MeeGo|Maemo|Moblin}}

[[MeeGo (operating system)|MeeGo]] was from non-profit organization [[The Linux Foundation]]. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona, [[Nokia]] and [[Intel]] both unveiled ''MeeGo'', a mobile operating system that combined [[Moblin]] and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the [[Nokia N9]] on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/21/introducing-the-nokia-n9-all-it-takes-is-a-swipe/ |title=Introducing the Nokia N9: all it takes is a swipe! &amp;#124; Nokia Conversations – The official Nokia Blog |publisher=Nokia |date=June 21, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |title=MeeGo Not Dead Yet as LG Continues the Charge — Mobile Technology News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829160853/http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maemo]] was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and [[Internet tablet]]s. It is open source and GPL, based on [[Debian GNU/Linux]] and draws much of its [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Software framework|frameworks]], and [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from the GNOME project. It uses the [[Matchbox (window manager)|Matchbox]] window manager and the [[GTK]]-based [[Hildon]] as its GUI and [[application framework]].

=====Palm OS=====
{{main article|Palm OS}}
[[File:Treo 300.jpg|thumb|A [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]] Treo 300 smartphone (2002)]]
[[Palm OS]]/Garnet OS was from [[Access Co.]] It is closed source and proprietary. [[webOS]] was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, [[open architecture]] and multitasking abilities.

=====Symbian=====
{{Main article|Symbian}}
[[File:Nokia N70 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Nokia N70]] smartphone (2005) running [[Symbian]] OS, which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s]]
The [[Symbian]] platform was developed by [[Nokia]] for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|title=Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone|date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154613/https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|archive-date=August 8, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====webOS=====
{{main article|webOS}}

[[webOS]] was developed by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the [[Palm Pre]]. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the [[HP Veer|Veer]] and the [[HP Pre 3|Pre 3]]) and a tablet (the [[HP TouchPad|TouchPad]]) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |title=HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination; Makes Other Announcements |publisher=HP |date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006182519/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |title=The next chapter for webOS |publisher=HP webOS Developer Blog |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924172749/http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap/#.UIgNYMXA-So |title=Open webOS::Roadmap |publisher=Open webOS Project |date=September 2012 |access-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145336/http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap#.UIgNYMXA-So |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to [[LG Electronics]], who used the operating system for its &quot;smart&quot; or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.

=====Windows 10 Mobile=====
[[Windows 10 Mobile]] (formerly called [[Windows Phone]]) rom [[Microsoft]], now discontinued. It is closed source and proprietary.

Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's [[Metro Design Language]]. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as [[OneDrive]] and Office, [[Xbox Music]], [[Xbox Video]], [[Xbox Live]] games and [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]], but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as [[Facebook]] and [[Google Account|Google accounts]]. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by [[Microsoft Mobile]]/[[Nokia]], and also by [[HTC]] and [[Samsung]].

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with [[Windows 10 Mobile]], bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart [[Windows 10]], and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

In October 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/257174-microsoft-admits-windows-10-mobile-finally-mercifully-dead|title=Microsoft Admits Windows 10 Mobile Is Finally, Mercifully Dead|first=Joel|last=Hruska|website=www.extremetech.com|date=9 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

===Mobile apps===
{{Main|Mobile app}}

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term &quot;app&quot; is a short-form of the term &quot;software application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2011-3|title=What The Heck Is An &quot;App&quot;?|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Application stores===
{{Main|List of mobile app distribution platforms}}

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted [[list of mobile app distribution platforms|online distribution]] for third-party applications ([[software]] and [[computer programs]]) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including [[video game]]s, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on [[List of mobile app distribution platforms#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms, such as [[GetJar]], [[Handango]], [[Handmark]], and [[PocketGear]]. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's [[BlackBerry App World]], Android-related app stores like [[Aptoide]], [[Cafe Bazaar]], [[F-Droid]], [[GetJar]], and [[Opera Mobile Store]]. In February 2014, 93% of [[mobile developers]] were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |title=W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==List of current smartphone brands==
{{Dynamic list}}
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:100px&quot;&gt;
*[[Asus]]
*[[Google Pixel]]
*[[Hisense]]
*[[Honor (brand)|Honor]]
*[[HTC]]
*[[Huawei]]
*[[Infinix]]
*[[iPhone]]
*[[iQOO]]
*[[Itel Mobile|Itel]]
*[[Lava International|Lava]]
*[[Lenovo]]
*[[LG]]
*[[Meizu]]
*[[Motorola Mobility|Motorola]]
*[[Nokia]]
*[[Nothing (technology company)|Nothing]]
*[[Nubia Technology|Nubia]]
*[[OnePlus]]
*[[Oppo]]
*[[POCO (company)|POCO]]
*[[Realme]]
*[[Redmi]]
*[[Samsung Galaxy]]
*[[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
*[[Sony Xperia]]
*[[TCL Technology|TCL]]
*[[Tecno Mobile|Tecno]]
*[[Umidigi]]
*[[vivo (technology company)|Vivo]]
*[[Xiaomi]]
*[[ZTE]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==Sales==

&lt;div class=&quot;floatright&quot;&gt;
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize=width:270 height:400
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:45 top:10 right:16
AlignBars=justify
Period=from:0 till:1700
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal

Colors=
 id:gray value:gray(0.5)
 id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
 id:line2 value:gray(0.7)

BarData=
 bar:2007 text:2007
 bar:2008 text:2008
 bar:2009 text:2009
 bar:2010 text:2010
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2012 text:2012
 bar:2013 text:2013
 bar:2014 text:2014
 bar:2015 text:2015
 bar:2016 text:2016
 bar:2017 text:2017
 bar:2018 text:2018
 bar:2019 text:2019
 bar:2020 text:2020
 bar:2021 text:2021
 bar:2022 text:2022

PlotData=
 color:tan1 width:10

 bar:2007 from:start till:122 text:122
 bar:2008 from:start till:139 text:139
 bar:2009 from:start till:172 text:172
 bar:2010 from:start till:296 text:296
 bar:2011 from:start till:472 text:472
 bar:2012 from:start till:680 text:680
 bar:2013 from:start till:969 text:969
 bar:2014 from:start till:1244 text:1,244
 bar:2015 from:start till:1423 text:1,423
 bar:2016 from:start till:1495 text:1,495
 bar:2017 from:start till:1536 text:1,536
 bar:2018 from:start till:1556 text:1,556
 bar:2019 from:start till:1540 text:1,540
 bar:2020 from:start till:1351 text:1,351
 bar:2021 from:start till:1433 text:1,433
 bar:2022 from:start till:1395 text:1,395

TextData=
 pos:(40,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text: Worldwide smartphone sales (million)
TextData=
 pos:(40,5) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: gartner.com
&lt;/timeline&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos|url=http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|work=GIGAOM|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Erica|last=Ogg|date=December 22, 2011|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723153620/http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobile-retailer/|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Leena|last=Rao|date=September 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | work= 3 News NZ | title= Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones | date= April 29, 2013 | access-date= April 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | archive-date= August 1, 2013 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-smartphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html|title=We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in the Smartphone Decline.|first=Jake|last=Swearingen|date=December 4, 2018|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |archive-date=January 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent [[:wikt:year-over-year|year on year]]. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-market-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/ |title=It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever |author=Daniel van Boom |date=April 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid [[Huawei]], [[Oppo]] and [[Xiaomi]] introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung-and-huawei/|title=As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei|first=Daphne|last=Leprince-Ringuet|date=November 26, 2019|website=[[ZDNet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-americans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/|title=Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says|first=Samuel|last=Axon|date=December 11, 2019|website=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-change-2019-12|title=Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry|first=Lisa|last=Eadicicco|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_india-news-39917.php|title=Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India|website=GSMArena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counterpoint-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/|title=Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?|first=Alan|last=Weissberger|date=November 8, 2019|website=[[IEEE Communications Society]] Technology Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline|title=Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'|first=Steve|last=McCaskill|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[TechRadar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also predicted that prices of smartphones may go higher due to global [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] Chip shortage which may effect the sales also.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AI Chip Shortage Causes Sharp Rise in Smartphone Prices, May Increase by Nearly 7% by 2026 |url=https://news.aibase.com/news/23987}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===By manufacturer===
{{see also|List of best-selling mobile phones}}
In 2011, [[Samsung]] had the highest shipment [[market share]] worldwide, followed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. [[Huawei]], [[LG Corporation|LG]] and [[Lenovo]] were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-may-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/ |title=Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask |work=[[Engadget]] |first=Jon |last=Fingas |date=January 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-shipments-q1-2014|title= Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC|first= Steven|last= Millward|date= May 13, 2014|access-date= September 9, 2014|work= Tech In Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.&lt;ref name=&quot;brett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-smartphones/24320385/|title=Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales|author=Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY|date=March 3, 2015|work=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | url = https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-08-19-gartner-says-five-of-top-10-worldwide-mobile-phone-vendors-increased-sales-in-second-quarter-of-2016 | title = Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016 | publisher = Gartner | date = August 19, 2016 | access-date = May 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, [[Oppo]] with 25.5 million and [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] with 22.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/|title= 6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese|first= Frank|last= Hersey|date=2017-07-04|access-date= 2017-07-07|work= technode}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2017-02-28|title=Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Realme]], a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and [[Honor (brand)|Honor]], a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth {{as of|2019|lc=on}}, amid growing Chinese nationalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-for-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/|title= Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market|author=‌Argam Artashyan|date=December 12, 2019|website=GizChina}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones|title=Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones &amp;#124; TechRadar|website=www.techradar.com|date=December 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units. Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a 14.1% market share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Apple loses top phonemaker spot to Samsung as iPhone shipments drop, IDC says |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/retail/apple-loses-top-phonemaker-spot-to-samsung-as-iphone-shipments-drop-idc-says-1.1713152284439 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===By operating system===
{{Further|Mobile operating system#By operating system}}

==Use==
{{See also|Mobile phone#Use|Technological convergence}}

===Contemporary use and convergence===
{{multiple image|width=150|perrow=2|image1=A2 &amp; Zen (307730569).jpg|image2=Sony Cybershot DSC W210.jpg|image3=Mobiles Navigationsgeraet Navigon im Einsatz.JPG|image4=PDA Mapping.jpg|footer=Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: ''(from top-left)'' [[portable media player]]s (inc. &quot;MP3 players&quot;); [[Point-and-shoot camera|compact digital camera]]s; [[Satellite navigation device|in-car satellite navigation systems]]; [[personal digital assistant]]s (inc. [[electronic organizer]]s)|alt1=sdas}}

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing [[Cellular network|network]], [[mobile processor]], and [[Computer data storage|storage]] technologies led to a [[Technological convergence|convergence]] where separate [[mobile phone]]s, [[Personal organizer|organizer]]s, and [[portable media player]]s were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why |url=http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overtake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/ |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=2013-08-15 |first=Don |last=Reisinger }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816183428/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2013 |title=Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time |author=Rob van der Meulen &amp; Janessa Rivera |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-first-time-worldwide/ |title=Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=CompTIA Strata Study Guide |author=Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-97742-2 |page=140 |access-date=July 5, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&amp;q=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete&amp;pg=PA140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|title=PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec|last=Yu|first=Emily|publisher=EE Times Asia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|archive-date=23 April 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in [[Image sensor|digital camera sensor]]s and on-device [[Digital image processing|image processing]] software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler [[Point-and-shoot camera|camera]]s for photographs and video recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The built-in [[Global navigation satellite systems|GPS]] capabilities and [[List of online map services|mapping]] apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone [[satellite navigation]] [[Personal navigation assistant#Market developments|devices]], and paper [[Road map|map]]s became less common.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesTollonGPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mobile gaming]] on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wijman |first1=Tom |title=Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018|url=https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/|website=newzoo.com|publisher=Newzoo|date=30 April 2018|access-date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing many people to use them in place of [[handheld game consoles]], and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en#view=features_specifications |title=Xperia Play {{!}} PlayStation certified Android mobile |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Sony Ericsson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en |archive-date=August 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review|title=Android handheld of the future. Not today.|last=Lowe|first=Scott|website=IGN|date=July 30, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; People frequently have chosen not to get [[Landline|fixed-line telephone service]] in favor of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|title=Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones|work=[[CBS News]]|date=4 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|title=The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013|date=June 23, 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|archive-date=2014-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Streaming media#Music streaming platforms|Music streaming]] apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite [[Radio receiver|radio]]. [[Streaming media|Streaming video]] services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching [[television]]. People have often stopped wearing [[wristwatch]]es in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of [[alarm clock]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing/ |website=Motherboard.vice.com |publisher=Motherboard |access-date=16 August 2018 |language=en-us |date=10 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobile phones can also be used as a digital [[note taking]], [[text editing]] and [[memorandum]] device whose [[computer]]ization facilitates searching of entries.

Additionally, [[Global Internet usage#Broadband usage|in many lesser technologically developed regions]] smartphones are people's first and only means of [[mobile broadband|Internet access]] due to their portability,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx|title=ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016|publisher=Telecommunication Development Bureau, [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)|access-date=2015-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|reason=Which documents say that, and where?|date=June 2022}} with [[personal computer]]s being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or [[Text messaging|messaging]] in place of using [[fax]] (facsimile) machines. [[Mobile payment|Payment apps and services]] on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. [[Mobile banking]] apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] or teller. [[Guide book]] apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated [[Audio tour#Smartphone tours|audio guide]] equipment.

===Mobile banking and payment===
{{main|Mobile banking|Mobile payment}}

{{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}
[[File:Mobile payment 03.JPG|thumb|Mobile payment system]]
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide [[mobile banking]] services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's [[M-PESA]] mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator [[Safaricom]] to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

[[Branchless banking]] has been successful in South Africa and the [[Philippines]]. A pilot project in [[Bali]] was launched in 2011 by the [[International Finance Corporation]] and an [[Indonesia]]n bank, [[Bank Mandiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html |title=Branchless banking to start in Bali |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another application of mobile banking technology is [[Zidisha]], a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/ |title=&quot;Zidisha Set to &quot;Expand&quot; in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance&quot;, Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 |publisher=Microfinancefocus.com |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in [[Espoo]] were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators [[Globe Telecom|Globe]] and [[Smart Communications|Smart]].

Some mobile phones can make [[mobile payment]]s via direct mobile billing schemes, or through [[contactless payment]]s if the phone and the [[point of sale]] support [[near-field communication]] (NFC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |title=Mobile Payments: Look to Korea |author=Feig, Nancy |publisher=banktech.com |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2010 |title=NFC mobile phone set to explode |author=Ready, Sarah |publisher=connectedplanetonline.com |date=10 November 2009 |access-date=29 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |title=VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments |author=Tofel, Kevin C. |publisher=gigaom.com |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621023021/http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Facsimile===
Some [[mobile app|apps]] allows for sending and receiving [[fax|facsimile (fax)]], over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster [[binary image|bi-level]] graphics) generated directly and digitally from [[document file format|document]] and [[image file formats|image]] file formats.

===Films===
{{also|List of films shot on mobile phones}}
Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film festivals for such films, including the [[SmartFone Flick Fest]] in [[Sydney]], Australia;&lt;ref name=ff&gt;{{cite web |title=SF3 |website=FilmFreeway |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SF3 |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kornits2024&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=The rise and rise of smartphone films – Australia leads the way |website=FilmInk |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/the-rise-and-rise-of-smartphone-films-australia-leads-the-way-2/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dublin Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in [[San Diego]]; the Spanish festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone International Film Festival;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Fletcher |title=Darcy Yuille: One Punch Man |website=FilmInk |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/darcy-yuille-one-punch-man/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto Smartphone Film Festival; New York Mobile Film Festival; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=Short Film of the Week: Idiot-Proof |website=FilmInk |date=13 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/short-film-of-the-week-idiot-proof/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism and issues==

===Social impacts===
====Manufacture====
[[Cobalt]] and [[lithium]] are needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers in cobalt and lithium mining, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] during [[Cobalt#Democratic Republic of the Congo|artisanal mining of cobalt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |website=NPR |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |access-date=10 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The lithium rush in Africa |author= |work=Global Witness |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2025 |url= https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/a-rush-for-lithium-in-africa-risks-fuelling-corruption-and-failing-citizens/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports indicate that thousands of artisanal lithium diggers are working in unsafe conditions, with reports of child labour and miners being buried by a mine collapse, also in [[Zimbabwe]]; and suspected corruption cases in [[Namibia]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2019 [[International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla|a lawsuit]] was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of [[child labor]] in mining cobalt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| year=2023 | title=Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025 | website=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/ | access-date=9 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Use====
{{main|Problematic smartphone use}}

In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].&lt;ref name=Colaner&gt;{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|access-date=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002| s2cid = 9196376 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A &quot;[[smombie]]&quot; (a combination of &quot;smartphone&quot; and &quot;[[zombie]]&quot;) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunday-times&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2016 | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a &quot;mobile lane&quot; for walking in [[Chongqing]], China.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg]], Germany, to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Rick Noack |date=April 25, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ |title=This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don't have to look up |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===While driving===
{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}

[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]

Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last1 = Atchley|first1 = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|issue = 1|pages=134–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&amp;template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070714%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&amp;template=printart|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]&lt;!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--&gt; in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.]]

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|s2cid=205403680|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf | title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group | journal = Social Science Computer Review | doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 | volume = 28 | year = 2010 | pages = 336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas | s2cid = 61640965 | archive-date = March 30, 2024 | access-date = January 24, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091657/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=January 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. In the United States, as of May 2025, 31 states had banned handheld phone use while driving, and 49 states had banned text messaging while driving.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHTSA2025DistractedLaws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Distracted Driving Laws by State |url=https://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/sites/tsm.gov/files/2025-10/distracted-distracted-driving-law-maps-graphic-en-2025-16302-v4-tag.pdf |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |date=October 27, 2025 |access-date=May 31, 2026 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Legal===
{{Main|Smartphone wars}}

A &quot;patent war&quot; between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider &quot;patent wars&quot;]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone operating systems such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

===Security===
{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juniper-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 |title=Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=trustbus11&gt;{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy &amp; Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|first1=Mylonas |last1=Alexios |first2=Tsoumas |last2=Bill |first3=Dritsas |last3=Stelios |first4=Gritzalis |last4=Dimitris }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archive-date=August 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malware risk also comes from what is known as an &quot;update attack&quot;, where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lookout-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Apple's &quot;Find my iPhone&quot; and Google's &quot;Android Device Manager&quot; can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed [[Vault 7]] detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307194849/http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|archive-date=2017-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|magazine=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of [[spyware]], called [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]], developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often{{Em dash}}partly via use of [[Zero-day (computing)|0-day exploits]]{{Em dash}}without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Packet analysis|Analysis of data traffic]] by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this [[pre-installed software]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Haoyu |last2=Patras |first2=Paul |last3=Leith |first3=Douglas J. |title=Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets |date=6 October 2021 |url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/Android_privacy_report.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tech report|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|first1=Murugiah P.|last1=Souppaya|first2=Karen A.|last2=Scarfone|series=Special Publication (NIST SP)|id=800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Health effects ==

=== General effects on health ===

According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shankar|first1=S Barani|last2=Rani|first2=S Leslie|last3=Brundha|first3=M P|date=July 2020|title=Comparison study of factors associated with smartphone addiction among college students|journal=Drug Invention Today|volume=14|issue=7|pages=1165–1168|issn=0975-7619|via=Academic Search Complete}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on cognition and mental health===
{{Main|Digital media use and mental health}}

There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health.

=== Hemorrhoids risk ===

Use of a smartphone while sitting on the toilet has been associated with a higher prevalence of hemorrhoids. A study found that individuals who use a smartphone while sitting on the toilet spend, on average, more time there, and that the likelihood of developing hemorrhoids increases by approximately 46% compared to those who do not use a smartphone while on the toilet (after adjustment for age, sex, and other medical factors).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramprasad2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Ramprasad | first1 = Chethan| last2 = Wu | first2 = Colin| last3 = Chang | first3 = Jocelyn| last4 = Rangan | first4 = Vikram| last5 = Iturrino | first5 = Johanna| last6 = Ballou | first6 = Sarah| last7 = Singh | first7 = Prashant| last8 = Lembo | first8 = Anthony| last9 = Nee | first9 = Judy| last10 = Pasricha | first10 = Trisha| title = Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids| journal = PLOS One| volume = 20| issue = 9| pages = e0329983| date = 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regulation of mobile health applications ===

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 | s2cid = 16910239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sleep===
{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, &quot;Night Mode&quot; functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|access-date=January 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as &quot;[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]&quot;. Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in &quot;[[ego depletion]]&quot;. Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-bluelight&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kalsbeek |first=Andries |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C |title=The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing |publisher=Elsevier |page=382 |isbn=978-0-444-59427-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Luisa |last=Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Restrictions and bans ==
{{Further|Digital detox}}
In some countries authorities make efforts to reduce digital device use, including smartphones among students.

* [[South Korea]] passed nationwide classroom phone ban. The law will come to effect in March 2026. Exceptions allowed for students with disabilities, emergencies and educational purposes. 
* [[France]] and [[Finland]] made partial bans, generally for younger students. 
* [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[China]] created stronger restrictions. The policy improved the situation in Dutch schools.
* In [[Australia]] there are state-level bans. [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] are introducing policies that prohibit phone use during school hours.

&quot;There is significant scientific and medical proof that smartphone addiction has extremely harmful effects on students' brain development and emotional growth,&quot; [[Cho Jung-hun]], who introduced the bill in South Korea told the BBC. Not all students agree this will solve the problem. &quot;Rather than simply taking phones away, I think the first step should be teaching students what they can do without them,&quot; said Seo Min-joon, an 18-year-old high schooler. Another student, aged 13, said that he does not have time to be addicted to his phone due to an overloaded schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=South Korea passes nationwide classroom phone ban to combat youth smartphone addiction |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/32c9667fafd6 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024–2025 Australia and France began to advance legislation which prohibits entirely the use of social media by children under the age of 15–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=France mulls total ban on social media for under 15, digital curfew for teens |url=https://trt.global/world/article/366d24cfd490 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Australia the law came into effect on 10 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |title=Can you ban kids from social media? Australia is about to, but some teens are a step ahead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crk7xgzj8y8o |access-date=7 December 2025 |agency=BBC |date=6 December 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نامزد ٿيل ڊجيٽل ڪئميرن جي تبديلي ==
جيئن 2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ٿي نامزد ٿيل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرن جي وڪري جا انگ اکر تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي ويا ڇاڪاڻ ته موبائل فون ڪئميرا هڪ ڪافي متبادل ڪئميرا طور ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=As iPhone Turns 15, Smartphones Continue to Hurt Camera Sales |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/as-iphone-turns-15-smartphones-continue-to-hurt-camera-sales/6647692.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

موبائل فون ۾ ڪمپيوٽنگ پاور ۾ واڌ تيز تصوير پروسيسنگ ۽ اعليٰ ريزوليوشن فلمنگ کي فعال ڪيو. 2011 ۾ 1080p مڪمل HD حاصل ڪيو ويو ۽ 2013 ۾ 2160p 4K جي رڪاوٽ کي ٽوڙيو ويو. 

ڇاڪاڻ ته نامزد ٿيل ڪئميرا وڌيڪ وسيع ٿي سگهن ٿا, اهي وڏا تصويري سينسر رکي سگهن ٿا ۽ آپٽيڪل زومنگ جي خاصيت رکي سگهن ٿا, بهرحال ڊيزائن ۽ جاءِ جي حدن جي ڪري اسمارٽ فونز ۾ گهٽ بجيٽ واري ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرا تي به ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون نه آهن. جنهن ۾ هڪ گرم-سوپيبل ميموري ڪارڊ ۽ بيٽري, تقريبن بي ترتيب آپريشن لاءِ, فوڪس ڪرڻ ۽ ڪيپچر ڪرڻ ۽ زوم ڪرڻ لاءِ جسماني بٽڻ ۽ نوب, هڪ بولٽ ٿريڊ ٽرپائيڊ ماؤنٽ, هڪ ڪيپيسٽر چارج ٿيل زينون فليش (جيڪو اسمارٽ فونز جي ايل اي ڊي ٽارچ جي چمڪ کان وڌيڪ آهي) ۽ هٿ ۾ شوٽنگ دوران مستحڪم هولڊنگ لاءِ هڪ ايرگونومڪ گرفت (جيڪو وڌيڪ نمائش جي وقت کي فعال بڻائي ٿو) شامل آهن. 

2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر کان وٺي. اسمارٽ فون ٺاهيندڙن محدود حد تائين, مقرر ڪيل ميگنيفڪيشن ليول سان اضافي ريئر ڪيمرا شامل ڪندي, آپٽيڪل زوم جي کوٽ کي نظرانداز ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobile Photography vs. the DSLR {{!}} B&amp;H eXplora |url=https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/hands-review/mobile-photography-vs-dslr |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.bhphotovideo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brad |date=2017-08-16 |title=DSLRs vs. Smartphone Cameras, Compared: The Pros and Cons |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/dslr-vs-smartphone-cameras-comparison/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=MUO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آپريشنل زندگي ==
{{Further|Lithium-ion battery#Lifespan|Planned obsolescence#Batteries}}
[[File:Day_4_Agbogloshie_(25891029818).jpg|thumb|اگبوگبلوشي ۾ اي-فضلو ]]
موبائل فونن ۾ (2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي ٻئي اڌ کان جاري ڪيل) آپريشنل زندگي عام طور تي بلٽ ان بيٽرين جي ڪري محدود هوندي آهي. جيڪي مٽائڻ لاءِ ٺهيل نه آهن. بيٽرين جي زندگي جي توقع پاور ڊيوائس جي استعمال جي شدت تي منحصر آهي. جتي سرگرمي (وڌيڪ استعمال) ۽ وڌيڪ توانائي جي گهرج وارا ڪم بيٽري کي اڳ ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا آهن. 

ليٿيم-آئن ۽ ليٿيم-پوليمر بيٽريون (جيڪي عام طور تي پورٽيبل اليڪٽرانڪس کي طاقت ڏين ٿيون) اضافي طور تي مڪمل چارج ۽ گہرے ڊسچارج چڪرن کان وڌيڪ ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. ۽ جڏهن ڊگهي وقت تائين استعمال نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. جتي خود ڊسچارج نقصانڪار ڊسچارج جي کوٽائي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cycle-life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134| title = Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 196| issue = 8| pages = 3942–3948| year = 2011| last1 = Wang | first1 = J.| last2 = Liu | first2 = P.| last3 = Hicks-Garner | first3 = J.| last4 = Sherman | first4 = E.| last5 = Soukiazian | first5 = S.| last6 = Verbrugge | first6 = M.| last7 = Tataria | first7 = H.| last8 = Musser | first8 = J.| last9 = Finamore | first9 = P.| bibcode = 2011JPS...196.3942W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.057| title = Cycle life testing and modeling of graphite/LiCoO2 cells under different state of charge ranges| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 327| pages = 394–400| year = 2016| last1 = Saxena | first1 = S.| last2 = Hendricks | first2 = C.| last3 = Pecht | first3 = M.| bibcode = 2016JPS...327..394S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Questions and answers related to lithium - ion rechargeable b attery care |url=https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |publisher=PLARAD Torque &amp; Tension Systems |access-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235201/https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٺاهيندڙن ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز کي مرمت کان پوءِ ڪم ڪرڻ کان روڪيو آهي. اجزاء جي منفرد سيريل نمبرن کي ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيندي. تنهن ڪري اهو ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪندو يا بي ترتيب جي صورت ۾ ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي غير فعال ڪندو. اهو متبادل کان پوءِ ٿيندو. سيريل نمبر جي لاڪنگ پهريون ڀيرو 2015 ۾ آئي فون 6 تي دستاويز ڪئي وئي هئي. جيڪو &quot;هوم&quot; بٽڻ جي هڪ سڃاڻپ ٿيل متبادل جي ڪري غير فعال ٿي ويندو. بعد ۾ ايپل ۽ سام سنگ اسمارٽ فونز تي ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي محدود ڪئي وئي. جڏهن وينڊر پاران اختيار نه ڪيل بيٽري جي متبادل جو پتو لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Furqan |date=2021-01-18 |title=Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware Repairs |url=https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Wccftech |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Macworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{portal|Telephones|Internet|Modern history}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[موبائل فون]]
* [[اينڊروئيڊ]]
* موبائيل ڪمپيوٽرن جون فهرستن 
* موبائيل ايپ جي تقسيم وارن پليٽ فارمز جي فهرست
* ميڊيا ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول 
* موبائيل انٽرنيٽ ڊيوائس 
* پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئر 
* اسمارٽ فون ڪِل سوئچ 
* اسمارٽ فون زومبي
{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==نوٽس==
{{notelist}}

==ٻاهرين ڳنڍڻا==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اسمارٽ فون]]
[[زمرو:اينڊرائيڊ]]
[[زمرو:موبائل فون]]
[[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪلائنٽس]]
[[زمرو:ذاتي ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ]]
[[زمرو:صارفين لاءِ اليڪٽرانڪس]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات فراهم ڪندڙ آلات]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]</text>
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[[فائل:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|200px|left]]
'''اسمارٽ فون''' (smartphones) هڪ موبائل ڊيوائس آهي جيڪو روايتي [[موبائل فون]] (فيچر فون) جي ڪارڪردگي کي جديد ڪمپيوٽنگ صلاحيتن سان گڏ ڪري ٿو. ان ۾ عام طور تي هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين انٽرفيس هوندو آهي، جيڪو صارفين کي ايپليڪيشنن ۽ خدمتن جي وسيع رينج تائين رسائي جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ ويب برائوزنگ، اي ميل، ۽ سوشل ميڊيا، انهي سان گڏ ملٽي ميڊيا پلے بیک ۽ اسٽريمنگ. اسمارٽ فونز ۾ بلٽ ان ڪيمرا، GPS نيويگيشن ۽ مختلف مواصلاتي طريقن لاءِ سپورٽ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ وائس ڪالز، ٽيڪسٽ ميسيجنگ، ۽ انٽرنيٽ تي ٻڌل ميسيجنگ ايپس شامل آهن. اسمارٽ فونز کي پراڻين ڊيزائن جي فيچر فونز کان انهن جي وڌيڪ جديد هارڊويئر صلاحيتن ۽ وسيع موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم، انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي، ڪاروباري ايپليڪيشنون، موبائل ادائيگيون، ۽ ملٽي ميڊيا ڪارڪردگي، جنهن ۾ موسيقي، وڊيو، گيمنگ، ريڊيو ۽ ٽيليويزن شامل آهن، جي ڪري مختلف آهن.

اسمارٽ فونز ۾ عام طور تي ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر &lt;small&gt;(MOS)&lt;/small&gt; انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس، مختلف سينسرز ۽ ڪيترن ئي وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن پروٽوڪولز جي سهولت موجود هوندي آهي. اسمارٽ فون سينسرز جي مثالن ۾ ايڪسلروميٽر، بيروميٽر، گائرو اسڪوپ ۽ ميگنيٽوميٽرز شامل آهن. انهن کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ۽ ٿرڊ پارٽي سافٽ ويئر ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن ڪارڪردگي کي بهتر بڻائي سگهجي. اسمارٽ فونز پاران سپورٽ ڪيل وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن جي معيارن ۾ LTE، 5G NR، وائي فائي، بلوٽوٿ ۽ سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن شامل آهن. سال &lt;small&gt;2020&lt;/small&gt;ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري، ٺاهيندڙن سيٽلائيٽ ميسيجنگ ۽ ايمرجنسي سروسز کي شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن سان انهن جي افاديت انهن ڏورانهن علائقن تائين وڌي وئي جتي قابل اعتماد سيلولر ڪوريج موجود نه هئي. اسمارٽ فونز گهڻي حد تائين پرسنل ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ (PDA) ڊوائيسز، هٿ ۾ رکڻ جهڙن ننڍن پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر، پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئرز (PMP)، پوائنٽ-اينڊ-شوٽ ڪئميرا، ڪيمڪارڊر ۽ ڪجهه حد تائين هٿ ۾ رکڻ وارن وڊيو گيم ڪنسول، اي-ريڊر ڊوائيس، پاڪيٽ ڪيلڪيوليٽرز ۽ GPS ٽريڪنگ يونٽن جي جاءِ ورتي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Islam |first=Zak |date=30 December 2012 |title=Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=Tom's Hardware |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Wikipedia homepage on a large Android phone, 2015-04-16.jpg|thumb|نيڪسس 6 (Nexus 6)، جيڪو هڪ [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] اسمارٽ فون آهي، [[انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا]] جو مکيه صفحو ڏيکاري رهيو آهي.]]
2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ آئي فون (iPhone) جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت کانپوءِ، اڪثر اسمارٽ فونز پتلي، سليٽ جهڙي شڪل ۽ وڏين ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرينن سان ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جن ۾ فزيڪل ڪيبورڊ جي بدران ملٽي ٽچ اشارن جي سهولت موجود آهي. اڪثر جديد اسمارٽ فونز ۾ اها صلاحيت هوندي آهي ته صارف هڪ مرڪزي ايپ اسٽور تان اضافي ايپليڪيشنون ڊائون لوڊ يا خريد ڪري سگهن. انهن ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪلائوڊ اسٽوريج، ڪلائوڊ سنڪرونائيزيشن ۽ ورچوئل اسسٽنٽس جي سهولت هوندي آهي. 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان وٺي، بهتر هارڊويئر ۽ تيز رفتار وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن اسمارٽ فون انڊسٽري جي ترقي کي هٿي ڏني آهي. 2014ع تائين، سڄي دنيا ۾ هر سال هڪ ارب کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فونز وڪرو ٿيندا هئا. صرف 2019ع ۾، سڄي دنيا ۾ 1.54 ارب اسمارٽ فون يونٽس موڪليا ويا؛ سال 2020ع تائين، دنيا جي آبادي جو 75.05 سيڪڙو ماڻهو اسمارٽ فون استعمال ڪندڙ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#topicOverview | title=Topic: Smartphones }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال ڪجهه حد تائين سهولت ۽ زندگي جي اطمينان سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، پر ان سان جسماني، ذهني ۽ ادراڪي (cognitive) صحت تي مختلف منفي اثر پڻ سڃاتا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagong2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Sagong | first1 = H.| last2 = Yoon | first2 = J. Y.| title = The effects of smartphone use on life satisfaction in older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms| journal = CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing| volume = 40| issue = 8| pages = 523-530| date = 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''سمارٽ فون''' يا ذهين فون (Smartphone) [[عام فون]] جي نسبت ۾ ڪافي خصوصيتن جو مالڪ هوندو آهي.

, 
==تاريخ==

پهرين ڪمرشل اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر. 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز. سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') پاران 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا. * 

شروعاتي اسمارٽ فونز بنيادي طور تي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ڏانهن مارڪيٽ ڪيا ويا، سيلولر ٽيليفوني جي مدد سان اسٽينڊ اڪيلو PDA ڊوائيسز جي ڪارڪردگي کي پل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، پر انهن جي وڏي شڪ، مختصر بيٽري جي زندگي، سست اينالاگ سيلولر نيٽ ورڪ، ۽ وائرليس ڊيٽا سروسز جي ناپختگي جي ڪري محدود هئا. اهي مسئلا آخرڪار MOS ٽرانزسٽرز جي ايڪسپونشنل اسڪيلنگ ۽ مينيچرائيزيشن سان حل ڪيا ويا ذيلي مائڪرون سطحن تائين (مور جو قانون)، بهتر ليٿيم آئن بيٽري، تيز ڊجيٽل موبائل ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ (ايڊ هولم جو قانون)، ۽ وڌيڪ پختو سافٽ ويئر پليٽ فارم جيڪي موبائل ڊوائيس ايڪو سسٽم کي ڊيٽا فراهم ڪندڙن کان آزاد طور تي ترقي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏين ٿا. * اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (ٻن لفظن ۾) 1980 کان پريس ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1985 کان، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1987 کان. اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (هڪ ننڍي لفظ جي طور تي) پهريون ڀيرو 1997 ۾ ايريڪسن پاران هڪ نئين ڊوائيس تصور، GS88 کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. پهرين تجارتي اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا.

==هارڊويئر==
[[File:Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg|thumb|هڪ اهڙو اسمارٽ فون جنهن جي مٿئين حصي ۾ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر لڳل آهي، جنهن کي ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو.]]&lt;!--Please replace with more close-up picture when found.--&gt;
{{Further|موبائيل فون جون خاصيتون}}

هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي &lt;small&gt;'''ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt;) انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس هونديون آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ اربن ننڍڙا ”&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt; فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽرز“ (&lt;small&gt;MOSFETs&lt;/small&gt;) موجود هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference |url=https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217200937/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ هيٺيون '''موس &lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt; چپس''' هونديون آهن: &lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;  

* ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر (CMOS سسٽم-آن-ا-چپ)
* فليش ميموري (فلوٽنگ-گيٽ MOS ميموري)
* سيلولر موڊيم (بيس بينڊ RF CMOS)
* RF ٽرانسيوور (RF CMOS)
* فون ڪئميرا جو اميج سينسر (CMOS اميج سينسر)
* پاور مينيجمينٽ انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (پاور MOSFETs)
*ڊسپلي ڊرائيور (LCD يا LED ڊرائيور) 
*وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن چپس (وائي-فائي، بلوٽوٿ، GPS رسيور) 
*ساؤنڊ چپ (آڊيو ڪوڊيڪ ۽ پاور ايمپليفائر) 
*جائيروسڪوپ (Gyroscope) 
*ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرين ڪنٽرولر (ASIC ۽ DSP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Joel |chapter=Touchscreen technology basics &amp; a new development |title=2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference Presentation Slides |date=May 2010 |volume=6 |publisher=CMOS Emerging Technologies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&amp;pg=PA34 |isbn=9781927500057 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
*RF پاور ايمپليفائر (LDMOS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |archive-date=2014-05-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baliga2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Baliga |first1=B. Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StJpDQAAQBAJ |title=Silicon RF Power MOSFETS |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812561213 |author1-link=B. Jayant Baliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asif&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT128 |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NXP-LDMOS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=LDMOS Products and Solutions |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |access-date=4 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪجهه فونن ۾ ايف ايم (FM) ريڊيو رسيور، نوٽيفڪيشن لاءِ هارڊويئر LED، ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال لاءِ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر پڻ لڳل هوندا آهن. ڪجهه ماڊلز ۾ اضافي سينسرز، جهڙوڪ ماحولياتي گرمي پد ماپڻ لاءِ ٿرماميٽر، نمي ماپڻ لاءِ هائيگرو ميٽر، ۽ الٽرا وائلٽ شعاعن کي ماپڻ لاءِ سينسر پڻ هوندا آهن.

خاص مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيل ڪجهه اسمارٽ فون ۾ &lt;small&gt;'''غير معمولي هارڊويئر'''&lt;/small&gt;، جهڙوڪ &lt;small&gt;'''پروجيڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;Samsung&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Beam&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;i8520 ۽ Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530&lt;/small&gt;)، آپٽيڪل زوم لينس (&lt;small&gt;Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ۽ Samsung Galaxy K&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Zoom&lt;/small&gt;)، ٿرمل ڪئميرا ۽ حتيٰ ته &lt;small&gt;PMR446&lt;/small&gt; (واڪي-ٽاڪي ريڊيو) ٽرانسيوور لڳل هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camera and thermal imaging Review |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/cat-s60-camera-and-thermal-imaging-page-3 |website=Trusted Reviews |language=en |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Purvi |title=Ulefone Armor 3T Review: A Digital Walkie-Talkie Smartphone |url=https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |website=Veditto |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419231512/https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |archive-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

=== سينٽرل پروسيسنگ يونٽ ===
اسمارٽ فون ۾ سينٽرل پراسيسنگ يونٽ &lt;small&gt;(CPUs)&lt;/small&gt; هوندا آهن، جيڪا ڪمپيوٽر ۾ موجود &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جهڙا ئي هوندا آهن، پر ان کي گهٽ توانائي واري ماحول ۾ هلائڻ لاءِ خاص طور تي ترتيب ڏنو ويو هوندو آهي. اسمارٽ فونز ۾، &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; عام طور تي ڪامپليمينٽري ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر(&lt;small&gt;CMOS&lt;/small&gt;) سسٽم-آن-آ-چپ (&lt;small&gt;system-on-a-chip&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;SoC)&lt;/small&gt; ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر ۾ ضم ٿيل هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;   

موبائل جي &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي جو دارومدار نه رڳو ڪلاڪ ريٽ (جيڪو عام طور تي هرٽز جي ضربن ۾ ٻڌايو ويندو آهي) تي هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title = CPU Frequency
 | work = CPU World Glossary
 | publisher = CPU World
 | date = 25 March 2008
 | url = http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html
 | access-date =1 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ميموري جي ترتيب (&lt;small&gt;memory&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;hierarchy&lt;/small&gt;) تي پڻ هوندو آهي. انهن چئلينجن جي ڪري، موبائل فون &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي کي اڪثر ڪري انهن اسڪورز (&lt;small&gt;scores&lt;/small&gt;) ذريعي وڌيڪ صحيح طور تي بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي عام طور تي استعمال ٿيندڙ ايپليڪيشن ۾ حقيقي اثرائتي ڪارڪردگي ماپڻ لاءِ مختلف معياري ٽيسٽ آهن. 

===Buttons===
[[File:TouchWiz 2013 device options.png|thumb|upright|&quot;Device options&quot; menu of Samsung Mobile's [[TouchWiz]] user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second]]
[[File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg|thumb|The [[HTC Desire]], a 2010 smartphone with [[optical trackpad]] and search button]]

Smartphones are typically equipped with a power button and volume buttons. Some pairs of volume buttons are unified. Some are equipped with a dedicated camera shutter button. Units for outdoor use may be equipped with an &quot;SOS&quot; emergency call and &quot;PTT&quot; ([[push-to-talk]] button). The presence of physical front-side buttons such as the [[home button|home]] and navigation buttons has decreased throughout the 2010s, increasingly becoming replaced by capacitive touch sensors and simulated (on-screen) buttons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Athow |first1=Desire |title=Best rugged smartphones of 2021: waterproof, shockproof and IP68 mobiles |url=https://www.techradar.com/best/best-rugged-smartphones |website=TechRadar |access-date=18 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As with classic mobile phones, early smartphones such as the [[Samsung Omnia II]] were equipped with buttons for accepting and declining phone calls. Due to the advancements of functionality besides phone calls, these have increasingly been replaced by navigation buttons such as &quot;menu&quot; (also known as &quot;options&quot;), &quot;back&quot;, and &quot;tasks&quot;. Some early 2010s smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire]] were additionally equipped with a &quot;Search&quot; button (🔍) for quick access to a web search engine or apps' internal search feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/13/the-menu-navigation-button-has-finally-been-retired-in-android-10/ |language=en |title=The menu navigation button has finally been retired in Android 10 |author=Corbin Davenport |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2013, smartphones' home buttons started integrating [[fingerprint scanner]]s, starting with the [[iPhone 5s]] and [[Samsung Galaxy S5]].

Functions may be assigned to button combinations. For example, [[screenshot]]s can usually be taken using the home and power buttons, with a short press on iOS and one-second holding Android OS, the two most popular mobile operating systems. On smartphones with no physical home button, usually the volume-down button is instead pressed with the power button. Some smartphones have a screenshot and possibly [[screencast]] shortcuts in the navigation button bar or the power button menu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Krasnoff |first1=Barbara |title=How to take screenshots on your iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/21340137/apple-iphone-screenshots-ios-how-to-take |website=The Verge |access-date=21 June 2021 |language=en |date=2020-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Take Screenshot on LG G3 (3 Methods) |url=https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-take-screenshot-on-lg-g3/ |website=DroidViews |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2014-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=4 Ways To Take a Screenshot on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra - NaldoTech |url=https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2020-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204222/https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Display===
{{main|Display device}}

[[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone touchscreen]]
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the [[Display device|screen]]. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] of [[16:9]], but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as possible.

====Screen sizes====
[[File:Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile phone front face logged in screen.jpg|thumb|Blackview A60 Andoid Go mobile phone smartphone cell phone showing the front-facing camera is put in notch display]]
Screen sizes are measured in diagonal [[inch]]es. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called &quot;[[phablet]]s&quot;. Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and &quot;edge-to-edge&quot; designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonearena-s7edgenotphablet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5&quot; Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2&quot; devices|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galaxy-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482|website=PhoneArena|date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-phabletpytha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017|url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-s8aspectratio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110244/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Panel types====
[[Liquid-crystal display]]s (LCDs) and [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by [[Wacom (company)|Wacom]] and [[Samsung]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=M. J.|date=1987-04-01|title=Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications|volume=7|issue=4|pages=31–44|doi=10.1109/MCG.1987.276869|bibcode=1987ICGA....7d..31W |s2cid=16707568|issn=0272-1716}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Apple's [[Force Touch]] system. A few phones, such as the [[YotaPhone]] prototype, are equipped with a low-power [[electronic paper]] rear display, as used in [[e-book reader]]s.

====Alternative input methods====
[[File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png|thumb|Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a [[Google Chromium]] derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the [[tabbed browsing|tab]] list using the stylus on a [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4]].]]
[[File:HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg|thumb|Optical track pad sensor of an [[HTC Legend]], 2010]]

Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a [[stylus]] for higher precision input and hovering detection or a [[Touchscreen#Self-capacitance|self-capacitive touch screen]]s layer for floating finger detection. The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the [[Samsung Galaxy S4]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]], [[Samsung Galaxy S5|S5]], [[Samsung Galaxy Alpha|Alpha]], and [[Sony Xperia Sola]], making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far.

Hovering can enable preview [[tooltip]]s such as on the [[video player]]'s seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the [[dial pad]], as well as [[lock screen]] animations, and the simulation of a [[mouseover|hover]]ing [[mouse cursor]] on web sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How does Air view work? |url=https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |website=Samsung Galaxy site |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028203958/https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |archive-date=2016-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floating touch™ – Developer World |url=http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003815/http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Change Unlock Effect on Galaxy S4 Lock Screen |url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |website=Android Widget Center |language=en |date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609051907/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |archive-date=2013-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to relevant tools such as digital [[post-it note]]s and highlighting of text and elements when dragging while pressed, resembling drag selection using a [[computer mouse]]. Some series such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] and [[LG G Stylus]] series have an integrated tray to store the stylus in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |website=Android Authority |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012837/https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Few devices such as the [[iPhone 6s]] until [[iPhone Xs]] and [[Huawei Mate S]] are equipped with a [[Force Touch|pressure-sensitive touch screen]], where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Lance |last=Whitney |date=2019-07-08|title=How to Use and Control 3D Touch on Your iPhone|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gallery/121589/how-to-use-and-control-3d-touch-on-your-iphone|access-date=2021-04-02|website=PCMag UK|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zibreg|first=Christian|date=2015-10-28|title=Apple rejects Gravity, a 3D Touch-based iPhone 6s digital scale app|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2015/10/28/apple-pulls-gravity-app/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire|HTC Desire (Bravo)]] and [[HTC Legend]] are equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HTC Bravo: TMO UK Nexus One Plus Optical Trackpad – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2010/01/21/htc-bravo-tmo-uk-nexus-one-plus-optical-trackpad/ |website=phandroid.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=21 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Notification light====
[[File:Notification_LED.webm|thumb|right]]
{{Main article|Notification LED}}

Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power [[light-emitting diode]]s besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption.

To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue ([[RGB]]) are able to create a multitude of colour combinations.

===Sensors===
Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications.

====Common sensors====
[[Accelerometer]]s and [[gyroscope]]s enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include [[bubble level]] simulation. An [[ambient light sensor]] allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an [[RGB sensor]] enables the adaption of screen colour.

Many mobile phones are also equipped with a [[barometer]] sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since 2012 with the [[Galaxy S3]], and Apple since 2014 with the [[iPhone 6]]. It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude.

A [[magnetometer]] can act as a [[digital magnetic compass|digital compass]] by measuring [[Earth's magnetic field]].

====Rare sensors====
Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 [[Galaxy S5]] and [[Galaxy Note 4]] with a [[heart rate]] sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-25|title=How to Use Heart Rate Sensor on Note 4 as a Shutter Button|url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Android Widget Center|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163525/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/ |archive-date=2021-06-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So far, only the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy S4]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]] are equipped with an [[thermometer|ambient temperature sensor]] and a [[hygrometer|humidity sensor]], and only the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4|Note 4]] with an [[ultraviolet]] radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2013-04-10|title=Hidden innovation in the Galaxy S4|url=https://www.sammobile.com/2013/04/10/hidden-innovation-in-the-galaxy-s4/|access-date=|website=SamMobile|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Ray|title=Playing with the Note 4's UV and SpO2 sensors|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Playing-with-the-Note-4s-UV-and-SpO2-sensors_id60358|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Phone Arena|date=September 6, 2014 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rear infrared [[laser]] beam for distance measurement can enable [[time-of-flight camera]] functionality with accelerated [[autofocus]], as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting with [[LG G3]] and [[LG V10]].

Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet.

===Storage===
While [[eMMC]] (''embedded multi media card'') [[flash storage]] was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, [[Universal Flash Storage|UFS]] (''Universal Flash Storage'') with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Odunayo |title=eMMC or UFS: Understanding new generation of mobile phone storage |url=https://www.dignited.com/23879/emmc-or-ufs-mobile-phone-storage/ |website=Dignited |date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Capacity
While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with [[Samsung Telecommunications|Samsung]] for example increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512 GB within only 2{{1/2}} years between 2016 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Russell |title=Understanding Smartphone Storage – How much storage does your phone need? |url=https://www.lifewire.com/smartphone-buying-guides-577502 |website=Lifewire |date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Starts Producing First 512-Gigabyte Universal Flash Storage for Next-Generation Mobile Devices |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171204006182/en/Samsung-Starts-Producing-512-Gigabyte-Universal-Flash-Storage |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gottsegen |first1=Gordon |title=Samsung is bringing a huge 512GB memory chip to its phones |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-512gb-memory-chip-announcement/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2017-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=US will only receive 32GB Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/us-getting-32gb-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-675313/ |website=Android Authority |date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Memory cards====
[[File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG|thumb|Inserted memory and SIM cards]]
{{main article|MicroSD#Mobile phones}}

The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using [[MicroSD#Mobile phones|MicroSD]] [[memory card]]s, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ {{section link|SD_card|2009–2019: SDXC}}). Benefits over [[USB on the go]] storage and [[cloud storage]] include [[offline]] availability and [[privacy]], not reserving and protruding from the [[charging port]], no connection instability or [[latency (engineering)|latency]], no dependence on voluminous [[data plan]]s, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between devices by changing memory cards, large-scale [[data backup]]s can be created offline, and data can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-us |title=MicroSD vs. cloud storage: Which do you prefer? |url=https://news.wirefly.com/2013/05/31/microsd-vs-cloud-storage-which-do-you-prefer |website=phonedog.com |date=31 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-nz |title=Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage |url=https://www.ni.com/en-nz/support/documentation/supplemental/12/understanding-life-expectancy-of-flash-storage.html |website=www.ni.com |date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=How to back up your Android phone |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/backup-android-phone-708622/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In case of technical [[brick (electronics)|defects]] which make the device unusable or [[boot (computing)|unbootable]] as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, [[bendgate|bending damage]], [[malware]], or bogus [[software update|system update]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Popa |first1=Bogdan |title=Xiaomi Ships Android 11 Update, Completely Bricks Devices |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/xiaomi-ships-android-11-update-completely-bricks-devices-531859.shtml |website=softpedia |language=english |date=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; etc., data stored on the memory card is likely [[data recovery|rescueable]] externally, while data on the inaccessible internal storage would be [[data loss|lost]]. A memory card can usually{{efn|Presuming common [[file system]] support, which is usually given. Some software-specific data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device.}} immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior [[file transfer]]s.

Some [[dual-SIM]] mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a [[SIM card]] or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM and memory card usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kaufberatung: Smartphones mit Dual-SIM und Micro-SD |url=https://www.techstage.de/ratgeber/kaufberatung-smartphones-mit-dual-sim-und-micro-sd/3t4xzm3 |website=TechStage |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=de |date=2019-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Physical location
The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies [[hot swapping]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to increase internal memory on the Galaxy Note 4 |url=https://www.nextpit.com/how-to-increase-internal-memory-on-galaxy-note-4 |website=NextPit |date=July 5, 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thorn |first1=Thomas |title=Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/samsung-galaxy-s4-mini-1137603/review |website=TechRadar |language=en |date=2013-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hidalgo |first1=Jason |title=Replace the SIM &amp; Memory Card in a Samsung Galaxy S7 or S7 Edge |url=https://www.lifewire.com/install-sim-memory-galaxy-s7-4023729 |website=Lifewire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy Fit]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Ace|Ace]] have a sideways memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 review: Ace in the hole |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_ace_s5830-review-573.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=1 |date=2011-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====File transfer====
Originally, [[mass storage]] access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the [[Media Transfer Protocol]] as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common [[file system]] support, as communication is done through an [[abstraction layer]].

However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and [[random access]] of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Happened To Mass Storage &amp; File Management? [Updated] - Mobility Arena - Mobile Phone, Smartphone, Cell Phone Reviews |url=https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |website=mobilityarena.com |date=2011-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100252/https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |archive-date=2021-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sound===
Some audio quality enhancing features, such as [[Voice over LTE]] and [[HD Voice]] have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in [[long-distance call]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it|title=Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It|first=Jeff|last=Hecht|work=[[IEEE]]|date=September 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible|title=Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?|first=Elena|last=Malykhina|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audio quality can be improved using a [[VoIP]] application over [[Wi-Fi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/whats-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681|title=What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?|first=Alan|last=Henry|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Lifehacker|date=May 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a [[speakerphone]] feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

Some mobile phones such as the [[HTC One M8]] and the [[Sony Xperia Z2]] are equipped with [[stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Andrew |title=HTC One M8 BoomSound speakers are loud and proud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-speaker-comparison/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Audio connector====
The [[Phone connector (audio)#Miniature size|3.5mm headphone receptible]] ([[colloquialism|coll.]] &quot;''headphone jack''&quot;) allows the immediate operation of passive [[headphone]]s, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port side) than on the top of the device.

The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple [[iPhone 7]]. An [[adapter]] reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug.

Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth [[transceiver]] and a battery with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Was ditching the headphone jack a good idea? |url=https://www.soundguys.com/was-ditching-the-headphone-jack-a-good-idea-13825/ |website=SoundGuys |date=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Battery===
Smartphones typically feature [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] or [[lithium-polymer battery|lithium-polymer batteries]] due to their high [[energy density|energy densities]].

Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Fixes of Unexpected Phone Shutoffs - RTCL ... rtcl.eecs.umich.edu › assets › 2020 |url=https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2020/youngmoon-mobisys20.pdf |date=2020-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Battery capacity may be reduced to 80% after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jasieniak |first1=Jacek |title=Explainer: how to extend your phone's battery life |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-to-extend-your-phones-battery-life-80958 |website=The Conversation |date=July 31, 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.ukm.my/jqma/v10_1/jqma-10-1-paper4.pdf |title=Modelling of Charge/Discharge Cycle of Lithium Ion Battery System |first1=Ho Kar |last1=Yee |first2=Sivakumar |last2=Ramakrishnan |first3=Ahmad Azmin |last3=Mohamad |journal=Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=2014 |pages=39–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Some mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for [[Planned obsolescence#Batteries|planned obsolescence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Planned obsolescence: the outrage of our electronic waste mountain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/the-right-to-repair-planned-obsolescence-electronic-waste-mountain |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Charging====
[[File:Cheero powerbank &amp; Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg|thumb|A high-capacity portable [[battery charger]] ([[Battery charger#Power bank|''power bank'']])]]

Due to limitations of [[electrical current]]s that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle, charging protocols which make use of elevated [[voltages]] such as [[Qualcomm Quick Charge]] and [[MediaTek Pump Express]] have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a device needs to be attached to a power source.

The smartphone's integrated [[charge controller]] (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a supported [[mobile phone charger|charger]]. &quot;[[VOOC]]&quot; by Oppo, also marketed as &quot;dash charge&quot;, took the counter approach and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later, [[USB Power Delivery]] (''USB-PD'') was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Sumukh |title=Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo VOOC vs USB-PD - TechPP |url=https://techpp.com/2020/04/09/qualcomm-quick-charge-vs-oneplus-warp-charge-vs-oppo-vooc-vs-usb-pd/ |website=techpp.com |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 [[watt]]s in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222405/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20 Watts in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Nick |title=How it works: Dash Charge fast charging on the OnePlus 3 |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/How-it-works-Dash-Charge-fast-charging-on-the-OnePlus-3_id82646 |website=Phone Arena |date=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 45 watts in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Byford |first1=Sam |title=Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |website=The Verge |language=en |date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation of the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PSA: The Galaxy S8 and S8+ doesn't actually Fast Charge while you're using it – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2017/05/11/samsung-galaxy-s8-plus-wont-fast-charge-problems/ |website=phandroid.com |date=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is powered off}}

[[Wireless charging]] has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with [[Qi (standard)|''Qi'']] being the most common standard, followed by [[Powermat]]. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission, charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging rates.

By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6 phones with the best battery life|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-battery-life/|access-date=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-customer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html|access-date=September 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Kendrick |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/ |title=The secret behind poor smartphone battery life|work=ZDNet |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-years/ |title=Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external &quot;battery packs&quot;. External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that &quot;piggyback&quot; onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the [[Galaxy Note 7]] smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/|title=Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas|date=May 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For consumer convenience, [[inductive charging|wireless charging]] stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/|title=The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Power management====
A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC) of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a few hundred milliwatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Frumusanu |first1=Andrei |title=Analysing AMOLED Power Efficiency Improvements |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623204043/http://anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=2015-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cameras===
{{main|Camera phone|Digital camera|Videophone}}

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. {{As of|2019}} phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Images are usually saved in the [[JPEG]] file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s also have [[Raw image format|RAW]] imaging capability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Shoot Photos in DNG/RAW on Samsung Galaxy S7 |url=https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |website=Android Beat {{!}} Android News, Hacks, Apps, Tips &amp; Reviews Blog |access-date=19 August 2021 |language=en-us |date=24 April 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213752/https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nikam |first1=Sohil |title=Samsung Dropping RAW Image Support Into Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge Via Android 5.1.1 Update - TechShout |url=https://www.techshout.com/samsung-to-bless-galaxy-s6-and-s6-edge-with-raw-photo-support-via-android-5-1-1-update/ |website=www.techshout.com |access-date=19 August 2021 |date=2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Space constraints====
Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for &quot;[[selfie]]s&quot; and [[video chat]]. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for [[image sensor]]s and [[Lens|optics]], rear-facing cameras are often housed in a &quot;bump&quot; that is thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose ([[Telephoto lens|telephoto]], [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]], etc.).

Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera module while increasing [[ergonomy]], as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with [[Image stabilization#Optical image stabilization|optical image stabilisation]] (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus [[Raw image format|RAW]] images. [[High-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]], &quot;[[Bokeh]] mode&quot; with multi lenses and multi-shot [[Night mode camera|night mode]]s are now also familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019 |url=https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512034618/https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |archive-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via [[computational photography]] [[Digital image processing|image processing]] and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

====Dedicated camera button====
Some mobile phones such as the [[Samsung i8000 Omnia 2]], some [[Nokia Lumia]]s and some [[Sony Xperia]]s are equipped with a physical camera shutter button.

Those with two pressure levels resemble the [[point-and-shoot]] intuition of dedicated [[compact camera]]s. The camera button may be used as a [[shortcut (computing)|shortcut]] to quickly and [[ergonomy|ergonomically]] launch the camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button.

===Back cover materials===
Back covers of smartphones are typically made of [[polycarbonate]], aluminium, or glass. Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the [[Galaxy S5]] or leathered on the [[Galaxy Note 3]] and [[Note 4]].

While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less &quot;premium&quot; among [[fashion]]- and [[fad|trend]]-oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock absorption, greater [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass, which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of radio signals or wireless power like metal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=A Discussion on Material Choices in Mobile |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031624/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 9, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=2014-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bring back plastic phones. |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/bring-back-plastic-phones-1004824/ |website=Android Authority |date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benefits And Applications Of Polycarbonates |url=https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |website=Tuflite |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411235448/https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/ |website=Android Authority |date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Accessories===
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including [[Mobile phone accessories#Cases|cases]], [[#Memory_cards|memory card]]s, [[screen protector]]s, [[Battery charger#Mobile phone charger|chargers]], [[wireless charging|wireless power]] stations, [[USB On-The-Go]] adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), [[Mobile High-Definition Link|MHL]] adapters, add-on batteries, [[power bank]]s, [[headphones]], combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct [[Telephone call|call]]s on the device without holding it to the ear), and [[Bluetooth]]-enabled [[powered speaker]]s that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a &quot;book&quot;-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some &quot;book&quot;-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as [[wallet]]s.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

However, some companies, like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to &quot;reduce [[carbon footprint]]&quot;, etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters.
==سافٽ ويئر==
: موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست: وڪرو: استعمال: تنقيد ۽ مسئلا: صحت تي اثر: پابنديون ۽ روڪون: مخصوص ڊجيٽل ڪيمرائن جي جاءِ وٺڻ: عمر (استعمال جو مدو):

=== موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم ===
{{Main|موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم}}

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم (Mobile OS) فون، ٽيبليٽ، اسمارٽ واچ يا ٻين موبائل ڊوائيسز لاءِ هڪ آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهي. عالمي سطح تي, استعمال جي حصيداري جي بنياد تي, [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] ۽ [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] ٻه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهن.[[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] 2013 کان وٺي سڀني ڊوائيسز تي عالمي سطح تي بهترين وڪرو ٿيندڙ او ايس رهيو آهي. 

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم هڪ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر آپريٽنگ سسٽم جي خاصيتن کي گڏ ڪن ٿا ٻين خاصيتن سان جيڪي موبائل يا هٿ ۾ استعمال لاءِ ڪارآمد آهن. عام طور تي شامل آهن. ۽ جديد موبائل سسٽم ۾ ضروري سمجهيا وڃن ٿا انهن مان گھڻا, هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين. سيلولر فون, بلوٽوٿ. وائي فائي محفوظ رسائي. وائي فائي. گلوبل پوزيشننگ سسٽم (GPS) موبائل نيويگيشن. وڊيو- ۽ سنگل فريم تصوير ڪئميرا. تقرير جي سڃاڻپ. وائس رڪارڊر. ميوزڪ پليئر. ويجهو فيلڊ ڪميونيڪيشن. ۽ انفراريڊ بلاسٽر. 2018 جي پهرين ٽه ماهي تائين &lt;small&gt;383&lt;/small&gt; ملين کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فون وڪرو ڪيا ويا جن مان &lt;small&gt;85.9&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو اينڊرائيڊ هلائي رهيا هئا. &lt;small&gt;14.1&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] (iOS) ۽ ٻين او ايس هلائيندڙ اسمارٽ فونز جو هڪ گهٽ تعداد  هلائي رهيا هئا. صرف اينڊرائيڊ مشهور ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ سسٽم ونڊوز کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي. ۽ عام طور تي. اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال (ٽيبليٽ کان سواءِ به) ڊيسڪ ٽاپ جي استعمال کان وڌيڪ آهي. ٻيا مشهور موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم فلائيم او ايس ۽ هارموني او ايس آهن.

mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an [[operating system]] for phones, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[smartwatch]]es, or other [[mobile device]]s. Globally, Android and [[IOS]] are the two most used mobile operating systems based on [[Usage share of operating systems|usage share]], with the former having been the best selling OS globally on all devices since 2013.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a [[personal computer]] operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a [[touchscreen]], [[Cellular network|cellular]], Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) mobile navigation, [[video camera|video-]] and [[digital camera|single-frame picture cameras]], [[speech recognition]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recorder]], [[portable media player|music player]], [[near-field communication]], and [[infrared blaster]]. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=May 29, 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use. Other well-known mobile operating systems are [[Flyme OS]] and [[Harmony OS]].
[[File:20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra]] has an [[artificial intelligence]]-powered feature.]]
Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems{{Em dash}}the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary [[real-time operating system]] which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious [[base station]]s to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Thom Holwerda |website=[[OSNews]] |date=November 12, 2013 |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/27416/the-second-operating-system-hiding-in-every-mobile-phone/ |title=The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--

The below list and subsequent details in it are unwarranted for the scope of this article. It is better replaced by a link to corresponding main article (see above). Even if any reason the below needs to be retained, a single paragraph summarising entire contents, should be enough.

====Android====
{{Main article|Android (operating system)}}
[[File:Android OS.jpg|thumb|Several smartphones running Google's Android OS]]
[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (based on the modified [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system developed by [[Google Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OS MS 3Q10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent |date=November 10, 2010 |publisher=Gartner, Inc |at=Table 2 |access-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113073826/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for [[Turing machine|general purpose computers]] (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) [[personal computer]]s (PCs). Although the Android operating system is [[free and open-source software]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ICS is coming to AOSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/android-building/msg/c0e01b4619a1455a |title=ICS is coming to AOSP}}&lt;/ref&gt; in devices sold, much of the software [[Product bundling|bundled]] with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is [[proprietary software]] and closed source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903011541/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=December 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged since Android 4.0. The current Android version is [[Android Pie|9.0 Pie]].

Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items, except for the first and second releases.

Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own [[List_of_custom_Android_distributions|modified versions]] of the operating system.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianfrag&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Android fragmentation 'worse than ever' – but OpenSignal says that's good|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/android-fragmentation-visualised-opensignal|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 1, 2013|date=July 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====iOS====
{{Main article|iOS}}
[[iOS]] (formerly named iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system from [[Apple Inc.]] It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|title=Apple Took 89% Of Q4 Smartphone Profits With Android OEMs In A Race To The Bottom|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110736/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|archive-date=July 15, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system. The [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]] and second or third-generation [[Apple TV]] all use [[iOS]], which is derived from [[macOS]].

Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, &quot;[[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]]&quot; allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.

Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by [[Foxconn]] or another of Apple's partners.

====Sailfish OS====
{{main article|Sailfish OS}}

[[Sailfish OS]] is from [[Jolla]]. It is open source with [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is [[proprietary software]] (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI. Using third party software extends usability but does not make the OS code close, in the same way as preinstalled Microsoft Word (closed source) on a Linux device does not make Linux closed source.

After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the [[MeeGo]] project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and [[Mer (software distribution)|Mer]] business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the [[Jolla (mobile phone)|Jolla smartphone]], was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, [[Jolla Tablet]] was launched and the [[BRICS]] countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.

Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake.

====Tizen====
{{main article|Tizen}}

[[Tizen]] (based on the [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system hosted by [[Linux Foundation]], together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]].

Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) devices, and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the [[WebKit]] runtime. According to Intel, Tizen &quot;combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo.&quot; [[HTML5]] apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the &quot;future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5.&quot; Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |title=Welcome to Tizen! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013071516/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |website=Tizen.org |date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ricker |first=Thomas |date=September 28, 2011 |url=http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |title=MeeGo is dead: Meet Tizen, another new open source OS based on Linux |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051802/http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |website=Thisismynext.com |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|title=Tizen 2.1 SDK and Source Code Release|publisher=Tizen.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730123852/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|archive-date=July 30, 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone.

====Ubuntu Touch====
{{main article|Ubuntu Touch}}

[[Ubuntu Touch]] is from [[Canonical Ltd.]] It is open source and uses the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;/&gt; The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an [[LXC]] container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|title=ContainerArchitecture|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|archive-date=October 31, 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for cloud and IoT, rather than phone and convergence|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/(&quot;Foundation&quot; paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to takeover the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-blog-1/post/is-ubuntu-touch-dead-56|title=Is Ubuntu Touch Dead?|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/foundation/ubports-foundation|title=The UBports Foundation *: Details about the foundation|access-date=27 September 2018|date=19 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on [[Ubuntu]] [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_15.04_(Vivid_Vervet)|15.04 (Vivid Vervet)]] and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_16.04_LTS_(Xenial_Xerus)|16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].

====Discontinued operating systems====

=====Bada=====
{{main article|Bada}}

[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from &quot;바다 (bada)&quot;, meaning &quot;ocean&quot; or &quot;sea&quot; in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy.
On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to [[Tizen]] instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062542/http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |archive-date=2013-02-28 |title=Samsung scraps Bada OS, folds it into Tizen – FierceMobileIT |website=Fiercemobilecontent.com |date=February 25, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====BlackBerry 10=====

[[BlackBerry 10]] (based on the [[QNX]] OS) is from [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]]. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in the late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by the mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update]|first=Patrick |last=O'Rourke |date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|archive-date=January 5, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IDC.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC|date=February 24, 2015|work=IDC.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|archive-date=February 25, 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.

=====Firefox OS=====
{{main article|Firefox OS}}

[[Firefox OS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |title=B2G – MozillaWiki |publisher=mozilla.org |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807222134/https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from [[Mozilla]]. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the [[Mozilla Public License]] built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.

According to [[Ars Technica]], &quot;Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |title=Mozilla eyes mobile OS landscape with new Boot to Gecko project |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912005225/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= B2G OS and Gecko Announcement from Ari Jaaksi &amp; David Bryant |url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |access-date= September 27, 2016 |date= September 27, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |archive-date= January 22, 2011 |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin=====
{{main article|MeeGo|Maemo|Moblin}}

[[MeeGo (operating system)|MeeGo]] was from non-profit organization [[The Linux Foundation]]. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona, [[Nokia]] and [[Intel]] both unveiled ''MeeGo'', a mobile operating system that combined [[Moblin]] and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the [[Nokia N9]] on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/21/introducing-the-nokia-n9-all-it-takes-is-a-swipe/ |title=Introducing the Nokia N9: all it takes is a swipe! &amp;#124; Nokia Conversations – The official Nokia Blog |publisher=Nokia |date=June 21, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |title=MeeGo Not Dead Yet as LG Continues the Charge — Mobile Technology News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829160853/http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maemo]] was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and [[Internet tablet]]s. It is open source and GPL, based on [[Debian GNU/Linux]] and draws much of its [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Software framework|frameworks]], and [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from the GNOME project. It uses the [[Matchbox (window manager)|Matchbox]] window manager and the [[GTK]]-based [[Hildon]] as its GUI and [[application framework]].

=====Palm OS=====
{{main article|Palm OS}}
[[File:Treo 300.jpg|thumb|A [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]] Treo 300 smartphone (2002)]]
[[Palm OS]]/Garnet OS was from [[Access Co.]] It is closed source and proprietary. [[webOS]] was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, [[open architecture]] and multitasking abilities.

=====Symbian=====
{{Main article|Symbian}}
[[File:Nokia N70 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Nokia N70]] smartphone (2005) running [[Symbian]] OS, which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s]]
The [[Symbian]] platform was developed by [[Nokia]] for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|title=Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone|date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154613/https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|archive-date=August 8, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====webOS=====
{{main article|webOS}}

[[webOS]] was developed by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the [[Palm Pre]]. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the [[HP Veer|Veer]] and the [[HP Pre 3|Pre 3]]) and a tablet (the [[HP TouchPad|TouchPad]]) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |title=HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination; Makes Other Announcements |publisher=HP |date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006182519/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |title=The next chapter for webOS |publisher=HP webOS Developer Blog |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924172749/http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap/#.UIgNYMXA-So |title=Open webOS::Roadmap |publisher=Open webOS Project |date=September 2012 |access-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145336/http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap#.UIgNYMXA-So |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to [[LG Electronics]], who used the operating system for its &quot;smart&quot; or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.

=====Windows 10 Mobile=====
[[Windows 10 Mobile]] (formerly called [[Windows Phone]]) rom [[Microsoft]], now discontinued. It is closed source and proprietary.

Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's [[Metro Design Language]]. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as [[OneDrive]] and Office, [[Xbox Music]], [[Xbox Video]], [[Xbox Live]] games and [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]], but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as [[Facebook]] and [[Google Account|Google accounts]]. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by [[Microsoft Mobile]]/[[Nokia]], and also by [[HTC]] and [[Samsung]].

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with [[Windows 10 Mobile]], bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart [[Windows 10]], and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

In October 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/257174-microsoft-admits-windows-10-mobile-finally-mercifully-dead|title=Microsoft Admits Windows 10 Mobile Is Finally, Mercifully Dead|first=Joel|last=Hruska|website=www.extremetech.com|date=9 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

===Mobile apps===
{{Main|Mobile app}}

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term &quot;app&quot; is a short-form of the term &quot;software application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2011-3|title=What The Heck Is An &quot;App&quot;?|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Application stores===
{{Main|List of mobile app distribution platforms}}

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted [[list of mobile app distribution platforms|online distribution]] for third-party applications ([[software]] and [[computer programs]]) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including [[video game]]s, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on [[List of mobile app distribution platforms#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms, such as [[GetJar]], [[Handango]], [[Handmark]], and [[PocketGear]]. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's [[BlackBerry App World]], Android-related app stores like [[Aptoide]], [[Cafe Bazaar]], [[F-Droid]], [[GetJar]], and [[Opera Mobile Store]]. In February 2014, 93% of [[mobile developers]] were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |title=W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==List of current smartphone brands==
{{Dynamic list}}
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:100px&quot;&gt;
*[[Asus]]
*[[Google Pixel]]
*[[Hisense]]
*[[Honor (brand)|Honor]]
*[[HTC]]
*[[Huawei]]
*[[Infinix]]
*[[iPhone]]
*[[iQOO]]
*[[Itel Mobile|Itel]]
*[[Lava International|Lava]]
*[[Lenovo]]
*[[LG]]
*[[Meizu]]
*[[Motorola Mobility|Motorola]]
*[[Nokia]]
*[[Nothing (technology company)|Nothing]]
*[[Nubia Technology|Nubia]]
*[[OnePlus]]
*[[Oppo]]
*[[POCO (company)|POCO]]
*[[Realme]]
*[[Redmi]]
*[[Samsung Galaxy]]
*[[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
*[[Sony Xperia]]
*[[TCL Technology|TCL]]
*[[Tecno Mobile|Tecno]]
*[[Umidigi]]
*[[vivo (technology company)|Vivo]]
*[[Xiaomi]]
*[[ZTE]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==Sales==

&lt;div class=&quot;floatright&quot;&gt;
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize=width:270 height:400
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:45 top:10 right:16
AlignBars=justify
Period=from:0 till:1700
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal

Colors=
 id:gray value:gray(0.5)
 id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
 id:line2 value:gray(0.7)

BarData=
 bar:2007 text:2007
 bar:2008 text:2008
 bar:2009 text:2009
 bar:2010 text:2010
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2012 text:2012
 bar:2013 text:2013
 bar:2014 text:2014
 bar:2015 text:2015
 bar:2016 text:2016
 bar:2017 text:2017
 bar:2018 text:2018
 bar:2019 text:2019
 bar:2020 text:2020
 bar:2021 text:2021
 bar:2022 text:2022

PlotData=
 color:tan1 width:10

 bar:2007 from:start till:122 text:122
 bar:2008 from:start till:139 text:139
 bar:2009 from:start till:172 text:172
 bar:2010 from:start till:296 text:296
 bar:2011 from:start till:472 text:472
 bar:2012 from:start till:680 text:680
 bar:2013 from:start till:969 text:969
 bar:2014 from:start till:1244 text:1,244
 bar:2015 from:start till:1423 text:1,423
 bar:2016 from:start till:1495 text:1,495
 bar:2017 from:start till:1536 text:1,536
 bar:2018 from:start till:1556 text:1,556
 bar:2019 from:start till:1540 text:1,540
 bar:2020 from:start till:1351 text:1,351
 bar:2021 from:start till:1433 text:1,433
 bar:2022 from:start till:1395 text:1,395

TextData=
 pos:(40,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text: Worldwide smartphone sales (million)
TextData=
 pos:(40,5) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: gartner.com
&lt;/timeline&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos|url=http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|work=GIGAOM|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Erica|last=Ogg|date=December 22, 2011|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723153620/http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobile-retailer/|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Leena|last=Rao|date=September 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | work= 3 News NZ | title= Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones | date= April 29, 2013 | access-date= April 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | archive-date= August 1, 2013 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-smartphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html|title=We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in the Smartphone Decline.|first=Jake|last=Swearingen|date=December 4, 2018|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |archive-date=January 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent [[:wikt:year-over-year|year on year]]. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-market-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/ |title=It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever |author=Daniel van Boom |date=April 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid [[Huawei]], [[Oppo]] and [[Xiaomi]] introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung-and-huawei/|title=As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei|first=Daphne|last=Leprince-Ringuet|date=November 26, 2019|website=[[ZDNet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-americans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/|title=Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says|first=Samuel|last=Axon|date=December 11, 2019|website=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-change-2019-12|title=Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry|first=Lisa|last=Eadicicco|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_india-news-39917.php|title=Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India|website=GSMArena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counterpoint-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/|title=Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?|first=Alan|last=Weissberger|date=November 8, 2019|website=[[IEEE Communications Society]] Technology Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline|title=Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'|first=Steve|last=McCaskill|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[TechRadar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also predicted that prices of smartphones may go higher due to global [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] Chip shortage which may effect the sales also.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AI Chip Shortage Causes Sharp Rise in Smartphone Prices, May Increase by Nearly 7% by 2026 |url=https://news.aibase.com/news/23987}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===By manufacturer===
{{see also|List of best-selling mobile phones}}
In 2011, [[Samsung]] had the highest shipment [[market share]] worldwide, followed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. [[Huawei]], [[LG Corporation|LG]] and [[Lenovo]] were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-may-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/ |title=Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask |work=[[Engadget]] |first=Jon |last=Fingas |date=January 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-shipments-q1-2014|title= Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC|first= Steven|last= Millward|date= May 13, 2014|access-date= September 9, 2014|work= Tech In Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.&lt;ref name=&quot;brett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-smartphones/24320385/|title=Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales|author=Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY|date=March 3, 2015|work=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | url = https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-08-19-gartner-says-five-of-top-10-worldwide-mobile-phone-vendors-increased-sales-in-second-quarter-of-2016 | title = Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016 | publisher = Gartner | date = August 19, 2016 | access-date = May 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, [[Oppo]] with 25.5 million and [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] with 22.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/|title= 6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese|first= Frank|last= Hersey|date=2017-07-04|access-date= 2017-07-07|work= technode}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2017-02-28|title=Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Realme]], a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and [[Honor (brand)|Honor]], a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth {{as of|2019|lc=on}}, amid growing Chinese nationalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-for-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/|title= Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market|author=‌Argam Artashyan|date=December 12, 2019|website=GizChina}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones|title=Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones &amp;#124; TechRadar|website=www.techradar.com|date=December 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units. Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a 14.1% market share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Apple loses top phonemaker spot to Samsung as iPhone shipments drop, IDC says |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/retail/apple-loses-top-phonemaker-spot-to-samsung-as-iphone-shipments-drop-idc-says-1.1713152284439 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===By operating system===
{{Further|Mobile operating system#By operating system}}

==Use==
{{See also|Mobile phone#Use|Technological convergence}}

===Contemporary use and convergence===
{{multiple image|width=150|perrow=2|image1=A2 &amp; Zen (307730569).jpg|image2=Sony Cybershot DSC W210.jpg|image3=Mobiles Navigationsgeraet Navigon im Einsatz.JPG|image4=PDA Mapping.jpg|footer=Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: ''(from top-left)'' [[portable media player]]s (inc. &quot;MP3 players&quot;); [[Point-and-shoot camera|compact digital camera]]s; [[Satellite navigation device|in-car satellite navigation systems]]; [[personal digital assistant]]s (inc. [[electronic organizer]]s)|alt1=sdas}}

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing [[Cellular network|network]], [[mobile processor]], and [[Computer data storage|storage]] technologies led to a [[Technological convergence|convergence]] where separate [[mobile phone]]s, [[Personal organizer|organizer]]s, and [[portable media player]]s were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why |url=http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overtake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/ |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=2013-08-15 |first=Don |last=Reisinger }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816183428/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2013 |title=Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time |author=Rob van der Meulen &amp; Janessa Rivera |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-first-time-worldwide/ |title=Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=CompTIA Strata Study Guide |author=Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-97742-2 |page=140 |access-date=July 5, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&amp;q=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete&amp;pg=PA140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|title=PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec|last=Yu|first=Emily|publisher=EE Times Asia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|archive-date=23 April 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in [[Image sensor|digital camera sensor]]s and on-device [[Digital image processing|image processing]] software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler [[Point-and-shoot camera|camera]]s for photographs and video recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The built-in [[Global navigation satellite systems|GPS]] capabilities and [[List of online map services|mapping]] apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone [[satellite navigation]] [[Personal navigation assistant#Market developments|devices]], and paper [[Road map|map]]s became less common.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesTollonGPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mobile gaming]] on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wijman |first1=Tom |title=Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018|url=https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/|website=newzoo.com|publisher=Newzoo|date=30 April 2018|access-date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing many people to use them in place of [[handheld game consoles]], and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en#view=features_specifications |title=Xperia Play {{!}} PlayStation certified Android mobile |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Sony Ericsson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en |archive-date=August 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review|title=Android handheld of the future. Not today.|last=Lowe|first=Scott|website=IGN|date=July 30, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; People frequently have chosen not to get [[Landline|fixed-line telephone service]] in favor of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|title=Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones|work=[[CBS News]]|date=4 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|title=The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013|date=June 23, 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|archive-date=2014-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Streaming media#Music streaming platforms|Music streaming]] apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite [[Radio receiver|radio]]. [[Streaming media|Streaming video]] services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching [[television]]. People have often stopped wearing [[wristwatch]]es in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of [[alarm clock]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing/ |website=Motherboard.vice.com |publisher=Motherboard |access-date=16 August 2018 |language=en-us |date=10 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobile phones can also be used as a digital [[note taking]], [[text editing]] and [[memorandum]] device whose [[computer]]ization facilitates searching of entries.

Additionally, [[Global Internet usage#Broadband usage|in many lesser technologically developed regions]] smartphones are people's first and only means of [[mobile broadband|Internet access]] due to their portability,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx|title=ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016|publisher=Telecommunication Development Bureau, [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)|access-date=2015-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|reason=Which documents say that, and where?|date=June 2022}} with [[personal computer]]s being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or [[Text messaging|messaging]] in place of using [[fax]] (facsimile) machines. [[Mobile payment|Payment apps and services]] on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. [[Mobile banking]] apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] or teller. [[Guide book]] apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated [[Audio tour#Smartphone tours|audio guide]] equipment.

===Mobile banking and payment===
{{main|Mobile banking|Mobile payment}}

{{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}
[[File:Mobile payment 03.JPG|thumb|Mobile payment system]]
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide [[mobile banking]] services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's [[M-PESA]] mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator [[Safaricom]] to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

[[Branchless banking]] has been successful in South Africa and the [[Philippines]]. A pilot project in [[Bali]] was launched in 2011 by the [[International Finance Corporation]] and an [[Indonesia]]n bank, [[Bank Mandiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html |title=Branchless banking to start in Bali |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another application of mobile banking technology is [[Zidisha]], a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/ |title=&quot;Zidisha Set to &quot;Expand&quot; in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance&quot;, Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 |publisher=Microfinancefocus.com |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in [[Espoo]] were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators [[Globe Telecom|Globe]] and [[Smart Communications|Smart]].

Some mobile phones can make [[mobile payment]]s via direct mobile billing schemes, or through [[contactless payment]]s if the phone and the [[point of sale]] support [[near-field communication]] (NFC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |title=Mobile Payments: Look to Korea |author=Feig, Nancy |publisher=banktech.com |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2010 |title=NFC mobile phone set to explode |author=Ready, Sarah |publisher=connectedplanetonline.com |date=10 November 2009 |access-date=29 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |title=VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments |author=Tofel, Kevin C. |publisher=gigaom.com |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621023021/http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Facsimile===
Some [[mobile app|apps]] allows for sending and receiving [[fax|facsimile (fax)]], over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster [[binary image|bi-level]] graphics) generated directly and digitally from [[document file format|document]] and [[image file formats|image]] file formats.

===Films===
{{also|List of films shot on mobile phones}}
Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film festivals for such films, including the [[SmartFone Flick Fest]] in [[Sydney]], Australia;&lt;ref name=ff&gt;{{cite web |title=SF3 |website=FilmFreeway |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SF3 |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kornits2024&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=The rise and rise of smartphone films – Australia leads the way |website=FilmInk |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/the-rise-and-rise-of-smartphone-films-australia-leads-the-way-2/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dublin Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in [[San Diego]]; the Spanish festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone International Film Festival;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Fletcher |title=Darcy Yuille: One Punch Man |website=FilmInk |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/darcy-yuille-one-punch-man/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto Smartphone Film Festival; New York Mobile Film Festival; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=Short Film of the Week: Idiot-Proof |website=FilmInk |date=13 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/short-film-of-the-week-idiot-proof/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism and issues==

===Social impacts===
====Manufacture====
[[Cobalt]] and [[lithium]] are needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers in cobalt and lithium mining, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] during [[Cobalt#Democratic Republic of the Congo|artisanal mining of cobalt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |website=NPR |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |access-date=10 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The lithium rush in Africa |author= |work=Global Witness |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2025 |url= https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/a-rush-for-lithium-in-africa-risks-fuelling-corruption-and-failing-citizens/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports indicate that thousands of artisanal lithium diggers are working in unsafe conditions, with reports of child labour and miners being buried by a mine collapse, also in [[Zimbabwe]]; and suspected corruption cases in [[Namibia]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2019 [[International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla|a lawsuit]] was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of [[child labor]] in mining cobalt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| year=2023 | title=Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025 | website=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/ | access-date=9 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Use====
{{main|Problematic smartphone use}}

In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].&lt;ref name=Colaner&gt;{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|access-date=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002| s2cid = 9196376 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A &quot;[[smombie]]&quot; (a combination of &quot;smartphone&quot; and &quot;[[zombie]]&quot;) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunday-times&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2016 | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a &quot;mobile lane&quot; for walking in [[Chongqing]], China.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg]], Germany, to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Rick Noack |date=April 25, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ |title=This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don't have to look up |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===While driving===
{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}

[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]

Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last1 = Atchley|first1 = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|issue = 1|pages=134–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&amp;template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070714%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&amp;template=printart|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]&lt;!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--&gt; in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.]]

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|s2cid=205403680|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf | title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group | journal = Social Science Computer Review | doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 | volume = 28 | year = 2010 | pages = 336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas | s2cid = 61640965 | archive-date = March 30, 2024 | access-date = January 24, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091657/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=January 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. In the United States, as of May 2025, 31 states had banned handheld phone use while driving, and 49 states had banned text messaging while driving.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHTSA2025DistractedLaws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Distracted Driving Laws by State |url=https://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/sites/tsm.gov/files/2025-10/distracted-distracted-driving-law-maps-graphic-en-2025-16302-v4-tag.pdf |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |date=October 27, 2025 |access-date=May 31, 2026 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Legal===
{{Main|Smartphone wars}}

A &quot;patent war&quot; between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider &quot;patent wars&quot;]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone operating systems such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

===Security===
{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juniper-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 |title=Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=trustbus11&gt;{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy &amp; Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|first1=Mylonas |last1=Alexios |first2=Tsoumas |last2=Bill |first3=Dritsas |last3=Stelios |first4=Gritzalis |last4=Dimitris }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archive-date=August 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malware risk also comes from what is known as an &quot;update attack&quot;, where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lookout-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Apple's &quot;Find my iPhone&quot; and Google's &quot;Android Device Manager&quot; can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed [[Vault 7]] detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307194849/http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|archive-date=2017-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|magazine=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of [[spyware]], called [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]], developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often{{Em dash}}partly via use of [[Zero-day (computing)|0-day exploits]]{{Em dash}}without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Packet analysis|Analysis of data traffic]] by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this [[pre-installed software]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Haoyu |last2=Patras |first2=Paul |last3=Leith |first3=Douglas J. |title=Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets |date=6 October 2021 |url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/Android_privacy_report.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tech report|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|first1=Murugiah P.|last1=Souppaya|first2=Karen A.|last2=Scarfone|series=Special Publication (NIST SP)|id=800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Health effects ==

=== General effects on health ===

According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shankar|first1=S Barani|last2=Rani|first2=S Leslie|last3=Brundha|first3=M P|date=July 2020|title=Comparison study of factors associated with smartphone addiction among college students|journal=Drug Invention Today|volume=14|issue=7|pages=1165–1168|issn=0975-7619|via=Academic Search Complete}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on cognition and mental health===
{{Main|Digital media use and mental health}}

There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health.

=== Hemorrhoids risk ===

Use of a smartphone while sitting on the toilet has been associated with a higher prevalence of hemorrhoids. A study found that individuals who use a smartphone while sitting on the toilet spend, on average, more time there, and that the likelihood of developing hemorrhoids increases by approximately 46% compared to those who do not use a smartphone while on the toilet (after adjustment for age, sex, and other medical factors).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramprasad2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Ramprasad | first1 = Chethan| last2 = Wu | first2 = Colin| last3 = Chang | first3 = Jocelyn| last4 = Rangan | first4 = Vikram| last5 = Iturrino | first5 = Johanna| last6 = Ballou | first6 = Sarah| last7 = Singh | first7 = Prashant| last8 = Lembo | first8 = Anthony| last9 = Nee | first9 = Judy| last10 = Pasricha | first10 = Trisha| title = Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids| journal = PLOS One| volume = 20| issue = 9| pages = e0329983| date = 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regulation of mobile health applications ===

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 | s2cid = 16910239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sleep===
{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, &quot;Night Mode&quot; functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|access-date=January 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as &quot;[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]&quot;. Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in &quot;[[ego depletion]]&quot;. Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-bluelight&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kalsbeek |first=Andries |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C |title=The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing |publisher=Elsevier |page=382 |isbn=978-0-444-59427-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Luisa |last=Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Restrictions and bans ==
{{Further|Digital detox}}
In some countries authorities make efforts to reduce digital device use, including smartphones among students.

* [[South Korea]] passed nationwide classroom phone ban. The law will come to effect in March 2026. Exceptions allowed for students with disabilities, emergencies and educational purposes. 
* [[France]] and [[Finland]] made partial bans, generally for younger students. 
* [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[China]] created stronger restrictions. The policy improved the situation in Dutch schools.
* In [[Australia]] there are state-level bans. [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] are introducing policies that prohibit phone use during school hours.

&quot;There is significant scientific and medical proof that smartphone addiction has extremely harmful effects on students' brain development and emotional growth,&quot; [[Cho Jung-hun]], who introduced the bill in South Korea told the BBC. Not all students agree this will solve the problem. &quot;Rather than simply taking phones away, I think the first step should be teaching students what they can do without them,&quot; said Seo Min-joon, an 18-year-old high schooler. Another student, aged 13, said that he does not have time to be addicted to his phone due to an overloaded schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=South Korea passes nationwide classroom phone ban to combat youth smartphone addiction |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/32c9667fafd6 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024–2025 Australia and France began to advance legislation which prohibits entirely the use of social media by children under the age of 15–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=France mulls total ban on social media for under 15, digital curfew for teens |url=https://trt.global/world/article/366d24cfd490 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Australia the law came into effect on 10 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |title=Can you ban kids from social media? Australia is about to, but some teens are a step ahead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crk7xgzj8y8o |access-date=7 December 2025 |agency=BBC |date=6 December 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نامزد ٿيل ڊجيٽل ڪئميرن جي تبديلي ==
جيئن 2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ٿي نامزد ٿيل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرن جي وڪري جا انگ اکر تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي ويا ڇاڪاڻ ته موبائل فون ڪئميرا هڪ ڪافي متبادل ڪئميرا طور ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=As iPhone Turns 15, Smartphones Continue to Hurt Camera Sales |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/as-iphone-turns-15-smartphones-continue-to-hurt-camera-sales/6647692.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

موبائل فون ۾ ڪمپيوٽنگ پاور ۾ واڌ تيز تصوير پروسيسنگ ۽ اعليٰ ريزوليوشن فلمنگ کي فعال ڪيو. 2011 ۾ 1080p مڪمل HD حاصل ڪيو ويو ۽ 2013 ۾ 2160p 4K جي رڪاوٽ کي ٽوڙيو ويو. 

ڇاڪاڻ ته نامزد ٿيل ڪئميرا وڌيڪ وسيع ٿي سگهن ٿا, اهي وڏا تصويري سينسر رکي سگهن ٿا ۽ آپٽيڪل زومنگ جي خاصيت رکي سگهن ٿا, بهرحال ڊيزائن ۽ جاءِ جي حدن جي ڪري اسمارٽ فونز ۾ گهٽ بجيٽ واري ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرا تي به ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون نه آهن. جنهن ۾ هڪ گرم-سوپيبل ميموري ڪارڊ ۽ بيٽري, تقريبن بي ترتيب آپريشن لاءِ, فوڪس ڪرڻ ۽ ڪيپچر ڪرڻ ۽ زوم ڪرڻ لاءِ جسماني بٽڻ ۽ نوب, هڪ بولٽ ٿريڊ ٽرپائيڊ ماؤنٽ, هڪ ڪيپيسٽر چارج ٿيل زينون فليش (جيڪو اسمارٽ فونز جي ايل اي ڊي ٽارچ جي چمڪ کان وڌيڪ آهي) ۽ هٿ ۾ شوٽنگ دوران مستحڪم هولڊنگ لاءِ هڪ ايرگونومڪ گرفت (جيڪو وڌيڪ نمائش جي وقت کي فعال بڻائي ٿو) شامل آهن. 

2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر کان وٺي. اسمارٽ فون ٺاهيندڙن محدود حد تائين, مقرر ڪيل ميگنيفڪيشن ليول سان اضافي ريئر ڪيمرا شامل ڪندي, آپٽيڪل زوم جي کوٽ کي نظرانداز ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobile Photography vs. the DSLR {{!}} B&amp;H eXplora |url=https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/hands-review/mobile-photography-vs-dslr |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.bhphotovideo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brad |date=2017-08-16 |title=DSLRs vs. Smartphone Cameras, Compared: The Pros and Cons |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/dslr-vs-smartphone-cameras-comparison/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=MUO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آپريشنل زندگي ==
{{Further|Lithium-ion battery#Lifespan|Planned obsolescence#Batteries}}
[[File:Day_4_Agbogloshie_(25891029818).jpg|thumb|اگبوگبلوشي ۾ اي-فضلو ]]
موبائل فونن ۾ (2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي ٻئي اڌ کان جاري ڪيل) آپريشنل زندگي عام طور تي بلٽ ان بيٽرين جي ڪري محدود هوندي آهي. جيڪي مٽائڻ لاءِ ٺهيل نه آهن. بيٽرين جي زندگي جي توقع پاور ڊيوائس جي استعمال جي شدت تي منحصر آهي. جتي سرگرمي (وڌيڪ استعمال) ۽ وڌيڪ توانائي جي گهرج وارا ڪم بيٽري کي اڳ ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا آهن. 

ليٿيم-آئن ۽ ليٿيم-پوليمر بيٽريون (جيڪي عام طور تي پورٽيبل اليڪٽرانڪس کي طاقت ڏين ٿيون) اضافي طور تي مڪمل چارج ۽ گہرے ڊسچارج چڪرن کان وڌيڪ ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. ۽ جڏهن ڊگهي وقت تائين استعمال نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. جتي خود ڊسچارج نقصانڪار ڊسچارج جي کوٽائي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cycle-life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134| title = Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 196| issue = 8| pages = 3942–3948| year = 2011| last1 = Wang | first1 = J.| last2 = Liu | first2 = P.| last3 = Hicks-Garner | first3 = J.| last4 = Sherman | first4 = E.| last5 = Soukiazian | first5 = S.| last6 = Verbrugge | first6 = M.| last7 = Tataria | first7 = H.| last8 = Musser | first8 = J.| last9 = Finamore | first9 = P.| bibcode = 2011JPS...196.3942W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.057| title = Cycle life testing and modeling of graphite/LiCoO2 cells under different state of charge ranges| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 327| pages = 394–400| year = 2016| last1 = Saxena | first1 = S.| last2 = Hendricks | first2 = C.| last3 = Pecht | first3 = M.| bibcode = 2016JPS...327..394S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Questions and answers related to lithium - ion rechargeable b attery care |url=https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |publisher=PLARAD Torque &amp; Tension Systems |access-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235201/https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٺاهيندڙن ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز کي مرمت کان پوءِ ڪم ڪرڻ کان روڪيو آهي. اجزاء جي منفرد سيريل نمبرن کي ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيندي. تنهن ڪري اهو ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪندو يا بي ترتيب جي صورت ۾ ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي غير فعال ڪندو. اهو متبادل کان پوءِ ٿيندو. سيريل نمبر جي لاڪنگ پهريون ڀيرو 2015 ۾ آئي فون 6 تي دستاويز ڪئي وئي هئي. جيڪو &quot;هوم&quot; بٽڻ جي هڪ سڃاڻپ ٿيل متبادل جي ڪري غير فعال ٿي ويندو. بعد ۾ ايپل ۽ سام سنگ اسمارٽ فونز تي ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي محدود ڪئي وئي. جڏهن وينڊر پاران اختيار نه ڪيل بيٽري جي متبادل جو پتو لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Furqan |date=2021-01-18 |title=Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware Repairs |url=https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Wccftech |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Macworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{portal|Telephones|Internet|Modern history}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[موبائل فون]]
* [[اينڊروئيڊ]]
* موبائيل ڪمپيوٽرن جون فهرستن 
* موبائيل ايپ جي تقسيم وارن پليٽ فارمز جي فهرست
* ميڊيا ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول 
* موبائيل انٽرنيٽ ڊيوائس 
* پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئر 
* اسمارٽ فون ڪِل سوئچ 
* اسمارٽ فون زومبي
{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==نوٽس==
{{notelist}}

==ٻاهرين ڳنڍڻا==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اسمارٽ فون]]
[[زمرو:اينڊرائيڊ]]
[[زمرو:موبائل فون]]
[[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪلائنٽس]]
[[زمرو:ذاتي ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ]]
[[زمرو:صارفين لاءِ اليڪٽرانڪس]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات فراهم ڪندڙ آلات]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]</text>
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
[[فائل:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|200px|left]]
'''اسمارٽ فون''' (smartphones) هڪ موبائل ڊيوائس آهي جيڪو روايتي [[موبائل فون]] (فيچر فون) جي ڪارڪردگي کي جديد ڪمپيوٽنگ صلاحيتن سان گڏ ڪري ٿو. ان ۾ عام طور تي هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين انٽرفيس هوندو آهي، جيڪو صارفين کي ايپليڪيشنن ۽ خدمتن جي وسيع رينج تائين رسائي جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ ويب برائوزنگ، اي ميل، ۽ سوشل ميڊيا، انهي سان گڏ ملٽي ميڊيا پلے بیک ۽ اسٽريمنگ. اسمارٽ فونز ۾ بلٽ ان ڪيمرا، GPS نيويگيشن ۽ مختلف مواصلاتي طريقن لاءِ سپورٽ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ وائس ڪالز، ٽيڪسٽ ميسيجنگ، ۽ انٽرنيٽ تي ٻڌل ميسيجنگ ايپس شامل آهن. اسمارٽ فونز کي پراڻين ڊيزائن جي فيچر فونز کان انهن جي وڌيڪ جديد هارڊويئر صلاحيتن ۽ وسيع موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم، انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي، ڪاروباري ايپليڪيشنون، موبائل ادائيگيون، ۽ ملٽي ميڊيا ڪارڪردگي، جنهن ۾ موسيقي، وڊيو، گيمنگ، ريڊيو ۽ ٽيليويزن شامل آهن، جي ڪري مختلف آهن.

اسمارٽ فونز ۾ عام طور تي ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر &lt;small&gt;(MOS)&lt;/small&gt; انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس، مختلف سينسرز ۽ ڪيترن ئي وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن پروٽوڪولز جي سهولت موجود هوندي آهي. اسمارٽ فون سينسرز جي مثالن ۾ ايڪسلروميٽر، بيروميٽر، گائرو اسڪوپ ۽ ميگنيٽوميٽرز شامل آهن. انهن کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ۽ ٿرڊ پارٽي سافٽ ويئر ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن ڪارڪردگي کي بهتر بڻائي سگهجي. اسمارٽ فونز پاران سپورٽ ڪيل وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن جي معيارن ۾ LTE، 5G NR، وائي فائي، بلوٽوٿ ۽ سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن شامل آهن. سال &lt;small&gt;2020&lt;/small&gt;ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري، ٺاهيندڙن سيٽلائيٽ ميسيجنگ ۽ ايمرجنسي سروسز کي شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن سان انهن جي افاديت انهن ڏورانهن علائقن تائين وڌي وئي جتي قابل اعتماد سيلولر ڪوريج موجود نه هئي. اسمارٽ فونز گهڻي حد تائين پرسنل ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ (PDA) ڊوائيسز، هٿ ۾ رکڻ جهڙن ننڍن پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر، پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئرز (PMP)، پوائنٽ-اينڊ-شوٽ ڪئميرا، ڪيمڪارڊر ۽ ڪجهه حد تائين هٿ ۾ رکڻ وارن وڊيو گيم ڪنسول، اي-ريڊر ڊوائيس، پاڪيٽ ڪيلڪيوليٽرز ۽ GPS ٽريڪنگ يونٽن جي جاءِ ورتي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Islam |first=Zak |date=30 December 2012 |title=Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=Tom's Hardware |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Wikipedia homepage on a large Android phone, 2015-04-16.jpg|thumb|نيڪسس 6 (Nexus 6)، جيڪو هڪ [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] اسمارٽ فون آهي، [[انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا]] جو مکيه صفحو ڏيکاري رهيو آهي.]]
2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ آئي فون (iPhone) جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت کانپوءِ، اڪثر اسمارٽ فونز پتلي، سليٽ جهڙي شڪل ۽ وڏين ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرينن سان ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جن ۾ فزيڪل ڪيبورڊ جي بدران ملٽي ٽچ اشارن جي سهولت موجود آهي. اڪثر جديد اسمارٽ فونز ۾ اها صلاحيت هوندي آهي ته صارف هڪ مرڪزي ايپ اسٽور تان اضافي ايپليڪيشنون ڊائون لوڊ يا خريد ڪري سگهن. انهن ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪلائوڊ اسٽوريج، ڪلائوڊ سنڪرونائيزيشن ۽ ورچوئل اسسٽنٽس جي سهولت هوندي آهي. 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان وٺي، بهتر هارڊويئر ۽ تيز رفتار وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن اسمارٽ فون انڊسٽري جي ترقي کي هٿي ڏني آهي. 2014ع تائين، سڄي دنيا ۾ هر سال هڪ ارب کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فونز وڪرو ٿيندا هئا. صرف 2019ع ۾، سڄي دنيا ۾ 1.54 ارب اسمارٽ فون يونٽس موڪليا ويا؛ سال 2020ع تائين، دنيا جي آبادي جو 75.05 سيڪڙو ماڻهو اسمارٽ فون استعمال ڪندڙ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#topicOverview | title=Topic: Smartphones }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال ڪجهه حد تائين سهولت ۽ زندگي جي اطمينان سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، پر ان سان جسماني، ذهني ۽ ادراڪي (cognitive) صحت تي مختلف منفي اثر پڻ سڃاتا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagong2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Sagong | first1 = H.| last2 = Yoon | first2 = J. Y.| title = The effects of smartphone use on life satisfaction in older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms| journal = CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing| volume = 40| issue = 8| pages = 523-530| date = 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''سمارٽ فون''' يا ذهين فون (Smartphone) [[عام فون]] جي نسبت ۾ ڪافي خصوصيتن جو مالڪ هوندو آهي.

, 
==تاريخ==

پهرين ڪمرشل اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر. 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز. سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') پاران 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا. * 

شروعاتي اسمارٽ فونز بنيادي طور تي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ڏانهن مارڪيٽ ڪيا ويا، سيلولر ٽيليفوني جي مدد سان اسٽينڊ اڪيلو PDA ڊوائيسز جي ڪارڪردگي کي پل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، پر انهن جي وڏي شڪ، مختصر بيٽري جي زندگي، سست اينالاگ سيلولر نيٽ ورڪ، ۽ وائرليس ڊيٽا سروسز جي ناپختگي جي ڪري محدود هئا. اهي مسئلا آخرڪار MOS ٽرانزسٽرز جي ايڪسپونشنل اسڪيلنگ ۽ مينيچرائيزيشن سان حل ڪيا ويا ذيلي مائڪرون سطحن تائين (مور جو قانون)، بهتر ليٿيم آئن بيٽري، تيز ڊجيٽل موبائل ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ (ايڊ هولم جو قانون)، ۽ وڌيڪ پختو سافٽ ويئر پليٽ فارم جيڪي موبائل ڊوائيس ايڪو سسٽم کي ڊيٽا فراهم ڪندڙن کان آزاد طور تي ترقي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏين ٿا. * اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (ٻن لفظن ۾) 1980 کان پريس ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1985 کان، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1987 کان. اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (هڪ ننڍي لفظ جي طور تي) پهريون ڀيرو 1997 ۾ ايريڪسن پاران هڪ نئين ڊوائيس تصور، GS88 کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. پهرين تجارتي اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا.

==هارڊويئر==
[[File:Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg|thumb|هڪ اهڙو اسمارٽ فون جنهن جي مٿئين حصي ۾ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر لڳل آهي، جنهن کي ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو.]]&lt;!--Please replace with more close-up picture when found.--&gt;
{{Further|موبائيل فون جون خاصيتون}}

هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي &lt;small&gt;'''ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt;) انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس هونديون آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ اربن ننڍڙا ”&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt; فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽرز“ (&lt;small&gt;MOSFETs&lt;/small&gt;) موجود هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference |url=https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217200937/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ هيٺيون '''موس &lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt; چپس''' هونديون آهن: &lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;  

* ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر (CMOS سسٽم-آن-ا-چپ)
* فليش ميموري (فلوٽنگ-گيٽ MOS ميموري)
* سيلولر موڊيم (بيس بينڊ RF CMOS)
* RF ٽرانسيوور (RF CMOS)
* فون ڪئميرا جو اميج سينسر (CMOS اميج سينسر)
* پاور مينيجمينٽ انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (پاور MOSFETs)
*ڊسپلي ڊرائيور (LCD يا LED ڊرائيور) 
*وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن چپس (وائي-فائي، بلوٽوٿ، GPS رسيور) 
*ساؤنڊ چپ (آڊيو ڪوڊيڪ ۽ پاور ايمپليفائر) 
*جائيروسڪوپ (Gyroscope) 
*ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرين ڪنٽرولر (ASIC ۽ DSP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Joel |chapter=Touchscreen technology basics &amp; a new development |title=2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference Presentation Slides |date=May 2010 |volume=6 |publisher=CMOS Emerging Technologies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&amp;pg=PA34 |isbn=9781927500057 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
*RF پاور ايمپليفائر (LDMOS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |archive-date=2014-05-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baliga2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Baliga |first1=B. Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StJpDQAAQBAJ |title=Silicon RF Power MOSFETS |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812561213 |author1-link=B. Jayant Baliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asif&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT128 |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NXP-LDMOS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=LDMOS Products and Solutions |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |access-date=4 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪجهه فونن ۾ ايف ايم (FM) ريڊيو رسيور، نوٽيفڪيشن لاءِ هارڊويئر LED، ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال لاءِ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر پڻ لڳل هوندا آهن. ڪجهه ماڊلز ۾ اضافي سينسرز، جهڙوڪ ماحولياتي گرمي پد ماپڻ لاءِ ٿرماميٽر، نمي ماپڻ لاءِ هائيگرو ميٽر، ۽ الٽرا وائلٽ شعاعن کي ماپڻ لاءِ سينسر پڻ هوندا آهن.

خاص مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيل ڪجهه اسمارٽ فون ۾ &lt;small&gt;'''غير معمولي هارڊويئر'''&lt;/small&gt;، جهڙوڪ &lt;small&gt;'''پروجيڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;Samsung&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Beam&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;i8520 ۽ Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530&lt;/small&gt;)، آپٽيڪل زوم لينس (&lt;small&gt;Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ۽ Samsung Galaxy K&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Zoom&lt;/small&gt;)، ٿرمل ڪئميرا ۽ حتيٰ ته &lt;small&gt;PMR446&lt;/small&gt; (واڪي-ٽاڪي ريڊيو) ٽرانسيوور لڳل هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camera and thermal imaging Review |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/cat-s60-camera-and-thermal-imaging-page-3 |website=Trusted Reviews |language=en |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Purvi |title=Ulefone Armor 3T Review: A Digital Walkie-Talkie Smartphone |url=https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |website=Veditto |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419231512/https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |archive-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

=== سينٽرل پروسيسنگ يونٽ ===
اسمارٽ فون ۾ سينٽرل پراسيسنگ يونٽ &lt;small&gt;(CPUs)&lt;/small&gt; هوندا آهن، جيڪا ڪمپيوٽر ۾ موجود &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جهڙا ئي هوندا آهن، پر ان کي گهٽ توانائي واري ماحول ۾ هلائڻ لاءِ خاص طور تي ترتيب ڏنو ويو هوندو آهي. اسمارٽ فونز ۾، &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; عام طور تي ڪامپليمينٽري ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر(&lt;small&gt;CMOS&lt;/small&gt;) سسٽم-آن-آ-چپ (&lt;small&gt;system-on-a-chip&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;SoC)&lt;/small&gt; ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر ۾ ضم ٿيل هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;   

موبائل جي &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي جو دارومدار نه رڳو ڪلاڪ ريٽ (جيڪو عام طور تي هرٽز جي ضربن ۾ ٻڌايو ويندو آهي) تي هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title = CPU Frequency
 | work = CPU World Glossary
 | publisher = CPU World
 | date = 25 March 2008
 | url = http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html
 | access-date =1 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ميموري جي ترتيب (&lt;small&gt;memory&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;hierarchy&lt;/small&gt;) تي پڻ هوندو آهي. انهن چئلينجن جي ڪري، موبائل فون &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي کي اڪثر ڪري انهن اسڪورز (&lt;small&gt;scores&lt;/small&gt;) ذريعي وڌيڪ صحيح طور تي بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي عام طور تي استعمال ٿيندڙ ايپليڪيشن ۾ حقيقي اثرائتي ڪارڪردگي ماپڻ لاءِ مختلف معياري ٽيسٽ آهن. 

===Buttons===
[[File:TouchWiz 2013 device options.png|thumb|upright|&quot;Device options&quot; menu of Samsung Mobile's [[TouchWiz]] user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second]]
[[File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg|thumb|The [[HTC Desire]], a 2010 smartphone with [[optical trackpad]] and search button]]

Smartphones are typically equipped with a power button and volume buttons. Some pairs of volume buttons are unified. Some are equipped with a dedicated camera shutter button. Units for outdoor use may be equipped with an &quot;SOS&quot; emergency call and &quot;PTT&quot; ([[push-to-talk]] button). The presence of physical front-side buttons such as the [[home button|home]] and navigation buttons has decreased throughout the 2010s, increasingly becoming replaced by capacitive touch sensors and simulated (on-screen) buttons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Athow |first1=Desire |title=Best rugged smartphones of 2021: waterproof, shockproof and IP68 mobiles |url=https://www.techradar.com/best/best-rugged-smartphones |website=TechRadar |access-date=18 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As with classic mobile phones, early smartphones such as the [[Samsung Omnia II]] were equipped with buttons for accepting and declining phone calls. Due to the advancements of functionality besides phone calls, these have increasingly been replaced by navigation buttons such as &quot;menu&quot; (also known as &quot;options&quot;), &quot;back&quot;, and &quot;tasks&quot;. Some early 2010s smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire]] were additionally equipped with a &quot;Search&quot; button (🔍) for quick access to a web search engine or apps' internal search feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/13/the-menu-navigation-button-has-finally-been-retired-in-android-10/ |language=en |title=The menu navigation button has finally been retired in Android 10 |author=Corbin Davenport |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2013, smartphones' home buttons started integrating [[fingerprint scanner]]s, starting with the [[iPhone 5s]] and [[Samsung Galaxy S5]].

Functions may be assigned to button combinations. For example, [[screenshot]]s can usually be taken using the home and power buttons, with a short press on iOS and one-second holding Android OS, the two most popular mobile operating systems. On smartphones with no physical home button, usually the volume-down button is instead pressed with the power button. Some smartphones have a screenshot and possibly [[screencast]] shortcuts in the navigation button bar or the power button menu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Krasnoff |first1=Barbara |title=How to take screenshots on your iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/21340137/apple-iphone-screenshots-ios-how-to-take |website=The Verge |access-date=21 June 2021 |language=en |date=2020-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Take Screenshot on LG G3 (3 Methods) |url=https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-take-screenshot-on-lg-g3/ |website=DroidViews |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2014-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=4 Ways To Take a Screenshot on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra - NaldoTech |url=https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2020-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204222/https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Display===
{{main|Display device}}

[[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone touchscreen]]
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the [[Display device|screen]]. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] of [[16:9]], but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as possible.

====Screen sizes====
[[File:Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile phone front face logged in screen.jpg|thumb|Blackview A60 Andoid Go mobile phone smartphone cell phone showing the front-facing camera is put in notch display]]
Screen sizes are measured in diagonal [[inch]]es. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called &quot;[[phablet]]s&quot;. Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and &quot;edge-to-edge&quot; designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonearena-s7edgenotphablet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5&quot; Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2&quot; devices|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galaxy-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482|website=PhoneArena|date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-phabletpytha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017|url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-s8aspectratio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110244/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Panel types====
[[Liquid-crystal display]]s (LCDs) and [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by [[Wacom (company)|Wacom]] and [[Samsung]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=M. J.|date=1987-04-01|title=Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications|volume=7|issue=4|pages=31–44|doi=10.1109/MCG.1987.276869|bibcode=1987ICGA....7d..31W |s2cid=16707568|issn=0272-1716}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Apple's [[Force Touch]] system. A few phones, such as the [[YotaPhone]] prototype, are equipped with a low-power [[electronic paper]] rear display, as used in [[e-book reader]]s.

====Alternative input methods====
[[File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png|thumb|Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a [[Google Chromium]] derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the [[tabbed browsing|tab]] list using the stylus on a [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4]].]]
[[File:HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg|thumb|Optical track pad sensor of an [[HTC Legend]], 2010]]

Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a [[stylus]] for higher precision input and hovering detection or a [[Touchscreen#Self-capacitance|self-capacitive touch screen]]s layer for floating finger detection. The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the [[Samsung Galaxy S4]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]], [[Samsung Galaxy S5|S5]], [[Samsung Galaxy Alpha|Alpha]], and [[Sony Xperia Sola]], making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far.

Hovering can enable preview [[tooltip]]s such as on the [[video player]]'s seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the [[dial pad]], as well as [[lock screen]] animations, and the simulation of a [[mouseover|hover]]ing [[mouse cursor]] on web sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How does Air view work? |url=https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |website=Samsung Galaxy site |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028203958/https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |archive-date=2016-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floating touch™ – Developer World |url=http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003815/http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Change Unlock Effect on Galaxy S4 Lock Screen |url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |website=Android Widget Center |language=en |date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609051907/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |archive-date=2013-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to relevant tools such as digital [[post-it note]]s and highlighting of text and elements when dragging while pressed, resembling drag selection using a [[computer mouse]]. Some series such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] and [[LG G Stylus]] series have an integrated tray to store the stylus in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |website=Android Authority |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012837/https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Few devices such as the [[iPhone 6s]] until [[iPhone Xs]] and [[Huawei Mate S]] are equipped with a [[Force Touch|pressure-sensitive touch screen]], where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Lance |last=Whitney |date=2019-07-08|title=How to Use and Control 3D Touch on Your iPhone|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gallery/121589/how-to-use-and-control-3d-touch-on-your-iphone|access-date=2021-04-02|website=PCMag UK|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zibreg|first=Christian|date=2015-10-28|title=Apple rejects Gravity, a 3D Touch-based iPhone 6s digital scale app|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2015/10/28/apple-pulls-gravity-app/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire|HTC Desire (Bravo)]] and [[HTC Legend]] are equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HTC Bravo: TMO UK Nexus One Plus Optical Trackpad – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2010/01/21/htc-bravo-tmo-uk-nexus-one-plus-optical-trackpad/ |website=phandroid.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=21 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Notification light====
[[File:Notification_LED.webm|thumb|right]]
{{Main article|Notification LED}}

Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power [[light-emitting diode]]s besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption.

To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue ([[RGB]]) are able to create a multitude of colour combinations.

===Sensors===
Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications.

====Common sensors====
[[Accelerometer]]s and [[gyroscope]]s enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include [[bubble level]] simulation. An [[ambient light sensor]] allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an [[RGB sensor]] enables the adaption of screen colour.

Many mobile phones are also equipped with a [[barometer]] sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since 2012 with the [[Galaxy S3]], and Apple since 2014 with the [[iPhone 6]]. It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude.

A [[magnetometer]] can act as a [[digital magnetic compass|digital compass]] by measuring [[Earth's magnetic field]].

====Rare sensors====
Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 [[Galaxy S5]] and [[Galaxy Note 4]] with a [[heart rate]] sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-25|title=How to Use Heart Rate Sensor on Note 4 as a Shutter Button|url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Android Widget Center|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163525/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/ |archive-date=2021-06-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So far, only the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy S4]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]] are equipped with an [[thermometer|ambient temperature sensor]] and a [[hygrometer|humidity sensor]], and only the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4|Note 4]] with an [[ultraviolet]] radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2013-04-10|title=Hidden innovation in the Galaxy S4|url=https://www.sammobile.com/2013/04/10/hidden-innovation-in-the-galaxy-s4/|access-date=|website=SamMobile|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Ray|title=Playing with the Note 4's UV and SpO2 sensors|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Playing-with-the-Note-4s-UV-and-SpO2-sensors_id60358|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Phone Arena|date=September 6, 2014 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rear infrared [[laser]] beam for distance measurement can enable [[time-of-flight camera]] functionality with accelerated [[autofocus]], as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting with [[LG G3]] and [[LG V10]].

Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet.

===Storage===
While [[eMMC]] (''embedded multi media card'') [[flash storage]] was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, [[Universal Flash Storage|UFS]] (''Universal Flash Storage'') with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Odunayo |title=eMMC or UFS: Understanding new generation of mobile phone storage |url=https://www.dignited.com/23879/emmc-or-ufs-mobile-phone-storage/ |website=Dignited |date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Capacity
While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with [[Samsung Telecommunications|Samsung]] for example increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512 GB within only 2{{1/2}} years between 2016 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Russell |title=Understanding Smartphone Storage – How much storage does your phone need? |url=https://www.lifewire.com/smartphone-buying-guides-577502 |website=Lifewire |date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Starts Producing First 512-Gigabyte Universal Flash Storage for Next-Generation Mobile Devices |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171204006182/en/Samsung-Starts-Producing-512-Gigabyte-Universal-Flash-Storage |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gottsegen |first1=Gordon |title=Samsung is bringing a huge 512GB memory chip to its phones |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-512gb-memory-chip-announcement/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2017-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=US will only receive 32GB Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/us-getting-32gb-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-675313/ |website=Android Authority |date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Memory cards====
[[File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG|thumb|Inserted memory and SIM cards]]
{{main article|MicroSD#Mobile phones}}

The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using [[MicroSD#Mobile phones|MicroSD]] [[memory card]]s, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ {{section link|SD_card|2009–2019: SDXC}}). Benefits over [[USB on the go]] storage and [[cloud storage]] include [[offline]] availability and [[privacy]], not reserving and protruding from the [[charging port]], no connection instability or [[latency (engineering)|latency]], no dependence on voluminous [[data plan]]s, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between devices by changing memory cards, large-scale [[data backup]]s can be created offline, and data can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-us |title=MicroSD vs. cloud storage: Which do you prefer? |url=https://news.wirefly.com/2013/05/31/microsd-vs-cloud-storage-which-do-you-prefer |website=phonedog.com |date=31 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-nz |title=Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage |url=https://www.ni.com/en-nz/support/documentation/supplemental/12/understanding-life-expectancy-of-flash-storage.html |website=www.ni.com |date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=How to back up your Android phone |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/backup-android-phone-708622/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In case of technical [[brick (electronics)|defects]] which make the device unusable or [[boot (computing)|unbootable]] as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, [[bendgate|bending damage]], [[malware]], or bogus [[software update|system update]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Popa |first1=Bogdan |title=Xiaomi Ships Android 11 Update, Completely Bricks Devices |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/xiaomi-ships-android-11-update-completely-bricks-devices-531859.shtml |website=softpedia |language=english |date=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; etc., data stored on the memory card is likely [[data recovery|rescueable]] externally, while data on the inaccessible internal storage would be [[data loss|lost]]. A memory card can usually{{efn|Presuming common [[file system]] support, which is usually given. Some software-specific data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device.}} immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior [[file transfer]]s.

Some [[dual-SIM]] mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a [[SIM card]] or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM and memory card usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kaufberatung: Smartphones mit Dual-SIM und Micro-SD |url=https://www.techstage.de/ratgeber/kaufberatung-smartphones-mit-dual-sim-und-micro-sd/3t4xzm3 |website=TechStage |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=de |date=2019-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Physical location
The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies [[hot swapping]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to increase internal memory on the Galaxy Note 4 |url=https://www.nextpit.com/how-to-increase-internal-memory-on-galaxy-note-4 |website=NextPit |date=July 5, 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thorn |first1=Thomas |title=Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/samsung-galaxy-s4-mini-1137603/review |website=TechRadar |language=en |date=2013-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hidalgo |first1=Jason |title=Replace the SIM &amp; Memory Card in a Samsung Galaxy S7 or S7 Edge |url=https://www.lifewire.com/install-sim-memory-galaxy-s7-4023729 |website=Lifewire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy Fit]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Ace|Ace]] have a sideways memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 review: Ace in the hole |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_ace_s5830-review-573.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=1 |date=2011-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====File transfer====
Originally, [[mass storage]] access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the [[Media Transfer Protocol]] as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common [[file system]] support, as communication is done through an [[abstraction layer]].

However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and [[random access]] of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Happened To Mass Storage &amp; File Management? [Updated] - Mobility Arena - Mobile Phone, Smartphone, Cell Phone Reviews |url=https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |website=mobilityarena.com |date=2011-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100252/https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |archive-date=2021-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sound===
Some audio quality enhancing features, such as [[Voice over LTE]] and [[HD Voice]] have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in [[long-distance call]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it|title=Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It|first=Jeff|last=Hecht|work=[[IEEE]]|date=September 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible|title=Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?|first=Elena|last=Malykhina|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audio quality can be improved using a [[VoIP]] application over [[Wi-Fi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/whats-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681|title=What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?|first=Alan|last=Henry|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Lifehacker|date=May 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a [[speakerphone]] feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

Some mobile phones such as the [[HTC One M8]] and the [[Sony Xperia Z2]] are equipped with [[stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Andrew |title=HTC One M8 BoomSound speakers are loud and proud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-speaker-comparison/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Audio connector====
The [[Phone connector (audio)#Miniature size|3.5mm headphone receptible]] ([[colloquialism|coll.]] &quot;''headphone jack''&quot;) allows the immediate operation of passive [[headphone]]s, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port side) than on the top of the device.

The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple [[iPhone 7]]. An [[adapter]] reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug.

Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth [[transceiver]] and a battery with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Was ditching the headphone jack a good idea? |url=https://www.soundguys.com/was-ditching-the-headphone-jack-a-good-idea-13825/ |website=SoundGuys |date=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Battery===
Smartphones typically feature [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] or [[lithium-polymer battery|lithium-polymer batteries]] due to their high [[energy density|energy densities]].

Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Fixes of Unexpected Phone Shutoffs - RTCL ... rtcl.eecs.umich.edu › assets › 2020 |url=https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2020/youngmoon-mobisys20.pdf |date=2020-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Battery capacity may be reduced to 80% after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jasieniak |first1=Jacek |title=Explainer: how to extend your phone's battery life |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-to-extend-your-phones-battery-life-80958 |website=The Conversation |date=July 31, 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.ukm.my/jqma/v10_1/jqma-10-1-paper4.pdf |title=Modelling of Charge/Discharge Cycle of Lithium Ion Battery System |first1=Ho Kar |last1=Yee |first2=Sivakumar |last2=Ramakrishnan |first3=Ahmad Azmin |last3=Mohamad |journal=Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=2014 |pages=39–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Some mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for [[Planned obsolescence#Batteries|planned obsolescence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Planned obsolescence: the outrage of our electronic waste mountain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/the-right-to-repair-planned-obsolescence-electronic-waste-mountain |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Charging====
[[File:Cheero powerbank &amp; Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg|thumb|A high-capacity portable [[battery charger]] ([[Battery charger#Power bank|''power bank'']])]]

Due to limitations of [[electrical current]]s that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle, charging protocols which make use of elevated [[voltages]] such as [[Qualcomm Quick Charge]] and [[MediaTek Pump Express]] have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a device needs to be attached to a power source.

The smartphone's integrated [[charge controller]] (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a supported [[mobile phone charger|charger]]. &quot;[[VOOC]]&quot; by Oppo, also marketed as &quot;dash charge&quot;, took the counter approach and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later, [[USB Power Delivery]] (''USB-PD'') was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Sumukh |title=Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo VOOC vs USB-PD - TechPP |url=https://techpp.com/2020/04/09/qualcomm-quick-charge-vs-oneplus-warp-charge-vs-oppo-vooc-vs-usb-pd/ |website=techpp.com |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 [[watt]]s in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222405/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20 Watts in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Nick |title=How it works: Dash Charge fast charging on the OnePlus 3 |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/How-it-works-Dash-Charge-fast-charging-on-the-OnePlus-3_id82646 |website=Phone Arena |date=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 45 watts in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Byford |first1=Sam |title=Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |website=The Verge |language=en |date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation of the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PSA: The Galaxy S8 and S8+ doesn't actually Fast Charge while you're using it – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2017/05/11/samsung-galaxy-s8-plus-wont-fast-charge-problems/ |website=phandroid.com |date=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is powered off}}

[[Wireless charging]] has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with [[Qi (standard)|''Qi'']] being the most common standard, followed by [[Powermat]]. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission, charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging rates.

By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6 phones with the best battery life|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-battery-life/|access-date=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-customer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html|access-date=September 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Kendrick |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/ |title=The secret behind poor smartphone battery life|work=ZDNet |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-years/ |title=Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external &quot;battery packs&quot;. External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that &quot;piggyback&quot; onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the [[Galaxy Note 7]] smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/|title=Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas|date=May 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For consumer convenience, [[inductive charging|wireless charging]] stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/|title=The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Power management====
A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC) of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a few hundred milliwatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Frumusanu |first1=Andrei |title=Analysing AMOLED Power Efficiency Improvements |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623204043/http://anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=2015-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cameras===
{{main|Camera phone|Digital camera|Videophone}}

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. {{As of|2019}} phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Images are usually saved in the [[JPEG]] file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s also have [[Raw image format|RAW]] imaging capability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Shoot Photos in DNG/RAW on Samsung Galaxy S7 |url=https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |website=Android Beat {{!}} Android News, Hacks, Apps, Tips &amp; Reviews Blog |access-date=19 August 2021 |language=en-us |date=24 April 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213752/https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nikam |first1=Sohil |title=Samsung Dropping RAW Image Support Into Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge Via Android 5.1.1 Update - TechShout |url=https://www.techshout.com/samsung-to-bless-galaxy-s6-and-s6-edge-with-raw-photo-support-via-android-5-1-1-update/ |website=www.techshout.com |access-date=19 August 2021 |date=2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Space constraints====
Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for &quot;[[selfie]]s&quot; and [[video chat]]. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for [[image sensor]]s and [[Lens|optics]], rear-facing cameras are often housed in a &quot;bump&quot; that is thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose ([[Telephoto lens|telephoto]], [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]], etc.).

Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera module while increasing [[ergonomy]], as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with [[Image stabilization#Optical image stabilization|optical image stabilisation]] (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus [[Raw image format|RAW]] images. [[High-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]], &quot;[[Bokeh]] mode&quot; with multi lenses and multi-shot [[Night mode camera|night mode]]s are now also familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019 |url=https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512034618/https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |archive-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via [[computational photography]] [[Digital image processing|image processing]] and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

====Dedicated camera button====
Some mobile phones such as the [[Samsung i8000 Omnia 2]], some [[Nokia Lumia]]s and some [[Sony Xperia]]s are equipped with a physical camera shutter button.

Those with two pressure levels resemble the [[point-and-shoot]] intuition of dedicated [[compact camera]]s. The camera button may be used as a [[shortcut (computing)|shortcut]] to quickly and [[ergonomy|ergonomically]] launch the camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button.

===Back cover materials===
Back covers of smartphones are typically made of [[polycarbonate]], aluminium, or glass. Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the [[Galaxy S5]] or leathered on the [[Galaxy Note 3]] and [[Note 4]].

While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less &quot;premium&quot; among [[fashion]]- and [[fad|trend]]-oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock absorption, greater [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass, which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of radio signals or wireless power like metal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=A Discussion on Material Choices in Mobile |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031624/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 9, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=2014-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bring back plastic phones. |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/bring-back-plastic-phones-1004824/ |website=Android Authority |date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benefits And Applications Of Polycarbonates |url=https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |website=Tuflite |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411235448/https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/ |website=Android Authority |date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Accessories===
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including [[Mobile phone accessories#Cases|cases]], [[#Memory_cards|memory card]]s, [[screen protector]]s, [[Battery charger#Mobile phone charger|chargers]], [[wireless charging|wireless power]] stations, [[USB On-The-Go]] adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), [[Mobile High-Definition Link|MHL]] adapters, add-on batteries, [[power bank]]s, [[headphones]], combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct [[Telephone call|call]]s on the device without holding it to the ear), and [[Bluetooth]]-enabled [[powered speaker]]s that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a &quot;book&quot;-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some &quot;book&quot;-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as [[wallet]]s.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

However, some companies, like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to &quot;reduce [[carbon footprint]]&quot;, etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters.
==سافٽ ويئر==
: موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست: وڪرو: استعمال: تنقيد ۽ مسئلا: صحت تي اثر: پابنديون ۽ روڪون: مخصوص ڊجيٽل ڪيمرائن جي جاءِ وٺڻ: عمر (استعمال جو مدو):

=== موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم ===
{{Main|موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم}}

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم (Mobile OS) فون، ٽيبليٽ، اسمارٽ واچ يا ٻين موبائل ڊوائيسز لاءِ هڪ آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهي. عالمي سطح تي, استعمال جي حصيداري جي بنياد تي, [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] ۽ [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] ٻه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهن.[[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] 2013 کان وٺي سڀني ڊوائيسز تي عالمي سطح تي بهترين وڪرو ٿيندڙ او ايس رهيو آهي. 

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم هڪ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر آپريٽنگ سسٽم جي خاصيتن کي گڏ ڪن ٿا ٻين خاصيتن سان جيڪي موبائل يا هٿ ۾ استعمال لاءِ ڪارآمد آهن. عام طور تي شامل آهن. ۽ جديد موبائل سسٽم ۾ ضروري سمجهيا وڃن ٿا انهن مان گھڻا, هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين. سيلولر فون, بلوٽوٿ. وائي فائي محفوظ رسائي. وائي فائي. گلوبل پوزيشننگ سسٽم (GPS) موبائل نيويگيشن. وڊيو- ۽ سنگل فريم تصوير ڪئميرا. تقرير جي سڃاڻپ. وائس رڪارڊر. ميوزڪ پليئر. ويجهو فيلڊ ڪميونيڪيشن. ۽ انفراريڊ بلاسٽر. 2018 جي پهرين ٽه ماهي تائين &lt;small&gt;383&lt;/small&gt; ملين کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فون وڪرو ڪيا ويا جن مان &lt;small&gt;85.9&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو اينڊرائيڊ هلائي رهيا هئا. &lt;small&gt;14.1&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] (iOS) ۽ ٻين او ايس هلائيندڙ اسمارٽ فونز جو هڪ گهٽ تعداد  هلائي رهيا هئا. صرف اينڊرائيڊ مشهور ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ سسٽم ونڊوز کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي. ۽ عام طور تي. اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال (ٽيبليٽ کان سواءِ به) ڊيسڪ ٽاپ جي استعمال کان وڌيڪ آهي. ٻيا مشهور موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم فلائيم او ايس ۽ هارموني او ايس آهن.

mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an [[operating system]] for phones, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[smartwatch]]es, or other [[mobile device]]s. Globally, Android and [[IOS]] are the two most used mobile operating systems based on [[Usage share of operating systems|usage share]], with the former having been the best selling OS globally on all devices since 2013.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a [[personal computer]] operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a [[touchscreen]], [[Cellular network|cellular]], Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) mobile navigation, [[video camera|video-]] and [[digital camera|single-frame picture cameras]], [[speech recognition]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recorder]], [[portable media player|music player]], [[near-field communication]], and [[infrared blaster]]. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=May 29, 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use. Other well-known mobile operating systems are [[Flyme OS]] and [[Harmony OS]].
[[File:20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra]] has an [[artificial intelligence]]-powered feature.]]
Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems{{Em dash}}the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary [[real-time operating system]] which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious [[base station]]s to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Thom Holwerda |website=[[OSNews]] |date=November 12, 2013 |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/27416/the-second-operating-system-hiding-in-every-mobile-phone/ |title=The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--

The below list and subsequent details in it are unwarranted for the scope of this article. It is better replaced by a link to corresponding main article (see above). Even if any reason the below needs to be retained, a single paragraph summarising entire contents, should be enough.

====Android====
{{Main article|Android (operating system)}}
[[File:Android OS.jpg|thumb|Several smartphones running Google's Android OS]]
[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (based on the modified [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system developed by [[Google Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OS MS 3Q10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent |date=November 10, 2010 |publisher=Gartner, Inc |at=Table 2 |access-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113073826/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for [[Turing machine|general purpose computers]] (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) [[personal computer]]s (PCs). Although the Android operating system is [[free and open-source software]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ICS is coming to AOSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/android-building/msg/c0e01b4619a1455a |title=ICS is coming to AOSP}}&lt;/ref&gt; in devices sold, much of the software [[Product bundling|bundled]] with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is [[proprietary software]] and closed source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903011541/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=December 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged since Android 4.0. The current Android version is [[Android Pie|9.0 Pie]].

Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items, except for the first and second releases.

Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own [[List_of_custom_Android_distributions|modified versions]] of the operating system.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianfrag&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Android fragmentation 'worse than ever' – but OpenSignal says that's good|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/android-fragmentation-visualised-opensignal|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 1, 2013|date=July 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====iOS====
{{Main article|iOS}}
[[iOS]] (formerly named iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system from [[Apple Inc.]] It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|title=Apple Took 89% Of Q4 Smartphone Profits With Android OEMs In A Race To The Bottom|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110736/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|archive-date=July 15, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system. The [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]] and second or third-generation [[Apple TV]] all use [[iOS]], which is derived from [[macOS]].

Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, &quot;[[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]]&quot; allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.

Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by [[Foxconn]] or another of Apple's partners.

====Sailfish OS====
{{main article|Sailfish OS}}

[[Sailfish OS]] is from [[Jolla]]. It is open source with [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is [[proprietary software]] (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI. Using third party software extends usability but does not make the OS code close, in the same way as preinstalled Microsoft Word (closed source) on a Linux device does not make Linux closed source.

After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the [[MeeGo]] project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and [[Mer (software distribution)|Mer]] business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the [[Jolla (mobile phone)|Jolla smartphone]], was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, [[Jolla Tablet]] was launched and the [[BRICS]] countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.

Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake.

====Tizen====
{{main article|Tizen}}

[[Tizen]] (based on the [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system hosted by [[Linux Foundation]], together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]].

Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) devices, and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the [[WebKit]] runtime. According to Intel, Tizen &quot;combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo.&quot; [[HTML5]] apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the &quot;future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5.&quot; Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |title=Welcome to Tizen! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013071516/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |website=Tizen.org |date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ricker |first=Thomas |date=September 28, 2011 |url=http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |title=MeeGo is dead: Meet Tizen, another new open source OS based on Linux |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051802/http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |website=Thisismynext.com |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|title=Tizen 2.1 SDK and Source Code Release|publisher=Tizen.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730123852/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|archive-date=July 30, 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone.

====Ubuntu Touch====
{{main article|Ubuntu Touch}}

[[Ubuntu Touch]] is from [[Canonical Ltd.]] It is open source and uses the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;/&gt; The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an [[LXC]] container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|title=ContainerArchitecture|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|archive-date=October 31, 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for cloud and IoT, rather than phone and convergence|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/(&quot;Foundation&quot; paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to takeover the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-blog-1/post/is-ubuntu-touch-dead-56|title=Is Ubuntu Touch Dead?|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/foundation/ubports-foundation|title=The UBports Foundation *: Details about the foundation|access-date=27 September 2018|date=19 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on [[Ubuntu]] [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_15.04_(Vivid_Vervet)|15.04 (Vivid Vervet)]] and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_16.04_LTS_(Xenial_Xerus)|16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].

====Discontinued operating systems====

=====Bada=====
{{main article|Bada}}

[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from &quot;바다 (bada)&quot;, meaning &quot;ocean&quot; or &quot;sea&quot; in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy.
On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to [[Tizen]] instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062542/http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |archive-date=2013-02-28 |title=Samsung scraps Bada OS, folds it into Tizen – FierceMobileIT |website=Fiercemobilecontent.com |date=February 25, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====BlackBerry 10=====

[[BlackBerry 10]] (based on the [[QNX]] OS) is from [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]]. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in the late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by the mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update]|first=Patrick |last=O'Rourke |date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|archive-date=January 5, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IDC.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC|date=February 24, 2015|work=IDC.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|archive-date=February 25, 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.

=====Firefox OS=====
{{main article|Firefox OS}}

[[Firefox OS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |title=B2G – MozillaWiki |publisher=mozilla.org |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807222134/https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from [[Mozilla]]. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the [[Mozilla Public License]] built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.

According to [[Ars Technica]], &quot;Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |title=Mozilla eyes mobile OS landscape with new Boot to Gecko project |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912005225/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= B2G OS and Gecko Announcement from Ari Jaaksi &amp; David Bryant |url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |access-date= September 27, 2016 |date= September 27, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |archive-date= January 22, 2011 |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin=====
{{main article|MeeGo|Maemo|Moblin}}

[[MeeGo (operating system)|MeeGo]] was from non-profit organization [[The Linux Foundation]]. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona, [[Nokia]] and [[Intel]] both unveiled ''MeeGo'', a mobile operating system that combined [[Moblin]] and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the [[Nokia N9]] on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/21/introducing-the-nokia-n9-all-it-takes-is-a-swipe/ |title=Introducing the Nokia N9: all it takes is a swipe! &amp;#124; Nokia Conversations – The official Nokia Blog |publisher=Nokia |date=June 21, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |title=MeeGo Not Dead Yet as LG Continues the Charge — Mobile Technology News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829160853/http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maemo]] was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and [[Internet tablet]]s. It is open source and GPL, based on [[Debian GNU/Linux]] and draws much of its [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Software framework|frameworks]], and [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from the GNOME project. It uses the [[Matchbox (window manager)|Matchbox]] window manager and the [[GTK]]-based [[Hildon]] as its GUI and [[application framework]].

=====Palm OS=====
{{main article|Palm OS}}
[[File:Treo 300.jpg|thumb|A [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]] Treo 300 smartphone (2002)]]
[[Palm OS]]/Garnet OS was from [[Access Co.]] It is closed source and proprietary. [[webOS]] was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, [[open architecture]] and multitasking abilities.

=====Symbian=====
{{Main article|Symbian}}
[[File:Nokia N70 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Nokia N70]] smartphone (2005) running [[Symbian]] OS, which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s]]
The [[Symbian]] platform was developed by [[Nokia]] for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|title=Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone|date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154613/https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|archive-date=August 8, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====webOS=====
{{main article|webOS}}

[[webOS]] was developed by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the [[Palm Pre]]. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the [[HP Veer|Veer]] and the [[HP Pre 3|Pre 3]]) and a tablet (the [[HP TouchPad|TouchPad]]) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |title=HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination; Makes Other Announcements |publisher=HP |date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006182519/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |title=The next chapter for webOS |publisher=HP webOS Developer Blog |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924172749/http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap/#.UIgNYMXA-So |title=Open webOS::Roadmap |publisher=Open webOS Project |date=September 2012 |access-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145336/http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap#.UIgNYMXA-So |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to [[LG Electronics]], who used the operating system for its &quot;smart&quot; or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.

=====Windows 10 Mobile=====
[[Windows 10 Mobile]] (formerly called [[Windows Phone]]) rom [[Microsoft]], now discontinued. It is closed source and proprietary.

Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's [[Metro Design Language]]. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as [[OneDrive]] and Office, [[Xbox Music]], [[Xbox Video]], [[Xbox Live]] games and [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]], but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as [[Facebook]] and [[Google Account|Google accounts]]. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by [[Microsoft Mobile]]/[[Nokia]], and also by [[HTC]] and [[Samsung]].

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with [[Windows 10 Mobile]], bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart [[Windows 10]], and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

In October 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/257174-microsoft-admits-windows-10-mobile-finally-mercifully-dead|title=Microsoft Admits Windows 10 Mobile Is Finally, Mercifully Dead|first=Joel|last=Hruska|website=www.extremetech.com|date=9 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

===Mobile apps===
{{Main|Mobile app}}

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term &quot;app&quot; is a short-form of the term &quot;software application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2011-3|title=What The Heck Is An &quot;App&quot;?|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Application stores===
{{Main|List of mobile app distribution platforms}}

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted [[list of mobile app distribution platforms|online distribution]] for third-party applications ([[software]] and [[computer programs]]) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including [[video game]]s, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on [[List of mobile app distribution platforms#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms, such as [[GetJar]], [[Handango]], [[Handmark]], and [[PocketGear]]. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's [[BlackBerry App World]], Android-related app stores like [[Aptoide]], [[Cafe Bazaar]], [[F-Droid]], [[GetJar]], and [[Opera Mobile Store]]. In February 2014, 93% of [[mobile developers]] were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |title=W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست==
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:100px&quot;&gt;
* آسس (Asus)
* گوگل پڪسل (Google Pixel)
* هائي سينس (Hisense) 
* آنر (Honor)
* ايڇ ٽي سي (HTC)
* هواوي (Huawei)
* انفينڪس (Infinix) 
* آئي فون (iPhone)
* آئي ڪيو (iQOO)
* آئيٽيل (Itel)
* لاوا (Lava)
* لينووو (Lenovo)
* ايل جي (LG)
* ميزو (Meizu) 
* موٽرولا (Motorola)
* نوڪيا (Nokia)
* نٿنگ (Nothing)
* نوبيا (Nubia)
* ون پلس (OnePlus)
* اوپو (Oppo)
* پوڪو (POCO)
* ريل مي (Realme)
* ريڊمي (Redmi)
* سامسنگ گليڪسي (Samsung Galaxy)
* شارپ (Sharp)
* سوني ايڪسپيريا (Sony Xperia). 
* ٽي سي ايل (TCL)
* ٽيڪنو (Tecno)
* اميڊيجي (Umidigi)
* ويوو (Vivo)
* شياومي (Xiaomi)
* زيڊ ٽي اي (ZTE)
&lt;/div&gt;

==Sales==

&lt;div class=&quot;floatright&quot;&gt;
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize=width:270 height:400
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:45 top:10 right:16
AlignBars=justify
Period=from:0 till:1700
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal

Colors=
 id:gray value:gray(0.5)
 id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
 id:line2 value:gray(0.7)

BarData=
 bar:2007 text:2007
 bar:2008 text:2008
 bar:2009 text:2009
 bar:2010 text:2010
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2012 text:2012
 bar:2013 text:2013
 bar:2014 text:2014
 bar:2015 text:2015
 bar:2016 text:2016
 bar:2017 text:2017
 bar:2018 text:2018
 bar:2019 text:2019
 bar:2020 text:2020
 bar:2021 text:2021
 bar:2022 text:2022

PlotData=
 color:tan1 width:10

 bar:2007 from:start till:122 text:122
 bar:2008 from:start till:139 text:139
 bar:2009 from:start till:172 text:172
 bar:2010 from:start till:296 text:296
 bar:2011 from:start till:472 text:472
 bar:2012 from:start till:680 text:680
 bar:2013 from:start till:969 text:969
 bar:2014 from:start till:1244 text:1,244
 bar:2015 from:start till:1423 text:1,423
 bar:2016 from:start till:1495 text:1,495
 bar:2017 from:start till:1536 text:1,536
 bar:2018 from:start till:1556 text:1,556
 bar:2019 from:start till:1540 text:1,540
 bar:2020 from:start till:1351 text:1,351
 bar:2021 from:start till:1433 text:1,433
 bar:2022 from:start till:1395 text:1,395

TextData=
 pos:(40,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text: Worldwide smartphone sales (million)
TextData=
 pos:(40,5) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: gartner.com
&lt;/timeline&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos|url=http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|work=GIGAOM|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Erica|last=Ogg|date=December 22, 2011|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723153620/http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobile-retailer/|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Leena|last=Rao|date=September 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | work= 3 News NZ | title= Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones | date= April 29, 2013 | access-date= April 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | archive-date= August 1, 2013 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-smartphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html|title=We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in the Smartphone Decline.|first=Jake|last=Swearingen|date=December 4, 2018|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |archive-date=January 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent [[:wikt:year-over-year|year on year]]. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-market-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/ |title=It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever |author=Daniel van Boom |date=April 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid [[Huawei]], [[Oppo]] and [[Xiaomi]] introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung-and-huawei/|title=As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei|first=Daphne|last=Leprince-Ringuet|date=November 26, 2019|website=[[ZDNet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-americans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/|title=Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says|first=Samuel|last=Axon|date=December 11, 2019|website=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-change-2019-12|title=Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry|first=Lisa|last=Eadicicco|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_india-news-39917.php|title=Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India|website=GSMArena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counterpoint-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/|title=Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?|first=Alan|last=Weissberger|date=November 8, 2019|website=[[IEEE Communications Society]] Technology Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline|title=Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'|first=Steve|last=McCaskill|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[TechRadar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also predicted that prices of smartphones may go higher due to global [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] Chip shortage which may effect the sales also.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AI Chip Shortage Causes Sharp Rise in Smartphone Prices, May Increase by Nearly 7% by 2026 |url=https://news.aibase.com/news/23987}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===By manufacturer===
{{see also|List of best-selling mobile phones}}
In 2011, [[Samsung]] had the highest shipment [[market share]] worldwide, followed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. [[Huawei]], [[LG Corporation|LG]] and [[Lenovo]] were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-may-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/ |title=Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask |work=[[Engadget]] |first=Jon |last=Fingas |date=January 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-shipments-q1-2014|title= Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC|first= Steven|last= Millward|date= May 13, 2014|access-date= September 9, 2014|work= Tech In Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.&lt;ref name=&quot;brett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-smartphones/24320385/|title=Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales|author=Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY|date=March 3, 2015|work=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | url = https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-08-19-gartner-says-five-of-top-10-worldwide-mobile-phone-vendors-increased-sales-in-second-quarter-of-2016 | title = Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016 | publisher = Gartner | date = August 19, 2016 | access-date = May 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, [[Oppo]] with 25.5 million and [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] with 22.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/|title= 6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese|first= Frank|last= Hersey|date=2017-07-04|access-date= 2017-07-07|work= technode}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2017-02-28|title=Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Realme]], a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and [[Honor (brand)|Honor]], a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth {{as of|2019|lc=on}}, amid growing Chinese nationalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-for-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/|title= Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market|author=‌Argam Artashyan|date=December 12, 2019|website=GizChina}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones|title=Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones &amp;#124; TechRadar|website=www.techradar.com|date=December 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units. Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a 14.1% market share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Apple loses top phonemaker spot to Samsung as iPhone shipments drop, IDC says |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/retail/apple-loses-top-phonemaker-spot-to-samsung-as-iphone-shipments-drop-idc-says-1.1713152284439 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===By operating system===
{{Further|Mobile operating system#By operating system}}

==Use==
{{See also|Mobile phone#Use|Technological convergence}}

===Contemporary use and convergence===
{{multiple image|width=150|perrow=2|image1=A2 &amp; Zen (307730569).jpg|image2=Sony Cybershot DSC W210.jpg|image3=Mobiles Navigationsgeraet Navigon im Einsatz.JPG|image4=PDA Mapping.jpg|footer=Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: ''(from top-left)'' [[portable media player]]s (inc. &quot;MP3 players&quot;); [[Point-and-shoot camera|compact digital camera]]s; [[Satellite navigation device|in-car satellite navigation systems]]; [[personal digital assistant]]s (inc. [[electronic organizer]]s)|alt1=sdas}}

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing [[Cellular network|network]], [[mobile processor]], and [[Computer data storage|storage]] technologies led to a [[Technological convergence|convergence]] where separate [[mobile phone]]s, [[Personal organizer|organizer]]s, and [[portable media player]]s were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why |url=http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overtake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/ |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=2013-08-15 |first=Don |last=Reisinger }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816183428/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2013 |title=Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time |author=Rob van der Meulen &amp; Janessa Rivera |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-first-time-worldwide/ |title=Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=CompTIA Strata Study Guide |author=Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-97742-2 |page=140 |access-date=July 5, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&amp;q=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete&amp;pg=PA140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|title=PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec|last=Yu|first=Emily|publisher=EE Times Asia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|archive-date=23 April 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in [[Image sensor|digital camera sensor]]s and on-device [[Digital image processing|image processing]] software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler [[Point-and-shoot camera|camera]]s for photographs and video recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The built-in [[Global navigation satellite systems|GPS]] capabilities and [[List of online map services|mapping]] apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone [[satellite navigation]] [[Personal navigation assistant#Market developments|devices]], and paper [[Road map|map]]s became less common.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesTollonGPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mobile gaming]] on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wijman |first1=Tom |title=Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018|url=https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/|website=newzoo.com|publisher=Newzoo|date=30 April 2018|access-date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing many people to use them in place of [[handheld game consoles]], and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en#view=features_specifications |title=Xperia Play {{!}} PlayStation certified Android mobile |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Sony Ericsson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en |archive-date=August 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review|title=Android handheld of the future. Not today.|last=Lowe|first=Scott|website=IGN|date=July 30, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; People frequently have chosen not to get [[Landline|fixed-line telephone service]] in favor of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|title=Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones|work=[[CBS News]]|date=4 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|title=The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013|date=June 23, 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|archive-date=2014-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Streaming media#Music streaming platforms|Music streaming]] apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite [[Radio receiver|radio]]. [[Streaming media|Streaming video]] services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching [[television]]. People have often stopped wearing [[wristwatch]]es in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of [[alarm clock]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing/ |website=Motherboard.vice.com |publisher=Motherboard |access-date=16 August 2018 |language=en-us |date=10 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobile phones can also be used as a digital [[note taking]], [[text editing]] and [[memorandum]] device whose [[computer]]ization facilitates searching of entries.

Additionally, [[Global Internet usage#Broadband usage|in many lesser technologically developed regions]] smartphones are people's first and only means of [[mobile broadband|Internet access]] due to their portability,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx|title=ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016|publisher=Telecommunication Development Bureau, [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)|access-date=2015-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|reason=Which documents say that, and where?|date=June 2022}} with [[personal computer]]s being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or [[Text messaging|messaging]] in place of using [[fax]] (facsimile) machines. [[Mobile payment|Payment apps and services]] on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. [[Mobile banking]] apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] or teller. [[Guide book]] apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated [[Audio tour#Smartphone tours|audio guide]] equipment.

===Mobile banking and payment===
{{main|Mobile banking|Mobile payment}}

{{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}
[[File:Mobile payment 03.JPG|thumb|Mobile payment system]]
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide [[mobile banking]] services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's [[M-PESA]] mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator [[Safaricom]] to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

[[Branchless banking]] has been successful in South Africa and the [[Philippines]]. A pilot project in [[Bali]] was launched in 2011 by the [[International Finance Corporation]] and an [[Indonesia]]n bank, [[Bank Mandiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html |title=Branchless banking to start in Bali |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another application of mobile banking technology is [[Zidisha]], a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/ |title=&quot;Zidisha Set to &quot;Expand&quot; in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance&quot;, Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 |publisher=Microfinancefocus.com |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in [[Espoo]] were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators [[Globe Telecom|Globe]] and [[Smart Communications|Smart]].

Some mobile phones can make [[mobile payment]]s via direct mobile billing schemes, or through [[contactless payment]]s if the phone and the [[point of sale]] support [[near-field communication]] (NFC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |title=Mobile Payments: Look to Korea |author=Feig, Nancy |publisher=banktech.com |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2010 |title=NFC mobile phone set to explode |author=Ready, Sarah |publisher=connectedplanetonline.com |date=10 November 2009 |access-date=29 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |title=VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments |author=Tofel, Kevin C. |publisher=gigaom.com |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621023021/http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Facsimile===
Some [[mobile app|apps]] allows for sending and receiving [[fax|facsimile (fax)]], over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster [[binary image|bi-level]] graphics) generated directly and digitally from [[document file format|document]] and [[image file formats|image]] file formats.

===Films===
{{also|List of films shot on mobile phones}}
Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film festivals for such films, including the [[SmartFone Flick Fest]] in [[Sydney]], Australia;&lt;ref name=ff&gt;{{cite web |title=SF3 |website=FilmFreeway |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SF3 |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kornits2024&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=The rise and rise of smartphone films – Australia leads the way |website=FilmInk |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/the-rise-and-rise-of-smartphone-films-australia-leads-the-way-2/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dublin Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in [[San Diego]]; the Spanish festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone International Film Festival;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Fletcher |title=Darcy Yuille: One Punch Man |website=FilmInk |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/darcy-yuille-one-punch-man/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto Smartphone Film Festival; New York Mobile Film Festival; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=Short Film of the Week: Idiot-Proof |website=FilmInk |date=13 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/short-film-of-the-week-idiot-proof/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism and issues==

===Social impacts===
====Manufacture====
[[Cobalt]] and [[lithium]] are needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers in cobalt and lithium mining, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] during [[Cobalt#Democratic Republic of the Congo|artisanal mining of cobalt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |website=NPR |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |access-date=10 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The lithium rush in Africa |author= |work=Global Witness |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2025 |url= https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/a-rush-for-lithium-in-africa-risks-fuelling-corruption-and-failing-citizens/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports indicate that thousands of artisanal lithium diggers are working in unsafe conditions, with reports of child labour and miners being buried by a mine collapse, also in [[Zimbabwe]]; and suspected corruption cases in [[Namibia]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2019 [[International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla|a lawsuit]] was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of [[child labor]] in mining cobalt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| year=2023 | title=Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025 | website=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/ | access-date=9 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Use====
{{main|Problematic smartphone use}}

In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].&lt;ref name=Colaner&gt;{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|access-date=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002| s2cid = 9196376 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A &quot;[[smombie]]&quot; (a combination of &quot;smartphone&quot; and &quot;[[zombie]]&quot;) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunday-times&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2016 | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a &quot;mobile lane&quot; for walking in [[Chongqing]], China.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg]], Germany, to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Rick Noack |date=April 25, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ |title=This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don't have to look up |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===While driving===
{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}

[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]

Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last1 = Atchley|first1 = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|issue = 1|pages=134–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&amp;template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070714%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&amp;template=printart|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]&lt;!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--&gt; in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.]]

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|s2cid=205403680|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf | title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group | journal = Social Science Computer Review | doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 | volume = 28 | year = 2010 | pages = 336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas | s2cid = 61640965 | archive-date = March 30, 2024 | access-date = January 24, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091657/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=January 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. In the United States, as of May 2025, 31 states had banned handheld phone use while driving, and 49 states had banned text messaging while driving.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHTSA2025DistractedLaws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Distracted Driving Laws by State |url=https://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/sites/tsm.gov/files/2025-10/distracted-distracted-driving-law-maps-graphic-en-2025-16302-v4-tag.pdf |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |date=October 27, 2025 |access-date=May 31, 2026 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Legal===
{{Main|Smartphone wars}}

A &quot;patent war&quot; between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider &quot;patent wars&quot;]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone operating systems such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

===Security===
{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juniper-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 |title=Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=trustbus11&gt;{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy &amp; Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|first1=Mylonas |last1=Alexios |first2=Tsoumas |last2=Bill |first3=Dritsas |last3=Stelios |first4=Gritzalis |last4=Dimitris }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archive-date=August 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malware risk also comes from what is known as an &quot;update attack&quot;, where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lookout-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Apple's &quot;Find my iPhone&quot; and Google's &quot;Android Device Manager&quot; can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed [[Vault 7]] detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307194849/http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|archive-date=2017-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|magazine=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of [[spyware]], called [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]], developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often{{Em dash}}partly via use of [[Zero-day (computing)|0-day exploits]]{{Em dash}}without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Packet analysis|Analysis of data traffic]] by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this [[pre-installed software]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Haoyu |last2=Patras |first2=Paul |last3=Leith |first3=Douglas J. |title=Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets |date=6 October 2021 |url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/Android_privacy_report.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tech report|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|first1=Murugiah P.|last1=Souppaya|first2=Karen A.|last2=Scarfone|series=Special Publication (NIST SP)|id=800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Health effects ==

=== General effects on health ===

According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shankar|first1=S Barani|last2=Rani|first2=S Leslie|last3=Brundha|first3=M P|date=July 2020|title=Comparison study of factors associated with smartphone addiction among college students|journal=Drug Invention Today|volume=14|issue=7|pages=1165–1168|issn=0975-7619|via=Academic Search Complete}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on cognition and mental health===
{{Main|Digital media use and mental health}}

There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health.

=== Hemorrhoids risk ===

Use of a smartphone while sitting on the toilet has been associated with a higher prevalence of hemorrhoids. A study found that individuals who use a smartphone while sitting on the toilet spend, on average, more time there, and that the likelihood of developing hemorrhoids increases by approximately 46% compared to those who do not use a smartphone while on the toilet (after adjustment for age, sex, and other medical factors).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramprasad2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Ramprasad | first1 = Chethan| last2 = Wu | first2 = Colin| last3 = Chang | first3 = Jocelyn| last4 = Rangan | first4 = Vikram| last5 = Iturrino | first5 = Johanna| last6 = Ballou | first6 = Sarah| last7 = Singh | first7 = Prashant| last8 = Lembo | first8 = Anthony| last9 = Nee | first9 = Judy| last10 = Pasricha | first10 = Trisha| title = Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids| journal = PLOS One| volume = 20| issue = 9| pages = e0329983| date = 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regulation of mobile health applications ===

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 | s2cid = 16910239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sleep===
{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, &quot;Night Mode&quot; functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|access-date=January 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as &quot;[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]&quot;. Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in &quot;[[ego depletion]]&quot;. Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-bluelight&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kalsbeek |first=Andries |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C |title=The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing |publisher=Elsevier |page=382 |isbn=978-0-444-59427-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Luisa |last=Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Restrictions and bans ==
{{Further|Digital detox}}
In some countries authorities make efforts to reduce digital device use, including smartphones among students.

* [[South Korea]] passed nationwide classroom phone ban. The law will come to effect in March 2026. Exceptions allowed for students with disabilities, emergencies and educational purposes. 
* [[France]] and [[Finland]] made partial bans, generally for younger students. 
* [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[China]] created stronger restrictions. The policy improved the situation in Dutch schools.
* In [[Australia]] there are state-level bans. [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] are introducing policies that prohibit phone use during school hours.

&quot;There is significant scientific and medical proof that smartphone addiction has extremely harmful effects on students' brain development and emotional growth,&quot; [[Cho Jung-hun]], who introduced the bill in South Korea told the BBC. Not all students agree this will solve the problem. &quot;Rather than simply taking phones away, I think the first step should be teaching students what they can do without them,&quot; said Seo Min-joon, an 18-year-old high schooler. Another student, aged 13, said that he does not have time to be addicted to his phone due to an overloaded schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=South Korea passes nationwide classroom phone ban to combat youth smartphone addiction |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/32c9667fafd6 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024–2025 Australia and France began to advance legislation which prohibits entirely the use of social media by children under the age of 15–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=France mulls total ban on social media for under 15, digital curfew for teens |url=https://trt.global/world/article/366d24cfd490 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Australia the law came into effect on 10 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |title=Can you ban kids from social media? Australia is about to, but some teens are a step ahead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crk7xgzj8y8o |access-date=7 December 2025 |agency=BBC |date=6 December 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نامزد ٿيل ڊجيٽل ڪئميرن جي تبديلي ==
جيئن 2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ٿي نامزد ٿيل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرن جي وڪري جا انگ اکر تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي ويا ڇاڪاڻ ته موبائل فون ڪئميرا هڪ ڪافي متبادل ڪئميرا طور ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=As iPhone Turns 15, Smartphones Continue to Hurt Camera Sales |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/as-iphone-turns-15-smartphones-continue-to-hurt-camera-sales/6647692.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

موبائل فون ۾ ڪمپيوٽنگ پاور ۾ واڌ تيز تصوير پروسيسنگ ۽ اعليٰ ريزوليوشن فلمنگ کي فعال ڪيو. 2011 ۾ 1080p مڪمل HD حاصل ڪيو ويو ۽ 2013 ۾ 2160p 4K جي رڪاوٽ کي ٽوڙيو ويو. 

ڇاڪاڻ ته نامزد ٿيل ڪئميرا وڌيڪ وسيع ٿي سگهن ٿا, اهي وڏا تصويري سينسر رکي سگهن ٿا ۽ آپٽيڪل زومنگ جي خاصيت رکي سگهن ٿا, بهرحال ڊيزائن ۽ جاءِ جي حدن جي ڪري اسمارٽ فونز ۾ گهٽ بجيٽ واري ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرا تي به ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون نه آهن. جنهن ۾ هڪ گرم-سوپيبل ميموري ڪارڊ ۽ بيٽري, تقريبن بي ترتيب آپريشن لاءِ, فوڪس ڪرڻ ۽ ڪيپچر ڪرڻ ۽ زوم ڪرڻ لاءِ جسماني بٽڻ ۽ نوب, هڪ بولٽ ٿريڊ ٽرپائيڊ ماؤنٽ, هڪ ڪيپيسٽر چارج ٿيل زينون فليش (جيڪو اسمارٽ فونز جي ايل اي ڊي ٽارچ جي چمڪ کان وڌيڪ آهي) ۽ هٿ ۾ شوٽنگ دوران مستحڪم هولڊنگ لاءِ هڪ ايرگونومڪ گرفت (جيڪو وڌيڪ نمائش جي وقت کي فعال بڻائي ٿو) شامل آهن. 

2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر کان وٺي. اسمارٽ فون ٺاهيندڙن محدود حد تائين, مقرر ڪيل ميگنيفڪيشن ليول سان اضافي ريئر ڪيمرا شامل ڪندي, آپٽيڪل زوم جي کوٽ کي نظرانداز ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobile Photography vs. the DSLR {{!}} B&amp;H eXplora |url=https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/hands-review/mobile-photography-vs-dslr |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.bhphotovideo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brad |date=2017-08-16 |title=DSLRs vs. Smartphone Cameras, Compared: The Pros and Cons |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/dslr-vs-smartphone-cameras-comparison/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=MUO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آپريشنل زندگي ==
{{Further|Lithium-ion battery#Lifespan|Planned obsolescence#Batteries}}
[[File:Day_4_Agbogloshie_(25891029818).jpg|thumb|اگبوگبلوشي ۾ اي-فضلو ]]
موبائل فونن ۾ (2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي ٻئي اڌ کان جاري ڪيل) آپريشنل زندگي عام طور تي بلٽ ان بيٽرين جي ڪري محدود هوندي آهي. جيڪي مٽائڻ لاءِ ٺهيل نه آهن. بيٽرين جي زندگي جي توقع پاور ڊيوائس جي استعمال جي شدت تي منحصر آهي. جتي سرگرمي (وڌيڪ استعمال) ۽ وڌيڪ توانائي جي گهرج وارا ڪم بيٽري کي اڳ ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا آهن. 

ليٿيم-آئن ۽ ليٿيم-پوليمر بيٽريون (جيڪي عام طور تي پورٽيبل اليڪٽرانڪس کي طاقت ڏين ٿيون) اضافي طور تي مڪمل چارج ۽ گہرے ڊسچارج چڪرن کان وڌيڪ ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. ۽ جڏهن ڊگهي وقت تائين استعمال نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. جتي خود ڊسچارج نقصانڪار ڊسچارج جي کوٽائي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cycle-life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134| title = Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 196| issue = 8| pages = 3942–3948| year = 2011| last1 = Wang | first1 = J.| last2 = Liu | first2 = P.| last3 = Hicks-Garner | first3 = J.| last4 = Sherman | first4 = E.| last5 = Soukiazian | first5 = S.| last6 = Verbrugge | first6 = M.| last7 = Tataria | first7 = H.| last8 = Musser | first8 = J.| last9 = Finamore | first9 = P.| bibcode = 2011JPS...196.3942W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.057| title = Cycle life testing and modeling of graphite/LiCoO2 cells under different state of charge ranges| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 327| pages = 394–400| year = 2016| last1 = Saxena | first1 = S.| last2 = Hendricks | first2 = C.| last3 = Pecht | first3 = M.| bibcode = 2016JPS...327..394S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Questions and answers related to lithium - ion rechargeable b attery care |url=https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |publisher=PLARAD Torque &amp; Tension Systems |access-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235201/https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٺاهيندڙن ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز کي مرمت کان پوءِ ڪم ڪرڻ کان روڪيو آهي. اجزاء جي منفرد سيريل نمبرن کي ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيندي. تنهن ڪري اهو ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪندو يا بي ترتيب جي صورت ۾ ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي غير فعال ڪندو. اهو متبادل کان پوءِ ٿيندو. سيريل نمبر جي لاڪنگ پهريون ڀيرو 2015 ۾ آئي فون 6 تي دستاويز ڪئي وئي هئي. جيڪو &quot;هوم&quot; بٽڻ جي هڪ سڃاڻپ ٿيل متبادل جي ڪري غير فعال ٿي ويندو. بعد ۾ ايپل ۽ سام سنگ اسمارٽ فونز تي ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي محدود ڪئي وئي. جڏهن وينڊر پاران اختيار نه ڪيل بيٽري جي متبادل جو پتو لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Furqan |date=2021-01-18 |title=Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware Repairs |url=https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Wccftech |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Macworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{portal|Telephones|Internet|Modern history}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[موبائل فون]]
* [[اينڊروئيڊ]]
* موبائيل ڪمپيوٽرن جون فهرستن 
* موبائيل ايپ جي تقسيم وارن پليٽ فارمز جي فهرست
* ميڊيا ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول 
* موبائيل انٽرنيٽ ڊيوائس 
* پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئر 
* اسمارٽ فون ڪِل سوئچ 
* اسمارٽ فون زومبي
{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==نوٽس==
{{notelist}}

==ٻاهرين ڳنڍڻا==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اسمارٽ فون]]
[[زمرو:اينڊرائيڊ]]
[[زمرو:موبائل فون]]
[[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪلائنٽس]]
[[زمرو:ذاتي ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ]]
[[زمرو:صارفين لاءِ اليڪٽرانڪس]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات فراهم ڪندڙ آلات]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]</text>
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[[فائل:Samsung Galaxy Android Smartphone.jpg|200px|left]]
'''اسمارٽ فون''' (smartphones) هڪ موبائل ڊيوائس آهي جيڪو روايتي [[موبائل فون]] (فيچر فون) جي ڪارڪردگي کي جديد ڪمپيوٽنگ صلاحيتن سان گڏ ڪري ٿو. ان ۾ عام طور تي هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين انٽرفيس هوندو آهي، جيڪو صارفين کي ايپليڪيشنن ۽ خدمتن جي وسيع رينج تائين رسائي جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ ويب برائوزنگ، اي ميل، ۽ سوشل ميڊيا، انهي سان گڏ ملٽي ميڊيا پلے بیک ۽ اسٽريمنگ. اسمارٽ فونز ۾ بلٽ ان ڪيمرا، GPS نيويگيشن ۽ مختلف مواصلاتي طريقن لاءِ سپورٽ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ وائس ڪالز، ٽيڪسٽ ميسيجنگ، ۽ انٽرنيٽ تي ٻڌل ميسيجنگ ايپس شامل آهن. اسمارٽ فونز کي پراڻين ڊيزائن جي فيچر فونز کان انهن جي وڌيڪ جديد هارڊويئر صلاحيتن ۽ وسيع موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم، انٽرنيٽ تائين رسائي، ڪاروباري ايپليڪيشنون، موبائل ادائيگيون، ۽ ملٽي ميڊيا ڪارڪردگي، جنهن ۾ موسيقي، وڊيو، گيمنگ، ريڊيو ۽ ٽيليويزن شامل آهن، جي ڪري مختلف آهن.

اسمارٽ فونز ۾ عام طور تي ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر &lt;small&gt;(MOS)&lt;/small&gt; انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس، مختلف سينسرز ۽ ڪيترن ئي وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن پروٽوڪولز جي سهولت موجود هوندي آهي. اسمارٽ فون سينسرز جي مثالن ۾ ايڪسلروميٽر، بيروميٽر، گائرو اسڪوپ ۽ ميگنيٽوميٽرز شامل آهن. انهن کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ۽ ٿرڊ پارٽي سافٽ ويئر ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته جيئن ڪارڪردگي کي بهتر بڻائي سگهجي. اسمارٽ فونز پاران سپورٽ ڪيل وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن جي معيارن ۾ LTE، 5G NR، وائي فائي، بلوٽوٿ ۽ سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن شامل آهن. سال &lt;small&gt;2020&lt;/small&gt;ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري، ٺاهيندڙن سيٽلائيٽ ميسيجنگ ۽ ايمرجنسي سروسز کي شامل ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن سان انهن جي افاديت انهن ڏورانهن علائقن تائين وڌي وئي جتي قابل اعتماد سيلولر ڪوريج موجود نه هئي. اسمارٽ فونز گهڻي حد تائين پرسنل ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ (PDA) ڊوائيسز، هٿ ۾ رکڻ جهڙن ننڍن پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر، پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئرز (PMP)، پوائنٽ-اينڊ-شوٽ ڪئميرا، ڪيمڪارڊر ۽ ڪجهه حد تائين هٿ ۾ رکڻ وارن وڊيو گيم ڪنسول، اي-ريڊر ڊوائيس، پاڪيٽ ڪيلڪيوليٽرز ۽ GPS ٽريڪنگ يونٽن جي جاءِ ورتي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Islam |first=Zak |date=30 December 2012 |title=Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=Tom's Hardware |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Wikipedia homepage on a large Android phone, 2015-04-16.jpg|thumb|نيڪسس 6 (Nexus 6)، جيڪو هڪ [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] اسمارٽ فون آهي، [[انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا]] جو مکيه صفحو ڏيکاري رهيو آهي.]]
2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ آئي فون (iPhone) جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت کانپوءِ، اڪثر اسمارٽ فونز پتلي، سليٽ جهڙي شڪل ۽ وڏين ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرينن سان ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جن ۾ فزيڪل ڪيبورڊ جي بدران ملٽي ٽچ اشارن جي سهولت موجود آهي. اڪثر جديد اسمارٽ فونز ۾ اها صلاحيت هوندي آهي ته صارف هڪ مرڪزي ايپ اسٽور تان اضافي ايپليڪيشنون ڊائون لوڊ يا خريد ڪري سگهن. انهن ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪلائوڊ اسٽوريج، ڪلائوڊ سنڪرونائيزيشن ۽ ورچوئل اسسٽنٽس جي سهولت هوندي آهي. 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان وٺي، بهتر هارڊويئر ۽ تيز رفتار وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن اسمارٽ فون انڊسٽري جي ترقي کي هٿي ڏني آهي. 2014ع تائين، سڄي دنيا ۾ هر سال هڪ ارب کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فونز وڪرو ٿيندا هئا. صرف 2019ع ۾، سڄي دنيا ۾ 1.54 ارب اسمارٽ فون يونٽس موڪليا ويا؛ سال 2020ع تائين، دنيا جي آبادي جو 75.05 سيڪڙو ماڻهو اسمارٽ فون استعمال ڪندڙ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#topicOverview | title=Topic: Smartphones }}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال ڪجهه حد تائين سهولت ۽ زندگي جي اطمينان سان لاڳاپيل رهيو آهي، پر ان سان جسماني، ذهني ۽ ادراڪي (cognitive) صحت تي مختلف منفي اثر پڻ سڃاتا ويا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagong2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Sagong | first1 = H.| last2 = Yoon | first2 = J. Y.| title = The effects of smartphone use on life satisfaction in older adults: The mediating role of depressive symptoms| journal = CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing| volume = 40| issue = 8| pages = 523-530| date = 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''سمارٽ فون''' يا ذهين فون (Smartphone) [[عام فون]] جي نسبت ۾ ڪافي خصوصيتن جو مالڪ هوندو آهي.

, 
==تاريخ==

پهرين ڪمرشل اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر. 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز. سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') پاران 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا. * 

شروعاتي اسمارٽ فونز بنيادي طور تي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ڏانهن مارڪيٽ ڪيا ويا، سيلولر ٽيليفوني جي مدد سان اسٽينڊ اڪيلو PDA ڊوائيسز جي ڪارڪردگي کي پل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، پر انهن جي وڏي شڪ، مختصر بيٽري جي زندگي، سست اينالاگ سيلولر نيٽ ورڪ، ۽ وائرليس ڊيٽا سروسز جي ناپختگي جي ڪري محدود هئا. اهي مسئلا آخرڪار MOS ٽرانزسٽرز جي ايڪسپونشنل اسڪيلنگ ۽ مينيچرائيزيشن سان حل ڪيا ويا ذيلي مائڪرون سطحن تائين (مور جو قانون)، بهتر ليٿيم آئن بيٽري، تيز ڊجيٽل موبائل ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ (ايڊ هولم جو قانون)، ۽ وڌيڪ پختو سافٽ ويئر پليٽ فارم جيڪي موبائل ڊوائيس ايڪو سسٽم کي ڊيٽا فراهم ڪندڙن کان آزاد طور تي ترقي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏين ٿا. * اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (ٻن لفظن ۾) 1980 کان پريس ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1985 کان، &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; 1987 کان. اصطلاح &quot;سمارٽ فون&quot; (هڪ ننڍي لفظ جي طور تي) پهريون ڀيرو 1997 ۾ ايريڪسن پاران هڪ نئين ڊوائيس تصور، GS88 کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. پهرين تجارتي اسمارٽ فونز کي وڏي پيماني تي IBM سائمن پرسنل ڪميونيڪيٽر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو ۽ جنرل ميجڪ ميجڪ ڪيپ ڊوائيسز سوني ('ميجڪ لنڪ') ۽ موٽرولا ('ايماندار') 1994 ۾ جاري ڪيا ويا.

==هارڊويئر==
[[File:Samsung Galaxy S6 edge (17448278539).jpg|thumb|هڪ اهڙو اسمارٽ فون جنهن جي مٿئين حصي ۾ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر لڳل آهي، جنهن کي ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو.]]&lt;!--Please replace with more close-up picture when found.--&gt;
{{Further|موبائيل فون جون خاصيتون}}

هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ ڪيتريون ئي &lt;small&gt;'''ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt;) انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (&lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt;) چپس هونديون آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ اربن ننڍڙا ”&lt;small&gt;MOS&lt;/small&gt; فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽرز“ (&lt;small&gt;MOSFETs&lt;/small&gt;) موجود هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;uspto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference |url=https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217200937/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ عام اسمارٽ فون ۾ هيٺيون '''موس &lt;small&gt;IC&lt;/small&gt; چپس''' هونديون آهن: &lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;  

* ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر (CMOS سسٽم-آن-ا-چپ)
* فليش ميموري (فلوٽنگ-گيٽ MOS ميموري)
* سيلولر موڊيم (بيس بينڊ RF CMOS)
* RF ٽرانسيوور (RF CMOS)
* فون ڪئميرا جو اميج سينسر (CMOS اميج سينسر)
* پاور مينيجمينٽ انٽيگريٽيڊ سرڪٽ (پاور MOSFETs)
*ڊسپلي ڊرائيور (LCD يا LED ڊرائيور) 
*وائرليس ڪميونيڪيشن چپس (وائي-فائي، بلوٽوٿ، GPS رسيور) 
*ساؤنڊ چپ (آڊيو ڪوڊيڪ ۽ پاور ايمپليفائر) 
*جائيروسڪوپ (Gyroscope) 
*ڪيپيسيٽو ٽچ اسڪرين ڪنٽرولر (ASIC ۽ DSP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Joel |chapter=Touchscreen technology basics &amp; a new development |title=2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference Presentation Slides |date=May 2010 |volume=6 |publisher=CMOS Emerging Technologies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&amp;pg=PA34 |isbn=9781927500057 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
*RF پاور ايمپليفائر (LDMOS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |archive-date=2014-05-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baliga2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Baliga |first1=B. Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StJpDQAAQBAJ |title=Silicon RF Power MOSFETS |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812561213 |author1-link=B. Jayant Baliga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asif&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT128 |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NXP-LDMOS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=LDMOS Products and Solutions |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |access-date=4 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ڪجهه فونن ۾ ايف ايم (FM) ريڊيو رسيور، نوٽيفڪيشن لاءِ هارڊويئر LED، ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول طور استعمال لاءِ انفراريڊ ٽرانسميٽر پڻ لڳل هوندا آهن. ڪجهه ماڊلز ۾ اضافي سينسرز، جهڙوڪ ماحولياتي گرمي پد ماپڻ لاءِ ٿرماميٽر، نمي ماپڻ لاءِ هائيگرو ميٽر، ۽ الٽرا وائلٽ شعاعن کي ماپڻ لاءِ سينسر پڻ هوندا آهن.

خاص مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيل ڪجهه اسمارٽ فون ۾ &lt;small&gt;'''غير معمولي هارڊويئر'''&lt;/small&gt;، جهڙوڪ &lt;small&gt;'''پروجيڪٽر'''&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;Samsung&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Beam&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;i8520 ۽ Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530&lt;/small&gt;)، آپٽيڪل زوم لينس (&lt;small&gt;Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom ۽ Samsung Galaxy K&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Zoom&lt;/small&gt;)، ٿرمل ڪئميرا ۽ حتيٰ ته &lt;small&gt;PMR446&lt;/small&gt; (واڪي-ٽاڪي ريڊيو) ٽرانسيوور لڳل هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camera and thermal imaging Review |url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/cat-s60-camera-and-thermal-imaging-page-3 |website=Trusted Reviews |language=en |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Purvi |title=Ulefone Armor 3T Review: A Digital Walkie-Talkie Smartphone |url=https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |website=Veditto |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419231512/https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review |archive-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

=== سينٽرل پروسيسنگ يونٽ ===
اسمارٽ فون ۾ سينٽرل پراسيسنگ يونٽ &lt;small&gt;(CPUs)&lt;/small&gt; هوندا آهن، جيڪا ڪمپيوٽر ۾ موجود &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جهڙا ئي هوندا آهن، پر ان کي گهٽ توانائي واري ماحول ۾ هلائڻ لاءِ خاص طور تي ترتيب ڏنو ويو هوندو آهي. اسمارٽ فونز ۾، &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; عام طور تي ڪامپليمينٽري ميٽل-آڪسائيڊ-سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر(&lt;small&gt;CMOS&lt;/small&gt;) سسٽم-آن-آ-چپ (&lt;small&gt;system-on-a-chip&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;SoC)&lt;/small&gt; ايپليڪيشن پروسيسر ۾ ضم ٿيل هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;   

موبائل جي &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي جو دارومدار نه رڳو ڪلاڪ ريٽ (جيڪو عام طور تي هرٽز جي ضربن ۾ ٻڌايو ويندو آهي) تي هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | title = CPU Frequency
 | work = CPU World Glossary
 | publisher = CPU World
 | date = 25 March 2008
 | url = http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html
 | access-date =1 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ميموري جي ترتيب (&lt;small&gt;memory&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;hierarchy&lt;/small&gt;) تي پڻ هوندو آهي. انهن چئلينجن جي ڪري، موبائل فون &lt;small&gt;CPU&lt;/small&gt; جي ڪارڪردگي کي اڪثر ڪري انهن اسڪورز (&lt;small&gt;scores&lt;/small&gt;) ذريعي وڌيڪ صحيح طور تي بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي عام طور تي استعمال ٿيندڙ ايپليڪيشن ۾ حقيقي اثرائتي ڪارڪردگي ماپڻ لاءِ مختلف معياري ٽيسٽ آهن. 

=== بٽن ===
[[File:TouchWiz 2013 device options.png|thumb|upright|سامسنگ ٽچ وِز ([[TouchWiz]]) جو پاور بٽڻ]]
[[File:HTC_Desire_-_optic_navigation.jpeg|thumb|ايڇ.ٽي.سي ڊيزائر ([[HTC Desire]]) جو هڪ اسمارٽ فون آپٽيڪل ٽريڪ پيڊ ۽ سرچ بٽڻ سان.  ]]

اسمارٽ فون عام طور تي پاور بٽڻ ۽ واليوم بٽڻ سان ليس هوندا آهن. واليوم بٽڻن جا ڪجهه جوڙا متحد هوندا آهن. ڪجهه هڪ وقف ڪئميرا شٽر بٽڻ سان ليس هوندا آهن. ٻاهرين استعمال لاءِ يونٽ &quot;SOS&quot; ايمرجنسي ڪال ۽ &quot;پش-ٽو-ٽاڪ بٽڻ&quot; (PTT) سان ليس هوندا. جسماني فرنٽ-سائيڊ بٽڻن جي موجودگي جهڙوڪ گهر (Home) ۽ نيويگيشن بٽڻ 2010 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ گهٽجي ويا آهن، وڌندڙ طور تي ڪيپيسٽيو ٽچ سينسرز ۽ نقلي (اسڪرين تي) بٽڻن سان تبديل ٿي رهيا آهن. ڪلاسڪ موبائل فونن وانگر، شروعاتي اسمارٽ فونز جهڙوڪ سامسنگ اومنيا II فون ڪالز قبول ڪرڻ ۽ رد ڪرڻ لاءِ بٽڻن سان ليس هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Athow |first1=Desire |title=Best rugged smartphones of 2021: waterproof, shockproof and IP68 mobiles |url=https://www.techradar.com/best/best-rugged-smartphones |website=TechRadar |access-date=18 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فون ڪالن کان علاوه ڪارڪردگي جي ترقي جي ڪري، انهن کي &quot;مينيو&quot; (جنهن کي &quot;آپشنز&quot; پڻ چيو ويندو آهي)، &quot;بيڪ&quot; ۽ &quot;ٽاسڪ&quot; جهڙن نيويگيشن بٽڻن سان تبديل ڪيو ويو آهي. 2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز جهڙوڪ HTC ڊيزائر اضافي طور تي ويب سرچ انجن يا ايپس جي اندروني سرچ فيچر تائين جلدي رسائي لاءِ &quot;سرچ&quot; بٽڻ (🔍) سان ليس هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/13/the-menu-navigation-button-has-finally-been-retired-in-android-10/ |language=en |title=The menu navigation button has finally been retired in Android 10 |author=Corbin Davenport |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013 کان وٺي، اسمارٽ فونز جي هوم بٽڻن فنگر پرنٽ اسڪينر کي ضم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، آئي فون 5s ۽ سامسنگ گيليڪسي ايس 5 سان شروع ٿي. 

فنڪشن کي بٽڻ جي ميلاپ کي تفويض ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، اسڪرين شاٽ عام طور تي هوم ۽ پاور بٽڻ استعمال ڪندي وٺي سگهجن ٿا، iOS تي هڪ مختصر پريس ۽ هڪ سيڪنڊ جي هولڊنگ اينڊرائيڊ او ايس، ٻه سڀ کان مشهور موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم سان. جسماني هوم بٽڻ سان گڏ اسمارٽ فونز تي، عام طور تي واليوم-ڊائون بٽڻ کي پاور بٽڻ سان دٻايو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز ۾ نيويگيشن بٽڻ بار يا پاور بٽڻ مينيو ۾ اسڪرين شاٽ ۽ ممڪن طور تي اسڪرين ڪاسٽ شارٽ ڪٽ هوندا آهن. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Krasnoff |first1=Barbara |title=How to take screenshots on your iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/21340137/apple-iphone-screenshots-ios-how-to-take |website=The Verge |access-date=21 June 2021 |language=en |date=2020-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Take Screenshot on LG G3 (3 Methods) |url=https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-take-screenshot-on-lg-g3/ |website=DroidViews |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2014-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=4 Ways To Take a Screenshot on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra - NaldoTech |url=https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |date=2020-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204222/https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Display===
{{main|Display device}}

[[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone touchscreen]]
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the [[Display device|screen]]. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] of [[16:9]], but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as possible.

====Screen sizes====
[[File:Blackview A60 Smartphone Android mobile phone front face logged in screen.jpg|thumb|Blackview A60 Andoid Go mobile phone smartphone cell phone showing the front-facing camera is put in notch display]]
Screen sizes are measured in diagonal [[inch]]es. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called &quot;[[phablet]]s&quot;. Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and &quot;edge-to-edge&quot; designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.&lt;ref name=&quot;phonearena-s7edgenotphablet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5&quot; Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2&quot; devices|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galaxy-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482|website=PhoneArena|date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-phabletpytha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017|url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|access-date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-s8aspectratio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|website=The Verge|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110244/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Panel types====
[[Liquid-crystal display]]s (LCDs) and [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by [[Wacom (company)|Wacom]] and [[Samsung]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=J. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=M. J.|date=1987-04-01|title=Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications|volume=7|issue=4|pages=31–44|doi=10.1109/MCG.1987.276869|bibcode=1987ICGA....7d..31W |s2cid=16707568|issn=0272-1716}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Apple's [[Force Touch]] system. A few phones, such as the [[YotaPhone]] prototype, are equipped with a low-power [[electronic paper]] rear display, as used in [[e-book reader]]s.

====Alternative input methods====
[[File:Mobile_URL_tooltip.png|thumb|Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a [[Google Chromium]] derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the [[tabbed browsing|tab]] list using the stylus on a [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4]].]]
[[File:HTC Legend - optic sensor.jpeg|thumb|Optical track pad sensor of an [[HTC Legend]], 2010]]

Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a [[stylus]] for higher precision input and hovering detection or a [[Touchscreen#Self-capacitance|self-capacitive touch screen]]s layer for floating finger detection. The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the [[Samsung Galaxy S4]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]], [[Samsung Galaxy S5|S5]], [[Samsung Galaxy Alpha|Alpha]], and [[Sony Xperia Sola]], making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far.

Hovering can enable preview [[tooltip]]s such as on the [[video player]]'s seek bar, in text messages, and quick contacts on the [[dial pad]], as well as [[lock screen]] animations, and the simulation of a [[mouseover|hover]]ing [[mouse cursor]] on web sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How does Air view work? |url=https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |website=Samsung Galaxy site |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028203958/https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/ |archive-date=2016-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Floating touch™ – Developer World |url=http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003815/http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Change Unlock Effect on Galaxy S4 Lock Screen |url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |website=Android Widget Center |language=en |date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609051907/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/ |archive-date=2013-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to relevant tools such as digital [[post-it note]]s and highlighting of text and elements when dragging while pressed, resembling drag selection using a [[computer mouse]]. Some series such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] and [[LG G Stylus]] series have an integrated tray to store the stylus in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |website=Android Authority |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012837/https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Few devices such as the [[iPhone 6s]] until [[iPhone Xs]] and [[Huawei Mate S]] are equipped with a [[Force Touch|pressure-sensitive touch screen]], where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Lance |last=Whitney |date=2019-07-08|title=How to Use and Control 3D Touch on Your iPhone|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gallery/121589/how-to-use-and-control-3d-touch-on-your-iphone|access-date=2021-04-02|website=PCMag UK|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zibreg|first=Christian|date=2015-10-28|title=Apple rejects Gravity, a 3D Touch-based iPhone 6s digital scale app|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2015/10/28/apple-pulls-gravity-app/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the [[HTC Desire|HTC Desire (Bravo)]] and [[HTC Legend]] are equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HTC Bravo: TMO UK Nexus One Plus Optical Trackpad – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2010/01/21/htc-bravo-tmo-uk-nexus-one-plus-optical-trackpad/ |website=phandroid.com |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=21 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Notification light====
[[File:Notification_LED.webm|thumb|right]]
{{Main article|Notification LED}}

Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power [[light-emitting diode]]s besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power consumption.

To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue ([[RGB]]) are able to create a multitude of colour combinations.

===Sensors===
Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party applications.

====Common sensors====
[[Accelerometer]]s and [[gyroscope]]s enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party software include [[bubble level]] simulation. An [[ambient light sensor]] allows for automatic screen brightness and contrast adjustment, and an [[RGB sensor]] enables the adaption of screen colour.

Many mobile phones are also equipped with a [[barometer]] sensor to measure air pressure, such as Samsung since 2012 with the [[Galaxy S3]], and Apple since 2014 with the [[iPhone 6]]. It allows estimating and detecting changes in altitude.

A [[magnetometer]] can act as a [[digital magnetic compass|digital compass]] by measuring [[Earth's magnetic field]].

====Rare sensors====
Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 [[Galaxy S5]] and [[Galaxy Note 4]] with a [[heart rate]] sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-25|title=How to Use Heart Rate Sensor on Note 4 as a Shutter Button|url=https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Android Widget Center|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163525/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter-button/ |archive-date=2021-06-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So far, only the 2013 [[Samsung Galaxy S4]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3|Note 3]] are equipped with an [[thermometer|ambient temperature sensor]] and a [[hygrometer|humidity sensor]], and only the [[Samsung Galaxy Note 4|Note 4]] with an [[ultraviolet]] radiation sensor which could warn the user about excessive exposure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2013-04-10|title=Hidden innovation in the Galaxy S4|url=https://www.sammobile.com/2013/04/10/hidden-innovation-in-the-galaxy-s4/|access-date=|website=SamMobile|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=S|first=Ray|title=Playing with the Note 4's UV and SpO2 sensors|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Playing-with-the-Note-4s-UV-and-SpO2-sensors_id60358|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Phone Arena|date=September 6, 2014 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rear infrared [[laser]] beam for distance measurement can enable [[time-of-flight camera]] functionality with accelerated [[autofocus]], as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting with [[LG G3]] and [[LG V10]].

Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these sensors has been developed yet.

===Storage===
While [[eMMC]] (''embedded multi media card'') [[flash storage]] was most commonly used in mobile phones, its successor, [[Universal Flash Storage|UFS]] (''Universal Flash Storage'') with higher transfer rates emerged throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Odunayo |title=eMMC or UFS: Understanding new generation of mobile phone storage |url=https://www.dignited.com/23879/emmc-or-ufs-mobile-phone-storage/ |website=Dignited |date=18 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Capacity
While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with [[Samsung Telecommunications|Samsung]] for example increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512 GB within only 2{{1/2}} years between 2016 and 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Russell |title=Understanding Smartphone Storage – How much storage does your phone need? |url=https://www.lifewire.com/smartphone-buying-guides-577502 |website=Lifewire |date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Starts Producing First 512-Gigabyte Universal Flash Storage for Next-Generation Mobile Devices |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171204006182/en/Samsung-Starts-Producing-512-Gigabyte-Universal-Flash-Storage |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gottsegen |first1=Gordon |title=Samsung is bringing a huge 512GB memory chip to its phones |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-512gb-memory-chip-announcement/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2017-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=US will only receive 32GB Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/us-getting-32gb-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-675313/ |website=Android Authority |date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Memory cards====
[[File:Huawei_U8950D_no_cover.JPG|thumb|Inserted memory and SIM cards]]
{{main article|MicroSD#Mobile phones}}

The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using [[MicroSD#Mobile phones|MicroSD]] [[memory card]]s, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ {{section link|SD_card|2009–2019: SDXC}}). Benefits over [[USB on the go]] storage and [[cloud storage]] include [[offline]] availability and [[privacy]], not reserving and protruding from the [[charging port]], no connection instability or [[latency (engineering)|latency]], no dependence on voluminous [[data plan]]s, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between devices by changing memory cards, large-scale [[data backup]]s can be created offline, and data can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-us |title=MicroSD vs. cloud storage: Which do you prefer? |url=https://news.wirefly.com/2013/05/31/microsd-vs-cloud-storage-which-do-you-prefer |website=phonedog.com |date=31 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en-nz |title=Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage |url=https://www.ni.com/en-nz/support/documentation/supplemental/12/understanding-life-expectancy-of-flash-storage.html |website=www.ni.com |date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=How to back up your Android phone |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/backup-android-phone-708622/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In case of technical [[brick (electronics)|defects]] which make the device unusable or [[boot (computing)|unbootable]] as a result of liquid damage, fall damage, screen damage, [[bendgate|bending damage]], [[malware]], or bogus [[software update|system update]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Popa |first1=Bogdan |title=Xiaomi Ships Android 11 Update, Completely Bricks Devices |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/xiaomi-ships-android-11-update-completely-bricks-devices-531859.shtml |website=softpedia |language=english |date=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; etc., data stored on the memory card is likely [[data recovery|rescueable]] externally, while data on the inaccessible internal storage would be [[data loss|lost]]. A memory card can usually{{efn|Presuming common [[file system]] support, which is usually given. Some software-specific data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device.}} immediately be re-used in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior [[file transfer]]s.

Some [[dual-SIM]] mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be occupied by either a [[SIM card]] or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM and memory card usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kaufberatung: Smartphones mit Dual-SIM und Micro-SD |url=https://www.techstage.de/ratgeber/kaufberatung-smartphones-mit-dual-sim-und-micro-sd/3t4xzm3 |website=TechStage |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=de |date=2019-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Physical location
The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies [[hot swapping]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to increase internal memory on the Galaxy Note 4 |url=https://www.nextpit.com/how-to-increase-internal-memory-on-galaxy-note-4 |website=NextPit |date=July 5, 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thorn |first1=Thomas |title=Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/samsung-galaxy-s4-mini-1137603/review |website=TechRadar |language=en |date=2013-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hidalgo |first1=Jason |title=Replace the SIM &amp; Memory Card in a Samsung Galaxy S7 or S7 Edge |url=https://www.lifewire.com/install-sim-memory-galaxy-s7-4023729 |website=Lifewire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)|Samsung Galaxy Fit]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Ace|Ace]] have a sideways memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 review: Ace in the hole |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_ace_s5830-review-573.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=1 |date=2011-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====File transfer====
Originally, [[mass storage]] access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time, mass storage access was removed, leaving the [[Media Transfer Protocol]] as protocol for USB file transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the connection, and no necessity for common [[file system]] support, as communication is done through an [[abstraction layer]].

However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and [[random access]] of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the device before opened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What Happened To Mass Storage &amp; File Management? [Updated] - Mobility Arena - Mobile Phone, Smartphone, Cell Phone Reviews |url=https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |website=mobilityarena.com |date=2011-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100252/https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-mass-storage-and-file-management/ |archive-date=2021-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sound===
Some audio quality enhancing features, such as [[Voice over LTE]] and [[HD Voice]] have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in [[long-distance call]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it|title=Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It|first=Jeff|last=Hecht|work=[[IEEE]]|date=September 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible|title=Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?|first=Elena|last=Malykhina|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audio quality can be improved using a [[VoIP]] application over [[Wi-Fi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/whats-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681|title=What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?|first=Alan|last=Henry|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Lifehacker|date=May 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a [[speakerphone]] feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

Some mobile phones such as the [[HTC One M8]] and the [[Sony Xperia Z2]] are equipped with [[stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Andrew |title=HTC One M8 BoomSound speakers are loud and proud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-speaker-comparison/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2014-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Audio connector====
The [[Phone connector (audio)#Miniature size|3.5mm headphone receptible]] ([[colloquialism|coll.]] &quot;''headphone jack''&quot;) allows the immediate operation of passive [[headphone]]s, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port side) than on the top of the device.

The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple [[iPhone 7]]. An [[adapter]] reserving the charging port can retrofit the plug.

Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth [[transceiver]] and a battery with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Was ditching the headphone jack a good idea? |url=https://www.soundguys.com/was-ditching-the-headphone-jack-a-good-idea-13825/ |website=SoundGuys |date=9 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Battery===
Smartphones typically feature [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion]] or [[lithium-polymer battery|lithium-polymer batteries]] due to their high [[energy density|energy densities]].

Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of processing speeds followed by system outages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Fixes of Unexpected Phone Shutoffs - RTCL ... rtcl.eecs.umich.edu › assets › 2020 |url=https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2020/youngmoon-mobisys20.pdf |date=2020-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Battery capacity may be reduced to 80% after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jasieniak |first1=Jacek |title=Explainer: how to extend your phone's battery life |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-to-extend-your-phones-battery-life-80958 |website=The Conversation |date=July 31, 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.ukm.my/jqma/v10_1/jqma-10-1-paper4.pdf |title=Modelling of Charge/Discharge Cycle of Lithium Ion Battery System |first1=Ho Kar |last1=Yee |first2=Sivakumar |last2=Ramakrishnan |first3=Ahmad Azmin |last3=Mohamad |journal=Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=2014 |pages=39–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Some mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design practice criticized for [[Planned obsolescence#Batteries|planned obsolescence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Planned obsolescence: the outrage of our electronic waste mountain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/the-right-to-repair-planned-obsolescence-electronic-waste-mountain |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Charging====
[[File:Cheero powerbank &amp; Samsung Galaxy S4 20140910.jpg|thumb|A high-capacity portable [[battery charger]] ([[Battery charger#Power bank|''power bank'']])]]

Due to limitations of [[electrical current]]s that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle, charging protocols which make use of elevated [[voltages]] such as [[Qualcomm Quick Charge]] and [[MediaTek Pump Express]] have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a device needs to be attached to a power source.

The smartphone's integrated [[charge controller]] (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a supported [[mobile phone charger|charger]]. &quot;[[VOOC]]&quot; by Oppo, also marketed as &quot;dash charge&quot;, took the counter approach and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later, [[USB Power Delivery]] (''USB-PD'') was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Sumukh |title=Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo VOOC vs USB-PD - TechPP |url=https://techpp.com/2020/04/09/qualcomm-quick-charge-vs-oneplus-warp-charge-vs-oppo-vooc-vs-usb-pd/ |website=techpp.com |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=2020-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 [[watt]]s in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017222405/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20 Watts in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Nick |title=How it works: Dash Charge fast charging on the OnePlus 3 |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/How-it-works-Dash-Charge-fast-charging-on-the-OnePlus-3_id82646 |website=Phone Arena |date=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 45 watts in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Byford |first1=Sam |title=Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-charging-find-x-lamborghini-edition |website=The Verge |language=en |date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation of the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PSA: The Galaxy S8 and S8+ doesn't actually Fast Charge while you're using it – Phandroid |url=https://phandroid.com/2017/05/11/samsung-galaxy-s8-plus-wont-fast-charge-problems/ |website=phandroid.com |date=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is powered off}}

[[Wireless charging]] has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with [[Qi (standard)|''Qi'']] being the most common standard, followed by [[Powermat]]. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission, charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging rates.

By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6 phones with the best battery life|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-battery-life/|access-date=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-customer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html|access-date=September 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Kendrick |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/ |title=The secret behind poor smartphone battery life|work=ZDNet |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-years/ |title=Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external &quot;battery packs&quot;. External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that &quot;piggyback&quot; onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the [[Galaxy Note 7]] smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/|title=Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas|date=May 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For consumer convenience, [[inductive charging|wireless charging]] stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/|title=The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Power management====
A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC) of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a few hundred milliwatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Frumusanu |first1=Andrei |title=Analysing AMOLED Power Efficiency Improvements |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623204043/http://anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=2015-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cameras===
{{main|Camera phone|Digital camera|Videophone}}

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. {{As of|2019}} phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Images are usually saved in the [[JPEG]] file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s also have [[Raw image format|RAW]] imaging capability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to Shoot Photos in DNG/RAW on Samsung Galaxy S7 |url=https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |website=Android Beat {{!}} Android News, Hacks, Apps, Tips &amp; Reviews Blog |access-date=19 August 2021 |language=en-us |date=24 April 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819213752/https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-galaxy-s7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nikam |first1=Sohil |title=Samsung Dropping RAW Image Support Into Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge Via Android 5.1.1 Update - TechShout |url=https://www.techshout.com/samsung-to-bless-galaxy-s6-and-s6-edge-with-raw-photo-support-via-android-5-1-1-update/ |website=www.techshout.com |access-date=19 August 2021 |date=2015-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Space constraints====
Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for &quot;[[selfie]]s&quot; and [[video chat]]. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for [[image sensor]]s and [[Lens|optics]], rear-facing cameras are often housed in a &quot;bump&quot; that is thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose ([[Telephoto lens|telephoto]], [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]], etc.).

Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera module while increasing [[ergonomy]], as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with [[Image stabilization#Optical image stabilization|optical image stabilisation]] (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus [[Raw image format|RAW]] images. [[High-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]], &quot;[[Bokeh]] mode&quot; with multi lenses and multi-shot [[Night mode camera|night mode]]s are now also familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019 |url=https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512034618/https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |archive-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via [[computational photography]] [[Digital image processing|image processing]] and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

====Dedicated camera button====
Some mobile phones such as the [[Samsung i8000 Omnia 2]], some [[Nokia Lumia]]s and some [[Sony Xperia]]s are equipped with a physical camera shutter button.

Those with two pressure levels resemble the [[point-and-shoot]] intuition of dedicated [[compact camera]]s. The camera button may be used as a [[shortcut (computing)|shortcut]] to quickly and [[ergonomy|ergonomically]] launch the camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button.

===Back cover materials===
Back covers of smartphones are typically made of [[polycarbonate]], aluminium, or glass. Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the [[Galaxy S5]] or leathered on the [[Galaxy Note 3]] and [[Note 4]].

While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less &quot;premium&quot; among [[fashion]]- and [[fad|trend]]-oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock absorption, greater [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass, which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of radio signals or wireless power like metal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Joshua |title=A Discussion on Material Choices in Mobile |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031624/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 9, 2014 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=11 April 2021 |date=2014-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bring back plastic phones. |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/bring-back-plastic-phones-1004824/ |website=Android Authority |date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benefits And Applications Of Polycarbonates |url=https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |website=Tuflite |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411235448/https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/ |website=Android Authority |date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Accessories===
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including [[Mobile phone accessories#Cases|cases]], [[#Memory_cards|memory card]]s, [[screen protector]]s, [[Battery charger#Mobile phone charger|chargers]], [[wireless charging|wireless power]] stations, [[USB On-The-Go]] adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), [[Mobile High-Definition Link|MHL]] adapters, add-on batteries, [[power bank]]s, [[headphones]], combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct [[Telephone call|call]]s on the device without holding it to the ear), and [[Bluetooth]]-enabled [[powered speaker]]s that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a &quot;book&quot;-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some &quot;book&quot;-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as [[wallet]]s.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.

However, some companies, like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to &quot;reduce [[carbon footprint]]&quot;, etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters.
==سافٽ ويئر==
: موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست: وڪرو: استعمال: تنقيد ۽ مسئلا: صحت تي اثر: پابنديون ۽ روڪون: مخصوص ڊجيٽل ڪيمرائن جي جاءِ وٺڻ: عمر (استعمال جو مدو):

=== موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم ===
{{Main|موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم}}

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم (Mobile OS) فون، ٽيبليٽ، اسمارٽ واچ يا ٻين موبائل ڊوائيسز لاءِ هڪ آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهي. عالمي سطح تي, استعمال جي حصيداري جي بنياد تي, [[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] ۽ [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] ٻه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم آهن.[[اينڊروئيڊ|اينڊرائيڊ]] 2013 کان وٺي سڀني ڊوائيسز تي عالمي سطح تي بهترين وڪرو ٿيندڙ او ايس رهيو آهي. 

موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم هڪ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر آپريٽنگ سسٽم جي خاصيتن کي گڏ ڪن ٿا ٻين خاصيتن سان جيڪي موبائل يا هٿ ۾ استعمال لاءِ ڪارآمد آهن. عام طور تي شامل آهن. ۽ جديد موبائل سسٽم ۾ ضروري سمجهيا وڃن ٿا انهن مان گھڻا, هڪ ٽچ اسڪرين. سيلولر فون, بلوٽوٿ. وائي فائي محفوظ رسائي. وائي فائي. گلوبل پوزيشننگ سسٽم (GPS) موبائل نيويگيشن. وڊيو- ۽ سنگل فريم تصوير ڪئميرا. تقرير جي سڃاڻپ. وائس رڪارڊر. ميوزڪ پليئر. ويجهو فيلڊ ڪميونيڪيشن. ۽ انفراريڊ بلاسٽر. 2018 جي پهرين ٽه ماهي تائين &lt;small&gt;383&lt;/small&gt; ملين کان وڌيڪ اسمارٽ فون وڪرو ڪيا ويا جن مان &lt;small&gt;85.9&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو اينڊرائيڊ هلائي رهيا هئا. &lt;small&gt;14.1&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو [[آئي او ايس ڊوائيسن جي فهرست|آئي او ايس]] (iOS) ۽ ٻين او ايس هلائيندڙ اسمارٽ فونز جو هڪ گهٽ تعداد  هلائي رهيا هئا. صرف اينڊرائيڊ مشهور ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ سسٽم ونڊوز کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي. ۽ عام طور تي. اسمارٽ فون جو استعمال (ٽيبليٽ کان سواءِ به) ڊيسڪ ٽاپ جي استعمال کان وڌيڪ آهي. ٻيا مشهور موبائل آپريٽنگ سسٽم فلائيم او ايس ۽ هارموني او ايس آهن.

mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an [[operating system]] for phones, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[smartwatch]]es, or other [[mobile device]]s. Globally, Android and [[IOS]] are the two most used mobile operating systems based on [[Usage share of operating systems|usage share]], with the former having been the best selling OS globally on all devices since 2013.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a [[personal computer]] operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a [[touchscreen]], [[Cellular network|cellular]], Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) mobile navigation, [[video camera|video-]] and [[digital camera|single-frame picture cameras]], [[speech recognition]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recorder]], [[portable media player|music player]], [[near-field communication]], and [[infrared blaster]]. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=May 29, 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use. Other well-known mobile operating systems are [[Flyme OS]] and [[Harmony OS]].
[[File:20240419 삼성 갤럭시 S24 울트라.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra]] has an [[artificial intelligence]]-powered feature.]]
Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems{{Em dash}}the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary [[real-time operating system]] which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious [[base station]]s to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Thom Holwerda |website=[[OSNews]] |date=November 12, 2013 |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/27416/the-second-operating-system-hiding-in-every-mobile-phone/ |title=The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--

The below list and subsequent details in it are unwarranted for the scope of this article. It is better replaced by a link to corresponding main article (see above). Even if any reason the below needs to be retained, a single paragraph summarising entire contents, should be enough.

====Android====
{{Main article|Android (operating system)}}
[[File:Android OS.jpg|thumb|Several smartphones running Google's Android OS]]
[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (based on the modified [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system developed by [[Google Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OS MS 3Q10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent |date=November 10, 2010 |publisher=Gartner, Inc |at=Table 2 |access-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113073826/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for [[Turing machine|general purpose computers]] (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) [[personal computer]]s (PCs). Although the Android operating system is [[free and open-source software]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ICS is coming to AOSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/android-building/msg/c0e01b4619a1455a |title=ICS is coming to AOSP}}&lt;/ref&gt; in devices sold, much of the software [[Product bundling|bundled]] with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is [[proprietary software]] and closed source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903011541/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |archive-date=September 3, 2013 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=December 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged since Android 4.0. The current Android version is [[Android Pie|9.0 Pie]].

Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items, except for the first and second releases.

Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own [[List_of_custom_Android_distributions|modified versions]] of the operating system.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardianfrag&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Android fragmentation 'worse than ever' – but OpenSignal says that's good|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/android-fragmentation-visualised-opensignal|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 1, 2013|date=July 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====iOS====
{{Main article|iOS}}
[[iOS]] (formerly named iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system from [[Apple Inc.]] It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|title=Apple Took 89% Of Q4 Smartphone Profits With Android OEMs In A Race To The Bottom|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110736/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|archive-date=July 15, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system. The [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]] and second or third-generation [[Apple TV]] all use [[iOS]], which is derived from [[macOS]].

Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, &quot;[[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]]&quot; allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.

Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by [[Foxconn]] or another of Apple's partners.

====Sailfish OS====
{{main article|Sailfish OS}}

[[Sailfish OS]] is from [[Jolla]]. It is open source with [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is [[proprietary software]] (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI. Using third party software extends usability but does not make the OS code close, in the same way as preinstalled Microsoft Word (closed source) on a Linux device does not make Linux closed source.

After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the [[MeeGo]] project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and [[Mer (software distribution)|Mer]] business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the [[Jolla (mobile phone)|Jolla smartphone]], was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, [[Jolla Tablet]] was launched and the [[BRICS]] countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.

Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake.

====Tizen====
{{main article|Tizen}}

[[Tizen]] (based on the [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system hosted by [[Linux Foundation]], together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]].

Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) devices, and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the [[WebKit]] runtime. According to Intel, Tizen &quot;combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo.&quot; [[HTML5]] apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the &quot;future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5.&quot; Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |title=Welcome to Tizen! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013071516/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |website=Tizen.org |date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ricker |first=Thomas |date=September 28, 2011 |url=http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |title=MeeGo is dead: Meet Tizen, another new open source OS based on Linux |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051802/http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |website=Thisismynext.com |access-date=2012-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|title=Tizen 2.1 SDK and Source Code Release|publisher=Tizen.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730123852/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|archive-date=July 30, 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone.

====Ubuntu Touch====
{{main article|Ubuntu Touch}}

[[Ubuntu Touch]] is from [[Canonical Ltd.]] It is open source and uses the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license.&lt;ref name=&quot;tizen2_1&quot;/&gt; The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an [[LXC]] container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|title=ContainerArchitecture|access-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|archive-date=October 31, 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for cloud and IoT, rather than phone and convergence|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/(&quot;Foundation&quot; paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to takeover the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-blog-1/post/is-ubuntu-touch-dead-56|title=Is Ubuntu Touch Dead?|access-date=27 September 2018|date=5 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/foundation/ubports-foundation|title=The UBports Foundation *: Details about the foundation|access-date=27 September 2018|date=19 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on [[Ubuntu]] [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_15.04_(Vivid_Vervet)|15.04 (Vivid Vervet)]] and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_16.04_LTS_(Xenial_Xerus)|16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].

====Discontinued operating systems====

=====Bada=====
{{main article|Bada}}

[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from &quot;바다 (bada)&quot;, meaning &quot;ocean&quot; or &quot;sea&quot; in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy.
On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to [[Tizen]] instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062542/http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |archive-date=2013-02-28 |title=Samsung scraps Bada OS, folds it into Tizen – FierceMobileIT |website=Fiercemobilecontent.com |date=February 25, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====BlackBerry 10=====

[[BlackBerry 10]] (based on the [[QNX]] OS) is from [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]]. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in the late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by the mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update]|first=Patrick |last=O'Rourke |date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|archive-date=January 5, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IDC.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC|date=February 24, 2015|work=IDC.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|archive-date=February 25, 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.

=====Firefox OS=====
{{main article|Firefox OS}}

[[Firefox OS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |title=B2G – MozillaWiki |publisher=mozilla.org |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807222134/https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from [[Mozilla]]. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the [[Mozilla Public License]] built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.

According to [[Ars Technica]], &quot;Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |title=Mozilla eyes mobile OS landscape with new Boot to Gecko project |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912005225/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= B2G OS and Gecko Announcement from Ari Jaaksi &amp; David Bryant |url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |access-date= September 27, 2016 |date= September 27, 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |archive-date= January 22, 2011 |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin=====
{{main article|MeeGo|Maemo|Moblin}}

[[MeeGo (operating system)|MeeGo]] was from non-profit organization [[The Linux Foundation]]. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona, [[Nokia]] and [[Intel]] both unveiled ''MeeGo'', a mobile operating system that combined [[Moblin]] and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the [[Nokia N9]] on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/21/introducing-the-nokia-n9-all-it-takes-is-a-swipe/ |title=Introducing the Nokia N9: all it takes is a swipe! &amp;#124; Nokia Conversations – The official Nokia Blog |publisher=Nokia |date=June 21, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |title=MeeGo Not Dead Yet as LG Continues the Charge — Mobile Technology News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829160853/http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maemo]] was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and [[Internet tablet]]s. It is open source and GPL, based on [[Debian GNU/Linux]] and draws much of its [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Software framework|frameworks]], and [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from the GNOME project. It uses the [[Matchbox (window manager)|Matchbox]] window manager and the [[GTK]]-based [[Hildon]] as its GUI and [[application framework]].

=====Palm OS=====
{{main article|Palm OS}}
[[File:Treo 300.jpg|thumb|A [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]] Treo 300 smartphone (2002)]]
[[Palm OS]]/Garnet OS was from [[Access Co.]] It is closed source and proprietary. [[webOS]] was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, [[open architecture]] and multitasking abilities.

=====Symbian=====
{{Main article|Symbian}}
[[File:Nokia N70 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Nokia N70]] smartphone (2005) running [[Symbian]] OS, which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s]]
The [[Symbian]] platform was developed by [[Nokia]] for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|title=Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone|date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154613/https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|archive-date=August 8, 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====webOS=====
{{main article|webOS}}

[[webOS]] was developed by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the [[Palm Pre]]. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the [[HP Veer|Veer]] and the [[HP Pre 3|Pre 3]]) and a tablet (the [[HP TouchPad|TouchPad]]) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |title=HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination; Makes Other Announcements |publisher=HP |date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006182519/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |title=The next chapter for webOS |publisher=HP webOS Developer Blog |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924172749/http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap/#.UIgNYMXA-So |title=Open webOS::Roadmap |publisher=Open webOS Project |date=September 2012 |access-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145336/http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap#.UIgNYMXA-So |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to [[LG Electronics]], who used the operating system for its &quot;smart&quot; or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.

=====Windows 10 Mobile=====
[[Windows 10 Mobile]] (formerly called [[Windows Phone]]) rom [[Microsoft]], now discontinued. It is closed source and proprietary.

Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's [[Metro Design Language]]. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as [[OneDrive]] and Office, [[Xbox Music]], [[Xbox Video]], [[Xbox Live]] games and [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]], but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as [[Facebook]] and [[Google Account|Google accounts]]. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by [[Microsoft Mobile]]/[[Nokia]], and also by [[HTC]] and [[Samsung]].

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with [[Windows 10 Mobile]], bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart [[Windows 10]], and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.

In October 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/257174-microsoft-admits-windows-10-mobile-finally-mercifully-dead|title=Microsoft Admits Windows 10 Mobile Is Finally, Mercifully Dead|first=Joel|last=Hruska|website=www.extremetech.com|date=9 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

===Mobile apps===
{{Main|Mobile app}}

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term &quot;app&quot; is a short-form of the term &quot;software application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2011-3|title=What The Heck Is An &quot;App&quot;?|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Application stores===
{{Main|List of mobile app distribution platforms}}

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted [[list of mobile app distribution platforms|online distribution]] for third-party applications ([[software]] and [[computer programs]]) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including [[video game]]s, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on [[List of mobile app distribution platforms#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms, such as [[GetJar]], [[Handango]], [[Handmark]], and [[PocketGear]]. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's [[BlackBerry App World]], Android-related app stores like [[Aptoide]], [[Cafe Bazaar]], [[F-Droid]], [[GetJar]], and [[Opera Mobile Store]]. In February 2014, 93% of [[mobile developers]] were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |title=W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==موجوده اسمارٽ فون برانڊن جي فهرست==
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:100px&quot;&gt;
* آسس (Asus)
* گوگل پڪسل (Google Pixel)
* هائي سينس (Hisense) 
* آنر (Honor)
* ايڇ ٽي سي (HTC)
* هواوي (Huawei)
* انفينڪس (Infinix) 
* آئي فون (iPhone)
* آئي ڪيو (iQOO)
* آئيٽيل (Itel)
* لاوا (Lava)
* لينووو (Lenovo)
* ايل جي (LG)
* ميزو (Meizu) 
* موٽرولا (Motorola)
* نوڪيا (Nokia)
* نٿنگ (Nothing)
* نوبيا (Nubia)
* ون پلس (OnePlus)
* اوپو (Oppo)
* پوڪو (POCO)
* ريل مي (Realme)
* ريڊمي (Redmi)
* سامسنگ گليڪسي (Samsung Galaxy)
* شارپ (Sharp)
* سوني ايڪسپيريا (Sony Xperia). 
* ٽي سي ايل (TCL)
* ٽيڪنو (Tecno)
* اميڊيجي (Umidigi)
* ويوو (Vivo)
* شياومي (Xiaomi)
* زيڊ ٽي اي (ZTE)
&lt;/div&gt;

==Sales==

&lt;div class=&quot;floatright&quot;&gt;
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize=width:270 height:400
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:45 top:10 right:16
AlignBars=justify
Period=from:0 till:1700
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal

Colors=
 id:gray value:gray(0.5)
 id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
 id:line2 value:gray(0.7)

BarData=
 bar:2007 text:2007
 bar:2008 text:2008
 bar:2009 text:2009
 bar:2010 text:2010
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2012 text:2012
 bar:2013 text:2013
 bar:2014 text:2014
 bar:2015 text:2015
 bar:2016 text:2016
 bar:2017 text:2017
 bar:2018 text:2018
 bar:2019 text:2019
 bar:2020 text:2020
 bar:2021 text:2021
 bar:2022 text:2022

PlotData=
 color:tan1 width:10

 bar:2007 from:start till:122 text:122
 bar:2008 from:start till:139 text:139
 bar:2009 from:start till:172 text:172
 bar:2010 from:start till:296 text:296
 bar:2011 from:start till:472 text:472
 bar:2012 from:start till:680 text:680
 bar:2013 from:start till:969 text:969
 bar:2014 from:start till:1244 text:1,244
 bar:2015 from:start till:1423 text:1,423
 bar:2016 from:start till:1495 text:1,495
 bar:2017 from:start till:1536 text:1,536
 bar:2018 from:start till:1556 text:1,556
 bar:2019 from:start till:1540 text:1,540
 bar:2020 from:start till:1351 text:1,351
 bar:2021 from:start till:1433 text:1,433
 bar:2022 from:start till:1395 text:1,395

TextData=
 pos:(40,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text: Worldwide smartphone sales (million)
TextData=
 pos:(40,5) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: gartner.com
&lt;/timeline&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos|url=http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|work=GIGAOM|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Erica|last=Ogg|date=December 22, 2011|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723153620/http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobile-retailer/|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc|access-date=June 27, 2013|first=Leena|last=Rao|date=September 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | work= 3 News NZ | title= Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones | date= April 29, 2013 | access-date= April 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | archive-date= August 1, 2013 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-smartphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html|title=We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in the Smartphone Decline.|first=Jake|last=Swearingen|date=December 4, 2018|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |archive-date=January 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent [[:wikt:year-over-year|year on year]]. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-market-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/ |title=It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever |author=Daniel van Boom |date=April 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid [[Huawei]], [[Oppo]] and [[Xiaomi]] introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung-and-huawei/|title=As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei|first=Daphne|last=Leprince-Ringuet|date=November 26, 2019|website=[[ZDNet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-americans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/|title=Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says|first=Samuel|last=Axon|date=December 11, 2019|website=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-change-2019-12|title=Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry|first=Lisa|last=Eadicicco|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_india-news-39917.php|title=Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India|website=GSMArena.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counterpoint-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/|title=Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?|first=Alan|last=Weissberger|date=November 8, 2019|website=[[IEEE Communications Society]] Technology Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline|title=Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'|first=Steve|last=McCaskill|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[TechRadar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also predicted that prices of smartphones may go higher due to global [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] Chip shortage which may effect the sales also.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AI Chip Shortage Causes Sharp Rise in Smartphone Prices, May Increase by Nearly 7% by 2026 |url=https://news.aibase.com/news/23987}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===By manufacturer===
{{see also|List of best-selling mobile phones}}
In 2011, [[Samsung]] had the highest shipment [[market share]] worldwide, followed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. [[Huawei]], [[LG Corporation|LG]] and [[Lenovo]] were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-may-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/ |title=Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask |work=[[Engadget]] |first=Jon |last=Fingas |date=January 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-shipments-q1-2014|title= Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC|first= Steven|last= Millward|date= May 13, 2014|access-date= September 9, 2014|work= Tech In Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.&lt;ref name=&quot;brett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-smartphones/24320385/|title=Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales|author=Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY|date=March 3, 2015|work=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | url = https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-08-19-gartner-says-five-of-top-10-worldwide-mobile-phone-vendors-increased-sales-in-second-quarter-of-2016 | title = Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016 | publisher = Gartner | date = August 19, 2016 | access-date = May 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, [[Oppo]] with 25.5 million and [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] with 22.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/|title= 6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese|first= Frank|last= Hersey|date=2017-07-04|access-date= 2017-07-07|work= technode}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2017-02-28|title=Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Realme]], a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and [[Honor (brand)|Honor]], a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth {{as of|2019|lc=on}}, amid growing Chinese nationalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-for-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/|title= Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market|author=‌Argam Artashyan|date=December 12, 2019|website=GizChina}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones|title=Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones &amp;#124; TechRadar|website=www.techradar.com|date=December 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units. Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a 14.1% market share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Apple loses top phonemaker spot to Samsung as iPhone shipments drop, IDC says |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/retail/apple-loses-top-phonemaker-spot-to-samsung-as-iphone-shipments-drop-idc-says-1.1713152284439 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===By operating system===
{{Further|Mobile operating system#By operating system}}

==Use==
{{See also|Mobile phone#Use|Technological convergence}}

===Contemporary use and convergence===
{{multiple image|width=150|perrow=2|image1=A2 &amp; Zen (307730569).jpg|image2=Sony Cybershot DSC W210.jpg|image3=Mobiles Navigationsgeraet Navigon im Einsatz.JPG|image4=PDA Mapping.jpg|footer=Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: ''(from top-left)'' [[portable media player]]s (inc. &quot;MP3 players&quot;); [[Point-and-shoot camera|compact digital camera]]s; [[Satellite navigation device|in-car satellite navigation systems]]; [[personal digital assistant]]s (inc. [[electronic organizer]]s)|alt1=sdas}}

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing [[Cellular network|network]], [[mobile processor]], and [[Computer data storage|storage]] technologies led to a [[Technological convergence|convergence]] where separate [[mobile phone]]s, [[Personal organizer|organizer]]s, and [[portable media player]]s were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why |url=http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overtake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/ |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=2013-08-15 |first=Don |last=Reisinger }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816183428/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2013 |title=Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time |author=Rob van der Meulen &amp; Janessa Rivera |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-first-time-worldwide/ |title=Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |date=14 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=CompTIA Strata Study Guide |author=Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-97742-2 |page=140 |access-date=July 5, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&amp;q=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete&amp;pg=PA140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tom's Hardware&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|title=PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec|last=Yu|first=Emily|publisher=EE Times Asia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|archive-date=23 April 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in [[Image sensor|digital camera sensor]]s and on-device [[Digital image processing|image processing]] software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler [[Point-and-shoot camera|camera]]s for photographs and video recording.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The built-in [[Global navigation satellite systems|GPS]] capabilities and [[List of online map services|mapping]] apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone [[satellite navigation]] [[Personal navigation assistant#Market developments|devices]], and paper [[Road map|map]]s became less common.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmartphonesTollonGPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mobile gaming]] on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Wijman |first1=Tom |title=Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018|url=https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/|website=newzoo.com|publisher=Newzoo|date=30 April 2018|access-date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing many people to use them in place of [[handheld game consoles]], and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en#view=features_specifications |title=Xperia Play {{!}} PlayStation certified Android mobile |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Sony Ericsson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&amp;lc=en |archive-date=August 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review|title=Android handheld of the future. Not today.|last=Lowe|first=Scott|website=IGN|date=July 30, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; People frequently have chosen not to get [[Landline|fixed-line telephone service]] in favor of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|title=Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones|work=[[CBS News]]|date=4 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|title=The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013|date=June 23, 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|archive-date=2014-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Streaming media#Music streaming platforms|Music streaming]] apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite [[Radio receiver|radio]]. [[Streaming media|Streaming video]] services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching [[television]]. People have often stopped wearing [[wristwatch]]es in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of [[alarm clock]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing/ |website=Motherboard.vice.com |publisher=Motherboard |access-date=16 August 2018 |language=en-us |date=10 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobile phones can also be used as a digital [[note taking]], [[text editing]] and [[memorandum]] device whose [[computer]]ization facilitates searching of entries.

Additionally, [[Global Internet usage#Broadband usage|in many lesser technologically developed regions]] smartphones are people's first and only means of [[mobile broadband|Internet access]] due to their portability,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx|title=ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016|publisher=Telecommunication Development Bureau, [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)|access-date=2015-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|reason=Which documents say that, and where?|date=June 2022}} with [[personal computer]]s being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or [[Text messaging|messaging]] in place of using [[fax]] (facsimile) machines. [[Mobile payment|Payment apps and services]] on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. [[Mobile banking]] apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] or teller. [[Guide book]] apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated [[Audio tour#Smartphone tours|audio guide]] equipment.

===Mobile banking and payment===
{{main|Mobile banking|Mobile payment}}

{{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}
[[File:Mobile payment 03.JPG|thumb|Mobile payment system]]
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide [[mobile banking]] services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's [[M-PESA]] mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator [[Safaricom]] to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

[[Branchless banking]] has been successful in South Africa and the [[Philippines]]. A pilot project in [[Bali]] was launched in 2011 by the [[International Finance Corporation]] and an [[Indonesia]]n bank, [[Bank Mandiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html |title=Branchless banking to start in Bali |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another application of mobile banking technology is [[Zidisha]], a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/ |title=&quot;Zidisha Set to &quot;Expand&quot; in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance&quot;, Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 |publisher=Microfinancefocus.com |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in [[Espoo]] were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators [[Globe Telecom|Globe]] and [[Smart Communications|Smart]].

Some mobile phones can make [[mobile payment]]s via direct mobile billing schemes, or through [[contactless payment]]s if the phone and the [[point of sale]] support [[near-field communication]] (NFC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |title=Mobile Payments: Look to Korea |author=Feig, Nancy |publisher=banktech.com |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2010 |title=NFC mobile phone set to explode |author=Ready, Sarah |publisher=connectedplanetonline.com |date=10 November 2009 |access-date=29 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |title=VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments |author=Tofel, Kevin C. |publisher=gigaom.com |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621023021/http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Facsimile===
Some [[mobile app|apps]] allows for sending and receiving [[fax|facsimile (fax)]], over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster [[binary image|bi-level]] graphics) generated directly and digitally from [[document file format|document]] and [[image file formats|image]] file formats.

===Films===
{{also|List of films shot on mobile phones}}
Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film festivals for such films, including the [[SmartFone Flick Fest]] in [[Sydney]], Australia;&lt;ref name=ff&gt;{{cite web |title=SF3 |website=FilmFreeway |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://filmfreeway.com/SF3 |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kornits2024&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=The rise and rise of smartphone films – Australia leads the way |website=FilmInk |date=26 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/the-rise-and-rise-of-smartphone-films-australia-leads-the-way-2/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dublin Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in [[San Diego]]; the Spanish festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone International Film Festival;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=James |last=Fletcher |title=Darcy Yuille: One Punch Man |website=FilmInk |date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/darcy-yuille-one-punch-man/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto Smartphone Film Festival; New York Mobile Film Festival; and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |title=Short Film of the Week: Idiot-Proof |website=FilmInk |date=13 October 2024 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/short-film-of-the-week-idiot-proof/ |access-date=3 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism and issues==

===Social impacts===
====Manufacture====
[[Cobalt]] and [[lithium]] are needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers in cobalt and lithium mining, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] during [[Cobalt#Democratic Republic of the Congo|artisanal mining of cobalt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |website=NPR |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |access-date=10 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The lithium rush in Africa |author= |work=Global Witness |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2 June 2025 |url= https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/a-rush-for-lithium-in-africa-risks-fuelling-corruption-and-failing-citizens/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports indicate that thousands of artisanal lithium diggers are working in unsafe conditions, with reports of child labour and miners being buried by a mine collapse, also in [[Zimbabwe]]; and suspected corruption cases in [[Namibia]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2019 [[International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla|a lawsuit]] was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of [[child labor]] in mining cobalt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| year=2023 | title=Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025 | website=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/ | access-date=9 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Use====
{{main|Problematic smartphone use}}

In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].&lt;ref name=Colaner&gt;{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|access-date=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002| s2cid = 9196376 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A &quot;[[smombie]]&quot; (a combination of &quot;smartphone&quot; and &quot;[[zombie]]&quot;) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunday-times&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2016 | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a &quot;mobile lane&quot; for walking in [[Chongqing]], China.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg]], Germany, to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Rick Noack |date=April 25, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ |title=This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don't have to look up |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===While driving===
{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}

[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]

Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last1 = Atchley|first1 = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|issue = 1|pages=134–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&amp;template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070714%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&amp;template=printart|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]&lt;!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--&gt; in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.]]

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|s2cid=205403680|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf | title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group | journal = Social Science Computer Review | doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 | volume = 28 | year = 2010 | pages = 336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas | s2cid = 61640965 | archive-date = March 30, 2024 | access-date = January 24, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091657/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=January 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. In the United States, as of May 2025, 31 states had banned handheld phone use while driving, and 49 states had banned text messaging while driving.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHTSA2025DistractedLaws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Distracted Driving Laws by State |url=https://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/sites/tsm.gov/files/2025-10/distracted-distracted-driving-law-maps-graphic-en-2025-16302-v4-tag.pdf |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |date=October 27, 2025 |access-date=May 31, 2026 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Legal===
{{Main|Smartphone wars}}

A &quot;patent war&quot; between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider &quot;patent wars&quot;]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone operating systems such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

===Security===
{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juniper-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 |title=Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=trustbus11&gt;{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy &amp; Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|first1=Mylonas |last1=Alexios |first2=Tsoumas |last2=Bill |first3=Dritsas |last3=Stelios |first4=Gritzalis |last4=Dimitris }}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archive-date=August 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malware risk also comes from what is known as an &quot;update attack&quot;, where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lookout-malware&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Apple's &quot;Find my iPhone&quot; and Google's &quot;Android Device Manager&quot; can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|access-date=2016-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed [[Vault 7]] detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307194849/http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|archive-date=2017-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|magazine=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of [[spyware]], called [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]], developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often{{Em dash}}partly via use of [[Zero-day (computing)|0-day exploits]]{{Em dash}}without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Packet analysis|Analysis of data traffic]] by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this [[pre-installed software]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Haoyu |last2=Patras |first2=Paul |last3=Leith |first3=Douglas J. |title=Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets |date=6 October 2021 |url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/Android_privacy_report.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tech report|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|first1=Murugiah P.|last1=Souppaya|first2=Karen A.|last2=Scarfone|series=Special Publication (NIST SP)|id=800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Health effects ==

=== General effects on health ===

According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shankar|first1=S Barani|last2=Rani|first2=S Leslie|last3=Brundha|first3=M P|date=July 2020|title=Comparison study of factors associated with smartphone addiction among college students|journal=Drug Invention Today|volume=14|issue=7|pages=1165–1168|issn=0975-7619|via=Academic Search Complete}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Impacts on cognition and mental health===
{{Main|Digital media use and mental health}}

There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health.

=== Hemorrhoids risk ===

Use of a smartphone while sitting on the toilet has been associated with a higher prevalence of hemorrhoids. A study found that individuals who use a smartphone while sitting on the toilet spend, on average, more time there, and that the likelihood of developing hemorrhoids increases by approximately 46% compared to those who do not use a smartphone while on the toilet (after adjustment for age, sex, and other medical factors).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramprasad2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Ramprasad | first1 = Chethan| last2 = Wu | first2 = Colin| last3 = Chang | first3 = Jocelyn| last4 = Rangan | first4 = Vikram| last5 = Iturrino | first5 = Johanna| last6 = Ballou | first6 = Sarah| last7 = Singh | first7 = Prashant| last8 = Lembo | first8 = Anthony| last9 = Nee | first9 = Judy| last10 = Pasricha | first10 = Trisha| title = Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids| journal = PLOS One| volume = 20| issue = 9| pages = e0329983| date = 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regulation of mobile health applications ===

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 | s2cid = 16910239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sleep===
{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, &quot;Night Mode&quot; functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|access-date=January 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as &quot;[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]&quot;. Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in &quot;[[ego depletion]]&quot;. Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-bluelight&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|access-date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kalsbeek |first=Andries |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C |title=The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing |publisher=Elsevier |page=382 |isbn=978-0-444-59427-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Luisa |last=Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Restrictions and bans ==
{{Further|Digital detox}}
In some countries authorities make efforts to reduce digital device use, including smartphones among students.

* [[South Korea]] passed nationwide classroom phone ban. The law will come to effect in March 2026. Exceptions allowed for students with disabilities, emergencies and educational purposes. 
* [[France]] and [[Finland]] made partial bans, generally for younger students. 
* [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[China]] created stronger restrictions. The policy improved the situation in Dutch schools.
* In [[Australia]] there are state-level bans. [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] are introducing policies that prohibit phone use during school hours.

&quot;There is significant scientific and medical proof that smartphone addiction has extremely harmful effects on students' brain development and emotional growth,&quot; [[Cho Jung-hun]], who introduced the bill in South Korea told the BBC. Not all students agree this will solve the problem. &quot;Rather than simply taking phones away, I think the first step should be teaching students what they can do without them,&quot; said Seo Min-joon, an 18-year-old high schooler. Another student, aged 13, said that he does not have time to be addicted to his phone due to an overloaded schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=South Korea passes nationwide classroom phone ban to combat youth smartphone addiction |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/32c9667fafd6 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024–2025 Australia and France began to advance legislation which prohibits entirely the use of social media by children under the age of 15–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=France mulls total ban on social media for under 15, digital curfew for teens |url=https://trt.global/world/article/366d24cfd490 |access-date=11 September 2025 |agency=TRT World |date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Australia the law came into effect on 10 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |title=Can you ban kids from social media? Australia is about to, but some teens are a step ahead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crk7xgzj8y8o |access-date=7 December 2025 |agency=BBC |date=6 December 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== نامزد ٿيل ڊجيٽل ڪئميرن جي تبديلي ==
جيئن 2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ٿي نامزد ٿيل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرن جي وڪري جا انگ اکر تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي ويا ڇاڪاڻ ته موبائل فون ڪئميرا هڪ ڪافي متبادل ڪئميرا طور ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=As iPhone Turns 15, Smartphones Continue to Hurt Camera Sales |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/as-iphone-turns-15-smartphones-continue-to-hurt-camera-sales/6647692.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

موبائل فون ۾ ڪمپيوٽنگ پاور ۾ واڌ تيز تصوير پروسيسنگ ۽ اعليٰ ريزوليوشن فلمنگ کي فعال ڪيو. 2011 ۾ 1080p مڪمل HD حاصل ڪيو ويو ۽ 2013 ۾ 2160p 4K جي رڪاوٽ کي ٽوڙيو ويو. 

ڇاڪاڻ ته نامزد ٿيل ڪئميرا وڌيڪ وسيع ٿي سگهن ٿا, اهي وڏا تصويري سينسر رکي سگهن ٿا ۽ آپٽيڪل زومنگ جي خاصيت رکي سگهن ٿا, بهرحال ڊيزائن ۽ جاءِ جي حدن جي ڪري اسمارٽ فونز ۾ گهٽ بجيٽ واري ڪمپيڪٽ ڪئميرا تي به ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون نه آهن. جنهن ۾ هڪ گرم-سوپيبل ميموري ڪارڊ ۽ بيٽري, تقريبن بي ترتيب آپريشن لاءِ, فوڪس ڪرڻ ۽ ڪيپچر ڪرڻ ۽ زوم ڪرڻ لاءِ جسماني بٽڻ ۽ نوب, هڪ بولٽ ٿريڊ ٽرپائيڊ ماؤنٽ, هڪ ڪيپيسٽر چارج ٿيل زينون فليش (جيڪو اسمارٽ فونز جي ايل اي ڊي ٽارچ جي چمڪ کان وڌيڪ آهي) ۽ هٿ ۾ شوٽنگ دوران مستحڪم هولڊنگ لاءِ هڪ ايرگونومڪ گرفت (جيڪو وڌيڪ نمائش جي وقت کي فعال بڻائي ٿو) شامل آهن. 

2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر کان وٺي. اسمارٽ فون ٺاهيندڙن محدود حد تائين, مقرر ڪيل ميگنيفڪيشن ليول سان اضافي ريئر ڪيمرا شامل ڪندي, آپٽيڪل زوم جي کوٽ کي نظرانداز ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobile Photography vs. the DSLR {{!}} B&amp;H eXplora |url=https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/hands-review/mobile-photography-vs-dslr |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.bhphotovideo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brad |date=2017-08-16 |title=DSLRs vs. Smartphone Cameras, Compared: The Pros and Cons |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/dslr-vs-smartphone-cameras-comparison/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=MUO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آپريشنل زندگي ==
{{Further|Lithium-ion battery#Lifespan|Planned obsolescence#Batteries}}
[[File:Day_4_Agbogloshie_(25891029818).jpg|thumb|اگبوگبلوشي ۾ اي-فضلو ]]
موبائل فونن ۾ (2010 جي ڏهاڪي جي ٻئي اڌ کان جاري ڪيل) آپريشنل زندگي عام طور تي بلٽ ان بيٽرين جي ڪري محدود هوندي آهي. جيڪي مٽائڻ لاءِ ٺهيل نه آهن. بيٽرين جي زندگي جي توقع پاور ڊيوائس جي استعمال جي شدت تي منحصر آهي. جتي سرگرمي (وڌيڪ استعمال) ۽ وڌيڪ توانائي جي گهرج وارا ڪم بيٽري کي اڳ ختم ڪري ڇڏيندا آهن. 

ليٿيم-آئن ۽ ليٿيم-پوليمر بيٽريون (جيڪي عام طور تي پورٽيبل اليڪٽرانڪس کي طاقت ڏين ٿيون) اضافي طور تي مڪمل چارج ۽ گہرے ڊسچارج چڪرن کان وڌيڪ ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. ۽ جڏهن ڊگهي وقت تائين استعمال نه ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن ته ختم ٿي وينديون آهن. جتي خود ڊسچارج نقصانڪار ڊسچارج جي کوٽائي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cycle-life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134| title = Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 196| issue = 8| pages = 3942–3948| year = 2011| last1 = Wang | first1 = J.| last2 = Liu | first2 = P.| last3 = Hicks-Garner | first3 = J.| last4 = Sherman | first4 = E.| last5 = Soukiazian | first5 = S.| last6 = Verbrugge | first6 = M.| last7 = Tataria | first7 = H.| last8 = Musser | first8 = J.| last9 = Finamore | first9 = P.| bibcode = 2011JPS...196.3942W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.057| title = Cycle life testing and modeling of graphite/LiCoO2 cells under different state of charge ranges| journal = Journal of Power Sources| volume = 327| pages = 394–400| year = 2016| last1 = Saxena | first1 = S.| last2 = Hendricks | first2 = C.| last3 = Pecht | first3 = M.| bibcode = 2016JPS...327..394S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Questions and answers related to lithium - ion rechargeable b attery care |url=https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |publisher=PLARAD Torque &amp; Tension Systems |access-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235201/https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٺاهيندڙن ڪجهه اسمارٽ فونز کي مرمت کان پوءِ ڪم ڪرڻ کان روڪيو آهي. اجزاء جي منفرد سيريل نمبرن کي ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيندي. تنهن ڪري اهو ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪندو يا بي ترتيب جي صورت ۾ ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي کي غير فعال ڪندو. اهو متبادل کان پوءِ ٿيندو. سيريل نمبر جي لاڪنگ پهريون ڀيرو 2015 ۾ آئي فون 6 تي دستاويز ڪئي وئي هئي. جيڪو &quot;هوم&quot; بٽڻ جي هڪ سڃاڻپ ٿيل متبادل جي ڪري غير فعال ٿي ويندو. بعد ۾ ايپل ۽ سام سنگ اسمارٽ فونز تي ڪجهه ڪارڪردگي محدود ڪئي وئي. جڏهن وينڊر پاران اختيار نه ڪيل بيٽري جي متبادل جو پتو لڳايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Furqan |date=2021-01-18 |title=Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware Repairs |url=https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Wccftech |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Macworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{portal|Telephones|Internet|Modern history}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[موبائل فون]]
* [[اينڊروئيڊ]]
* موبائيل ڪمپيوٽرن جون فهرستن 
* موبائيل ايپ جي تقسيم وارن پليٽ فارمز جي فهرست
* ميڊيا ٽرانسفر پروٽوڪول 
* موبائيل انٽرنيٽ ڊيوائس 
* پورٽيبل ميڊيا پليئر 
* اسمارٽ فون ڪِل سوئچ 
* اسمارٽ فون زومبي
{{div col end}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==نوٽس==
{{notelist}}

==ٻاهرين ڳنڍڻا==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:اسمارٽ فون]]
[[زمرو:اينڊرائيڊ]]
[[زمرو:موبائل فون]]
[[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪلائنٽس]]
[[زمرو:ذاتي ڊجيٽل اسسٽنٽ]]
[[زمرو:صارفين لاءِ اليڪٽرانڪس]] 
[[زمرو:معلومات فراهم ڪندڙ آلات]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]</text>
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    <title>ڪارل مارڪس</title>
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      <comment>/* محنت، طبقاتي جدوجهد ۽ غلط شعور */</comment>
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      <text bytes="256676" sha1="k3qmx8ytsja39zaqrtjk1xyfa4zgn7d" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمن فلسفي، سماجي مفڪر، سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ انقلابي سوشلسٽ (1818ع–1883ع)}}


{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = ڪارل مارڪس
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862 |url=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Royal Society of Arts]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image            = Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png
| alt              = ويٺل مارڪس جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي تصوير
| caption          = مارڪس، 1875ع
| birth_name       = ڪارل مارڪس {{efn|name=name|سندس نالو [[ٽرائر]] جي پيدائش واري رجسٽر ۾ ''Carl Marx'' لکيل هو، ۽ 1840ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين هو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن سرڪاري دستاويزن ۾ به اها ئي صورت استعمال ڪندو هو. سندس مڪمل نالو ڪڏهن ''ڪارل هائنرش مارڪس'' پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، پر سرڪاري طور سندس ڪو وچون نالو نه هو. هن رڳو شاگرديءَ جي زماني ۾ ڪجهه ڀيرا ''ڪارل ھنرش'' يا ''ڪارل ھينرش'' (پنهنجي نالي کان پوءِ پيءُ جو پهريون نالو شامل ڪري) استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=34–35}}}}
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|df=y|1818|5|5}}
| birth_place      = [[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|df=y|1883|3|14|1818|5|5}}
| death_place      = [[لنڊن]]، [[انگلينڊ]]
| burial_place     = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، لنڊن
| citizenship      = {{Plainlist|
* [[پروشيا|پروشين]] (1818ع–1845ع)
* [[بي وطن]] (1845ع کان پوءِ)
}}
| alma_mater       = {{Plainlist|
* [[بون يونيورسٽي]]
* [[برلن يونيورسٽي]]
* [[يينا يونيورسٽي]]
}}
| political_party  = {{Plainlist|
* [[ڪميونسٽ رابطي واري ڪاميٽي]]
* [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]]
* [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]
}}
| spouse           = {{Marriage|[[جيني فان ويسٽفالين]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}}
| children         = گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 7،&lt;ref name=PadoverXXV&gt;{{cite book |editor-first=Saul |editor-last=Padover |editor-link=Saul K. Padover |chapter=Introduction: Marx, the Human Side |title=Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |year=1975 |page=xxv}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ [[جيني لونگي]]، [[لورا مارڪس]] ۽ [[ايلينور مارڪس]] شامل آهن.
| parents          = {{ubl|[[هائنرش مارڪس]]|[[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]]}}
| era              = [[اوڻيهين صديءَ جو فلسفو]]
| region           = [[اولهندي فلسفو]]
| school_tradition = [[سياسي معيشت]]
| thesis_title     = [[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]
| thesis_year      = 1841ع
| doctoral_advisor = [[برونو باؤر]]
| main_interests   = {{Hlist|فلسفو|معاشيات|تاريخ|سياست}}
| notable_ideas    = {{Plainlist|
* [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] ۽ [[محنت جي استحصال]]
* [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]
* [[تاريخي ماديت]]
* [[قدر جي صورت]]
}}
| signature        = Karl Marx Signature.svg
| signature_alt    =
}}

'''ڪارل مارڪس'''{{efn|name=name}} ({{IPA|de|ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks|lang}}؛ 5 مئي 1818ع – 14 مارچ 1883ع) جرمن فلسفي، سماجي ۽ سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ [[انقلابي سوشلزم|انقلابي سوشلسٽ]] هو. هن [[تاريخي ماديت]] جو نظريو پيش ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] نظام هيٺ [[طبقاتي جدوجھد]] جو تجزيو ڪيو ويو ۽ اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي ته آخرڪار [[پرولتاريه]] سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو ڪري [[ڪميونزم]] قائم ڪندو. مارڪس، [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس ]] سان گڏجي ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' (1848ع) جو گڏيل مصنف هو ۽ پنهنجي مشهور ترين تصنيف ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' (1867ع–1894ع) ۾ ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]] تي تنقيدي جائزو پيش ڪيو. مارڪس جي نظرين ۽ انهن جي پوءِ ٿيندڙ واڌ ويجهه کي گڏيل طور [[مارڪسزم]] چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن دنيا جي فڪر، سياست، ڪيترين انقلابي تحريڪن ۽ بغاوتن تي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي.
[[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]] ۾ ڄاول مارڪس 1841ع ۾ [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] مان فلسفي ۾ [[ڊاڪٽري جي ڊگري]] حاصل ڪئي. هو جلد ئي انقلابي صحافت سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو ۽ [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] ۽ [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن جي فلسفي کان متاثر ٿيو، جن جي نظرين تي هن بعد ۾ ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' جهڙن ڪتابن ۾ تنقيد ڪئي. [[پيرس]] ۾ رهائش دوران مارڪس ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس]] سان سندس ويجهو علمي ۽ سياسي تعاون شروع ٿيو. بعد ۾ [[برسلز]] منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ٻئي [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا سرگرم رڪن بڻيا ۽ 1848ع ۾ ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' تحرير ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو ويو. [[1848ع جون جرمن رياستن واريون انقلابي تحريڪون|1848ع جي انقلابن]] کان پوءِ جرمني مان نيڪالي ملڻ سبب مارڪس [[لنڊن]] وڃي رهيو، جتي هن ''[[گرونڊرِسِه]]'' جا مسودا ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' جا ٽي جلد تيار ڪيا. هو [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]] (پهرين انٽرنيشنل) جو اهم اڳواڻ بڻيو، جتي هن [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ موجود [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽن]] جي اثر جي مخالفت ڪئي ۽ 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] جي واکاڻ ڪئي. پنهنجي پوئين دور جي مطالعي ۽ ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' (1875ع) ۾ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] ڏانهن منتقلي بابت پنهنجا نظريا وڌيڪ واضح ڪيا. 1883ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي ۽ کيس [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾ دفنايو ويو.

مارڪس جي [[سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج بابت تنقيد]] موجب انساني سماجن جي ترقي طبقاتي جدوجهد وسيلي ٿيندي آهي. [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] ۾ هي جدوجهد [[حاڪم طبقو|حاڪم طبقن]] (يعني [[بورجوازي]])، جيڪي [[وسيلن جي پيداوار]] تي ضابطو رکن ٿا، ۽ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقن]] (پرولتاريه)، جيڪي اجرت عيوض پنهنجي [[محنتي قوت]] وڪڻي پيداوار کي ممڪن بڻائين ٿا، جي وچ ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿي. تاريخي ماديت جي بنياد تي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري پنهنجي اندر اهڙا [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ جون اندروني تضادون|اندروني تضاد]] پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيئن اڳين سماجي ۽ معاشي نظامن ۾ ٿيو هو، ۽ اهي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي زوال جو سبب بڻجندا. سندس نظر ۾ سرمائيداري هيٺ طبقاتي تضادن، ان جي بي استحڪامي ۽ بار بار ايندڙ [[معاشي بحران]] سبب پورهيت طبقو [[طبقاتي شعور]] حاصل ڪندو، پوءِ [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت|سياسي اقتدار]] تي قبضو ڪري، هڪ اهڙو سماج قائم ڪندو جيڪو طبقاتي، رياستي ۽ مالي امتيازن کان پاڪ هوندو ۽ [[آزاد پيدا ڪندڙن جي انجمن]] جي بنياد تي منظم هوندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Karl |last=Marx |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |chapter=Index |title=[[Critique of the Gotha Program]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041955/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |archive-date=27 October 2007 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ان نظريي کي عملي جامو پارائڻ جو به حامي هو ۽ دليل ڏيندو هو ته پورهيت طبقي کي منظم [[پرولتاري انقلابي]] جدوجهد وسيلي سرمائيداري جو خاتمو آڻي سماجي ۽ معاشي [[آزادي]] حاصل ڪرڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس کي جديد دور جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثرائتن شخصيتن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو، ۽ سندس فڪر جي هڪ طرف وڏي واکاڻ، ته ٻي طرف سخت [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد|تنقيد]] پڻ ڪئي وئي آهي. [[مارڪسزم]] سوشلسٽ فڪر ۽ سياسي تحريڪن تي انتهائي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي، ۽ [[مارڪسزم–ليننزم]] سميت ان جا ڪيترائي فڪري ڌارا ويهين صديءَ ۾ اهڙين [[ڪميونسٽ انقلاب]]ي تحريڪن جي رهنمائي ڪندا رهيا، جن مختلف ملڪن ۾ [[ڪميونسٽ رياست]]ون قائم ڪيون. معاشيات جي ميدان ۾ به مارڪس جي فڪر جديد [[غير روايتي معاشيات]] ۾ محنت ۽ [[سرمايو (معاشيات)|سرمائي]] بابت نظرين تي نمايان اثر ڇڏيو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Unger |first=Roberto Mangabeira |title=Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics |year=2007 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |author-link=Roberto Mangabeira Unger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=John |author-link=John Hicks |date=May 1974 |title=Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern |journal=[[The American Economic Review]] |volume=64 |page=307 |quote=The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history&amp;nbsp;... |number=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schumpeter |first=Joseph |title=Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes | year=1997 |orig-year=1952 |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |isbn=978-0415110785 |edition=4th |series=Unwin University books |volume=26 |author-link=Joseph Schumpeter}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ کيس جديد [[سماجيات]] جي بنيادي معمارن مان هڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm |title=Marxism and Method |last=Little |first=Daniel |access-date=10 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210095117/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopaedia |encyclopaedia=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |title=Max Weber |last=Kim |first=Sung Ho |year=2017 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |access-date=10 December 2017 |quote=Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101547/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سوانح عمري ==

=== ننڍپڻ ۽ ابتدائي تعليم: 1818ع–1836ع ===
[[File:Trier BW 2014-06-21 11-11-49.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪارل مارڪس هائوس|مارڪس جي پيدائش جو گهر]]، جيڪو هاڻي ٽرائر جي برڪن شٽراسي 10 تي واقع آهي. مارڪس جو خاندان زميني ماڙ تي ٻن ۽ پهرين ماڙ تي ٽن ڪمرن ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=178, Plate 1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1928ع ۾ [[جرمني جي سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] هن عمارت کي خريد ڪيو، جيڪا هاڻي مارڪس جي يادگار عجائب گهر طور ڪم ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=12–13}}]]

ڪارل مارڪس 5 مئي 1818ع تي [[هائنرخ مارڪس]] ۽ [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]] جي گهر، [[ٽرائر]] جي برڪين گاسي 664 ۾ پيدا ٿيو، جيڪو ان وقت [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جو حصو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=8, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جو خاندان اصل ۾ غير مذهبي يهودي هو، پر سندس پيدائش کان اڳ [[عيسائيت قبول ڪرڻ|عيسائيت اختيار]] ڪري چڪو هو. سندس نانا هالينڊ جا هڪ [[ربي]] هئا، جڏهن ته سندس ڏاڏي جي نسل جا ماڻهو 1723ع کان ٽرائر جا ربي رهيا هئا، ۽ اها ذميواري سندس ڏاڏي ميئر هليوي مارڪس نڀائي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=7–9, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس والد هائنرخ پنهنجي خاندان ۾ پهريون شخص هو جنهن مذهبي بدران جديد سيڪيولر تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هو هڪ ڪامياب وڪيل بڻيو، سٺي آمدني حاصل ڪيائين ۽ وڪالت سان گڏ خاندان وٽ [[موزيل شراب]] جا ڪيترائي انگورن جا باغ پڻ هئا. 1815ع ۾ پروشيا طرفان [[رائين لينڊ]] جي الحاق ۽ پوءِ [[يهودين جي آزادي]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، هائنرخ پنهنجي وڪالت جاري رکڻ لاءِ يهوديت ڇڏي [[پروشيا جي انجيليڪل چرچ]] ۾ شامل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |title=Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History |last=Carroll |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0547348889 |page=419 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924094733/https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–6}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

هائنرخ گهڻو مذهبي نه هو، پر [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي فڪر کان متاثر هو ۽ [[ايمانوئل ڪانٽ]] ۽ [[والٽيئر]] جي خيالن ۾ دلچسپي رکندو هو. هو [[طبقاتي لبرلزم|طبقاتي لبرل]] هو ۽ پروشيا ۾ آئين ۽ سياسي سڌارن جي حمايت ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته ان وقت اتي [[مطلق العنان بادشاهت]] قائم هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=5, 8–12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=11}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=5–6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1815ع ۾ هن وڪيل طور ڪم شروع ڪيو ۽ 1819ع ۾ پنهنجي خاندان کي [[پورٽا نيگرا]] جي ويجهو ڏهن ڪمرن واري گهر ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=10}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس زال هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ هڪ امير ڊچ يهودي واپاري خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي، جنهن مان بعد ۾ [[فلپس]] ڪمپني وجود ۾ آئي. سندس ڀيڻ سوفي پريسبرگ [[ليون فلپس]] سان شادي ڪئي، جيڪا [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ [[آنتون فلپس]] جي ڏاڏي ۽ [[فرٽس فلپس]] جي پڙڏاڏي هئي. ليون فلپس مالدار صنعتڪار ۽ تمباڪو واپاري هو، جنهن کان مارڪس ۽ [[جيني مارڪس]] لنڊن ۾ جلاوطني دوران اڪثر قرض وٺندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|loc=chpt. 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي ننڍپڻ بابت گهڻي معلومات موجود نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو نون ڀائرن ۽ ڀينرن مان ٽيون نمبر هو، پر 1819ع ۾ سندس ڀاءُ مورٽز جي وفات کان پوءِ گهر جو وڏو پٽ بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ۽ سندس بچيل ڀائر ڀينر 28 آگسٽ 1824ع تي [[لوثري چرچ]] ۾ [[بپتسما]] ورتائون،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turley |first=Justin |date=2020-08-24 |title=The Baptism of Karl Marx, 1824 |url=https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Landmark Events |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712232703/https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته سندس ماءُ نومبر 1825ع ۾ بپتسما ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Karl Marx: Dictionary of National Biography |volume=37 |pages=57–58 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0198613879}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1830ع تائين مارڪس جي تعليم سندس والد پاڻ ڪرائي، ان کان پوءِ هو [[ٽرائر جمنازيم]] ۾ داخل ٿيو، جنهن جو پرنسپال [[هوگو ويٽنباخ]] سندس والد جو دوست هو. ويٽنباخ ڪيترن ئي [[لبرل انسانيت پسندي|لبرل انسانيت پسند]] استادن کي مقرر ڪيو، جنهن سبب قدامت پسند حڪومت ناراض ٿي. 1832ع ۾ پوليس اسڪول تي ڇاپو هنيو ۽ اهڙو ادب هٿ آيو جيڪو سياسي لبرلزم جي تبليغ ڪندو هو. حڪومت ان کي بغاوت انگيز عمل سمجهي ڪيترن ئي استادن کي برطرف ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ اهي تبديليون مارڪس جي تعليم دوران ئي عمل ۾ آيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976 |pp=12–15}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=7–11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1835ع ۾، صرف سورهن ورهين جي عمر ۾، مارڪس [[بون يونيورسٽي]] ۾ فلسفي ۽ ادب پڙهڻ لاءِ داخل ٿيو، پر سندس والد وڌيڪ عملي پيشو سمجهي کيس قانون پڙهڻ تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=15–16}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=14}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزور سيني جي بيماري سبب،{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=15}} ارڙهن ورهين جي عمر تي کيس فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. بون يونيورسٽي ۾ هن [[شاعرن جي ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جنهن ۾ سياسي انقلابي نوجوان شامل هئا ۽ جنهن تي پوليس نظر رکندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=20}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب]] نالي مشروب نوشي واري ادبي تنظيم جو پڻ ميمبر ٿيو ۽ هڪ وقت ان جو گڏيل صدر به رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=16}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Karl Marx: the drinking years|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Rachel |last=Holmes |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 1836ع ۾ هن يونيورسٽي جي [[بوروشيا ڪور]] جي هڪ ميمبر سان تلوارن جي مقابلي (ڊوئل) ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ شروعاتي امتحانن ۾ سندس نتيجا سٺا هئا، پر جلد ئي خراب ٿيڻ لڳا، جنهن تي سندس والد کيس وڌيڪ علمي ماحول واري [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ منتقل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–17}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== هيگليت ۽ ابتدائي صحافت: 1836ع–1843ع ===
{{Main|نوجوان مارڪس}}
[[File:Karl Marx giovane.jpg|left|thumb|1840ع کان اڳ ڪارل مارڪس]]
[[File:Jenny von Westphalen-1.jpg|thumb|upright|1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]]]]

{{multiple image
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 | image1 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.1 raw.jpg
 | caption1 = وائٽ هارس جي سامهون ٽرائر جا شاگرد، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.
 | image2 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.2 cropped.jpg
 | caption2 = ڪارل مارڪس (تفصيل)
 | footer = [[ڊيوڊ ليوي ايلڪان]] جي مشهور لٿوگرافي ''Die Trierer'' ۾ 1836ع دوران وائٽ هارس جي سامهون بيٺل ڪيترائي شاگرد ڏيکاريل آهن، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.{{efn|2017ع تائين هيءَ مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير سمجهي ويندي هئي، جيتوڻيڪ سندس سڃاڻپ 1890ع ۾ ڪولون جي عدالتي صلاحڪار شنائيڊر ڪئي. بعد ۾ هي تصوير مارڪس جي بيان سان ٺهڪندڙ هئڻ سبب مستند مڃي وئي.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=131–132}} نوجوان مارڪس جون هيلمٽ باخ (1953ع) ۽ آءِ. گرنشٽائن (1961ع) جون تصويرون به هن لٿوگرافي تي ٻڌل آهن، پر اهي اصل تصوير کان وڌيڪ مشهور ٿي ويون.}}
}}

1836ع جي اونهاري ۽ سرءُ جو موسم ٽرائر ۾ گذارڻ دوران مارڪس پنهنجي تعليم ۽ ذاتي زندگيءَ کي وڌيڪ سنجيدگي سان وٺڻ لڳو. هن [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] سان منگني ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ پڙهيل لکيل [[ايڊلر|ننڍي اشرافيه]] خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي ۽ ننڍپڻ کان مارڪس جي سڃاڻپ ۾ هئي. جيني پنهنجي هم عمر هڪ نوجوان [[اشرافيه]] سان منگني ٽوڙي مارڪس سان تعلق قائم ڪيو، تنهنڪري سندن مذهبي ۽ سماجي طبقاتي فرق سبب اهو تعلق تڪراري بڻيو. تنهن هوندي به مارڪس جيني جي والد [[لودوگ فون ويسٽفالين]]، جيڪو لبرل خيالن وارو اشرافيه هو، سان گهري دوستي قائم ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي کي به سندس نالي منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=23–30}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–21, 33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=15, 20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; منگني کان ست سال پوءِ، 19 جون 1843ع تي ٻنهي [[ڪروئزناخ]] جي هڪ پروٽيسٽنٽ چرچ ۾ شادي ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=70–71}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=52–53}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=61–62}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1836ع ۾ برلن پهچڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] جي قانون واري شعبي ۾ داخلا ورتي ۽ مِٽل شٽراسي ۾ هڪ ڪمرو مسواڙ تي ورتائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=31}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; پهرين سيمسٽر دوران هن [[ايڊوارڊ گانس]] جا ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو ترقي پسند هيگلي موقف جو حامي هو ۽ تاريخ ۾ عقلي ارتقا، آزادي ۽ سماجي مسئلن جي اهميت تي زور ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت هن [[ڪارل فون ساويني]] جا به ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو [[قانون جي تاريخي اسڪول]] جو نمائندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ هو قانون پڙهي رهيو هو، پر سندس اصل دلچسپي فلسفي ۾ هئي، ۽ هو سمجهندو هو ته &quot;فلسفي کان سواءِ ڪجهه به حاصل نٿو ڪري سگهجي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس تازو وفات ڪري ويل جرمن فلسفي [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] جي نظرين ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جن تي ان وقت يورپ جي فلسفي حلقن ۾ وڏي بحث جاري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=32–34}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=21–22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; اسٽرالائو ۾ بيماريءَ کان صحتيابي دوران هن [[ڊاڪٽرز ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جتي [[هيگليت]] بابت بحث ٿيندا هئا. اتان ئي سندس لاڳاپو [[نوجوان هيگلي]] نالي بنياد پرست مفڪرن سان ٿيو. هي گروهه [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي چوڌاري گڏ ٿيندو هو، جڏهن ته مارڪس خاص طور [[ايڊولف روٽنبرگ]] جو ويجهو دوست بڻيو. نوجوان هيگلي، مارڪس وانگر، هيگل جي مابعدالطبيعي مفروضن تي تنقيد ڪندا هئا، پر سندس [[هيگلي جدليات]] کي استعمال ڪندي سماج، سياست ۽ مذهب تي کاٻي ڌر جي نقطه نظر کان تنقيد ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=34–38}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=25–27}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 1838ع ۾ مارڪس جي والد جي وفات سبب خاندان جي آمدني گهٽجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=44, 69–70}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=17–18}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس پنهنجي والد سان گهرو جذباتي تعلق رکندو هو ۽ سندس وفات کان پوءِ به هميشه سندس ياد کي عزت سان ياد ڪندو رهيو.{{sfn|Sperber|2013|pp=55–56}}

[[File:Gedenktafel Karl Marx im Foyer des Hauptgebäudes der Uni Jena 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ لڳل يادگاري ڪتبو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مارڪس کي عطا ڪيل ڊاڪٽري ڊگري جي ياد ۾ نصب ڪيو ويو آهي.]]
[[File:Karl Marx dissertation certificate.jpg|thumb|left|15 اپريل 1841ع تي [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] طرفان جاري ڪيل ڪارل مارڪس جي ڊاڪٽري سند.]]

1837ع تائين مارڪس هڪ مختصر ناول ''اسڪارپين اينڊ فيلڪس''، هڪ ڊرامو ''اوئلنم'' ۽ پنهنجي منگيتر جي نالي ڪيترائي عشقيه نظم لکي چڪو هو، پر اهي سڀ سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=18–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس عشقيه شاعري بعد ۾ ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي پهرين جلد ۾ شايع ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=531–632}}&lt;/ref&gt; جلد ئي هن ادب ڇڏي انگريزي ۽ اطالوي ٻولين، [[فن جي تاريخ]] ۽ لاطيني ڪلاسيڪي ادب جي ترجمن ڏانهن ڌيان ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=25–26}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1840ع ۾ هن [[برونو بائر]] سان گڏجي هيگل جي ''[[مذهب جي فلسفي بابت ليڪچر]]'' جي ايڊيٽنگ شروع ڪئي. ساڳئي وقت هن پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]'' تي ڪم جاري رکيو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Marx's thesis was posthumously published in {{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=25–107}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هي مقالو [[ڊيموڪريٽس]] ۽ [[ايپيڪورس]] جي فلسفي تي ٻڌل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Volkov |first=Genrikh Nikolaevich |title= The Basics of Marxist-Leninist Theory |year=1982 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Progress Publishers&lt; USSR |url=https://archive.org/details/BasicsMarxistLeninistTheory/page/n1/mode/2up?q=thesis |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کي &quot;جرئت ڀريو ۽ اصلي علمي ڪم&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو، جنهن ۾ مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته فلسفي جي اعليٰ حڪمت اڳيان الٰهيات کي پوئتي هٽڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=32}}.&lt;/ref&gt; برلن يونيورسٽي جي قدامت پسند استادن ان مقالي تي اعتراض ڪيو، تنهنڪري مارڪس اهو [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ جمع ڪرايو، جتان کيس اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[فلسفي جو ڊاڪٽر]] (PhD) جي ڊگري ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=28–29, 33}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مارڪس ۽ بائر ٻئي [[ملحد]] هئا، تنهنڪري مارچ 1841ع ۾ هنن ''آرڪائيو ڊيس اٿيئسمس'' (''ملحدن جا آرڪائيو'') نالي رسالو جاري ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، پر اهو عملي صورت اختيار نه ڪري سگهيو. جولاءِ ۾ ٻئي برلن کان [[بون]] ويا، جتي چرچ اندر کلڻ، شراب نوشي ڪرڻ ۽ گهٽين ۾ گڏهن تي سواري ڪرڻ سبب هو تڪرار جو مرڪز بڻيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=38–45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=32–33, 37}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس علمي دنيا ۾ ڪيريئر ٺاهڻ چاهيو ٿي، پر حڪومت جي وڌندڙ مخالفت سبب، جيڪا طبقاتي لبرلزم ۽ نوجوان هيگلي مفڪرن خلاف هئي، اهو رستو بند ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=49}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=33}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نتيجي ۾ 1842ع ۾ هو [[ڪولون]] منتقل ٿيو، جتي هو انقلابي اخبار ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' (''رائين لينڊ نيوز'') ۾ صحافي بڻيو. هتي هن سوشلسٽ خيالن بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي نظريا ۽ معاشيات ۾ وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي. مارڪس ساڄي ڌر جي يورپي حڪومتن سان گڏوگڏ لبرل ۽ سوشلسٽ اڳواڻن تي به تنقيد ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ اهي غير مؤثر يا نقصانڪار هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=50–51}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=34–36, 42–44}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=35–47}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

اخبار تي پروشيائي [[سنسرشپ]] جا اهلڪار سخت نظر رکندا هئا ۽ هر پرچي کي ڇپجڻ کان اڳ جاچيندا هئا. مارڪس ان تي افسوس ڪندي لکيو: &quot;اسان جي اخبار کي پهرين پوليس وٽ وٺي وڃڻو پوي ٿو، جتي ان کي سونگهيو ويندو آهي، ۽ جيڪڏهن پوليس جي نڪ کي ان ۾ ڪا غير عيسائي يا غير پروشيائي ڳالهه محسوس ٿئي ته اخبار ڇپجڻ جي اجازت نٿي ملي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=57}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=47}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=48–50}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' روسي بادشاهت تي سخت تنقيد ڪندڙ مضمون شايع ڪيو ته روس جي زار [[نيڪولس پهريون]] ان تي پابندي لڳائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو، ۽ پروشيائي حڪومت 1843ع ۾ اهو مطالبو قبول ڪندي اخبار بند ڪري ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=60–61}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=47–48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=50–51}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
=== پيرس: 1843ع–1845ع ===
1843ع ۾ مارڪس پيرس مان نڪرندڙ هڪ نئين بنياد پرست کاٻي ڌر واري اخبار {{lang|de|[[جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا]]}} (''ڊوئچ-فرانزوزِشي ياربوخر''؛ &quot;جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا&quot;) جو گڏيل ايڊيٽر بڻيو. اها اخبار جرمن سياسي ڪارڪن [[آرنولڊ روگه]] جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي بنياد پرستن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان قائم ڪري رهيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=68–69, 72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=59–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئين نوڪريءَ سبب مارڪس ۽ سندس زال آڪٽوبر 1843ع ۾ پيرس منتقل ٿيا. شروعات ۾ هو روگه ۽ سندس زال سان گڏ [[رو وانو]] نمبر 23 ۾ گڏيل رهائش اختيار ڪري رهيا، پر اتي جون رهائشي حالتون ڏکيون هيون؛ تنهنڪري 1844ع ۾ سندن ڌيءَ جيني جي ڄمڻ کان پوءِ هو اتان منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=77–79}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=62–66}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=73–74, 94}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جو مقصد فرانس ۽ جرمن رياستن ٻنهي مان ليکڪن کي راغب ڪرڻ هو، پر ان تي گهڻو ڪري جرمن ليکڪن جو غلبو رهيو؛ ان جو واحد غير جرمن ليکڪ جلاوطن روسي [[اجتماعيت پسند انارڪزم|اجتماعيت پسند انارڪسٽ]] [[ميخائل باڪونن]] هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=64–65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=71–72}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اخبار لاءِ ٻه مضمون لکيا: &quot;[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد|هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد ۾ حصي جو تعارف]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ &quot;[[يهودي سوال بابت]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=[[On the Jewish Question]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; پوئين مضمون ۾ هن اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته [[پرولتاريه]] هڪ انقلابي قوت آهي، ۽ اهو مضمون سندس ڪميونزم قبول ڪرڻ جي نشاني پڻ بڻيو.{{sfn|McLellan|2006|pp=65–70, 74–80}} [[پال جانسن]]، [[برنارڊ لوئس]]، [[هائيم ميڪوبي]] ۽ [[رابرٽ ايس. وسٽرچ]] جهڙن ليکڪن ''يهودي سوال بابت'' کي مارڪس جي يهودين مخالف خيالن جو ثبوت قرار ڏنو آهي، پر [[وينڊي برائون]]، [[رابرٽ فائن]]، [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن]] ۽ [[فرانسس وين]] سميت ٻين عالمن هن تشريح سان اختلاف ڪيو آهي.

اخبار جو رڳو هڪ پرچو شايع ٿيو، پر اهو نسبتاً ڪامياب رهيو. ان ڪاميابيءَ جو وڏو سبب [[هائنرش هائني]] جا [[باويريا جي لڊوگ پهرئين|باويريا جي بادشاهه لڊوگ]] خلاف طنزيه قصيدا هئا. انهن سبب جرمن رياستن اخبار تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ درآمد ڪيل نسخا ضبط ڪيا. تنهن هوندي به روگه وڌيڪ پرچا شايع ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ مارڪس سان سندس دوستي به ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=72, 75–76}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=88–90}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جي بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس {{lang|de|[[فورورٽس!]]}} (''Vorwärts!''؛ &quot;اڳتي!&quot;) لاءِ لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جيڪا ان وقت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ بچيل واحد بنياد پرست اخبار هئي، جنهن تي سنسرشپ لاڳو نه هئي. پيرس مان شايع ٿيندڙ هيءَ اخبار [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان لاڳاپيل هئي، جيڪا پورهيتن ۽ ڪاريگرن جي هڪ ڳجهي [[خيالي سوشلزم|خيالي سوشلسٽ]] تنظيم هئي. مارڪس ان جي ڪجهه گڏجاڻين ۾ شريڪ ٿيو، پر تنظيم ۾ شامل نه ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=66–67, 112}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=79–80}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فورورٽس!'' ۾ مارڪس هيگلي ۽ فوئرباخي اثرن هيٺ سوشلزم بابت پنهنجن خيالن کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪيو، ۽ ساڳئي وقت يورپ ۾ سرگرم لبرلن ۽ ٻين سوشلسٽن تي تنقيد به ڪئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=90}}

[[File:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|upright|[[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، جنهن سان مارڪس جي ملاقات 1844ع ۾ ٿي؛ ٻئي سڄي عمر دوست ۽ ساٿي رهيا.]]

28 آگسٽ 1844ع تي مارڪس جي [[ڪيفي ڊي لا ريژانس]] ۾ جرمن سوشلسٽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] سان ملاقات ٿي، جنهن سان سندس سڄي عمر جاري رهندڙ دوستي ۽ گڏيل علمي ڪم جي شروعات ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=75}} اينگلز مارڪس کي پنهنجي تازو شايع ٿيل تصنيف ''[[1844ع ۾ انگلينڊ جي پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' ڏيکاري،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |title=Paris Between Empires |page=390 |publisher=[[St. Martins Press]] |location=New York |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |chapter=[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=295–596}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن مارڪس کي ان ڳالهه تي قائل ڪيو ته تاريخ جي آخري انقلاب جو ڪارڻ ۽ اوزار پورهيت طبقو هوندو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=82}} جلد ئي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي مارڪس جي اڳوڻي دوست [[برونو بائر]] جي فلسفي خيالن تي تنقيد لکڻ لڳا. هيءَ تصنيف 1845ع ۾ ''[[پاڪ خاندان]]'' جي نالي سان شايع ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=85–86}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=The Holy Family |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=3–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس بائر تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر هو نوجوان هيگلين [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] جي خيالن کان وڌندڙ حد تائين متاثر ٿيو؛ آخرڪار، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز فوئرباخي ماديت کي به ڇڏي ڏنو.

پيرس ۾ رو وانو نمبر 38 تي آڪٽوبر 1843ع کان جنوري 1845ع تائين رهڻ دوران،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 of {{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس [[سياسي معيشت]] جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايڊم سمٿ]]، [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]] ۽ [[جيمس مل]] سميت ٻين مفڪرن جون لکڻيون شامل هيون؛{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=63}} هن فرانسيسي سوشلسٽن، خاص طور [[ڪلائوڊ هينري سينٽ سائمن]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريئر]]،{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=90–94}} ۽ فرانس جي تاريخ جو پڻ اڀياس ڪيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}} سياسي معيشت جو مطالعو ۽ تنقيد اهڙو منصوبو هو، جنهن تي مارڪس پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو،&lt;ref&gt;Larisa Miskievich, &quot;Preface&quot; to Volume 28 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. xii.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جنهن جو نتيجو سندس اهم معاشي تصنيف، ٽن جلدن تي ٻڌل ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]''، جي صورت ۾ نڪتو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', ''Volume 36'' and ''Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[مارڪسزم]] گهڻي حد تائين ٽن اثرن تي ٻڌل آهي: هيگل جي جدليات، فرانسيسي خيالي سوشلزم ۽ برطانوي سياسي معيشت. هيگل جي جدليات بابت سندس اڳوڻي مطالعي سان گڏ، پيرس ۾ ڪيل هن اڀياس جي نتيجي ۾ 1844ع جي سرءُ تائين مارڪسزم جا سڀ بنيادي جزا ٺهي چڪا هئا.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=35–61}} تنهن هوندي به مارڪس کي سياسي معيشت تي پنهنجي تنقيدي ڪم کان بار بار هٽڻو پوندو هو؛ نه رڳو روزاني زندگيءَ جي عام ذميوارين سبب، پر هڪ بنياد پرست اخبار جي ايڊيٽنگ ۽ پوءِ عوامي انقلابي اڀار جي امڪانن واري دور ۾ سياسي جماعت جي سرگرمين کي منظم ۽ هدايت ڪرڻ سبب پڻ. ان باوجود هو بار بار پنهنجي مطالعي ڏانهن موٽندو هو، جتي سندس مقصد &quot;سرمائيداريءَ جي اندروني ڪارڪردگيءَ کي سمجهڻ&quot; هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}}

1844ع جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين ڪارل مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ &quot;مارڪسزم&quot; جو خاڪو واضح طور ٺهي چڪو هو. حقيقت ۾، مارڪسي عالمي نظرئي جون ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون تفصيل سان ترتيب وٺي چڪيون هيون، پر سياسي معيشت بابت پنهنجي نئين تنقيد کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪرڻ لاءِ مارڪس کي پنهنجي عالمي نظرئي جا سمورا تفصيل لکڻا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 54 contained on p. 598 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3''.&lt;/ref&gt; ان مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا|معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844&quot; ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3'' (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346.&lt;/ref&gt; انهن مسودن ۾ ڪيترن ئي موضوعن تي بحث ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ مارڪس جو [[بيگانگي واري محنت]] جو تصور به تفصيل سان بيان ٿيل هو. 1845ع جي بهار تائين سياسي معيشت، سرمائي ۽ سرمائيداريءَ جي لڳاتار مطالعي مارڪس کي ان نتيجي تي پهچايو ته سندس پيش ڪيل سياسي معيشت جي نئين تنقيد، يعني [[سائنسي سوشلزم]]، کي هڪ مڪمل طور ترقي يافته مادي عالمي نظرئي جي بنياد تي قائم ٿيڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=83}}

''1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا'' اپريل کان آگسٽ 1844ع جي وچ ۾ لکيا ويا هئا، پر جلد ئي مارڪس محسوس ڪيو ته انهن تي لودوگ فوئرباخ جي ڪجهه غير هم آهنگ خيالن جو اثر موجود هو. تنهنڪري هن تاريخي ماديت جي حق ۾ فوئرباخ جي فلسفي کان الڳ ٿيڻ جي ضرورت سمجهي. هڪ سال پوءِ، پيرس مان برسلز منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ اپريل 1845ع ۾، هن پنهنجا يارهن &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach&quot;, contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز'' خاص طور يارهين ٿيسز سبب مشهور آهن، جنهن ۾ لکيل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach,&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[ماديت]] تي ان جي رڳو مشاهدي ۽ فڪري غور تائين محدود رهڻ سبب، [[تصوريت]] تي عملي عمل کي نظريي تائين محدود ڪرڻ سبب، ۽ مجموعي طور فلسفي تي تجريدي حقيقت کي مادي دنيا کان مٿانهون رکڻ سبب تنقيد ڪئي. اهڙي طرح هن ۾ مارڪس جي [[تاريخي ماديت]] جي پهرين واضح صورت سامهون آئي، جنهن موجب دنيا خيالن سان نه، پر حقيقي، جسماني ۽ مادي سرگرمي ۽ عمل سان بدلجي ٿي.

1845ع ۾ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جي درخواست تي فرانسيسي حڪومت ''فورورٽس!'' کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ گهرو معاملن واري وزير [[فرانسوا گيزو]] مارڪس کي فرانس مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}

=== برسلز: 1845ع–1848ع ===

فرانس ۾ رهڻ يا جرمني موٽڻ ناممڪن ٿيڻ سبب، مارڪس فيبروري 1845ع ۾ بيلجيم جي شهر [[برسلز]] ڏانهن هجرت ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. بهرحال، بيلجيم ۾ رهائش جي اجازت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس اهو واعدو ڪرڻو پيو ته هو همعصر سياست بابت ڪا به شيءِ شايع نه ڪندو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}} برسلز ۾ مارڪس يورپ جي مختلف ملڪن مان آيل جلاوطن سوشلسٽن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيس هيس]]، [[ڪارل هائنزن]] ۽ [[جوزف ويڊيمائر]] سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪيا. اپريل 1845ع ۾ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جرمني جي بارمن مان برسلز اچي مارڪس سان مليو ۽ [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي انهن وڌندڙ ميمبرن سان گڏ ٿيو، جيڪي هاڻي برسلز کي پنهنجو مرڪز بڻائي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [&quot;New Book Publishing House&quot;]: Dresden, 1972) p. 101.&lt;/ref&gt; ٿوري ئي عرصي بعد اينگلز جي ڊگهي عرصي واري ساٿي [[ميري برنس]] پڻ انگلينڊ جي مانچسٽر مان برسلز پهتي.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1845ع جي وچ ڌاري مارڪس ۽ اينگلز انگلينڊ روانا ٿيا، جتي هنن برطانيا جي پورهيت تحريڪ [[چارٽسٽ تحريڪ]] جي اڳواڻن سان ملاقات ڪئي. اها مارڪس جي انگلينڊ ڏانهن پهرين سفر هئي، جڏهن ته اينگلز ان سفر لاءِ بهترين رهنما هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو نومبر 1842ع کان آگسٽ 1844ع تائين مانچسٽر ۾ رهي چڪو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [New Book Publishing House]: Dresden, 1972) p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 78.&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز نه رڳو انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ مهارت رکندو هو،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} پر چارٽسٽ اڳواڻن سان سندس ويجها لاڳاپا پڻ قائم ٿي چڪا هئا،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} ۽ هو ڪيترين ئي چارٽسٽ ۽ سوشلسٽ انگريزي اخبارن لاءِ رپورٽر طور به ڪم ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} مارڪس هن سفر کي لنڊن ۽ مانچسٽر جي مختلف لائبريرين ۾ موجود معاشي مواد جي مطالعي لاءِ استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=92}}

برسلز موٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن کي عام طور تاريخي ماديت بابت مارڪس جي سڀ کان جامع وضاحت سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;German Ideology&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 19–539.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]]، [[برونو بائر]]، [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ ٻين نوجوان هيگلين کان نظرياتي طور الڳ ٿي ويو، جڏهن ته [[ڪارل گرون]] ۽ ٻين &quot;حقيقي سوشلسٽن&quot; کان پڻ فاصلو اختيار ڪيو، جن جا فلسفا اڃا تائين ڪنهن حد تائين [[تصوريت]] تي ٻڌل هئا. ''جرمن نظريو'' ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي فلسفي کي مڪمل شڪل ڏني، جيڪو تاريخ ۾ تبديليءَ جي واحد محرڪ طور ماديت تي ٻڌل هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=96–97}} هي ڪتاب طنزيه انداز ۾ لکيل هو، پر اهو انداز به ان کي سنسرشپ کان بچائي نه سگهيو. مارڪس جي ٻين ڪيترين ئي شروعاتي تصنيفن وانگر، اهو به سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿي سگهيو ۽ پهريون ڀيرو 1932ع ۾ منظرعام تي آيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=93}}

''جرمن نظريو'' مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس هڪ اهڙي تصنيف لکڻ ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد واقعي انقلابي پورهيت تحريڪ جي &quot;نظريي ۽ حڪمت عملي&quot; بابت پنهنجو موقف واضح ڪرڻ هو، جيڪا واقعي &quot;سائنسي ماديت&quot; جي فلسفي تي بيٺل هجي.&lt;ref&gt;See Note 71 on p. 672 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976).&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ذريعي مارڪس خيالي سوشلسٽن ۽ پنهنجي سائنسي سوشلسٽ فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ گهريو. جتي خيالي سوشلسٽ اهو سمجهندا هئا ته ماڻهن کي هڪ هڪ ڪري قائل ڪري سوشلسٽ تحريڪ ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، اتي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته ماڻهو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجن معاشي مفادن مطابق عمل ڪندا آهن؛ تنهنڪري هڪ پوري طبقي، يعني پورهيت طبقي، کي ان جي گڏيل مادي مفادن جي بنياد تي متحرڪ ڪرڻ ئي انقلاب ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ جو مؤثر طريقو آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]'' (1847ع) لکيو،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Poverty of Philosophy'' contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 105–212.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو فرانسيسي انارڪسٽ سوشلسٽ [[پيئر-جوزف پرودون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[غربت جو فلسفو]]'' (1847ع) جي جواب طور پيش ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=107}}

[[File:Marx+Family and Engels.jpg|thumb|مارڪس (ساڄي پاسي) پنهنجي ڌيئرن ۽ اينگلز سان گڏ]]

انهن ڪتابن مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف، يعني سياسي پمفليٽ ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''، جي نظرياتي بنياد فراهم ڪئي. برسلز ۾ رهائش دوران 1846ع ۾ مارڪس جو [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان تعلق برقرار رهيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=124}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته هي تنظيم ئي اها بنياد پرست قوت آهي، جيڪا يورپ جي پورهيت طبقي کي هڪ وڏي عوامي تحريڪ ۾ منظم ڪري پورهيت انقلاب آڻي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 671–672.&lt;/ref&gt; پر سندس نظر ۾ ان مقصد لاءِ ضروري هو ته ليگ پنهنجي ڳجهي يا زيرزمين تنظيم واري صورت ختم ڪري، کليل سياسي جماعت طور ڪم ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'', p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt; آخرڪار ليگ جا ميمبر به ان ڳالهه تي متفق ٿيا، ۽ جون 1847ع ۾ تنظيم کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري هڪ کليل سياسي جماعت ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو نالو [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] رکيو ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=123–125}}{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=125}} مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ٻنهي ان نئين تنظيم جي پروگرام ۽ تنظيمي اصولن جي تياريءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Engels, &quot;Principles of Communism&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers, New York, 1976) pp. 341–357.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Communist-manifesto.png|thumb|left|upright|''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]'' جو پهريون جرمن ڇاپو، 1848ع]]

1847ع جي آخر ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف لکڻ شروع ڪئي، جيڪا [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جي عملي پروگرام جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي. ڊسمبر 1847ع کان جنوري 1848ع تائين گڏجي لکيل ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' پهريون ڀيرو 21 فيبروري 1848ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'', pp. 477–519.&lt;/ref&gt; هن منشور ۾ نئين ڪميونسٽ ليگ جا بنيادي عقيدا بيان ڪيا ويا. اڳوڻي [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي ابتڙ، جيڪا هڪ ڳجهي تنظيم هئي، ڪميونسٽ ليگ پنهنجا مقصد ۽ ارادا عوام آڏو کليل نموني پيش ڪرڻ گهريا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=115}} منشور جي شروعاتي جملي ۾ مارڪسزم جو بنيادي اصول هن ريت بيان ڪيو ويو آهي: &quot;اڄ تائين موجود سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShillingMellor2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Shilling |first2=Philip A. |last2=Mellor |title=The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |isbn=978-0761965497 |page=114 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915145130/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; منشور ۾ اڳتي هلي [[بورجوازي]] (سرمائيدار طبقو) ۽ [[پرولتاريه]] (صنعتي پورهيت طبقو) جي وچ ۾ مفادن جي ٽڪراءَ جو جائزو وٺندي اهو دليل ڏنو ويو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ ئي اها تنظيم آهي، جيڪا ٻين سوشلسٽ ۽ لبرل جماعتن جي ابتڙ، حقيقت ۾ پرولتاريه جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪندي سرمائيداري سماج کي ختم ڪري ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ سماج قائم ڪرڻ چاهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Mar48|Marx and Engels 1848]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ساڳئي سال يورپ ۾ احتجاجن، بغاوتن ۽ ڪيترين ئي هنڌن تي پرتشدد اٿل پٿل جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، جيڪو [[1848ع جا انقلاب]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} فرانس ۾ انقلاب جي نتيجي ۾ بادشاهت جو خاتمو ٿيو ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي جمهوريه]] قائم ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} مارڪس انهن انقلابي سرگرمين جو حامي هو. تازو ئي کيس پنهنجي والد جي وراثت مان، جيڪا سندس چاچي [[ليونل فلپس]] وٽ 1838ع کان روڪيل هئي، لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 يا 6,000 فرانڪ مليا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Saul Kussiel |last=Padover |title=Karl Marx, an intimate biography |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=1978 |page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هن ان رقم جو ٽيون حصو بيلجيم جي انهن مزدورن کي هٿيار خريد ڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو، جيڪي انقلابي ڪارروائيءَ جي تياري ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} جيتوڻيڪ هن الزام جي صداقت بابت اختلاف موجود آهي،&lt;ref&gt;David McLellan 1973 ''Karl Marx: His life and Thought''. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 189–190&lt;/ref&gt; پر بيلجيم جي انصاف واري وزارت مارڪس تي اهڙو الزام لڳايو، کيس گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ هو ٻيهر فرانس ڏانهن هليو ويو، جتي نئين جمهوري حڪومت قائم ٿيڻ سبب هن پاڻ کي وڌيڪ محفوظ سمجهيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Felix |first1=David |year=1982 |title=Heute Deutschland! Marx as Provincial Politician |journal=[[Central European History]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=332–350 |doi=10.1017/S0008938900010621 |jstor=4545968 |s2cid=145405027|issn=0008-9389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڪولون: 1848ع–1849ع ===

عارضي طور پيرس ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو انتظامي مرڪز پڻ اتي منتقل ڪيو ۽ پيرس ۾ رهندڙ مختلف جرمن سوشلسٽن سان گڏجي [[جرمن مزدورن جي انجمن|جرمن مزدورن جو ڪلب]] قائم ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=128}} جرمنيءَ تائين انقلاب پکڙجڻ جي اميد سان مارڪس 1848ع ۾ ٻيهر [[ڪولون]] موٽي آيو، جتي هن ''جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جا مطالبا'' نالي هڪ پمفليٽ جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;Demands of the Communist Party&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6.&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ هن ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي ڏهن مان رڳو چئن نڪتن جي حمايت ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت جرمنيءَ ۾ پهرين [[بورجوازي]] کي [[جاگيرداري]] بادشاهت ۽ اشرافيه جو خاتمو آڻڻو هو، تنهن کان پوءِ ئي پرولتاريه بورجوازيءَ کي اقتدار تان هٽائي سگهي ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=129}}

1 جون 1848ع تي مارڪس هڪ روزاني اخبار ''[[نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ]]'' (نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ ؛ معنيٰ: &quot;نئين رائن واري اخبار&quot;) جاري ڪئي، جنهن جي مالي سهائتا هن پنهنجي والد کان مليل تازين وراثتي رقم مان ڪئي. اخبار جو مقصد يورپ جي مختلف حصن جون خبرون مارڪس جي واقعن بابت مارڪسي تشريح سان پيش ڪرڻ هو. مارڪس ان جو مک ليکڪ ۽ ايڊيٽوريل پاليسيءَ تي غالب اثر رکندڙ شخص هو. جيتوڻيڪ [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا ٻيا ميمبر به ان ۾ لکندا هئا، پر [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] موجب اخبار ۾ &quot;مارڪس جي سادي آمريت&quot; قائم هئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=50}}

اخبار جي ايڊيٽر طور ڪم ڪرڻ دوران مارڪس ۽ ٻين انقلابي سوشلسٽن کي پوليس طرفان لڳاتار هراسان ڪيو ويندو هو. مارڪس کي ڪيترائي ڀيرا عدالت ۾ پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ مٿس مختلف الزام لڳايا ويا، جن ۾ سرڪاري وڪيل جي سربراهه جي توهين، پريس قانون جي ڀڃڪڙي ۽ محصولن جي ادائيگيءَ جي بائيڪاٽ وسيلي هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ ڀڙڪائڻ شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 145 November 1848 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110224/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}; {{harvnb|Splichal|2002|p=115}};&lt;/ref&gt; پر هر ڀيري عدالت کيس بي ڏوهي قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gross |first=David M. |year=2014 |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان وچ ۾ [[پروشيا]] جي جمهوري پارليامينٽ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش ولهيلم چوٿون]] پنهنجي رجعت پسند حامين تي ٻڌل نئين ڪابينا قائم ڪئي، جنهن ملڪ مان کاٻي ڌر ۽ ٻين انقلابي قوتن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ردِانقلابي قدم کنيا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}} نتيجي طور ''نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' جلد بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 16 مئي 1849ع تي مارڪس کي ملڪ ڇڏڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=137–146}}

مارڪس ٻيهر پيرس موٽي آيو، پر ان وقت شهر رجعت پسند ردِانقلاب ۽ [[هيضي]] جي وبا جي گرفت ۾ هو. ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ پيرس جي اختيارين کيس سياسي خطرو سمجهي شهر مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي. سندس زال جيني چوٿين ٻار جي ڄمڻ واري هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس جرمني يا بيلجيم به واپس نٿي وڃي سگهيو؛ تنهنڪري آگسٽ 1849ع ۾ هن [[لنڊن]] ۾ پناهه ورتي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=147–148}}

=== لنڊن ڏانهن منتقلي ۽ وڌيڪ لکڻيون: 1850ع–1860ع ===
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| caption1          = مارڪس 1851ع کان 1856ع تائين لنڊن جي [[سوهو]] علائقي ۾ ڊين اسٽريٽ نمبر 28 تي رهندو هو. ٻي ماڙ تي [[انگلش هيريٽيج]] جي [[نيري تختي]] نظر اچي ٿي.
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مارڪس جون 1849ع جي شروعات ۾ لنڊن منتقل ٿيو ۽ پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي اتي ئي رهيو. [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو مرڪزي دفتر پڻ لنڊن منتقل ڪيو ويو. بهرحال، 1849ع–1850ع جي سياري ۾ ليگ جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيو، جڏهن [[آگسٽ وليش]] ۽ [[ڪارل شاپر]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ هڪ ڌڙي فوري بغاوت لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. وليش ۽ شاپر جو خيال هو ته جيئن ئي ڪميونسٽ ليگ بغاوت شروع ڪندي، تيئن سڄي يورپ جو پورهيت طبقو پاڻمرادو ان ۾ شامل ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙي طرح يورپ ۾ عام انقلاب برپا ٿي ويندو.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز اعتراض ڪيو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اهڙي اڻ رٿيل بغاوت &quot;مهم جوئي&quot; هوندي ۽ خود ليگ لاءِ خودڪشيءَ برابر ثابت ٿيندي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}} سندن خيال ۾ شاپر ۽ وليش جي تجويز ڪيل اهڙي بغاوت کي يورپ جي رجعت پسند حڪومتن جي پوليس ۽ هٿياربند فوجون آسانيءَ سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏين ها. مارڪس جو موقف هو ته ان سان خود ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي تباهي ٿيندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سماج ۾ تبديليون چند ماڻهن جي ڪوشش ۽ ارادي سان هڪ رات اندر پيدا نٿيون ٿين.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}}

مارڪس موجب سماجي تبديلي معاشري جي معاشي حالتن جي سائنسي تجزيي ۽ سماجي ترقيءَ جي مختلف مرحلن مان گذرندي انقلاب ڏانهن اڳتي وڌڻ سان پيدا ٿيندي آهي. سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت، يعني تقريباً 1850ع ۾، 1848ع جي يورپي بغاوتن جي شڪست کان پوءِ ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي پورهيت طبقي کي اڀرندڙ بورجوازيءَ جي ترقي پسند عنصرن سان اتحاد ڪرڻ جي ترغيب ڏيڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن آئيني جمهوريه، آزاد چونڊيل اسيمبلين ۽ سڀني بالغ مردن لاءِ عام ووٽ جي حق جهڙن حڪومتي سڌارن جي مطالبن تي جاگيردار اشرافيه کي شڪست ڏئي سگهجي. ٻين لفظن ۾، پورهيت طبقي کي پنهنجي مخصوص پروگرام ۽ پورهيت انقلاب تي زور ڏيڻ کان اڳ بورجوا ۽ جمهوري قوتن سان گڏجي بورجوا انقلاب کي ڪامياب پڄاڻيءَ تائين پهچائڻو هو.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

هڪ ڊگهي اندروني جدوجهد کان پوءِ، جنهن ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي ٽٽڻ جي ڪناري تي پهچائي ڇڏيو، مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو ۽ آخرڪار وليش–شاپر ڌڙو ليگ کان ڌار ٿي ويو. ان دوران مارڪس سوشلسٽ [[جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن]] ۾ پڻ گهڻو سرگرم رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 contained on p. 674 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt; انجمن جون گڏجاڻيون وچ لنڊن جي وندر واري علائقي [[سوهو]] ۾ [[گريٽ ونڊمل اسٽريٽ]] تي ٿينديون هيون.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=151–155}}

هيءَ تنظيم پڻ پنهنجي ميمبرن جي اندروني اختلافن جو شڪار ٿي، جن مان ڪجهه مارڪس جي حمايت ڪندا هئا، جڏهن ته ٻيا شاپر–وليش ڌڙي سان گڏ هئا. هن اختلاف جا بنيادي مسئلا اهي ئي هئا، جيڪي ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اندر پيدا ٿيل ورهاست ۾ سامهون آيا هئا. بهرحال، جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن ۾ مارڪس شاپر–وليش ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد هارائي ويو ۽ 17 سيپٽمبر 1850ع تي انجمن تان استعيفا ڏئي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 on p. 674 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' ۽ صحافت ===

لنڊن ۾ شروعاتي عرصي دوران مارڪس پاڻ کي لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل طور پنهنجي مطالعي لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سبب سندس ڪٽنب کي سخت غربت کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dussel |first1=Enrique D. |editor1-last=Moseley |editor1-first=Fred Baker |translator-last1=Angulo |translator-first1=Yolanda |title=Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=0415215455 |page=xxxiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;egsbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography/ |title=Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography |publisher=[[يورپي گريجوئيٽ اسڪول]] |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101839/http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography |archive-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس آمدنيءَ جو بنيادي ذريعو اينگلز هو، جنهن جي آمدني وري سندس مالدار صنعتڪار والد کان ايندي هئي.{{r|egsbio}}

پروشيا ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي اخبار جو ايڊيٽر ۽ ساڳئي فڪر وارين ٻين اخبارن جو ليکڪ هو، جنهن ذريعي هو سڌو سنئون پورهيت طبقي تائين پهچي سگهندو هو. پر لنڊن ۾، جتي پنهنجي اخبار هلائڻ لاءِ مالي وسيلا موجود نه هئا، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز بين الاقوامي صحافت ڏانهن رخ ڪيو. هڪ مرحلي تي سندن مضمون انگلينڊ، آمريڪا، [[پروشيا]]، آسٽريا ۽ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڇهن مختلف اخبارن ۾ شايع ٿيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 295.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي آمدنيءَ جو وڏو حصو 1852ع کان 1862ع تائين ''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' لاءِ يورپي نامي نگار طور ڪم ڪرڻ مان حاصل ٿيندو هو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kluger |first=Richard |title=The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune |url=https://archive.org/details/paperlife00klug |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0394508771}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|17}} جڏهن ته هو ٻين نسبتاً &quot;بورجوا&quot; اخبارن لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکندو هو. مارڪس جا جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ لکيل مضمون [[ولهيلم پيپر]] ترجمو ڪندو هو، جيستائين مارڪس جي انگريزيءَ تي ايتري دسترس نه ٿي وئي جو هو پاڻ سڌو سنئون انگريزيءَ ۾ لکڻ لڳو.

''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[هوريس گريلي]] قائم ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=274}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل بورڊ ۾ ترقي پسند بورجوا صحافي ۽ پبلشر شامل هئا، جن ۾ [[جارج رپلي]] ۽ ايڊيٽر [[چارلس اينڊرسن ڊينا]] نمايان هئا. ڊينا، جيڪو [[فوريئريت]] ۽ [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ]] جو حامي هو، مارڪس سان رابطي جو اهم ذريعو بڻيو. ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس لاءِ بحرِ اوقيانوس جي ٻنهي ڪنارن تائين پنهنجي خيالن جي پهچائڻ جو ذريعو ثابت ٿي، خاص طور [[هينري چارلس ڪيري]] خلاف سندس &quot;لڪل فڪري جدوجهد&quot; ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |editor1-last=Ryazanskaya |editor1-first=S. W. |translator-last1=Lasker |translator-first1=I. |chapter=Marx to Engels, June 14, 1853 |title=Selected Correspondence |year=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |pages=83–86 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيءَ اخبار شروعات کان ئي پورهيت طبقي ۾ مقبول هئي. ان جي قيمت رڳو ٻه سينٽ هئي،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from a picture on p. 327 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979).&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ هر اشاعت جا لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 نسخا ڇپجڻ سبب اها آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پڙهندڙن واري اخبار بڻجي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|14}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل پاليسي ترقي پسند هئي ۽ غلاميءَ جي مخالفت ان جي باني گريلي جي فڪر جي عڪاسي ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|82}} مارڪس جو پهريون مضمون، جيڪو برطانيا جي پارلياماني چونڊن بابت هو، 21 آگسٽ 1852ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–332.&lt;/ref&gt;

21 مارچ 1857ع تي ڊينا مارڪس کي اطلاع ڏنو ته معاشي بحران سبب هاڻي هر هفتي صرف هڪ مضمون جي ادائيگي ڪئي ويندي، پوءِ ڀلي اهو ڇپجي يا نه؛ جڏهن ته وڌيڪ مضمونن جي ادائيگي صرف انهن جي اشاعت جي صورت ۾ ٿيندي. مارڪس هر اڱاري ۽ جمعي تي پنهنجا مضمون موڪليندو هو، پر ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس ۽ [[بي. ٽيلر]] کان سواءِ يورپ ۾ موجود پنهنجا سڀ نامي نگار برطرف ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ مارڪس جا مضمون به هفتي ۾ رڳو هڪ تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏيا. سيپٽمبر کان نومبر 1860ع جي وچ ۾ سندس فقط پنج مضمون ڇپيا. ڇهن مهينن جي وقفي کان پوءِ هن سيپٽمبر 1861ع کان مارچ 1862ع تائين ٻيهر لکڻ شروع ڪيو، پر پوءِ ڊينا کيس لکي اطلاع ڏنو ته آمريڪا جي اندروني معاملن سبب لنڊن مان ايندڙ خبرن لاءِ ''ٽربيون'' ۾ هاڻي جاءِ نه رهي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;MECW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx|title=Marx &amp; Engels Collected Works, vol.41|date=15 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1868ع ۾ ڊينا هڪ مقابلي واري اخبار ''نيويارڪ سن'' قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پاڻ ايڊيٽر اعليٰ بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Kluger, ''The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune'' (Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, New York, 1986) p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 1857ع ۾ هن مارڪس کي دعوت ڏني ته هو ''[[نيو آمريڪن سائڪلوپيڊيا]]'' لاءِ، خاص طور فوجي تاريخ بابت، مضمون لکي. اهو منصوبو جارج رپلي، جيڪو ''ٽربيون'' جو ادبي ايڊيٽر ۽ ڊينا جو دوست هو، پيش ڪيو هو. مجموعي طور مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا 67 مضمون شايع ٿيا، جن مان 51 اينگلز لکيا، جيتوڻيڪ انهن لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق مارڪس [[برٽش ميوزيم]] ۾ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=262}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

1850ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين آمريڪي عوام جي يورپي معاملن ۾ دلچسپي گهٽجڻ لڳي، تنهنڪري مارڪس جا مضمون &quot;غلاميءَ جي بحران&quot; ۽ 1861ع ۾ شروع ٿيل [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] ڏانهن منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 1 at p. 367 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 19'' (International Publishers: New York, 1984).&lt;/ref&gt; ڊسمبر 1851ع کان مارچ 1852ع تائين مارڪس [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب|1848ع جي فرانسيسي انقلاب]] بابت پنهنجي نظرياتي تصنيف ''[[لوئي نيپولين جي ارڙهين برومئير]]'' تي ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 99–197.&lt;/ref&gt; هن ڪتاب ۾ هن [[تاريخي ماديت]]، [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]، [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ بورجوا رياست تي پرولتاريه جي فتح جهڙن تصورن کي واضح ڪيو.

1850ع ۽ 1860ع جا ڏهاڪا عام طور هڪ اهڙي فڪري حد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪا [[نوجوان مارڪس]] جي هيگلي [[مثاليت]] کي [[بالغ مارڪس]] جي [[جوڙجڪياتي مارڪسزم]] سان لاڳاپيل سائنسي نظريي کان الڳ ڪري ٿي. بهرحال، سڀئي عالم هن ورهاست کي قبول نٿا ڪن.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز لاءِ 1848ع ۽ 1849ع جي انقلابن جو تجربو سندن معاشي نظرين ۽ تاريخي ارتقا بابت سوچ جي تشڪيل ۾ بنيادي اهميت رکندڙ هو. 1848ع جي ناڪامين کان پوءِ کين محسوس ٿيو ته انقلابي جوش ختم ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ نئين معاشي بحران کان سواءِ وري پيدا نه ٿيندو. ان دوران مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿين جي وچ ۾ اختلاف به پيدا ٿيا؛ مارڪس انهن کي &quot;مهم جوئي ڪندڙ&quot; قرار ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته صرف مضبوط ارادي سان انقلاب آڻي سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ اهڙي سوچ غير حقيقي هئي، ڇو ته انقلابي حالتون پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ معاشي عنصر بنيادي شرط هو.

1852ع ۾ آمريڪا جي معاشي بحران مارڪس ۽ اينگلز کي اميد ڏني ته شايد انقلابي سرگرميون ٻيهر زور وٺنديون، پر جلد ئي سندن خيال ٿيو ته آمريڪي معيشت اڃا سرمائيداراڻي انقلاب لاءِ ڪافي پختي نه هئي. آمريڪا جي اولهه طرف موجود کليل علائقن سماجي بيچينيءَ جي قوتن کي منتشر ڪري ڇڏيو هو. وڌيڪ اهو ته آمريڪا ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ ڪو به معاشي بحران يورپ جي پراڻين قومي معيشتن ۾، جيڪي پنهنجي قومي سرحدن اندر بند نظام هيون، انقلابي لهر پيدا نه ڪندو. جڏهن 1857ع جو مشهور [[1857ع جو مالي بحران]] آمريڪا مان شروع ٿي عالمي سطح تائين پکڙيو، تڏهن ان معاشيات جي اڳوڻن نظرين کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ اهو جديد تاريخ جو پهريون حقيقي عالمي معاشي بحران ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 320.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پهرين انٽرنيشنل ۽ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ===
[[File:Karl Marx, May 1861.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|لنڊن ۾ 1861ع دوران ورتل مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://marx200.org/en/fotografien/index.html |title=All Images of Marx Are Good |website=Marx 200 |access-date=2 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

مارڪس ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' لاءِ تيستائين مضمون لکندو رهيو، جيستائين کيس پڪ هئي ته ''ٽربيون'' جي ادارتي پاليسي اڃا ترقي پسند هئي. بهرحال، 1861ع جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ [[چارلس ڊينا]] جي اخبار ڇڏڻ ۽ ان جي نتيجي ۾ ادارتي بورڊ ۾ تبديلي اچڻ سان اخبار نئين ادارتي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 347.&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽربيون'' هاڻي غلاميءَ جي مڪمل خاتمي ۽ [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين|يونين]] جي مڪمل فتح لاءِ آواز اٿاريندڙ مضبوط [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ|غلامي مخالف]] اخبار نه رهي. نئين ادارتي بورڊ آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين ۽ [[آمريڪا جون وفاقي رياستون|ڪنفيڊريسي]] جي وچ ۾ فوري صلح جي حمايت ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ ان سان ڪنفيڊريسيءَ ۾ غلامي برقرار رهي ها. مارڪس هن نئين سياسي موقف سان سخت اختلاف ڪيو ۽ 1863ع ۾ ''ٽربيون'' جي ليکڪ جي حيثيت تان دستبردار ٿيڻ تي مجبور ٿيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=345}}

1864ع ۾ مارڪس [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]، جيڪا پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي نالي سان مشهور هئي، سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}} 1864ع ۾ تنظيم قائم ٿيڻ وقت کيس ان جي جنرل ڪائونسل جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616235612/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA269 267]}} هن تنظيم اندر مارڪس [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي چوڌاري منظم ٿيل انارڪسٽ ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد ۾ شامل رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} جيتوڻيڪ ان تڪرار ۾ مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو، پر 1872ع ۾ جنرل ڪائونسل جو مرڪز لنڊن مان نيويارڪ منتقل ڪرڻ، جنهن جي مارڪس پڻ حمايت ڪئي، انٽرنيشنل جي زوال جو سبب بڻيو.

انٽرنيشنل جي وجود دوران سڀ کان اهم سياسي واقعو 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] هو، جڏهن پيرس جي شهرين پنهنجي حڪومت خلاف بغاوت ڪري ٻه مهينا شهر تي ڪنٽرول قائم رکيو. ان بغاوت کي رت سان چيڀاٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور پمفليٽن مان هڪ، ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]''، لکيو، جنهن ۾ هن ڪميون جو دفاع ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Civil War in France&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 22'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 307–359.&lt;/ref&gt;

پورهيت انقلابن ۽ تحريڪن جي بار بار ناڪامين ۽ مايوسين سبب مارڪس [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان جي مناسب تنقيد تيار ڪرڻ جي به ڪوشش ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ هن [[برٽش ميوزيم]] جي مطالعي واري ڪمري ۾ گهڻو وقت تحقيق ڪندي گذاريو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=20}} 1857ع تائين مارڪس سرمائي، [[زميني ملڪيت]]، اجرتي محنت، رياست، پرڏيهي واپار ۽ عالمي منڊيءَ بابت 800 کان وڌيڪ صفحن تي ٻڌل نوٽ ۽ مختصر مضمون گڏ ڪري چڪو هو. هي مواد 1939ع تائين شايع نه ٿيو، جڏهن اهو ''[[گرونڊرِسِه|گرونڊرِسِه ڊير ڪريٽڪ ڊير پوليٽشن اوڪونومي]]'' (سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد جا خاڪا) جي عنوان هيٺ شايع ٿيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 5–537.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the Preparatory Materials section of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'' (International Publishers: New York, 1987) pp. 421–507.&lt;/ref&gt;

1859ع ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي تصنيف ''[[سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو]]'' شايع ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'', pp. 257–417.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا سياسي معيشت بابت سندس پهرين سنجيده تنقيدي تصنيف هئي. هي ڪتاب سندس ٽن جلدن واري ''[[داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' (معنيٰ: ''سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد'') جو رڳو ابتدائي خاڪو هو، جنهن کي هو پوءِ شايع ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکندو هو. ''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' ۾ مارڪس معاشي سوچ جي بنيادي مفروضن ۽ درجابندين جو تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Postone|1993|pp=54–55, 173, 192}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marx |title=Economic Manuscripts: Appendix I: Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |quote=[...] اڪيلو ۽ سماج کان الڳ شڪاري يا مهاڻو، جنهن کي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو پنهنجي بحث جي شروعاتي نقطي طور پيش ڪن ٿا، ارڙهين صديءَ جي رابنسن ڪروسو جهڙن رومانوي قصن جي بي تخيل خيالي تخليقن مان هڪ آهي. سماجي تاريخدانن جي دعوائن جي ابتڙ، اهي ڪردار رڳو حد کان وڌيل تهذيب خلاف ردعمل يا ڪنهن غلط سمجهيل فطري زندگيءَ ڏانهن واپسيءَ جي نمائندگي نٿا ڪن. [...] هي هڪ وهم آهي، ۽ ننڍين توڙي وڏين رابنسوني ڪهاڻين جو رڳو جمالياتي وهم. حقيقت ۾، اهو اهڙي ”بورجوا سماج“ جي اڳڪٿي آهي، جيڪو سورهين صديءَ ۾ اڀرڻ لڳو ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ ۾ پختگيءَ ڏانهن تيزيءَ سان وڌيو.

آزاد مقابلي تي ٻڌل هن سماج ۾ فرد ظاهري طور انهن فطري لاڳاپن کان آزاد نظر اچي ٿو، جيڪي گذريل تاريخي دورن ۾ کيس انسانن جي ڪنهن مخصوص ۽ محدود جماعت جو جزو بڻائيندا هئا. ارڙهين صديءَ جا مفڪر، جن جي فڪر تي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو اڃا مڪمل طور بيٺل هئا، هن ارڙهين صديءَ واري فرد کي—جيڪو هڪ پاسي جاگيردار سماج جي ٽٽڻ ۽ ٻئي پاسي سورهين صديءَ کان ترقي ڪندڙ نين پيداواري قوتن جو نتيجو هو—اهڙي مثالي انسان طور پيش ڪندا هئا، جنهن جو وجود ڄڻ ماضيءَ سان تعلق رکندو هو. هنن فرد کي تاريخي عمل جي نتيجي طور نه، پر تاريخ جي شروعاتي نقطي طور ڏٺو.&lt;br /&gt;
[...]&lt;br /&gt;
”محنت“ ظاهري طور هڪ تمام سادي درجي بندي لڳي ٿي. محنت جو تصور هن عام ۽ آفاقي صورت ۾، يعني عام محنت طور، به نهايت پراڻو آهي. تنهن هوندي به معاشي لحاظ کان ”محنت“ پنهنجي هن سادي صورت ۾ اوترو ئي جديد درجو آهي، جيترا اهي سماجي لاڳاپا جديد آهن، جيڪي هن سادي تجريد کي جنم ڏين ٿا.|archive-date=8 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208230946/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Calhoun|2012|p=138|ps=: &quot;Marx used social criticism as his standard form of social analysis. Marx defined criticism as the 'radical negation of social reality.{{'&quot;}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف کي وڏي جوش سان قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڇاپو جلد وڪامي ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=318}}

[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد|داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' جو پهريون جلد]]

''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' جي ڪامياب وڪري مارڪس کي 1860ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڏي ڪم جا ٽي جلد مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ همٿايو. انهن ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ۽ ''[[فاضل قدر جا نظريا]]'' شامل هئا. پوئين تصنيف ۾ هن سياسي معيشت جي نظريه دانن، خاص طور [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]]، جي نظرين تي بحث ۽ تنقيد ڪئي.{{r|egsbio}} ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' کي اڪثر ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو چوٿون جلد چيو ويندو آهي ۽ اهو [[معاشي فڪر جي تاريخ]] بابت پهرين جامع تصنيفن مان هڪ آهي

1867ع ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو پهريون جلد شايع ٿيو، جنهن ۾ سرمائي جو تنقيدي تجزيو پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' سرمائيداراڻي [[پيداواري طرز]] جي ابتدا کان ان جي امڪاني مستقبل تائين ان جي &quot;حرڪت جي قانونن&quot; جي وضاحت پيش ڪري ٿو. ڪتاب ۾ سرمائي جي گڏجڻ جي حرڪتن، [[اجرتي محنت]] جي واڌ، ڪم جي جڳهه جي تبديلي، [[سرمائي جي گڏجاڻي]]، مقابلي، [[بئنڪنگ]] نظام، [[نفعي جي شرح گهٽجڻ جو لاڙو]]، زميني محصول ۽ ان ڳالهه تي بحث ڪيو ويو آهي ته اجرتي محنت ڪيئن مسلسل سرمائي جي حڪمراني کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27. 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}} مارڪس موجب سرمائي جي محرڪ قوت [[محنت جو استحصال|محنت جي استحصال]] ۾ آهي، ۽ پورهيتن جي بي اجرت محنت [[فاضل قدر]] جو آخري ذريعو آهي.

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي روسي ترجمي جي وڌندڙ گهرج سبب ان جا روسي ٻوليءَ ۾ 3,000 نسخا ڇپيا، جيڪي 27 مارچ 1872ع تي شايع ٿيا. 1871ع جي سرءُ تائين جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ پهرين ڇاپي جا سڀ نسخا وڪامي چڪا هئا، جنهن کان پوءِ ٻيو ڇاپو شايع ڪيو ويو.

[[File:Karl-Marx (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|مارڪس جي 1875ع واري تصوير]]

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جا ٻيا ۽ ٽيان جلد مارڪس جي حياتيءَ ۾ مسودن جي صورت ۾ رهيا، جن تي هو پنهنجي باقي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. مارڪس جي وفات کان پوءِ ٻئي جلد اينگلز شايع ڪيا.{{r|egsbio}} ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو جلد اينگلز تيار ڪري 1885ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٻيو: سرمائي جي گردش جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 36'' (International Publishers: New York, 1997).&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيون جلد نَوَ سال پوءِ، آڪٽوبر 1894ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٽيون: مجموعي طور سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1998).&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' وسيع ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' مان ورتل هو، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو مسودو هئا. اهي مسودا ''مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي جلدن 30 کان 34 تائين پکڙيل آهن. خاص طور ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جلد 30 جي پوئين حصي کان شروع ٿي جلد 32 جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين هلن ٿا؛&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30'' (International Publishers: New York, 1988) pp. 318–451.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 31'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–580.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 32'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–543.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته مڪمل ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جلد 30 جي شروعات کان جلد 34 جي پهرين اڌ تائين پکڙيل آهن. جلد 34 جي پوئين اڌ ۾ ''1863ع–1864ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جا بچيل ٽڪرا شامل آهن، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٽيون مسودو هئا. انهن جو وڏو حصو پينگوئن جي ''داس ڪاپيٽال''، جلد پهرئين، جي ضميمي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |title=Economic Works of Karl Marx 1861–1864 |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716154952/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جو مختصر جرمن ڇاپو 1905ع ۽ 1910ع ۾ شايع ٿيو. ان مختصر ڇاپي جو انگريزي ترجمو 1951ع ۾ لنڊن مان شايع ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته مڪمل ۽ غير مختصر ڇاپو 1963ع ۽ 1971ع ۾ ماسڪو مان ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي &quot;چوٿين جلد&quot; طور شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;See note 228 on p. 475 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30''.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{پڻ ڏسو |پوئين دور جو مارڪس}}
[[File:Marx8.jpg|thumb|upright|1882ع ۾ مارڪس]]

پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي آخري ڏهاڪي دوران مارڪس جي صحت مسلسل خراب ٿيندي وئي ۽ هو اڳين دور وانگر ڊگهي عرصي تائين محنت ڪرڻ جي قابل نه رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} تنهن هوندي به هن همعصر سياست، خاص طور جرمني ۽ روس جي معاملن، تي اهم تبصرا ڪيا. سندس ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ هن پنهنجن پوئلڳن [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ [[آگسٽ بيبل]] جي ان رجحان جي مخالفت ڪئي، جنهن تحت هو متحد سوشلسٽ جماعت ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[فرڊيننڊ لاسال]] جي [[رياستي سوشلزم]] وارن خيالن سان ٺاهه ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.{{r|egsbio}} هيءَ تصنيف مارڪس جي مشهور قول، &quot;[[هر ڪنهن کان سندس صلاحيت مطابق، هر ڪنهن کي سندس ضرورت مطابق]]&quot;، سبب پڻ مشهور آهي.

8 مارچ 1881ع تي [[ويرا زاسوليچ]] ڏانهن لکيل خط ۾ مارڪس ان امڪان تي غور ڪيو ته روس سرمائيداراڻي ترقيءَ واري مرحلي کي ٽپي، ڳوٺاڻي ''[[مير (سماج)|مير]]'' ۾ موجود گڏيل زميني ملڪيت جي بنياد تي ڪميونزم قائم ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{r|egsbio}}&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Collected Works Volume 46'' (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 71.&lt;/ref&gt; روس جي ڳوٺاڻي &quot;ڪميون&quot; کي &quot;روس جي سماجي نئين سر جوڙجڪ جو مرڪزي سهارو&quot; قرار ڏيندي مارڪس خبردار ڪيو ته جيڪڏهن مير کي سرمائيداراڻي مرحلي کان سواءِ سڌو سوشلسٽ مرحلي ڏانهن منتقليءَ جو ذريعو بڻائڻو آهي، ته &quot;سڀ کان پهرين انهن نقصانڪار اثرن کي ختم ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو، جيڪي ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون تي هر طرف کان حملو ڪري رهيا آهن&quot;. انهن نقصانڪار اثرن جي خاتمي کان پوءِ مارڪس موجب ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون جي &quot;پاڻمرادو ترقيءَ جون عام حالتون&quot; موجود ٿي سگهن ٿيون.

بهرحال، ساڳئي خط ۾ مارڪس نشاندهي ڪئي ته &quot;سرمائيداراڻي نظام جي بنياد ۾... پيدا ڪندڙ کي پيداوار جي وسيلن کان مڪمل طور جدا ڪرڻ شامل آهي&quot;. هن خط جي هڪ مسودي ۾ مارڪس جي [[بشريات]] ڏانهن وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ٿئي ٿي، جيڪا سندس ان يقين مان پيدا ٿي ته مستقبل جو ڪميونزم اسان جي قبل از تاريخي ماضيءَ جي اشتراڪيت ڏانهن هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ سطح تي واپسي هوندو. هن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
اسان جي دور جو تاريخي لاڙو اهو اڻٽر بحران آهي، جنهن مان يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جي انهن ملڪن ۾ سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار گذري رهي آهي، جتي اها پنهنجي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي چڪي آهي. هي بحران ان جي تباهيءَ ۽ جديد سماج جي سڀ کان قديم صورت، يعني گڏيل پيداوار ۽ گڏيل ملڪيت، جي هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ شڪل ڏانهن واپسيءَ تي ختم ٿيندو.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

هن وڌيڪ لکيو ته &quot;ابتدائي برادرين جي حياتياتي قوت سامي، يوناني، رومي وغيره سماجن کان بي انداز وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ جديد سرمائيداراڻي سماجن کان ته اڃا به وڌيڪ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;K. Marx, First draft of the letter to Vera Zasulich [1881]. In Marx-Engels ''Collected Works'', Volume 24, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي وفات کان اڳ مارڪس اينگلز کي اهي خيال مرتب ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. اهي 1884ع ۾ ''[[خاندان، نجي ملڪيت ۽ رياست جو بڻ بنياد]]'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيا، جيڪو جزوي طور مارڪس پاران [[ليوس ايڇ. مورگن]] جي ڪتاب ''[[قديم سماج]]'' بابت لکيل نوٽن تي ٻڌل هو.

== ذاتي زندگي ==

=== خاندان ===
[[File:Jenny laura marx.jpg|thumb|upright|جيني ڪيرولائنا ۽ جيني لورا مارڪس (1869ع): مارڪس جي سڀني ڌيئرن جو نالو سندن ماءُ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] جي عزت ۾ جيني رکيو ويو هو.]]

مارڪس ۽ فون ويسٽفالين کي ست ٻار ٿيا، پر لنڊن ۾ رهائش دوران سندن ڏکين معاشي ۽ رهائشي حالتن سبب رڳو ٽي ٻار بالغ عمر تائين زنده رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Singer |author-link=Peter Singer |year=2000 |title=Marx: A very short introduction |page=5 |isbn=0192854054 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن ٻار هي هئا: [[جيني لونگي|جيني ڪيرولائنا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لونگي؛ 1844ع–1883ع)، [[لورا مارڪس|جيني لورا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لافارگ؛ 1845ع–1911ع)، ايڊگر (1847ع–1855ع)، هينري ايڊورڊ گائي (&quot;گيدو&quot;؛ 1849ع–1850ع)، جيني ايويلين فرانسس (&quot;فرانزسڪا&quot;؛ 1851ع–1852ع)، [[ايلينور مارڪس|جيني جوليا ايلينور]] (1855ع–1898ع)، ۽ هڪ ٻيو ٻار، جيڪو نالو رکڻ کان اڳ ئي جولاءِ 1857ع ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس ناٺي [[پال لافارگ]] موجب مارڪس هڪ پيار ڪندڙ پيءُ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Lafargue |author-link=Paul Lafargue |editor=[[مارڪس–اينگلز–لينن ادارو]] |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1972 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |title=''Reminiscences of Marx'' (September 1890) |quote=هو هڪ پيار ڪندڙ، نرم دل ۽ درگذر ڪندڙ پيءُ هو. [...] پنهنجي ڌيئرن سان سندس لاڳاپن ۾ حڪم هلائيندڙ پيءُ واري روش جو ذري برابر به نشان نه هو، جڏهن ته سندس ڌيئرن جو ساڻس پيار غيرمعمولي هو. هو کين ڪڏهن به حڪم نه ڏيندو هو، پر جيڪو ڪم ڪرائڻ چاهيندو هو، تنهن لاءِ کين مهربانيءَ طور درخواست ڪندو هو، يا اهڙي نموني احساس ڏياريندو هو ته جنهن ڳالهه کان هو کين روڪڻ چاهي ٿو، اها کين نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. تنهن هوندي به شايد ئي ڪنهن پيءُ جا ٻار هن جي ٻارن جيترا فرمانبردار رهيا هجن.|access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133812/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1962ع ۾ اهو الزام سامهون آيو ته مارڪس کي پنهنجي گهر جي ملازمہ [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]] مان شاديءَ کان ٻاهر فريڊي نالي هڪ پٽ ٿيو هو،&lt;ref name=Montefiore&gt;{{cite news|last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |title=The Means of Reproduction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |work=[[نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]] |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926042626/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=173}} پر دستاويزي ثبوتن جي کوٽ سبب هن دعويٰ تي اختلاف ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carver, 1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |quote=this [claim] is not well founded on the documentary materials available |last=Carver |first=Terrell |title=The Cambridge Companion to Marx |year=1991 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521366946 |page=11 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |editor-last=Carver |editor-first=Terrell |chapter=Reading Marx: Life and Works |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608131100/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيلين ڊيمٿ مارڪس جي ڀروسي جوڳي ساٿي پڻ هئي. [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] پاران لکيل سندس تعزيتي نوٽ ۾ هن جي ڪردار بابت ڄاڻايو ويو آهي ته: &quot;مارڪس هيلينا ڊيمٿ کان نه رڳو پارٽيءَ جي ڏکين ۽ پيچيده معاملن ۾، پر پنهنجي معاشي لکڻين بابت به صلاح وٺندو هو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helene Demuth Obituary |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/family/demuth/obitry.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اڪثر فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو، خاص طور گهر يا فليٽ مسواڙ تي وٺڻ وقت، شايد ان لاءِ ته سرڪاري اختيارين لاءِ سندس پتو لڳائڻ ڏکيو ٿئي. پيرس ۾ هو &quot;موسيو رامبوز&quot; جو نالو استعمال ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته لنڊن ۾ پنهنجن خطن جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ &quot;اي. وليمز&quot; لکي صحيح ڪندو هو. سندس دوست سندس سانوري رنگ ۽ ڪارن گهنڊيدار وارن سبب کيس &quot;مور&quot; سڏيندا هئا، جڏهن ته هن پنهنجن ٻارن کي پاڻ کي &quot;اولڊ نِڪ&quot; ۽ &quot;چارلي&quot; سڏڻ جي همٿ ڏني.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}} هو پنهنجن دوستن ۽ گهرڀاتين لاءِ پڻ لقب ۽ فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو؛ فريڊرش اينگلز کي &quot;جنرل&quot;، گهر جي ملازمہ هيلين کي &quot;لينچن&quot; يا &quot;نِم&quot;، ڌيءَ جينيچن کي &quot;ڪُئي ڪُئي، [[چين جو شهنشاهه]]&quot;، ۽ لورا کي &quot;[[ڪاڪاٽو|ڪاڪادو]]&quot; يا &quot;[[خوئي خوئي|هوٽنٽوٽ]]&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}}

=== صحت ===
مارڪس 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب نالي شراب نوشي واري تنظيم ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ گهڻي شراب نوشي ڪرڻ لڳو ۽ اهو سلسلو سندس وفات تائين جاري رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;/&gt;

مارڪس گهڻي عرصي تائين خراب صحت جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن کي هو پاڻ &quot;وجود جي بدحالي&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}} مختلف ليکڪن سندس بيمارين جي نوعيت ۽ سببن جي وضاحت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سندس سوانح نگار ورنر بلومينبرگ موجب انهن جو سبب جگر ۽ پتيءَ جون بيماريون هيون، جيڪي مارڪس کي 1849ع ۾ ٿيون ۽ پوءِ هو انهن مان مڪمل طور صحتياب نه ٿي سگهيو. نامناسب طرزِ زندگيءَ انهن بيمارين کي وڌيڪ شديد بڻايو. بيماريءَ جا دورا اڪثر مٿي جي سور، اکين جي سوزش، مٿي ۾ [[تنتي سور]] ۽ سنڌن جي سور سان گڏ ٿيندا هئا. 1877ع ۾ کيس تنتي نظام جي هڪ سنگين بيماري ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊگهي عرصي تائين [[بي خوابي]] رهيس، جنهن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هو نشي آور دوائون استعمال ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}}

رات جو حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ ۽ نامناسب خوراڪ سبب سندس بيماري وڌيڪ بگڙندي رهي. مارڪس تيز مصالحن واري کاڌي، دونهي ۾ سڪايل مڇي، ڪئويار ۽ اچاريل ڪڪڙين جو شوقين هو، جيتوڻيڪ اهي سڀ شيون جگر جي بيمارن لاءِ نقصانڪار هيون. کيس شراب ۽ ليڪور به پسند هئا ۽ هو تمام گهڻا سگار پيئندو هو؛ مالي تنگيءَ سبب اهي اڪثر گهٽ معيار جا هوندا هئا. 1863ع کان مارڪس ڦٽن ۽ ڦرڙين جي گهڻي شڪايت ڪرڻ لڳو. بلومينبرگ موجب &quot;اهي جگر جي مريضن ۾ گهڻو ٿيندا آهن ۽ ممڪن آهي ته انهن جا سبب به ساڳيا هجن.&quot;{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}} اهي ڦرڙا ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو مارڪس نه صحيح نموني ويهي سگهندو هو ۽ نه سڌو بيهي ڪم ڪري سگهندو هو. بلومينبرگ موجب مارڪس ۾ چڙچڙاپڻ جگر جي بيمارن ۾ عام طور ڏسجندڙ ڪيفيت هئي:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
بيماريءَ سندس شخصيت جي ڪجهه خاصيتن کي وڌيڪ نمايان ڪري ڇڏيو. هو بحث ۾ تمام تيز هوندو هو، سندس چڀندڙ طنز توهين کان به نه ڪيٻائيندو هو ۽ سندس اظهار ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بي ادبي ۽ سختيءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو هو. جيتوڻيڪ مجموعي طور مارڪس پنهنجن ويجهن دوستن تي انڌو اعتماد رکندو هو، پر پاڻ به شڪايت ڪندو هو ته ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هو انهن سان به حد کان وڌيڪ شڪي ۽ ناانصاف ٿي ويندو هو. دشمنن ته ڇا، دوستن بابت به سندس فيصلا ڪڏهن ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو گهٽ حساس ماڻهو به ناراض ٿي پوندا هئا... شايد تمام ٿورا ماڻهو اهڙا هئا، جن تي هن اهڙي تنقيد نه ڪئي هجي... اينگلز به ان کان بچيل نه هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|pp=99–100}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي جي تاريخدان [[جيرالڊ سيگل]] موجب، نوجوانيءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ مارڪس کي نمونيا يا پلوريسي ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن جي اثرن سبب کيس پروشيائي فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. پوئين زندگيءَ ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' تي ڪم ڪندي، جنهن کي هو مڪمل نه ڪري سگهيو،{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=494}} مارڪس ٽن اهم بيمارين جو شڪار رهيو. جگر جي بيماري، جيڪا شايد موروثي هئي، حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم، خراب خوراڪ ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ سبب وڌيڪ بگڙي وئي. رات جو گهڻو ڪم ڪرڻ سبب سندس اکين ۾ سوزش ٿيندي هئي. ٽئين بيماري طور کيس ڪاربنڪل يا ڦرڙا ٿيندا هئا، جيڪي &quot;شايد جسماني ڪمزوريءَ جو نتيجو هئا؛ مارڪس جي طرزِ زندگيءَ جون مختلف خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ شراب، تمباڪو، خراب غذا ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ، انهن سڀني ان ۾ حصو ورتو.&quot; اينگلز اڪثر مارڪس کي پنهنجي خطرناڪ طرزِ زندگي بدلائڻ جي صلاح ڏيندو هو. سيگل موجب مارڪس پاران پنهنجي صحت کي اهڙي سخت نموني نقصان پهچائڻ جي پويان ذاتي مفادن ۽ خودپسنديءَ بابت ڏوهه جو احساس ٿي سگهي ٿو، جيڪو اصل ۾ سندس والد مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ پيدا ڪيو هو.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=495–496}}

2007ع ۾ [[نيوڪاسل يونيورسٽي]] جي چمڙيءَ جي ماهر سام شسٽر مارڪس جي چمڙيءَ جي بيماريءَ جي [[پوئين دور جي تشخيص]] ڪئي. شسٽر موجب وڌيڪ ممڪن وضاحت اها هئي ته مارڪس جگر جي بيماريءَ بدران [[هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا]] جو شڪار هو، جيڪا وار جي ڦوٽن ۾ کلندڙ [[اپوڪرائن]] نالين جي بند ٿيڻ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ورجائيندڙ وچڙندڙ بيماري آهي.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|pp=1–2}} شسٽر بيماريءَ جي امڪاني [[نفسياتي ۽ سماجي]] اثرن تي پڻ غور ڪيو. هن نشاندهي ڪئي ته چمڙي رابطي جو هڪ اهم عضوو آهي، ۽ هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا شديد نفسياتي تڪليف پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ نفرت، بيزاري، ذاتي تصور، مزاج ۽ خوشحاليءَ ۾ گهٽتائي شامل آهن. شسٽر موجب مارڪس جي خطن ۾ اهڙن احساسن جا &quot;گهڻا ثبوت&quot; موجود آهن. هن اهو سوال به اٿاريو ته ڇا بيماريءَ جي ذهني اثرن مارڪس جي لکڻين تي اثر وڌو ۽ شايد سندس [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگيءَ واري نظريي]] جي تشڪيل ۾ پڻ ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|p=3}}

=== وفات ===
[[File:Grave of Karl Marx Highgate Cemetery in London 2016 (10).jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]]، لنڊن]]

ڊسمبر 1881ع ۾ سندس زال جيني جي وفات کان پوءِ مارڪس کي [[نزلو]] ٿيو، جنهن سندس زندگيءَ جي آخري پندرهن مهينن دوران سندس صحت خراب رکي. آخرڪار ان بيماريءَ مان [[ساھ جي نلين جي سوزش]] ۽ [[ڦڦڙن جي پردي جي سوزش]] پيدا ٿي، جن سبب هو 14 مارچ 1883ع تي لنڊن ۾ 64 ورهين جي عمر ۾ [[بي وطن]] شخص جي حيثيت ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس گهرڀاتين ۽ دوستن 17 مارچ 1883ع تي کيس لنڊن جي اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾، لاادري ۽ ملحد ماڻهن لاءِ مخصوص حصي ۾ دفن ڪيو. [[فرانسس وين]] موجب سندس جنازي ۾ نَوَ کان يارهن ماڻهو شامل هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA382 382]}}همعصر ذريعن جي تحقيق موجب جنازي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ تيرهن سڃاتل ماڻهو موجود هئا: [[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، [[ايلينور مارڪس]]، [[ايڊورڊ ايولنگ]]، [[پال لافارگ]]، [[شارل لونگي]]، [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]]، [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]]، گوٽليب ليمڪي، [[فريڊرڪ ليسنر]]، جي. لوخنر، سر [[ري لينڪيسٽر]]، [[ڪارل شورليمر]] ۽ [[ارنسٽ ريڊفورڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;John Shepperd, 'Who was really at Marx's funeral?', in &quot;Friends of Highgate Cemetery Newsletter &quot;, April (2018), pp. 10–11. https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074940/https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf |date=4 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ همعصر اخبار موجب جنازي ۾ پنجويهن کان ٽيهه مٽن مائٽن ۽ دوستن شرڪت ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx', in ''[[دي سنڊي پيپل|دي پيپل]]'', 25 March 1883, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[دي گرافڪ]]'' جي هڪ ليکڪ لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
هڪ عجيب غلطيءَ سبب... سندس وفات جو اعلان ٻن ڏينهن تائين نه ڪيو ويو، ۽ پوءِ به اهو چيو ويو ته سندس وفات پيرس ۾ ٿي آهي. ٻئي ڏينهن پيرس مان تصحيح آئي؛ ۽ جڏهن سندس دوست ۽ پوئلڳ دفن جي وقت ۽ هنڌ بابت ڄاڻڻ لاءِ [[هيورسٽاڪ هل]] ۾ سندس گهر پهتا، تڏهن کين معلوم ٿيو ته هو اڳ ئي ٿڌي زمين ۾ دفن ٿي چڪو هو. جيڪڏهن اها رازداري ۽ تڪڙ نه ڪئي وڃي ها ته سندس قبر تي يقيناً هڪ وڏو عوامي مظاهرو ٿئي ها.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx' in ''The Graphic'', 31 March 1883, pp. 319, 322.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

سندس ڪيترن ويجهن دوستن جنازي ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن ۾ [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز شامل هئا. اينگلز جي تقرير ۾ هي لفظ شامل هئا:

{{blockquote|
14 مارچ تي منجهند جو پوڻين ٽين وڳي، زنده انسانن مان سڀ کان وڏو مفڪر سوچڻ ڇڏي ويو. کيس رڳو ٻن منٽن لاءِ اڪيلو ڇڏيو ويو هو، ۽ جڏهن اسين واپس آياسين ته کيس پنهنجي ڪرسيءَ تي سڪون سان سمهيل ڏٺوسين—پر هميشه لاءِ.
}}

مارڪس جون زنده بچيل ڌيئرون [[ايلينور مارڪس|ايلينور]] ۽ [[لورا مارڪس|لورا]]، ۽ سندس ٻه فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ناٺي [[شارل لونگي]] ۽ [[پال لافارگ]] پڻ جنازي ۾ موجود هئا. سندس زال ۽ وڏي ڌيءَ اڳ ئي فوت ٿي چڪيون هيون؛ وڏي ڌيءَ جنوري 1883ع ۾، مارڪس کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ، وفات ڪئي هئي. جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽيءَ جي باني ۽ اڳواڻ ليبڪنيخت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ تقرير ڪئي، جڏهن ته فرانسيسي پورهيت تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻ لونگي فرانسيسيءَ ۾ مختصر خطاب ڪيو. فرانس ۽ اسپين جي پورهيت جماعتن پاران موڪليل ٻه [[تار]] پڻ پڙهيا ويا; هڪ ميڊرڊ واري شاخ طرفان [[هوسي ميسا اي ليومپارٽ]] موڪليو هو، ۽ ٻيو فرانسيسي مزدورن جي پارٽيءَ جي پيرس شاخ طرفان سيڪريٽري ليپين موڪليو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1883: The death of Karl Marx |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز جي تقرير سميت اهو ئي جنازي جو مڪمل پروگرام هو.

جنازي ۾ شامل غير مائٽن ۾ مارڪس جا ٽي ڪميونسٽ ساٿي پڻ هئا: فريڊرڪ ليسنر، جنهن کي 1852ع جي [[ڪولون ڪميونسٽ مقدمو]] کان پوءِ ٽي سال قيد ڪيو ويو هو؛ جي. لوخنر، جنهن کي اينگلز &quot;ڪميونسٽ ليگ جو پراڻو ميمبر&quot; قرار ڏنو؛ ۽ [[ڪارل شورليمر]]، جيڪو مانچسٽر ۾ ڪيميا جو پروفيسر، [[رائل سوسائٽي]] جو ميمبر ۽ 1848ع جي [[باڊن انقلاب]] ۾ شامل ڪميونسٽ ڪارڪن هو. جنازي ۾ [[ري لينڪيسٽر]] نالي برطانوي حيوانيات دان پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو پوءِ هڪ اهم عالم بڻيو.

وصيت جي عدالتي تصديق وقت مارڪس جي ذاتي ملڪيت جي قيمت 250 پائونڊ مقرر ڪئي وئي،&lt;ref name=&quot;probate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk |title=Marx, Karl |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=1883 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807135123/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا 2024ع جي حساب سان لڳ ڀڳ 38,095 پائونڊ جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=£250 in 1883 → 2024 {{!}} UK Inflation Calculator |url=https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=www.in2013dollars.com |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128173620/https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1895ع ۾ پنهنجي وفات وقت اينگلز پنهنجي وڏي ملڪيت جو &quot;نمايان حصو&quot; مارڪس جي ٻن زنده بچيل ڌيئرن لاءِ ڇڏيو، جنهن جي قيمت 2024ع جي حساب سان 68 لک آمريڪي ڊالر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Montefiore&quot;/&gt;

نومبر 1954ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ سندس خاندان جي باقيات کي ويجهو ئي هڪ نئين هنڌ ٻيهر دفن ڪيو ويو. نئين هنڌ تي قائم [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو|مقبرين]] جو افتتاح 14 مارچ 1956ع تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|title=Marx monument unveiled in Highgate cemetery – archive, 15 March 1956|date=15 March 2016|access-date=7 January 2018|work=The Guardian|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227094820/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان تي ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي آخري سٽ، &quot;[[دنيا جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!|سڀني ملڪن جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!]]&quot;، ۽ اينگلز پاران ترتيب ڏنل يارهين &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز|فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; مان هي قول اُڪريل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي—پر اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;  [[برطانيا جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] اهو يادگار تعمير ڪرايو، جنهن تي [[لارنس بريڊشا]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو نيم مجسمو لڳايو ويو؛ جڏهن ته مارڪس جي اصل قبر تي رڳو سادي سينگار هئي.

مارڪسي تاريخدان [[ايرڪ هابسبام]] لکيو ته: &quot;اهو نٿو چئي سگهجي ته مارڪس ناڪام شخص طور فوت ٿيو.&quot; جيتوڻيڪ برطانيا ۾ سندس پوئلڳن جو تعداد وڏو نه هو، پر سندس لکڻيون جرمني ۽ روس جي کاٻي ڌر جي تحريڪن تي اثر وجهڻ شروع ڪري چڪيون هيون. سندس وفات کان پنجويهن سالن اندر براعظمي يورپ جون اهي سوشلسٽ جماعتون، جيڪي پنهنجي سياست تي مارڪس جي اثر کي تسليم ڪنديون هيون، [[نمائنده جمهوريت|نمائنده جمهوري]] چونڊن ۾ نمايان ڪاميابيون حاصل ڪري چڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Hob11|Hobsbawm 2011]]. pp. 3–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== فڪر ==
{{Marxism}}

=== اثر ===
{{Main|ڪارل مارڪس تي اثر}}

مارڪس جي فڪر تي ڪيترن ئي مفڪرن ۽ فڪري روايتن جو اثر هو، جن ۾ هيٺيان خاص طور شامل آهن:

* [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل]] جو فلسفو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
* [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ رڪارڊو]] جي ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]]، گڏوگڏ [[جان شارل ليونار ڊي سسموندي]] جي آزاد منڊي واري معيشت (''laissez-faire'') تي تنقيد ۽ پرولتاريه جي غيرمحفوظ حالت بابت سندس تجزيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paresh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Paresh |title=Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |pages=39–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فرانس ۾ کاٻي ڌر جي تاريخ|فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ فڪر]]، خاص طور [[جان جيڪ روسو]]، [[هينري ڊي سينٽ سائمن]]، [[پئير جوزف پرودون]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريي]] جا خيال.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}
* [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي جرمن ماديت پسند فلسفي، ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ جي آخر واري فرانسيسي ماديت، جنهن ۾ [[ديدرو]]، [[ڪلاڊ ادرين هيلويسيوس]] ۽ [[ڊي هولباخ]] شامل آهن.
* [[فريڊرش اينگلس]] جو پورهيت طبقي بابت تجزيو، ۽ فرانسيسي آزاد خيال مفڪرن ۽ سينٽ سائمنين، جهڙوڪ [[فرانسوا گيزو]] ۽ [[اوگسٽين ٿيري]] پاران طبقن بابت ابتدائي تشريحون.
* مارڪس جي يهودي ورثي کي پڻ سندس اخلاقي نظرئي&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry. ''[[Why Marx Was Right]]''. Yale University Press, 2011, p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ سندس ماديت پسند فلسفي جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم اثر رکندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=112–119}}

مارڪس جي تاريخ بابت نظرئي، جنهن کي پوءِ [[تاريخي ماديت]] سڏيو ويو (جنهن کي اينگلس ۽ لينن تڪراري طور [[جدلياتي ماديت]] جي فلسفي جي صورت ڏني)، تي هيگل جي ان دعويٰ جو واضح اثر هو ته حقيقت ۽ تاريخ کي [[جدليات]]ي انداز سان سمجهڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر جتي هيگل [[خيال پرستي]] جي بنياد تي خيالن کي تاريخ جي محرڪ قوت سمجهندو هو، اتي مارڪس جدليات کي [[ماديت]] جي بنياد تي سمجهايو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته خيال تي مادّي حقيقت کي اوليت حاصل آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

هيگل جي نظر ۾ &quot;روح&quot; تاريخ کي اڳتي وڌائيندي هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس ان کي غيرضروري اسراريت سمجهندو هو، جيڪا انسانن ۽ سندن مادي عملن جي حقيقي ڪردار کي لڪائي ڇڏيندي آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن لکيو ته هيگلي فلسفي حقيقت کي ڄڻ مٿي هيٺ ڪري بيهاريو آهي، تنهنڪري ان کي وري پنهنجي پيرن تي بيهارڻ ضروري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس کي صوفياتي اصطلاحن سان دلچسپي نه هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪيترن ئي ڪتابن ۾ گوٿڪ انداز جون تشبيهون استعمال ڪيون. مثال طور ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' ۾ هو لکي ٿو: «يورپ تي هڪ پاڇو ڇانيل آهي—ڪميونزم جو پاڇو. پراڻي يورپ جون سڀ قوتون ان پاڇي کي ڀڄائڻ لاءِ مقدس اتحاد ۾ گڏ ٿي ويون آهن.» ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽال]]'' ۾ سرمائي کي «محنت جي پيداوارن جي چوڌاري ڦهليل جادوگري» سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |first=Mark |last=Neocleous |title=The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ۽ سماجياتي فڪر کان متاثر هو، پر هن [[خيالي سوشلسٽ]]ن تي تنقيد ڪئي. سندس خيال هو ته انهن جون ننڍي پيماني واريون سوشلسٽ برادريون آخرڪار سماج جي ڪناري تي رهجي وينديون ۽ غربت جو شڪار ٿينديون، جڏهن ته حقيقي تبديلي صرف [[اقتصادي نظام]] ۾ وڏي پيماني جي تبديلي سان ئي ممڪن آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Leopold |first1=David |title=Marx, Engels, and Some (Non-Foundational) Arguments against Utopian Socialism |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |website=ORA - Oxford University Research Archive |access-date=August 22, 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822025856/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيگلي فلسفي جي مارڪس واري نئين تشريح تي اينگلس جي ڪتاب ''[[انگلينڊ ۾ پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' جو پڻ وڏو اثر پيو، جنهن مارڪس کي تاريخي جدليات کي [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]] جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ ۽ جديد پورهيت طبقي کي انقلابي تبديليءَ جي سڀ کان ترقي پسند قوت طور ڏسڻ ڏانهن مائل ڪيو. ان سان گڏ سماجي جمهوريت پسند [[فريڊرش وِلهم شُلز]] پنهنجي ڪتاب 
'''ڊي بي ويگُنگ ڊيئر پروڊُڪتسيون'''  (پيداواري عمل جي حرڪت) ۾ سماج جي ارتقا کي «پيداواري قوتن ۽ پيداواري لاڳاپن جي وچ ۾ تضاد» جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو، جنهن جو اثر پڻ مارڪس تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Norman |title=Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method |year=2006 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |page=223}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated144&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Jonathan |last=Sperber |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته تاريخ ۽ سماج جو سائنسي نموني مطالعو ڪري تاريخي لاڙن کي سمجهي سگهجي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت سماجي ٽڪراءَ جي نتيجن جي اڳڪٿي به ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ان ڪري سندس ڪيترن ئي پوئلڳن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته ڪميونسٽ انقلاب لازمي طور ايندو. پر مارڪس پنهنجي مشهور [[فوئرباخ بابت مقالا|فوئرباخ بابت يارهين مقالي]] ۾ واضح لکيو ته: «فيلسوفن دنيا جي رڳو مختلف نمونن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي تبديل ڪرڻ آهي.»{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس جي نظرين مان متاثر ٿي ڪيترائي نوان نظريا ۽ علمي شعبا وجود ۾ آيا، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

* [[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد]]
* [[ڪنڊراٽيف لهر]] ۽ [[ڪزنٽس چڪر]]
* [[گهٽ واپرائڻ جو نظريو]]
* [[تخليقي تباهي]]
* [[بحران جو نظريو]]
* [[مقداري معاشي تاريخ]]
* [[ورلڊ سسٽمز ٿيوري]]

=== فلسفو ۽ سماجي فڪر ===

مارڪس کي سماجي علمن ۾ [[تنقيدي طريقو|تنقيدي طريقي]] جو پهريون وڏو استعمال ڪندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. هيءَ راءِ ان ڳالهه مان نڪتي آهي ته هن پنهنجي تحريرن ۾ ٻين مفڪرن جي نظرين تي تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ لاءِ بار بار [[جدلياتي مناظرو|مناظرن]] ۽ تنقيدي بحثن جو سهارو ورتو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن قياسي فلسفي تي تنقيد ڪندي [[مابعدالطبيعات]] کي نظرياتي تعصب (آئيڊيالاجي) سان هم معنيٰ قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Bannerji|2001|p=27}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Paolucci |first1=Paul |title=Marx's scientific and political criticism: The internal relation |journal=Capital &amp; Class |year=2015|volume=39 |pages=65–78 |doi=10.1177/0309816814564657 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هن طريقي کي اختيار ڪري مارڪس ڪوشش ڪئي ته بنيادي علمي نتيجن کي نظرياتي تعصب کان الڳ ڪري سگهجي. اهو ئي سبب هو جو هو پنهنجي دور جي ڪيترن ئي فلسفين کان نمايان طور مختلف نظر اچي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

==== انساني فطرت ====
{{Further|مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو}}

{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| image1 = G.W.F. Hegel (by Sichling, after Sebbers).jpg
| image2 = Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach.jpg
| footer = فلسفي [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل|جي. ڊبليو. ايف. هيگل]] (کاٻي) ۽ [[لڊوگ فائرباخ]] (ساڄي)، جن جا جدليات بابت خيال مارڪس تي گهرو اثرانداز ٿيا.
}}

جيئن [[اليڪسس ڊي ٽوڪويل]] اهڙي بي چهري ۽ بيوروڪريٽڪ آمريت جو تصور پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن ۾ ڪو هڪ سڃاتل آمر موجود نه هوندو هو،&lt;ref&gt;[[Annelien de Dijn]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C ''French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915142405/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C&amp;dq= |date=15 September 2015 }}, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 152.&lt;/ref&gt; تيئن مارڪس به انهن روايتي مفڪرن کان الڳ ٿيو، جيڪي رڳو هڪ آمر بابت ڳالهائيندا هئا، يا [[مونٽيسڪيو]] وانگر فردي آمريت جي فطرت جو تجزيو ڪندا هئا. ان جي بدران مارڪس «سرمائي جي آمريت» جو تجزيو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx. ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'', vol. 1, trans. [[Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)|Samuel Moore]] and Edward Aveling (New York: Modem Library, 1906), 440.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي بنيادي مفروضي موجب انساني تاريخ، [[انساني فطرت]] جي مسلسل تبديليءَ جو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ انسان ۽ مادي شيون ٻئي شامل آهن. انسان پنهنجي اندر موجود حقيقي وجود ۽ امڪاني وجود ٻنهي کان آگاهه هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_labour&quot;&gt;Marx K (1999). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm &quot;The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018135115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm |date=18 October 2010 }} In K Marx, ''Das Kapital'' (Vol. 1, Ch. 7). Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Original work published 1867.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_critique&quot;&gt;See Marx K (1997). &quot;Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general&quot;. In K Marx, ''Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society'' (LD Easton &amp; KH Guddat, Trans.), pp. 314–347. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Original work published 1844.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس ۽ هيگل ٻنهي جي نظر ۾ ذاتي ارتقا جي شروعات اندروني [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] جي احساس کان ٿيندي آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ انسان اهو محسوس ڪري ٿو ته سندس موجوده وجود، هڪ ذهني فاعل جي حيثيت سان، پنهنجي امڪاني وجود کي هڪ موضوع يا شئي جي صورت ۾ سامهون آڻي ٿو، جنهن کي سمجهي ۽ حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس وڌيڪ دليل ڏئي ٿو ته جڏهن انسان فطرت کي&lt;ref name=&quot;Lefever&quot;&gt;See also Lefever DM; Lefever JT (1977). &quot;Marxian alienation and economic organisation: An alternate view&quot;. ''The American Economist (21)'' 2, pp. 40–48.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي مقصدن مطابق ڍالي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Holland_desire&quot;&gt;See also Holland EW (2005). &quot;Desire&quot;. In CJ Stivale (Ed.), ''Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts'', pp. 53–62. Montreal &amp; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; تڏهن اهو موضوع ان شئي کي پنهنجو بڻائي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح انسان پنهنجي مڪمل انساني صلاحيتن کي عملي صورت ڏئي ٿو. مارڪس جي خيال موجب [[مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو|انساني فطرت]] (جرمن:گاٽونگس ويزن)، يا ''نوعي وجود''، انساني [[محنت]] جي عمل سان وابسته آهي.

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ بامعنيٰ محنت جي بنيادي شرط اها آهي ته انسان پنهنجي بيگانگيءَ واري شئي سان تعلق قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين پنهنجي چوڌاري موجود حقيقي [[ماديت|مادي شين]] تي اثرانداز ٿئي. مارڪس تسليم ڪري ٿو ته هيگل «محنت جي فطرت کي سمجهي ٿو ۽ حقيقي انسان کي، جيڪو پنهنجي ئي محنت جو نتيجو آهي، صحيح نموني سڃاڻي ٿو»،&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_work&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt; پر ساڳئي وقت هو هيگل جي خود ارتقا واري تصور کي حد کان وڌيڪ «روحاني» ۽ تجريدي قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_spiritual&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 324.&lt;/ref&gt;
انهيءَ ڪري مارڪس هيگل کان اختلاف ڪندي لکي ٿو ته «انسان جو جسماني، حقيقي، احساس رکندڙ ۽ فطري صلاحيتن وارو وجود ان ڳالهه جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سندس زندگيءَ جي اظهار لاءِ حقيقي ۽ محسوس ٿيندڙ شيون موجود هجن؛ انسان پنهنجي زندگيءَ جو اظهار رڳو اهڙين حقيقي محسوس ٿيندڙ شين وسيلي ئي ڪري سگهي ٿو».&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_objects&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 325, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt;
اهڙيءَ ريت مارڪس، هيگل جي «ڪم» (ورڪ) واري تصور کي مادي «[[محنت]]» (ليبر) ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، ۽ انسان جي فطرت کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت جي حوالي سان [[محنت جي قوت]] (ليبر پاور) جو تصور پيش ڪري ٿو.

==== محنت، طبقاتي جدوجهد ۽ غلط شعور ====
{{further|مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|طبقاتي جدوجهد|سرمائيداراڻو پيداواري ڍانچو (مارڪسزم)}}

{{blockquote|هينئر تائين وجود ۾ آيل سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.|ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxEngels2009pp5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Karl |last1=Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author-link2=Friedrich Engels |title=The Communist Manifesto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |year=2009 |publisher=Echo Library |isbn=978-1406851748 |page=5 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912161744/https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Marx et Engels à Shanghai.jpg|upright|thumb|چين جي شهر [[شنگهائي]] ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي يادگار]]

مارڪس کي خاص دلچسپي ان ڳالهه سان هئي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي [[محنت]] جي قوت سان ڪهڙي ريت لاڳاپو قائم ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} هن ان موضوع تي [[مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|بيگانگي]] جي مسئلي جي حوالي سان وڏي تفصيل سان لکيو.{{sfn|Mészáros|2006|p=96}} جيئن جدليات ۾، تيئن مارڪس به شروعات ۾ هيگل جي بيگانگي واري تصور کان متاثر ٿيو، پر پوءِ ان کي وڌيڪ ماديت پسند بنيادن تي نئين صورت ڏني.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] پيداواري سماجي لاڳاپن (جهڙوڪ مزدورن جي پاڻ ۾ يا مزدورن ۽ سرمائيدارن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن) کي انهن شين (ڪموڊٽي) وسيلي منظم ڪري ٿي، جيڪي مارڪيٽ ۾ خريد ۽ وڪرو ٿين ٿيون، ۽ انهن ۾ محنت پڻ شامل آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} مارڪس مطابق، جڏهن ماڻهو پنهنجي محنت جي قوت، يعني دنيا کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي پنهنجي صلاحيت، تي پنهنجو اختيار وڃائي ويهن ٿا، ته اهو سندن پنهنجي انساني فطرت کان بيگانگيءَ جي برابر آهي، جيڪا هڪ روحاني نقصان پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس هن حالت کي [[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]] (ڪموڊٽي فيٽشئزم) سان بيان ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انسان جي پيدا ڪيل شيون اهڙي نموني ظاهر ٿين ٿيون، ڄڻ انهن کي پنهنجو الڳ وجود، زندگي ۽ حرڪت حاصل هجي، ۽ ماڻهو پنهنجي رويي کي انهن شين جي تابع بڻائي ڇڏين.{{ref|Balibar1995}}

[[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]]، اينگلس جي بيان ڪيل [[غلط شعور]] (فالس ڪانشسنيس) جو هڪ مثال آهي،{{ref|KołakowskiFalla2005}} جيڪو [[نظريو (آئيڊيالاجي)|نظريي]] جي سمجهاڻي سان ويجهو تعلق رکي ٿو. مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي نظر ۾ &quot;نظريو&quot; انهن خيالن جو مجموعو آهي، جيڪي ڪنهن خاص دور ۾ ڪنهن مخصوص طبقي جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا، پر انهن کي عام ماڻهو آفاقي ۽ هميشه لاءِ سچا خيال سمجهن ٿا.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جو مقصد رڳو اهو ڏيکارڻ نه هو ته اهڙا عقيدا اڌ سچ هوندا آهن، پر اهو پڻ ته اهي اهم سياسي ڪردار ادا ڪندا آهن. سندن خيال موجب، جنهن طبقي وٽ [[پيداواري وسيلا]] هوندا آهن، اهو رڳو خوراڪ يا تيار ڪيل شين جي پيداوار تي ئي ڪنٽرول نٿو رکي، پر خيالن ۽ نظرين جي پيداوار تي به اثرانداز ٿئي ٿو. ان مان اها وضاحت پڻ ملي ٿي ته ڇو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ماتحت طبقي جا ماڻهو به اهڙا خيال اختيار ڪندا آهن، جيڪي سندن پنهنجي مفادن جي ابتڙ هوندا آهن.

مارڪس [[ٻارن جي محنت]] جو سخت مخالف هو.&lt;ref&gt;In ''[[دي ڪميونسٽ مينفيسٽو]]'', Part II: Proletarians and Communists and ''[[ڪيپيٽل, جلد I]]'', Part III&lt;/ref&gt; هن لکيو ته برطانيا جون صنعتون &quot;رڳو رت چوسي زنده رهي سگهيون ٿي، ۽ اهو به ٻارن جي رت تي&quot;، ۽ اهو ته آمريڪي سرمايو &quot;ٻارن جي رت مان گڏ ڪيل سرمائي&quot; تي بيٺل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite speech |author=Karl Marx |title=Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association |year=1864}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب ====

مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] سان ان ڳالهه تي متفق هو ته مذهب انسان جي پنهنجي تخليق آهي، جيڪو انساني حالتن جو عڪس پيش ڪري ٿو (&quot;انسان مذهب پيدا ڪري ٿو، مذهب انسان کي پيدا نٿو ڪري&quot;)، پر هن ان خيال کي تجريدي انداز بدران تاريخي تناظر ۾ سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس نظر ۾ مذهب هڪ ئي وقت انساني تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ ان تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. 1843ع ۾ لکيل پنهنجي مقالي ''[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ مارڪس پاڻ کي [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[برونو باور]]، کان الڳ ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ رڳو مذهب تي تنقيد انساني ڏکن جو حل نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين سماج جي بنيادي ڍانچي تي انقلابي تنقيد نه ڪئي وڃي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾، مذهب تي تنقيد ان وقت تائين اثرائتي نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين انهن حقيقي سماجي حالتن کي تبديل نه ڪيو وڃي، جن جو مذهب رڳو هڪ اظهار آهي.

[[شلومو اوينيري]] موجب، هن مقالي جي تمهيد ۾ شامل مارڪس جو مشهور اقتباس، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري اڌورو نقل ڪيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ظاهر کان وڌيڪ گهرو ۽ پيچيده آهي. اوينيري جي خيال ۾، مارڪس هتي مذهبي جذبن بابت حقارت نه، پر همدردي جو اظهار ڪري ٿو.

{{blockquote|
مذهبي تڪليف، هڪ ئي وقت، حقيقي تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ حقيقي تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. مذهب، ڏاڍ هيٺ آيل مخلوق جي سڏڪي، بي دل دنيا جي دل، ۽ بي روح حالتن جي روح آهي. اهو [[عوام جي آفيم]] آهي.

&lt;p&gt;عوام جي خيالي خوشي طور مذهب جو خاتمو، سندن حقيقي خوشيءَ جو مطالبو آهي. ماڻهن کي پنهنجي حالتن بابت وهمن کي ڇڏڻ لاءِ چوڻ، دراصل انهن حالتن کي ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو آهي، جيڪي اهڙن وهمن کي جنم ڏين ٿيون.
}}

بعد ۾ [[ميڪس ويبر]] جي پيش ڪيل نظرين وانگر، مارڪس به سمجهندو هو ته مذهب حڪمران طبقن لاءِ موجود سماجي ۽ معاشي اڻبرابريءَ کي جائز ثابت ڪرڻ جو ڪم ڪندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو انهن حالتن کي خدائي منظوريءَ جو رنگ ڏئي ٿو. ٻئي طرف، ماتحت طبقن لاءِ مذهب هڪ قسم جو آسرو فراهم ڪري ٿو؛ اهو [[نشي آور دوا]] وانگر سندن ڏک کي عارضي طور گهٽائي ٿو، پر ان جو علاج نٿو ڪري.

مارڪس پنهنجي اسڪولي تعليم دوران [[ٽرائر جمنازيم]] ۾ لکيل سينيئر مقالي ۾ دليل ڏنو هو ته مذهب جو بنيادي سماجي مقصد [[سماجي يڪجهتي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=636–642}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج تي تنقيد ====
{{further|سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد|مارڪسي معاشيات}}

{{Quote box
|width=25em
|align=right
|quote=پر اوهين ڪميونسٽ ته عورتن جي گڏيل ملڪيت آڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، سڄي بورجوازي گڏجي رڙ ڪري ٿي. بورجوا پنهنجي زال کي رڳو پيداوار جي هڪ اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. جڏهن هو ٻڌي ٿو ته پيداواري وسيلا گڏيل استعمال هيٺ آندا ويندا، ته هو فطري طور اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته عورتون به سڀني جي گڏيل ملڪيت بڻجي وينديون. هن کي اهو اندازو ئي ناهي ته اصل مقصد عورتن کي پيداوار جي محض هڪ اوزار واري حيثيت مان آزاد ڪرائڻ آهي.
|source=—ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot;, page 55, translation made by Samuel Moore in 1888&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

محنت ۽ سرمائي جي ٻيهر پيداوار ۾ ان جي ڪردار بابت مارڪس جا خيال، سماجي لاڳاپن کي سماج جي ماضي، حال ۽ مستقبل جي تعين ۾ بنيادي حيثيت ڏيڻ سان ويجهڙائي رکن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Grundrisse 06 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |quote=the demand that wage labour be continued but capital suspended is self-contradictory, self-dissolving. |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121201428/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس ناقدن هن نقطهٔ نظر کي [[معاشي جبريت]] (ايڪانامڪ ڊٽرمنئزم) جو نالو ڏنو آهي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ محنت سرمائي جي وجود ۽ [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ]] جي بنيادي شرط آهي، ۽ اهي ٻئي سماجي نظام جي شڪل جوڙين ٿا. مارڪس موجب، سماجي تبديلي انهن ڌرين جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي پنهنجي [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي تاريخي حالتن اندر هڪ ٻئي جي ابتڙ مفادن جون نمائندگيون ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}} هن خيال مان پوءِ [[ٽڪراءُ جو نظريو]] (ڪنفلڪٽ ٿيوري) وجود ۾ آيو.

تاريخ بابت پنهنجي ارتقائي نموني ۾، مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته انساني تاريخ جي شروعات آزاد، پيداواري ۽ تخليقي سرگرمين سان ٿي، پر وقت سان گڏ اهي سرگرميون جبر هيٺ اچي غيرانساني بڻجنديون ويون، جنهن جو سڀ کان نمايان مثال سرمائيداري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن وضاحت ڪئي ته اهو ڪنهن فرد جي ارادي جو نتيجو نه، پر موجوده [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي اندروني منطق جو تقاضو آهي، جيڪو سرمائي جي سماجي لاڳاپن کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ انساني محنت (يعني تجريدي محنت) جي گهرج ڪري ٿو.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27, 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ سماج جي تنظيم [[پيداواري وسيلن]] تي دارومدار رکي ٿي. پيداواري وسيلن ۾ زمين، قدرتي وسيلا، اوزار ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي شامل آهن، پر انساني محنت پاڻ انهن ۾ شامل ناهي. ان جي ابتڙ، [[پيداواري لاڳاپا]] اهي سماجي لاڳاپا آهن، جيڪي ماڻهو پيداواري وسيلن جي حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ دوران قائم ڪن ٿا. اهي ٻئي گڏجي [[پيداواري ڍانچو]] (موڊ آف پراڊڪشن) ٺاهين ٿا، ۽ مارڪس تاريخي دورن جي سڃاڻپ به انهن جي بنياد تي ڪندو هو.

مارڪس [[بنياد ۽ مٿاڇري]] (بيس اينڊ سپر اسٽرڪچر) جي وچ ۾ به فرق ڪيو. سندس خيال ۾ ''بنياد'' يا ''هيٺيون ڍانچو'' معاشي نظام آهي، جڏهن ته ''مٿاڇري'' ۾ ثقافتي، قانوني، سياسي ۽ نظرياتي ادارا شامل آهن. هن معاشي بنياد ۽ سماجي مٿاڇري جي وچ ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ تضادن کي سماجي ٽڪراءَ جو اهم سبب قرار ڏنو.

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس پنهنجي لکڻين ۾ سرمائيداري تي سخت تنقيد ڪئي ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي ايندڙ [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] جو ذڪر ڪيو، پر هن ان سماج جي تفصيلي خاڪي کان گهڻو پاسو ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهو اڳوڻن سماجن، جهڙوڪ غلامي ۽ جاگيرداري، کان وڌيڪ ترقي يافته هوندو. هن اخلاقيات ۽ انصاف بابت به سڌي سنئين نظريي جي صورت ۾ گهڻو نه لکيو، پر ڪيترن محققن جو خيال آهي ته سندس فڪر ۾ اهي تصورات اڻسڌيءَ طرح موجود آهي.

{{multiple image
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| width = 220
| image1 =
| caption1 = ماسڪو ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جي يادگار، جنهن تي لکيل آهي: «[[دنيا جا پورهيت، متحد ٿيو!]]»
| image2 = Murales Rivera - Treppenhaus 7 Marx.jpg
| caption2 = ميڪسيڪو سٽي جي [[ميڪسيڪو جي قومي محل|قومي محل]] ۾ [[ڊيگو ريورا]] جو ٺاهيل ڀت-نگار، جنهن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس ڏيکاريل آهي.
}}

مارڪس جو سرمائيداري بابت جائزو ٻن پاسن وارو هو. هڪ طرف هن ان کي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ غيرانساني معاشي نظام طور بيان ڪيو، جنهن جون خاصيتون [[بيگانگي]]، [[محنت جو استحصال]] ۽ بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحران هئا، جيڪي وڏي پيماني تي بيروزگاري پيدا ڪندا هئا. ٻئي طرف هن اهو پڻ مڃيو ته سرمائيداري صنعتڪاري، شهريت، ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ترقي، پيداوار ۾ واڌ، سائنسي ترقي ۽ عقليت کي اڳتي وڌائڻ ۾ انتهائي انقلابي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو اڳين سماجن ۾ موجود نه هو {{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس جي خيال ۾ سرمائيدار طبقو تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلابي طبقن مان هڪ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پيداواري وسيلن کي لڳاتار بهتر بڻايو، جاگيرداريءَ جو خاتمو آندو ۽ نون پيداواري طريقن کي فروغ ڏنو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} سرمائيداري ۾ منافعي کي نئين ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ اوزارن ۾ ٻيهر لڳائڻ جو لاڙو مسلسل معاشي واڌ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس مطابق سرمائيدار ان فرق مان فائدو وٺندا آهن، جيڪو مزدور جي محنت جي قيمت ۽ ان محنت مان پيدا ٿيندڙ شين جي مارڪيٽ قيمت جي وچ ۾ هوندو آهي. هن ان فرق کي [[فاضل قدر]] (سرپلس ويليو) سڏيو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته اهو [[فاضل محنت]] مان پيدا ٿئي ٿو، يعني مزدور جي زندگي هلائڻ لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ سندس حقيقي پيداوار جي وچ ۾ فرق  جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس سرمائيدارن کي مزدورن جو رت چوسيندڙ [[وئمپائر]]ن سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو،{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر هو ساڳئي وقت اهو به چوي ٿو ته منافعي حاصل ڪرڻ بذاتِ خود اخلاقي ناانصافي ناهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهڙي فيصلي لاءِ ڪو اهڙو آفاقي اخلاقي معيار موجود ناهي، جيڪو سڀني دورن تي لاڳو ٿئي. هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته خود سرمائيدار به انهيءَ نظام جي قيد مان مڪمل طور آزاد ناهن.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اصل مسئلو سرمائي کي ملڪيت يا مشينري طور نه، پر مزدورن ۽ مالڪن جي وچ ۾ قائم سماجي لاڳاپن جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري فطري طور غيرمستحڪم آهي ۽ وقت بوقت [[بحران جو نظريو|معاشي بحرانن]] جو شڪار ٿيندي رهندي. هن دليل ڏنو ته وقت سان گڏ سرمائيدار نئين ٽيڪنالاجيءَ ۾ وڌيڪ سيڙپ ڪندا ۽ محنت تي گهٽ خرچ ڪندا، جڏهن ته فائدي جو اصل ذريعو مزدورن جي محنت مان حاصل ٿيندڙ فاضل قدر آهي. ان ڪري، سندس خيال ۾، وقت سان گڏ [[نفعي جي شرح]] گهٽجندي ويندي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهڙا بحران وڌيڪ شديد ٿيندا ويندا، جنهن سان هڪ پاسي سرمائيدار وڌيڪ مالدار ٿيندا ۽ ٻئي پاسي مزدور وڌيڪ غريب ٿيندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي پهرين حصي ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداري، سرمائيداري ۽ تاريخي عمل ۾ اندروني سماجي تضادن جي ڪردار کي هن ريت بيان ڪري ٿو:

{{blockquote|
اسان ڏسون ٿا ته اهي پيداواري ۽ واپاري وسيلا، جن جي بنياد تي بورجوازي وجود ۾ آئي، جاگيردار سماج جي اندر پيدا ٿيا. ترقي جي هڪ مرحلي تي جاگيردار ملڪيت جا لاڳاپا وڌيڪ ترقي يافته پيداواري قوتن سان ٺهڪندڙ نه رهيا؛ اهي ترقيءَ لاءِ زنجير بڻجي ويا. تنهنڪري انهن کي ٽوڙڻو پيو، ۽ اهي ٽوڙيا ويا. انهن جي جاءِ تي آزاد مقابلي، ان سان ٺهڪندڙ سياسي ۽ سماجي نظام، ۽ بورجوا طبقي جي معاشي ۽ سياسي بالادستي اچي وئي. ساڳيو عمل هاڻي به جاري آهي. سماج جون پيداواري قوتون هاڻي بورجوا ملڪيت جي لاڳاپن جي واڌ ويجهه لاءِ نه، پر انهن کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ تيار ٿي ويون آهن، ۽ جيئن ئي اهي انهن زنجيرن کان آزاد ٿين ٿيون، سڄي بورجوا سماج کي بحران ۾ وجهي ڇڏين ٿيون.
}}

[[File:MandK Industrial Revolution 1900.jpg|thumb|1900ع ۾ [[اولڊهم]] جي هڪ ڪارخاني ٻاهران مزدور. مارڪس جو خيال هو ته صنعتي مزدور، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، آخرڪار سڄي دنيا ۾ اٿي بيهندا.]]

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداريءَ جي اندر موجود اهي ساختي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻجندا ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ يا [[سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو سماج|سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو]] ڪميونسٽ سماج قائم ٿيندو.

{{blockquote|
تنهنڪري جديد صنعت جي ترقي ان بنياد کي ئي ان جي پيرن هيٺان ڪڍي ڇڏي ٿي، جنهن تي بورجوازي پيداوار ڪري ٿي ۽ شين تي قبضو قائم رکي ٿي. ان ڪري، بورجوازي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پنهنجي قبر کوٽيندڙ پاڻ پيدا ڪري ٿي. ان جو زوال ۽ پرولتاريا جي فتح ٻئي هڪجهڙا اڻٽر آهن.
}}

مارڪس موجب، سرمائيداريءَ جي نگراني هيٺ هلندڙ مختلف عملن، جهڙوڪ [[شهريت]] (اربنائيزيشن)، جي نتيجي ۾ مزدور طبقو، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، تعداد ۾ وڌندو ۽ ان ۾ [[طبقاتي شعور]] پيدا ٿيندو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو سمجهي ويندو ته موجوده نظام کي تبديل ڪرڻ نه رڳو ممڪن پر ضروري پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن پرولتاريا پيداواري وسيلن تي قبضو ڪري وٺندو ته اهڙا سماجي لاڳاپا قائم ٿيندا جيڪي سڀني ماڻهن لاءِ هڪجهڙا فائديمند هوندا، استحصالي طبقي جو خاتمو ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙو پيداواري نظام وجود ۾ ايندو جيڪو بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحرانن کان نسبتاً محفوظ هوندو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' (''دي جرمن آئيڊيالاجي'') ۾ دليل ڏنو ته سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو عالمي مزدور طبقي جي منظم عمل وسيلي ٿيندو:

{{blockquote|
اسان لاءِ ڪميونزم اهڙي حالت جو نالو ناهي، جيڪا قائم ڪئي وڃي، يا اهڙو مثالي نمونو جنهن سان حقيقت کي هم آهنگ ٿيڻ گهرجي. اسان ڪميونزم کي اهو حقيقي تحرڪ سڏيون ٿا، جيڪو موجوده حالتن جو خاتمو آڻي ٿو. هن تحرڪ جون حالتون موجوده سماجي حالتن مان ئي جنم وٺن ٿيون.
}}

مارڪس جي تصور موجب، اهڙي نئين سماج ۾ [[بيگانگي]] ختم ٿي ويندي ۽ انسان پنهنجي محنت وڪڻڻ جي مجبوري کان آزاد ٿي پنهنجي صلاحيتن موجب عمل ڪري سگهندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهو هڪ جمهوري سماج هوندو، جنهن ۾ سڄي آبادي سياسي حقن جي مالڪ هوندي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اهڙي [[مثالي سماج]] ۾ رياست جي ضرورت به گهڻي نه رهندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اڳ ۾ ان جو بنيادي مقصد بيگانگي ۽ استحصالي لاڳاپن کي برقرار رکڻ هو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}

مارڪس جو نظريو هو ته سرمائيداري ۽ سوشلسٽ/ڪميونسٽ نظام جي قيام جي وچ ۾ هڪ عبوري دور ايندو، جنهن کي هن [[پرولتاريا جي آمريت]] سڏيو. ان مرحلي ۾ مزدور طبقو سياسي اقتدار سنڀاليندو ۽ پيداواري وسيلن کي زبردستي سماجي ملڪيت ۾ تبديل ڪندو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} جيئن هن ''[[گوتا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
سرمائيدار سماج ۽ ڪميونسٽ سماج جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهڙو دور موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ هڪ سماج ٻئي ۾ انقلابي تبديليءَ وسيلي تبديل ٿئي ٿو. ان سان گڏ هڪ سياسي عبوري دور پڻ هوندو، جنهن دوران رياست پرولتاريا جي انقلابي آمريت کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا شيءِ نه ٿي سگهي.
}}

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس اهو امڪان به تسليم ڪيو ته ڪجهه ملڪن، جهڙوڪ [[برطانيا]]، [[آمريڪا]] ۽ [[هالينڊ]]، جتي جمهوري ادارا مضبوط هئا، اتي سوشلسٽ تبديلي پرامن ذريعي به ممڪن ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر هن اهو به لکيو ته ٻين ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾، جتي مزدور پنهنجا مقصد &quot;پرامن ذريعن سان حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهن&quot;، اتي &quot;اسان جي انقلاب جو بنيادي وسيلو طاقت هوندي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm La Liberté Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716015355/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm |date=16 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== حياتيات ====
مارڪس [[چارلس ڊارون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[نسلن جي ابتدا بابت]]'' (''آن دي اوريجن آف اسپيشيز'') جي اشاعت جو آڌرڀاءُ ڪيو ۽ ڊارون جي نظريي کي قدرتي سائنسن ۾ [[غائيت پسندي]] (ٽيليلاجي) لاءِ هڪ اهم چئلينج سمجهيو. بهرحال، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز نظرياتي بنيادن تي ڊارون جي انهن خيالن سان اختلاف ڪيو، جن ۾ هن [[ٿامس رابرٽ مالٿس|مالٿس]] جي آبادي واري نظريي کي فطرت تي لاڳو ڪندي حياتياتي مقابلي ۽ [[قدرتي چونڊ]] کي ارتقا جا بنيادي محرڪ قرار ڏنو هو. ٻنهي جو خيال هو ته ڊارون جي نظريي جا اهي پهلو بورجوا سماج جي عڪاسي ڪن ٿا ۽ انهن سببن ڪري ڊارون ڪجهه غلط نتيجن تي پهتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس [[پيئر ٽريمو]] (Pierre Trémaux) جي ماحولياتي ارتقائي نظريي کي، جيڪو هن پنهنجي 1865ع جي ڪتاب '''اوريجين اي ٽرانسفارماسيوں دُ لوم اي دي زوتر ايت''' (انسان ۽ ٻين جاندارن جي ابتدا ۽ تبديليون) ۾ پيش ڪيو هو، ڊارون جي نظريي کان وڌيڪ برتر سمجهندو هو. ٽريمو جو خيال هو ته انساني نسلن (ريسز) ۾ موجود فرقن جي وضاحت مٽيءَ جي بناوت ۽ ان جي خاصيتن جي فرق سان ڪري سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ===
[[File:Karl Marx memorial.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس يادگار]]، [[ڪيمنٽس]]، جنهن جو نالو 1953ع کان 1990ع تائين ''ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ'' هو]]

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[روس جي زارشاهي]] يورپ جي انقلابي تحريڪن لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو خطرو هئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} [[ڪريميائي جنگ]] دوران مارڪس [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ ان جي اتحادين [[برطانيا]] ۽ [[فرانس]] جي حمايت ڪئي، جڏهن ته [[روسي سلطنت]] جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هو [[پين-سلاوزم]] جو سخت مخالف هو ۽ ان کي روسي پرڏيهي پاليسيءَ جو هڪ اوزار سمجهندو هو.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} مارڪس [[پولينڊ وارا|پولينڊين]] کان سواءِ ٻين [[سلاو]] قومن کي ”انقلاب دشمن“ قرار ڏيندو هو. فيبروري 1849ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ''[[نوي رائنيشي سائيتونگ]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
يورپ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلاب دشمن قومن جي نالي تي اسان کي جيڪي ”ڀائيچاري“ جا جذباتي نعرا ڏنا پيا وڃن، تن جي جواب ۾ اسان چئون ٿا ته روسين سان نفرت جرمنن جي بنيادي انقلابي جذبي رهي آهي ۽ اڃا تائين آهي. 1848ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ ان ۾ چيڪن ۽ ڪروئٽن سان نفرت پڻ شامل ٿي وئي آهي، ۽ صرف انهن سلاوي قومن خلاف انتهائي سخت دهشت وسيلي ئي، پولينڊين ۽ مجيارن سان گڏجي، اسان انقلاب جي حفاظت ڪري سگهون ٿا. اسان ڄاڻون ٿا ته انقلاب جا دشمن ڪٿي گڏ ٿيل آهن، يعني روس ۽ آسٽريا جا سلاوي علائقا، ۽ نه ڪو خوبصورت نعرو، نه ئي انهن ملڪن جي ڪنهن غير واضح جمهوري مستقبل جا حوالا، اسان کي پنهنجن دشمنن کي دشمن سمجهڻ کان روڪي سگهن ٿا. پوءِ انهن سلاون خلاف، جيڪي انقلاب سان غداري ڪن ٿا، هڪ ”بي رحم زندگي ۽ موت جي جنگ“، مڪمل تباهي آڻيندڙ جدوجهد ۽ سخت دهشت جاري رهندي؛ نه جرمنيءَ جي مفاد لاءِ، پر انقلاب جي مفاد لاءِ!&lt;ref&gt;Cited in: B. Hepner, &quot;Marx et la puissance russe,&quot; in: K. Marx, ''La Russie et l'Europe'', Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally published in ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'', no. 223, 16 February 1849.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز 1860ع ۽ 1870ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[نارودنيڪ]] انقلابي تحريڪ سان همدردي رکندا هئا. جڏهن [[نارودنايا ووليا]] جي ڪارڪنن روسي زار [[اليگزينڊر ٻيون]] کي قتل ڪيو، تڏهن مارڪس اميد ظاهر ڪئي ته هي واقعو ”هڪ روسي ڪميون جي قيام“ جو پيش خيمو ثابت ٿيندو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Selected Correspondence'' (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975).&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس زارشاهي روس خلاف ٿيندڙ [[پولينڊ-روس جنگون|پولينڊي بغاوتن]] جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هن 1867ع ۾ لنڊن ۾ هڪ تقرير دوران چيو:

{{blockquote|
سڀ کان پهرين ڳالهه ته روس جي پاليسي ڪڏهن به تبديل نه ٿيندي... ان جا طريقا، حڪمت عمليون ۽ چالبازيون بدلجي سگهن ٿيون، پر ان جي پاليسيءَ جو قطبي تارو، يعني دنيا تي غلبو، هميشه قائم رهندو. اسان جي دور ۾ صرف اهڙي ”مهذب“ حڪومت، جيڪا بربر عوام تي حڪمراني ڪري ٿي، اهڙو منصوبو ٺاهي ۽ ان تي عمل ڪري سگهي ٿي... يورپ وٽ رڳو هڪ ئي متبادل آهي: يا ته موسڪوي قيادت هيٺ ايشيائي بربريت برفاني تودن وانگر ان تي ڪڙڪي پوندي، يا وري کيس پولينڊ کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻو پوندو، جيئن يورپ ۽ ايشيا جي وچ ۾ ويهه لک بهادر ماڻهن جي ديوار بيهي وڃي ۽ يورپ کي پنهنجي سماجي نئين سر تعمير لاءِ ڪجهه ساهه کڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.&lt;ref&gt;Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867...&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس [[آئرلينڊ جي آزادي]] جي تحريڪ جو به حامي هو. 1867ع ۾ هن اينگلز کي لکيو: ”مان اڳ سمجهندو هوس ته آئرلينڊ جو انگلينڊ کان جدا ٿيڻ ناممڪن آهي، پر هاڻي مون کي يقين آهي ته اهو اڻٽر آهي. انگريز مزدور طبقو ڪڏهن به ڪجهه حاصل نه ڪري سگهندو، جيستائين هو آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ کان پاڻ کي آزاد نه ڪندو... انگلينڊ ۾ رجعت پسنديءَ جون پاڙون آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ ۾ آهن.“

مارڪس ڪجهه وقت [[فرانسيسي الجزائر]] ۾ به رهيو، جنهن تي 1830ع ۾ [[فرانس جو الجزائر تي قبضو|فرانس قبضو]] ڪري ان کي پنهنجي نوآبادي بڻايو هو. اتي هن اتر آفريڪا جي نوآبادياتي زندگيءَ جو مشاهدو ڪيو. هن نوآبادياتي عدالتي نظام بابت لکيو ته ”عربن کان اعتراف ڪرائڻ لاءِ تشدد جو هڪ طريقو استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي (۽ اهو ’باقاعدگي سان‘ ٿيندو آهي)؛ يقيناً اهو ڪم (ڀارت ۾ انگريزن وانگر) پوليس ڪندي آهي، جڏهن ته جج کي ظاهري طور ان بابت ڪجهه به خبر نه هوندي.&quot; مارڪس الجزائر ۾ رهندڙ ڪيترن ئي يورپي آبادڪارن جي غرور تي حيران ٿيو ۽ هڪ خط ۾ لکيائين:

{{blockquote|
جڏهن ڪو يورپي آبادڪار ڪنهن ”هيٺين نسل“ جي ماڻهن ۾ رهي ٿو، پوءِ ڀلي هو مستقل آبادڪار هجي يا واپاري، ته هو پاڻ کي پرشيا جي بادشاهه وليم اول کان به وڌيڪ ناقابلِ دسترس سمجهي ٿو. پر جڏهن انهن ”هيٺين نسلن“ آڏو کلي عام غرور ۽ وڏائيءَ جي ڳالهه اچي ٿي ته انگريز ۽ ڊچ، فرينچن کان به اڳتي نڪري وڃن ٿا.
}}

''[[اسٽينفورڊ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف فلاسافي]]'' موجب:

{{blockquote|
مارڪس جو نوآباديات بابت تجزيو، جنهن ۾ هن ان کي پٺتي پيل جاگيردار سماج کي جديد بڻائيندڙ قوت طور ڏٺو، ظاهري طور پرڏيهي قبضي جي جواز جهڙو لڳي سگهي ٿو. پر برطانوي حڪمراني بابت سندس تجزيو ساڳئي ٻٽي روئي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هو يورپ ۾ سرمائيداري بابت به اختيار ڪري ٿو. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداريءَ کان بورجوا سماج ڏانهن منتقلي دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ وڏي انساني تڪليف کي تسليم ڪري ٿو، پر ساڳئي وقت ان منتقلي کي ضروري ۽ آخرڪار ترقي پسند به سمجهي ٿو. سندس دليل هو ته پرڏيهي واپار جي نفوذ سان ڀارت ۾ هڪ سماجي انقلاب جنم وٺندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Colonialism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس 1853ع ۾ ''[[نيو يارڪ هيرالڊ ٽربيون]]'' ۾ ڀارت تي برطانوي نوآبادياتي حڪمراني بابت لکيو:

{{blockquote|
ان ۾ ڪو به شڪ نه ٿو رهي ته انگريزن هندستان تي جيڪا مصيبت نازل ڪئي، اها پنهنجي نوعيت ۽ شدت ۾ انهن سڀني مصيبتن کان مختلف ۽ بيحد وڌيڪ هئي، جيڪي هندستان اڳ ڪڏهن سٺيون هيون. انگلينڊ هندستاني سماج جي سڄي ڍانچي کي ڊاهي ڇڏيو، جڏهن ته ان جي ٻيهر تعمير جا ڪي به آثار نظر نه ٿا اچن... تنهن هوندي به، اسان کي اهو نه وسارڻ گهرجي ته اهي بظاهر پرامن ڳوٺاڻيون برادريون، جيتوڻيڪ بي ضرر لڳن ٿيون، پر هميشه مشرقي آمريت جو مضبوط بنياد رهيون آهن. انهن انساني ذهن کي انتهائي محدود دائري ۾ قيد رکيو ۽ ان کي وهم پرستيءَ جو بي وس اوزار بڻائي ڇڏيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Marx on India under the British |work=The Hindu |date=13 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== ورثو ==
{{main|مارڪسزم}}

{{See also|ڪارل مارڪس ايونيو (پيٽروزاووڊسڪ، ڪاريليا)}}
[[File:Marx und Engels Denkmal, alter Platz - panoramio.jpg|thumb|جرمني جي [[برلن-ميٽي]] ۾ [[مارڪس-اينگلز فورم]] تي ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جو يادگار]]
[[File:Stamp Soviet Union 1948 CPA 1246.jpg|thumb|upright|1948ع جي [[سوويت يونين]] جي ٽپال ٽڪيٽ، جنهن تي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون تصويرون آهن ۽ جيڪا ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي سؤهين سالگرهه جي ياد ۾ جاري ڪئي وئي.]]

مارڪس جي خيالن عالمي سياست ۽ علمي فڪر تي گهرو ۽ ڊگهو اثر ڇڏيو آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |date=17 July 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/17/comment.theobserver1 |title=Why Marx is man of the moment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718233606/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html |archive-date=18 July 2005 |url-status=live |work=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي 1917ع جي روسي انقلاب کان پوءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magness |first1=Phil |last2=Makovi |first2=Michael |year=2022 |title=The Mainstreaming of Marx: Measuring the Effect of the Russian Revolution on Karl Marx's Influence |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1507–1545 |doi=10.1086/722933 |issn=0022-3808 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230081241/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي پوئلڳن ۾ هميشه ان ڳالهه تي بحث رهيو آهي ته سندس لکڻين جي صحيح تشريح ڪيئن ڪجي ۽ سندس نظرين کي جديد دنيا تي ڪيئن لاڳو ڪجي.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} نتيجي طور مارڪس جي فڪر جو ورثو ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڌارن ۾ ورهائجي ويو، جن مان هر هڪ پاڻ کي مارڪس جي خيالن جو وڌيڪ صحيح ترجمان سمجهي ٿي. سياسي ميدان ۾ انهن ڌارن ۾ [[ليننزم]]، [[مارڪسزم-ليننزم]]، [[ٽراٽسڪيزم]]، [[ماؤزم]]، [[لڪسمبرگزم]]، [[آزادي پسند مارڪسزم]]{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} ۽ [[اوپن مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن. علمي دنيا ۾ به مارڪسزم جون مختلف شاخون وجود ۾ آيون، جن ۾ [[ساختياتي مارڪسزم]]، [[تاريخي ماديت]]، مظاهريت پسند مارڪسزم، [[تجزياتي مارڪسزم]] ۽ [[هيگليائي مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}}

علمي نقطۂ نظر کان، مارڪس جي ڪم جديد سماجيات جي بنيادن جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. کيس اوڻيهين صديءَ جي ”[[شڪ جي مڪتبِ فڪر]]“ (اسڪول آف سسپيشن) جي ٽن وڏن مفڪرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricoeur |first=Paul |title=Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1970 |page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جديد [[سماجي سائنس]] جي ٽن بنيادي معمارن مان پڻ هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ٻين ڪيترن فلسفين جي ڀيٽ ۾، مارڪس اهڙا نظريا پيش ڪيا، جن کي گهڻي حد تائين [[سائنسي طريقو|سائنسي طريقي]] سان جاچي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس ۽ [[اوگسٽ ڪومٽ]] ٻنهي يورپ ۾ [[سيڪيولرزم]] جي واڌ ۽ تاريخ ۽ سائنس بابت نون فلسفن جي پسمنظر ۾ سائنسي بنيادن تي ٻڌل نظرياتي نظام ٺاهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هيگل جي فڪري روايت سان لاڳاپيل هجڻ باوجود، مارڪس ڪومٽ جي [[سماجي اثباتيت]] (سوشلاجيڪل پازيٽوئزم) کي رد ڪيو ۽ سماج جي هڪ نئين ”سائنس“ جو تصور پيش ڪيو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=19}} [[ڪارل لووٿ]]، مارڪس ۽ [[سورن ڪيئرڪيگارڊ]] کي هيگل جا ٻه وڏا فلسفياتي جانشين قرار ڏنو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Löwith |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Löwith |title=From Hegel to Nietzsche |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1991 |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جديد [[سماجي نظريو|سماجي نظرين]] ۾ [[مارڪس وادي سماجيات]] کي سماجيات جي بنيادي روايتي فڪري ڌارن مان هڪ تسليم ڪيو وڃي ٿو. [[آئزيا برلن]] مارڪس کي جديد سماجيات جو حقيقي باني قرار ڏنو، ”جيستائين ڪو به شخص اهڙي لقب جو حقدار ٿي سگهي“.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|p=130}} سماجي سائنس کان سواءِ، مارڪس فلسفي، ادب، فنون ۽ انسانيات جي مختلف شعبن تي به مستقل اثر ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Singer|1980|p=1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Bridget |last=O'Laughlin |date=October 1975 |title=Marxist Approaches in Anthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=4 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013}}&lt;br /&gt;William Roseberry (1997) ''Marx and Anthropology'' Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 {{doi|10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=S.L. |year=1984 |title=Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience |journal=Critical Studies in Mass Communication |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1080/15295038409360014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Manuel |last1=Alvarado |author1-link=Manuel Alvarado |first2=Robin |last2=Gutch |first3=Tana |last3=Wollen |year=1987 |title=Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Karl-Marx-Statue in Trier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائير]] ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جو مجسمو]]

ويهين ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي سماجي نظرئي جي ماهرن مارڪس جي فڪر جي جواب ۾ ٻه بنيادي حڪمت عمليون اختيار ڪيون آهن. هڪ حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي فڪر کي ان جي تجزياتي مرڪز تائين محدود ڪرڻ هئي، جنهن کي [[تجزياتي مارڪسيت]] چيو وڃي ٿو. ٻي، وڌيڪ عام حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي جي وضاحتي دعوائن کي نرم ڪرڻ ۽ سماجي توڙي معاشي زندگيءَ جي انهن پهلوئن جي ”نسبي [[خودمختياري]]“ تي زور ڏيڻ هئي، جيڪي ”پيداواري قوتن“ جي ترقي ۽ ”پيداواري طريقن“ جي لڳاتار تبديليءَ جي پاڻ ۾ لاڳاپي بابت مارڪس جي مرڪزي تشريح سان سڌي ريت واسطو نٿا رکن، ۽ جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي سياسي پروگرام سان لاڳاپيل آهن. اهو [[نئون مارڪسيت|نئين مارڪسي]] نظرياتي رخ هو، جنهن کي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي کان متاثر تاريخدانن، جهڙوڪ [[اي. پي. ٿامپسن]] ۽ [[ايرڪ هابسبام]]، اختيار ڪيو. اهو ئي فڪري رخ [[انتونيو گرامشي]] جهڙن مفڪرن ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن پڻ اڳتي وڌايو، جن مارڪسي سماجي نظريي جي روشنيءَ ۾ سماج کي بدلائيندڙ سياسي عمل جي امڪانن ۽ مشڪلاتن کي سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P.S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–44.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي خيالن پوءِ ايندڙ فنڪارن ۽ فن جي تاريخ تي پڻ گهرو اثر وڌو، ۽ ادب، بصري فن، موسيقي، فلم ۽ ناٽڪ ۾ اڳرائي پسند تحريڪون سندس فڪر کان متاثر ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Andrew |title=Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left |publisher=[[پلوٽو پريس]] |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سياسي لحاظ کان مارڪس جو ورثو وڌيڪ پيچيده آهي. ويهين صديءَ دوران ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ ٿيندڙ انقلابن پاڻ کي ”مارڪسي“ سڏيو، جن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[روسي انقلاب]] هو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[سوويت يونين]] قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;April Thesis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lenin |first1=V.I. |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |title=The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution|year=1917 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109111834/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ولاديمير لينن]]، [[مائو زيڊونگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Glossary of People – Ma |url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060241/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[فيدل ڪاسترو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Savioli |first1=Arminio |title=L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism|year=1961 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907221742/https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سلواڊور آليندي]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Allende |first1=Salvador |author-link=سلواڊور آليندي |title=First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election |date=1970|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044153/http://marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Broz Tito |first1=Josip |author-link=جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو |title=Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism|date=1959 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426215819/https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪوامي نڪروما]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nkrumah |first1=Kwame |author-link=ڪوامي نڪروما |title=African Socialism Revisited|date=1967 |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212248/https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جواهر لال نهرو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |title=Nehru's economic philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226013014/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |archive-date=26 December 2019 |work=[[دي هندو]] |date=27 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[نيلسن منڊيلا]]،&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509223406/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The South African''. 6 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [[شي جن پنگ]]،&lt;ref name=&quot;euronews&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |last=Churm |first=Philip Andrew |title=Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx |work=[[يورونيوز]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403030931/https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوزف اسٽالن]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marxism and the National Question |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[ٿامس سنڪارا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Harsch |first=Ernest |date=20 May 2015 |title=Resurrecting Thomas Sankara |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |magazine=[[جيڪوبن]] |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023094513/https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سميت ڪيترن ئي اهم عالمي اڳواڻن مارڪس کي پنهنجي فڪري اثرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو آهي. انهن ملڪن کان ٻاهر به، جتي مارڪسي انقلاب آيا، مارڪس جي خيالن سڄي دنيا جي سياسي جماعتن کي متاثر ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Why Marxism is on the rise again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |newspaper=[[دي گارجين]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108185759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ڪميونسٽ انقلابين ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن، جهڙوڪ [[روزا لڪسمبرگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History and Class Consciousness Georg Lukacs |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/ch02.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڀڳت سنگهه]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Indian National Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ارنسٽ ٿيلمان]]، [[چي گويرا]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zeitlin |first=Maurice |date=1974-11-01 |title=The Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary WarfareChe: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=715–718 |doi=10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |issn=0018-2168}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[چندر شيکر آزاد]]، [[انتونيو گرامشي]] ۽ [[فريڊ هيمپٽن]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The communism of the Black Panther Party {{!}} Red Flag |url=https://redflag.org.au/node/7352 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=redflag.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; تي مارڪسي نظريي جو گهرو اثر پيو.

مارڪسيت سان لاڳاپيل ملڪن ۾ سياسي مخالفن مارڪس کي لکين ماڻهن جي موت جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Tim |title=The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/ |work=[[دي ڊيلي ٽيليگراف]] |date=1 November 2013|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407225246/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ٻين جو دليل آهي ته خود مارڪس جي فڪري ورثي ۽ اثر کي انهن ماڻهن جي ورثي ۽ اثر کان الڳ سمجهڻ گهرجي، جن سندس خيالن کي سياسي مقصدن لاءِ نئين صورت ڏني يا استعمال ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Elbe |first1=Indigo |title=Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory |url=https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |work=Viewpoint Magazine |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108194200/https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |archive-date=8 January 2015 |date=21 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آرٿر ليپو]] مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿي [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] کي ”جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جا باني“ قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lipow |first=Arthur |year=1991 |title=Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |page=1 |isbn=978-0520075436 |quote={{'}}&quot;اسان انهن ڪميونسٽن مان نه آهيون، جيڪي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا يا دنيا کي هڪ وڏي فوجي ڇانوڻي يا هڪ عظيم جبري مزدوري خاني ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ گهرن ٿا. بيشڪ ڪي اهڙا ڪميونسٽ موجود آهن، جيڪي بنا ڪنهن هٻڪ جي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪن ٿا ۽ ان کي دنيا مان ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال ۾ اها مڪمل هم آهنگيءَ جي راهه ۾ رڪاوٽ آهي. پر اسان جي ڪا به خواهش ناهي ته آزاديءَ کي برابريءَ سان مٽايو وڃي. اسان کي پڪو يقين آهي ... ته ڪنهن به سماجي نظام ۾ آزاديءَ جي ايتري پڪ نه ٿي ڏئي سگهجي، جيتري گڏيل ملڪيت تي ٻڌل سماج ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&quot;
اهڙي ريت 1847ع ۾ ''ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي جرنل'' جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو، جيڪي جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جي باني [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جي سڌي فڪري اثر هيٺ هئا.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

روس جي شهر [[مارڪس، روس|مارڪس]] ۽ جرمني جي شهر [[ڪيمنٽس|ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ]]، جيڪو هاڻي ڪيمنٽس جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جا نالا مارڪس جي نالي پٺيان رکيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Где находится Екатериненштадт? Города России |url=http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Ижевский новостной сайт |language=ru |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142040/http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf ''Chemnitzer Tourismus-Broschüre'', Herausgeber: City-Management und Tourismus Chemnitz GmbH, 4. Jahrgang • Ausgabe 12 • Sommer 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826225659/http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf|date=26 August 2010}}; [http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/de/stadt_chemnitz/geschichte/stadtarchiv/downloads/q_bildarchiv.pdf O-Ton-Nachweis im Chemnitzer Stadtarchiv]{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 2018ع ۾ سندس ڄمڻ جي ٻه سؤ سالا ياد ملهائڻ لاءِ، مشهور چيني مجسما ساز [[وو ويشان]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو مجسمو، جيڪو چيني حڪومت پاران تحفي طور ڏنو ويو هو، جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائر]] ۾ سندس جنم ڀوميءَ تي ظاهر ڪيو ويو. ان وقت جي [[يورپي ڪميشن]] جي صدر [[جان ڪلاڊ يونڪر]] مارڪس جي يادگيريءَ جو دفاع ڪندي چيو ته اڄ مارڪس کي ”اهڙين ڳالهين جي علامت بڻايو ويو آهي، جن جو نه هو ذميوار هو ۽ نه ئي اهي هن پيدا ڪيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس لکيل ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين کي وري اهڙيءَ ريت ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جو انهن جي معنيٰ اصل جي ابتڙ ٿي وئي.“&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=4 May 2018 |title='Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy |work=[[دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005321/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |archive-date=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |title=Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst |work=[[بي بي سي نيوز]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622182403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013ع ۾ [[يونيسڪو]] مارڪس جي هٿ اکرن وارن ٻن دستاويزن کي پنهنجي [[دنيا جي يادگيريءَ جو بين الاقوامي رجسٽر]] ۾ شامل ڪيو. انهن مان هڪ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي پهرئين جلد جو مارڪس جي حاشين ۽ نوٽن وارو پهريون ڇاپو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيو ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي مسودي جو هڪ صفحو آهي. اهي دستاويز، مارڪس جي ٻين ڪاغذن سان گڏ، ايمسٽرڊيم جي [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو]] ۾ محفوظ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, draft manuscript page and Das Kapital. Erster Band, Karl Marx's personal annotated copy |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/manifest-der-kommunistischen-partei-draft-manuscript-page-and-das-kapital-erster-band-karl-marxs |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ويهين صديءَ جي سئنيما تي اثر وجهڻ کان علاوه، مارڪس جي زندگي، سندس دور ۽ سندس اهم تصنيفون پڻ فلمن جا موضوع رهيون آهن. [[ڪارل مارڪس تي  فلمون|ڪارل مارڪس بابت فلمن]] ۾ دستاويزي فلمن کان وٺي افسانوي ڊرامن، آرٽ هائوس فلمن ۽ مزاحيه فلمن تائين مختلف صنفون شامل آهن. 2017ع ۾ رليز ٿيل فلم ''[[دي  ينگ ڪارل مارڪس]]'' کي تاريخي درستگي ۽ فڪري زندگيءَ جي پُرجوش پيشڪش سبب سٺا جائزا مليا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=22 February 2018 |title=Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

چين جي [[چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]]، مارڪس جي پيدائش جي [[ڪارل مارڪس جي پيدائش جي ٻه سؤ سالا تقريب|200هين سالگرهه]] جي موقعي تي، چيني [[ڊونگهوا]] (متحرڪ ويب سيريز) ''[[دي ليڊر (ويب سيريز)|دي ليڊر]]'' تيار ڪرائي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Loveridge, Lynzee |date=December 19, 2018 |title=China's Bilibili Streaming Service Announces Original Karl Marx Web Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118211920/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== چونڊ ببليوگرافي ==
{{See also|مارڪس-اينگلز-گيزامٽائوسگابي|مارڪس/اينگلز گڏيل تصنيفون}}

{{Div col}}
* ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق]]'' (ڊاڪٽري مقالو)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |title = انگريزي ترجمو آن لائين |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420103907/http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |archive-date=20 اپريل 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1841ع
* ''[[تاريخي قانوني اسڪول جو فلسفياتي منشور]]''، 1842ع
* ''[[هيگل جي حق بابت فلسفي تي تنقيد]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[يهودي سوال بابت]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[جيمس مل بابت نوٽس]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[مقدس خاندان (ڪتاب)|مقدس خاندان]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فيئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]''، 1845ع ۾ لکيو ويو، پهريون ڀيرو اينگلز طرفان وفات کان پوءِ 1888ع ۾ شايع ٿيو
* ''[[جرمن نظريو]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[اجرتي محنت ۽ سرمايو]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]''، 1848ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون]]''، 1850ع
* ''[[لوئي نيپولين جو ارڙهون بروميئر]]''، 1852ع
* ''[[گرونڊرِسه]]'' (''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد جا بنياد'')، 1857ع
* ''[[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد ۾ هڪ حصو]]''، 1859ع
* ''[[آمريڪي گهرو جنگ بابت لکڻيون]]''، 1861ع
* ''[[اضافي قدر جا نظريا]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ [[ڪارل ڪائوٽسڪي]] پاران شايع ٿيل)، 3 جلد، 1862ع
* ''[[ابراهام لنڪن ڏانهن بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن جو خطاب]]''، 1864ع
* ''[[قدر، قيمت ۽ منافعو]]''، 1865ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد پهريون|''سرمايو''، جلد پهريون: ''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد: سرمائي جي پيداوار جو عمل'']]'' (''Das Kapital'')، 1867ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو جنگ]]''، 1871ع
* ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]''، 1875ع
* ''[[ايڊولف ويگنر بابت نوٽس]]''، 1883ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٻيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٻيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1885ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٽيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٽيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1894ع
{{Div col end}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{cols|colwidth=30em}}

* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي 200هين جنم ورسي]]
* [[2807 ڪارل مارڪس]] – هڪ ننڍو سيارو
* [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد]]
* [[فلمن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس]]
* {{anl|مارڪس يادگار لائبريري}}
* {{anl|مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل|''مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل''}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طريقو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طبقاتي نظريو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو رياست بابت نظريو}}
* {{anl|ڪارل مارڪس جا رياضياتي مسودا}}
* {{anl|مارڪس کان اڳ جا سوشلسٽ}}
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتيءَ جو وقتنامو]]
  {{colend}}

== حاشيا ۽ حوالا ==
{{notelist}}
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;1883: The death of Karl Marx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |title=1883ع: ڪارل مارڪس جو موت |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=21 ڊسمبر 2009 |archive-date=4 جنوري 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114229/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Allan2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪينيٿ |last=ايلن |title=سماجي عدسو: سماجي ۽ سماجياتي نظريي ڏانهن دعوت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |access-date=25 مارچ 2011 |year=2010 |publisher=پائن فورج پريس |isbn=978-1412978347 |page=68 |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622084122/http://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Balibar1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باليبار |first=ايتيئن |title=مارڪس جو فلسفو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |access-date=8 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[ورسو بڪس]] |isbn=978-1859849514 |page=56 |archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617021319/http://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Beilharz1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=بيلارز |first=پيٽر |title=محنت جا يوٽوپيا: بالشويزم، فابينزم ۽ سماجي جمهوريت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1992 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0415096805 |page=4 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620160709/http://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Bottomore1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باٽومور |first=ٽي. بي. |author-link=ٿامس باٽومور |title=مارڪسسٽ فڪر جي لغت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=1991 |publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]] |isbn=978-0631180821 |pages=108– |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622075208/http://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BrewerMarx1984-15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=بريور |first1=اينٿوني |last2=مارڪس |first2=ڪارل |author2-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جي رهنمائي |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1984 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521257305 |page=15 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722090920/http://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;CGP P1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |year=1875 |chapter=حصو پهريون |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |title-link=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |archive-date=26 ڊسمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226042725/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- اڻ استعمال ٿيل حوالو&lt;ref name=&quot;CapperGiorcelli2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=ڪيپر |first1=چارلس |last2=جيورچيلي |first2=ڪرسٽينا |last3=لٽل |first3=ليسٽر ڪي. |title=مارگريٽ فلر: انقلابي دور ۾ ائٽلانٽڪ پار سفر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LehjT5N5yQwC&amp;pg=PA18 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=[[وسڪانسن يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0299223403 |page=18 |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curtis1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=مائيڪل |last=ڪرٽس |title=مارڪسزم: اندروني مڪالما |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=1997 |publisher=[[ٽرانزيڪشن پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1560009450|page=291 |archive-date=16 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220111/http://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DL-Marx&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر. تعارف. هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون: فيبروري انقلاب کان پئرس ڪميون تائين |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس |isbn=978-1876646196 |page=6 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617100749/http://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Dispatches&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |editor-first=جيمس |editor-last=ليڊبيٽر |title=نيو يارڪ ٽربيون لاءِ رپورٽون: ڪارل مارڪس جي چونڊ صحافت |publisher=[[پينگوئن بڪس]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0141441924}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Elster1985&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=يون ايلسٽر|title=مارڪس کي سمجهڻ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|access-date=23 اپريل 2011|year=1985|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0521297059|page=217|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617012124/http://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Engels1999&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر، هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book|author=فريڊرڪ اينگلز|title=سوشلزم: خيالي ۽ سائنسي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|access-date=7 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس|isbn=978-0909196868|pages=34–36|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617114803/http://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GeorgeScanlan1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=رچرڊ ٽي. ڊي جارج|author2=جيمس پيٽرڪ اسڪينلن|title=اوڀر يورپ ۾ مارڪسزم ۽ مذهب: 4 کان 7 سيپٽمبر 1974ع تائين بئنف بين الاقوامي سلاوي ڪانفرنس ۾ پيش ڪيل مقالا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1975|publisher=اسپرنگر|isbn=978-9027706362|page=20|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617023911/http://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ڊينس گلبرٽ|title=وڌندڙ اڻبرابريءَ واري دور ۾ آمريڪي طبقاتي ڍانچو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=پائن فورج پريس|isbn=978-1412979658|pages=6–|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221658/http://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GouldMcGarr2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|author2=پال ميڪ گار|author3=اسٽيون پيٽر رسل روز|title=زندگيءَ جي شاهوڪاري: اسٽيفن جي گولڊ جون اهم لکڻيون|url=https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul|url-access=registration|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2007|publisher=ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني|isbn=978-0393064988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul/page/167 167]–168}}{{Dead link|date=اپريل 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Harriss2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=فل |last=هيرس |title=لنڊن جون مارڪيٽون |edition=چوٿون |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=[[نيو هالينڊ پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1860113062 |page=20 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190116/http://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hernadi1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=پال هرناڊي|title=تشريح جي خطابت ۽ خطابت جي تشريح|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1989|publisher=[[ڊيوڪ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0822309345|page=137|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215140/http://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hook1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=سڊني هوڪ|title=هيگل کان مارڪس تائين: ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪري ارتقا جو مطالعو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1994|publisher=[[ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0231096652|pages=24–25|archive-date=23 سيپٽمبر 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923164300/http://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;JessopWheatley1999-526&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=باب جيسپ|author2=رسل ويٽلي|title=ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] آمريڪا|isbn=978-0415193276|page=526|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617103720/http://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor1=رونالڊ جان جانسٽن|title=انساني جاگرافيءَ جي لغت|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_w3r7/page/795/mode/1up|edition=چوٿون|year=2000|publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]]|isbn=978-0631205616|pages=795–797|editor2= ڊيرڪ گريگري | editor3= جيرالڊين پراٽ | editor4= مائيڪل واٽس | author= ڊيرڪ گريگري | chapter= ڍانچيوار مارڪسزم | chapter-url-access= registration |via=[[انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|chapter=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد، حصو چوٿون |via=marxists.org| author= ڪارل مارڪس | orig-date= 1875 | title =مارڪس/اينگلز جون چونڊ لکڻيون| volume= 3 | pages= 13–30 | publisher= پروگريس پبلشرز|place= ماسڪو| date= 1970 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702071606/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltsevN.-93&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=مالتسيف|author2=يوري اين.|title=مارڪس لاءِ مرثيو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|publisher=لڊوگ فان ميزس انسٽيٽيوٽ|isbn=978-1610161169|pages=93–94|year=1993|archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083729/http://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Manchester&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm |title=مارڪس گذريل هزار سال جو ”عظيم ترين مفڪر“ |work=بي بي سي نيوز ورلڊ آن لائين |date=1 آڪٽوبر 1999 |access-date=23 نومبر 2010 |archive-date=2 سيپٽمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902192653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/461545.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪارل |last=مارڪس |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=لوئي بوناپارٽ جو ارڙهون بروميئر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=وائلڊسائيڊ پريس ايل ايل سي |isbn=978-1434463746 |page=141 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722084040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxO'Malley1977&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=ڪارل |last1=مارڪس |author1-link=ڪارل مارڪس |first2=جوزف |last2=اومالي |title=هيگل جي ”حق جي فلسفي“ تي تنقيد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=1977 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521292115 |page=131 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004239/http://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehring2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=فرانز مهرنگ|title=ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2003|publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]]|isbn=978-0415313339|pages=19–20|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220242/http://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ollman1973&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=برٽيل اولمين|title=بيگانگي: سرمائيداراڻي سماج ۾ انسان بابت مارڪس جو تصور|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1973|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]]|isbn=978-1001331355|page=81|archive-date=22 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622092831/http://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Rockmore2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ٽام راڪمور|title=مارڪسزم کان پوءِ مارڪس: ڪارل مارڪس جو فلسفو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[جان وائلي اينڊ سنز]] |isbn=978-0631231899|page=128|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233929/http://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Segrest2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ميب سيگريسٽ|title=وابستگيءَ لاءِ ڄاول: روح ۽ انصاف بابت لکڻيون|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[رٽگرز يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0813531014|page=232|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220203/http://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=شرمين |first=هاورڊ جي. |title=مارڪسزم جي نئين جوڙجڪ |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher |url-access=registration |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[جانس هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0801850776 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher/page/5 5]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;SwatosKivisto1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=وليم ايڇ. سواٽوس|author2=پيٽر ڪيوسٽو|title=مذهب ۽ سماج جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1998|publisher=رومين الٽاميرا|isbn=978-0761989561|pages=499–|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620152445/http://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جان بي. ٿامپسن|title=نظريو ۽ جديد ثقافت: عوامي رابطي جي دور ۾ تنقيدي سماجي نظريو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1990|publisher=[[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0804718462|pages=37–38|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620184832/http://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جوناٿن ايڇ. ٽرنر|title=سماجيات|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2005|publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]]|isbn=978-0131134966|pages=17–18|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172806/http://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=پيٽر |last=واٽسن|title=جرمن ڏاهپ: يورپ جي ٽين نئين جاڳرتا، ٻيو سائنسي انقلاب ۽ ويهين صدي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=[[هارپر ڪولنز]]|isbn=978-0060760229|pages=250–|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617094656/http://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]] |isbn=978-0415065580 |page=346 |year=1987 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620212506/http://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا، ٻيو سلسلو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |year=1993 |publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] |isbn=978-0415087117 |page=232 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082303/http://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;et&quot;&gt;ڪيترن ئي ليکڪن مارڪس جي نظرياتي ارتقا ۾ هن ڊگهي عرصي تائين نظرانداز ڪيل اهم تبديليءَ کي واضح ڪيو آهي، جهڙوڪ ارني ٿامسن پنهنجي ڪتاب ''نوجوان ڪارل مارڪس جي لکڻين ۾ تاريخ جي مادي تصور جي دريافت''، [[ليوسٽن، نيو يارڪ]]: [[ايڊون ميلن پريس]]، 2004ع ۾؛ مختصر احوال لاءِ ڏسو [http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html ميڪس شٽنر، هڪ مستقل اختلاف ڪندڙ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518155939/http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html |date=18 مئي 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;k72&quot;&gt;ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرڪ اينگلز، ''گڏيل تصنيفون، جلد 46''، انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز: نيو يارڪ، 1992ع، ص. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;manifesto&quot;&gt;مارڪس، ڪ. ۽ اينگلز، ف. (1848ع). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm ''ڪميونسٽ منشور''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902090238/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm |date=2 سيپٽمبر 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;plato.stanford.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ميڪس ويبر |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=29 نومبر 2009 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 فيبروري 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/64WuU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ڪارل مارڪس |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=28 مئي 2005 |archive-date=8 فيبروري 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208100606/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |url-status=live}}. پهريون ڀيرو اڱارو، 26 آگسٽ 2003ع تي شايع ٿيو؛ بنيادي نظرثاني سومر، 14 جون 2010ع تي ٿي. 4 مارچ 2011ع تي حاصل ڪيل.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;stateless&quot;&gt;ميڪليلن 1973ع، ص. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wh1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=وين |first=فرانسس |author-link=فرانسس وين |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي |publisher=نارٽن |location=نيو يارڪ | year=2002 |pages=تعارف |no-pp=true}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wk&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=بيئرڊ |first1=فارسٽ اي. |last2=ڪائوفمين |first2=والٽر |title=افلاطون کان دريدا تائين |publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]] |year=2008 |location=اپر سيڊل رور، نيو جرسي |isbn=978-0131585911}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

=== ذريعا ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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{{refend}}

== وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاءِ ==
{{refbegin}}

=== سوانح عمريون ===
{{main|ڪارل مارڪس جون سوانح عمريون}}
{{div col}}

* {{cite book |author=[[ميڪس بيئر|بيئر، ميڪس]] |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تعليم |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/37290 |year=1921 |publisher=[[نيشنل ليبر پريس]]}}
* [[آئزيا برلن|برلن، آئزيا]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ماحول'' ([[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1963ع) {{ISBN|0195200527}}
* گيمڪوف، هينرچ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري''. ڊريسڊن: ورلاگ سائيٽ ام بلڊ. 1968ع.
* {{cite ODNB|id=39021|title=مارڪس، ڪارل هينرچ|year=2004|last=هابسبام|first=اي. جي.|ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=لينن |first=ولاديمير |title=ڪارل مارڪس: مارڪسزم جي تشريح سان گڏ هڪ مختصر سوانحي خاڪو |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |year=1967 |orig-year=1913 |publisher=فارين لينگويجز پريس |location=پيڪنگ |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |access-date=19 فيبروري 2011 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702055230/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |url-status=live |via=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}
* ليڊمين، سوين-ايرڪ. ''فتح ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ دنيا: ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تصنيفون.'' [2015ع] جيفري اين. اسڪنر، مترجم. لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2018ع.
* ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ فڪر''، هارپر اينڊ رو، 1973ع {{ISBN|978-0060128296}}
* [[فرانز مهرنگ|مهرنگ، فرانز]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي'' ([[روٽليج]]، 2003ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن (تعليمي ماهر)|ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪسزم کان اڳ مارڪس'' (1980ع)، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0333278826}}
* {{cite book |chapter=استاد: ڪارل مارڪس، جنهن ازدها جا ڏند پوکيا |title=انقلاب جا پيغمبر |first=ميڪس |last=نوماد |author-link=ميڪس نوماد |year=1961 |orig-year=1939 |location=نيو يارڪ |publisher=[[ڪرويل-ڪوليئر پبلشنگ ڪمپني|ڪوليئر بڪس]] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrevolu00noma/page/83/ |lccn=61018566 |oclc=984463383 |pages=83–150}}
* [[ميڪسميلين روبيل|روبيل، ميڪسميلين]]. ''ڏند ڪٿا کان سواءِ مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ڪم جو تاريخوار مطالعو'' (بليڪ ويل، 1975ع) {{ISBN|0631157808}}
* [[اينجلو سيگريلو|سيگريلو، اينجلو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي سوانح عمرين جون ٻه صديون: هڪ جائزو'' (ايل اي اي ورڪنگ پيپر سيريز، شمارو 4، مارچ 2019ع).
* اسپرٻر، جوناٿن. ''ڪارل مارڪس: اڻويهين صديءَ جي هڪ حياتي.'' نيو يارڪ: ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني، 2013ع.
* اسٽيڊمن جونز، گيرٿ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: عظمت ۽ وهم'' (ايلن لين، 2016ع). {{ISBN|978-0713999044}}.
* واڪر، فرينڪ ٿامس. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ ڪتابياتي ۽ سياسي سوانح عمري''. (بي جي پبليڪيشنز)، 2009ع.
* [[فرانسس وين|وين، فرانسس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي''، (فورٿ اسٽيٽ، 1999ع)، {{ISBN|1857026373}}
  {{div col end}}

=== مارڪس بابت تبصرا ===
{{div col}}

* [[لوئي الٿوسر|الٿوسر، لوئي]]. ''[[مارڪس لاءِ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2005ع.
* الٿوسر، لوئي ۽ [[ايتيئن باليبار|باليبار، ايتيئن]]. ''[[سرمايو پڙهڻ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2009ع.
* [[جيڪ اٽالي|اٽالي، جيڪ]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس يا دنيا جو فڪر''. 2005ع.
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر'' (ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس، 1968ع) {{ISBN|0521096197}}
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: فلسفو ۽ انقلاب'' (ييل يونيورسٽي پريس، 2019ع) {{ISBN|978-0300211702}}
* [[ڪوسٽاس ايڪسيلوس|ايڪسيلوس، ڪوسٽاس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪر ۾ بيگانگي، عمل ۽ ٽيڪنيڪي هنر'' (رونالڊ بروزينا جو ترجمو، يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس، 1976ع).
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=جينيٽ |author-last=بيلز ڪائڊانٽزس |title=ڪارل مارڪس (1818ع–1883ع) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Marx.html |encyclopedia=[[اقتصاديات جو مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] |edition=ٻيو |series=[[لائبريري آف اڪنامڪس اينڊ لبرٽي]] |publisher=[[لبرٽي فنڊ]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=ڊيوڊ آر. |editor-last=هينڊرسن |editor-link=ڊيوڊ آر. هينڊرسن |pages=563–564}}
* بليڪليج، پال. ''تاريخ جي مارڪسي نظريي تي ويچار'' (مانچسٽر يونيورسٽي پريس، 2006ع)
* بليڪليج، پال. ''مارڪسزم ۽ اخلاقيات'' (ايس يو اين واءِ پريس، 2012ع)
* باٽومور، ٽام، مرتب. ''مارڪسي فڪر جي لغت''. آڪسفورڊ: بليڪ ويل، 1998ع.
* {{Cite book |last=ڪالينيڪوس |first=ايلڪس |author-link=ايلڪس ڪالينيڪوس |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا انقلابي خيال |year=2010 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=بڪ مارڪس |location=بلومسبري؛ لنڊن |isbn=978-1905192687}}
* [[هيري ڪليور|ڪليور، هيري]]. ''سرمائي کي سياسي نموني پڙهڻ'' (اي ڪي پريس، 2000ع)
* [[جيرالڊ ڪوهن|جي. اي. ڪوهن]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو تاريخ بابت نظريو: هڪ دفاع'' ([[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1978ع) {{ISBN|0691070687}}
* [[اينڊريو ڪوليئر (فلسفي)|ڪوليئر، اينڊريو]]. ''مارڪس'' (ون ورلڊ، 2004ع)
* [[هال ڊريپر|ڊريپر، هال]]، ''ڪارل مارڪس جو انقلاب بابت نظريو'' (4 جلد)، [[منٿلي ريويو]] پريس.
* ڊنڪن، رونالڊ ۽ [[ڪولن ولسن|ولسن، ڪولن]]. (مرتب) ''مارڪس جي ترديد''، (باٿ، برطانيا، 1987ع) {{ISBN|090679871X}}
* [[ٽيري ايگلٽن|ايگلٽن، ٽيري]]. ''مارڪس درست ڇو هو'' (نيو هيون ۽ لنڊن: [[ييل يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 2011ع).
* [[بين فائن|فائن، بين]]. ''مارڪس جو سرمايو.'' پنجون ڇاپو. لنڊن: [[پلوٽو پريس]]، 2010ع.
* [[جان بيلمي فوسٽر|فوسٽر، جان بيلمي]]. ''مارڪس جي ماحوليات: ماديت ۽ فطرت''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2000ع.
* [[اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|گولڊ، اسٽيفن جي]]. ''مارڪس جي جنازي تي هڪ ڊاروني صاحب – اي. ري لنڪيسٽر''، ص. 1، فائنڊ آرٽيڪلز ڊاٽ ڪام{{cbignore}} (1999ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ هاروي|هاروي، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جو ساٿي ڪتاب.'' لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2010ع.
* هاروي، ڊيوڊ. ''سرمائي جون حدون''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2006ع.
  {{Clear}}
* [[مائيڪل هينري|هينري، مائيڪل]]. ''مارڪس پهريون'' ۽ ''مارڪس ٻيون''. 1976ع.
* هولٽ، جسٽن پي. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي فڪر''. سيج، 2015ع.
* ايگرز، جارج جي. ”تاريخ نويسي: سائنسي معروضيت کان بعد جديديت جي چئلينج تائين.“ ([[ويسليئن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1997ع، 2005ع)
* [[ليشڪ ڪولاڪوسڪي|ڪولاڪوسڪي، ليشڪ]]. ''مارڪسزم جا مکيه وهڪرا''، آڪسفورڊ: [[ڪلارنڊن پريس]]، او يو پي، 1978ع.
* [[رابرٽ ڪرٽز (فلسفي)|ڪرٽز، رابرٽ]]. ''مارڪس پڙهو: ايڪويهين صديءَ لاءِ ڪارل مارڪس جا سڀ کان اهم متن'' (2000ع) {{ISBN|3821816449}}
* لٽل، ڊينيئل. ''سائنسي مارڪس''، (يونيورسٽي آف منيسوٽا پريس، 1986ع) {{ISBN|0816615055}}
* [[ارنسٽ منڊل|منڊل، ارنسٽ]]. ''مارڪسي معاشي نظريو''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1970ع.
* منڊل، ارنسٽ. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشي فڪر جي تشڪيل''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1977ع.
* ملر، رچرڊ ڊبليو. ''مارڪس جو تجزيو: اخلاقيات، طاقت ۽ تاريخ''. پرنسٽن، نيو جرسي: [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1984ع.
* [[مري راٿبارڊ|راٿبارڊ، مري]]. ''اقتصادي فڪر جي تاريخ تي آسٽريائي نقطه نظر، جلد ٻيون: ڪلاسيڪي معاشيات'' (ايڊورڊ ايلگر پبلشنگ لميٽيڊ، 1995ع) {{ISBN|094546648X}}
* [[الفريڊو سعد-فلهو|سعد-فلهو، الفريڊو]]. ''مارڪس جو قدر: همعصر سرمائيداريءَ لاءِ سياسي معيشت''. لنڊن: [[روٽليج]]، 2002ع.
* [[ڪوهي سائتو|سائتو، ڪوهي]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو ماحولياتي سوشلزم: سرمايو، فطرت ۽ سياسي معيشت جي اڻپوري تنقيد''، منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2017ع.
* [[الفريڊ شمٽ (فلسفي)|شمٽ، الفريڊ]]. ''مارڪس وٽ فطرت جو تصور''. لنڊن: اين ايل بي، 1971ع.
* {{cite journal |last=سيگل |first=جي. اي. |title=مارڪس جي شروعاتي ارتقا: پيشو، بغاوت ۽ حقيقت پسندي |journal=دي جرنل آف انٽرڊسيپلينري هسٽري |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1973 |pages=475–508 |jstor=202551 |doi=10.2307/202551}}
* [[پال اسٽرادرن|اسٽرادرن، پال]]. ”90 منٽن ۾ مارڪس“، (آئيون آر. ڊي، 2001ع)
* ٿامس، پال. ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ انارڪسٽ''. لنڊن: روٽليج اينڊ ڪيگن پال، 1980ع.
* [[ڪوزو اونو|اونو، ڪوزو]]. ''سياسي معيشت جا اصول: خالص سرمائيداراڻي سماج جو نظريو''، برائٽن، سسڪس: هاروسٽر؛ ائٽلانٽڪ هاءِ لينڊز، نيو جرسي: هيومينيٽيز، 1980ع.
* [[فرنانڊو ويانيلو|ويانيلو]]، ايف. [1989ع]، ”اثرائتي طلب ۽ منافعي جي شرح: مارڪس، [[ميخائو ڪاليڪي|ڪاليڪي]] ۽ [[پيئرو سرافا|سرافا]] بابت ڪجهه ويچار“، سيباستياني، ايم. (مرتب)، ''اڄ جي دور ۾ ڪاليڪي جي اهميت''، لنڊن، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0312024116}}.
* وينڊلنگ، ايمي. ''ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ بيگانگي بابت ڪارل مارڪس'' (پالگريو ميڪملن، 2009ع)
* وين، فرانسس. ''مارڪس جو داس ڪيپيٽل''، (ائٽلانٽڪ بڪس، 2006ع) {{ISBN|1843544008}}
* ولسن، ايڊمنڊ. ''[[فنلينڊ اسٽيشن ڏانهن]]: تاريخ لکڻ ۽ تاريخ ٺاهڻ جو مطالعو''، گارڊن سٽي، نيو يارڪ: ڊبل ڊي، 1940ع.
  {{div col end}}

=== افسانوي تصنيفون ===

* {{cite book |last=بارڪر |first=جيسن |author-link=جيسن بارڪر |title=[[مارڪس موٽي اچي ٿو]] |location=ونچيسٽر، برطانيا |publisher=زيرو بڪس |year=2018 |isbn=978-1785356605}}
  {{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* {{Gutenberg author|id=46|name=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Librivox author|id=2426}}
* {{cite SEP|url-id=marx|title=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{marxists.org|marx|ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels1|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=1|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels2|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=2|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels3|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |volume=3 |year=1973}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedcorrespondencemarxengels |title=چونڊ خط و ڪتابت |author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=ٽيون نظرثاني ٿيل ڇاپو |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/KarlMarxABiography |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري |author=سوويت يونين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جو مارڪسزم-ليننزم انسٽيٽيوٽ |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=چوٿون |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا نسلياتي نوٽ بڪ |editor-last=ڪريڊر |editor-first=لارنس |location=آسن |publisher=وان گورڪم |edition=ٻيو |year=1974 |access-date=3 مارچ 2018 |archive-date=20 آڪٽوبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020025302/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |url-status=live }}
* [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو|بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جي اداري]] وٽ [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 ڪارل مارڪس / فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي ڪاغذن] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608151012/https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 |date=8 جون 2018 }} جو ذخيرو
* مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون ''گڏيل تصنيفون''، انگريزي ترجمي ۾ 50 جلدن تي مشتمل، لنڊن ۾ لارنس اينڊ وشارٽ ۽ نيو يارڪ ۾ انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز طرفان شايع ٿيل آهن. (اهي جلد هڪ وقت [[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] تي آن لائين رکيا ويا هئا، پر اصل ناشرن جي ڪاپي رائيٽ بابت اعتراض کان پوءِ هٽايا ويا: {{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|title=مارڪس/اينگلز جون گڏيل تصنيفون|publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]|access-date=3 مارچ 2018|archive-date=17 آگسٽ 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061207/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|url-status=live}}) اهي آن لائين موجود ۽ ڳولا لائق آهن ۽ خريداري يا رڪنيت رکندڙ لائبريرين وسيلي ''[https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory سماجي نظريي]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164706/https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory |date=3 مارچ 2018 }} جي مجموعي ۾ دستياب آهن، جيڪو [https://alexanderstreet-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/page/history-imprints اليگزينڊر اسٽريٽ پريس] پاران [[شڪاگو يونيورسٽي]] جي سهڪار سان شايع ڪيو ويو آهي.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg ”مارڪس“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405042734/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg |date=5 اپريل 2018 }}، [[بي بي سي ريڊيو 4]] تي اينٿوني گريلنگ، فرانسس وين ۽ گيرٿ اسٽيڊمن جونز سان گفتگو (''[[ان آور ٽائيم (ريڊيو سلسلو)|ان آور ٽائيم]]''، 14 جولاءِ 2005ع)
* [http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk 1887ع ۾ ''نيو يارڪ ٽائمز'' طرفان ''داس ڪيپيٽل'' جو جائزو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506191145/http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk |date=6 مئي 2020 }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011971}}

{{Karl Marx|state=expanded}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:مارڪس، ڪارل}}
[[زمرو:ڪارل مارڪس| ]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ ڄاول]]
[[زمرو:1883ع ۾ وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن صحافي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن سماجي سائنسدان]]
[[زمرو:پروشيا جي بادشاهت جا 19هين صديءَ جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا ملحد]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا سماجياتدان]]
[[زمرو:قوم پرستيءَ جا مخالف]]
[[زمرو:ملحد فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:هاءِ گيٽ قبرستان ۾ دفن ٿيل]]
[[زمرو:تڪرار جو نظريو]]
[[زمرو:يهوديت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:سياسي معيشت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ڪم جا جرمن نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ساهه جي نلين جي سوزش سبب وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:علميات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:رائل سوسائٽي آف آرٽس جا فيلو]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻا لوٿراني]]
[[زمرو:جرمن الحاد جا ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سرمائيداري مخالف]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سامراجيت مخالف]]
[[زمرو:جرمن غربت مخالف ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:جرمن ڪميونسٽ]]
[[زمرو:الحاد بابت جرمن ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:جرمن ڪميونسٽ ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ڏانهن لڏي ويل جرمن]]
[[زمرو:بيلجيم ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن اڳوڻا عيسائي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مرد صحافي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مارڪسي تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:جرمن راءِ نگار صحافي]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ-يهودي نسل جا جرمن]]
[[زمرو:قانون جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:ذهن جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سياسي فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن انقلابي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سماجياتدان]]
[[زمرو:هيگل جا جرمن عالم]]
[[زمرو:معاشي فڪر جا تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:برسلز جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:لنڊن جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:پئرس جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي معاشياتدان]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:ماديت پسند]]
[[زمرو:بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن جا رڪن]]
[[زمرو:مابعدالطبيعيات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:وجوديات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:پمفليٽ لکندڙ]]
[[زمرو:سوهو جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:لوئر رائن جي گرانڊ ڊچيءَ جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ٽريئر جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ثقافت جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:معاشيات جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تاريخ جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:مذهب جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سائنس جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:فلسفياتي بشريات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:انقلاب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:سماجي فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ معاشياتدان]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ عورت دوست]]
[[زمرو:بي وطن ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:اولهه جي تهذيب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:بون يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:يينا يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:وڪٽورين دور جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪارگذاري ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ بابت ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪولون جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ منسٽر شهر جا ليکڪ]]
{{ابتدائی_ترتیب:مارڪس}}
[[زمرو:1818ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1883ع جون فوتگيون]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:سياست]]
[[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:ڪميونزم]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مرد غير افسانوي ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]]</text>
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      <text bytes="256676" sha1="4q06zlpkse0stjqgyamesclnkbqbgt7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمن فلسفي، سماجي مفڪر، سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ انقلابي سوشلسٽ (1818ع–1883ع)}}


{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = ڪارل مارڪس
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862 |url=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Royal Society of Arts]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image            = Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png
| alt              = ويٺل مارڪس جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي تصوير
| caption          = مارڪس، 1875ع
| birth_name       = ڪارل مارڪس {{efn|name=name|سندس نالو [[ٽرائر]] جي پيدائش واري رجسٽر ۾ ''Carl Marx'' لکيل هو، ۽ 1840ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين هو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن سرڪاري دستاويزن ۾ به اها ئي صورت استعمال ڪندو هو. سندس مڪمل نالو ڪڏهن ''ڪارل هائنرش مارڪس'' پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، پر سرڪاري طور سندس ڪو وچون نالو نه هو. هن رڳو شاگرديءَ جي زماني ۾ ڪجهه ڀيرا ''ڪارل ھنرش'' يا ''ڪارل ھينرش'' (پنهنجي نالي کان پوءِ پيءُ جو پهريون نالو شامل ڪري) استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=34–35}}}}
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|df=y|1818|5|5}}
| birth_place      = [[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|df=y|1883|3|14|1818|5|5}}
| death_place      = [[لنڊن]]، [[انگلينڊ]]
| burial_place     = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، لنڊن
| citizenship      = {{Plainlist|
* [[پروشيا|پروشين]] (1818ع–1845ع)
* [[بي وطن]] (1845ع کان پوءِ)
}}
| alma_mater       = {{Plainlist|
* [[بون يونيورسٽي]]
* [[برلن يونيورسٽي]]
* [[يينا يونيورسٽي]]
}}
| political_party  = {{Plainlist|
* [[ڪميونسٽ رابطي واري ڪاميٽي]]
* [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]]
* [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]
}}
| spouse           = {{Marriage|[[جيني فان ويسٽفالين]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}}
| children         = گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 7،&lt;ref name=PadoverXXV&gt;{{cite book |editor-first=Saul |editor-last=Padover |editor-link=Saul K. Padover |chapter=Introduction: Marx, the Human Side |title=Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |year=1975 |page=xxv}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ [[جيني لونگي]]، [[لورا مارڪس]] ۽ [[ايلينور مارڪس]] شامل آهن.
| parents          = {{ubl|[[هائنرش مارڪس]]|[[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]]}}
| era              = [[اوڻيهين صديءَ جو فلسفو]]
| region           = [[اولهندي فلسفو]]
| school_tradition = [[سياسي معيشت]]
| thesis_title     = [[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]
| thesis_year      = 1841ع
| doctoral_advisor = [[برونو باؤر]]
| main_interests   = {{Hlist|فلسفو|معاشيات|تاريخ|سياست}}
| notable_ideas    = {{Plainlist|
* [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] ۽ [[محنت جي استحصال]]
* [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]
* [[تاريخي ماديت]]
* [[قدر جي صورت]]
}}
| signature        = Karl Marx Signature.svg
| signature_alt    =
}}

'''ڪارل مارڪس'''{{efn|name=name}} ({{IPA|de|ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks|lang}}؛ 5 مئي 1818ع – 14 مارچ 1883ع) جرمن فلسفي، سماجي ۽ سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ [[انقلابي سوشلزم|انقلابي سوشلسٽ]] هو. هن [[تاريخي ماديت]] جو نظريو پيش ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] نظام هيٺ [[طبقاتي جدوجھد]] جو تجزيو ڪيو ويو ۽ اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي ته آخرڪار [[پرولتاريه]] سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو ڪري [[ڪميونزم]] قائم ڪندو. مارڪس، [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس ]] سان گڏجي ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' (1848ع) جو گڏيل مصنف هو ۽ پنهنجي مشهور ترين تصنيف ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' (1867ع–1894ع) ۾ ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]] تي تنقيدي جائزو پيش ڪيو. مارڪس جي نظرين ۽ انهن جي پوءِ ٿيندڙ واڌ ويجهه کي گڏيل طور [[مارڪسزم]] چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن دنيا جي فڪر، سياست، ڪيترين انقلابي تحريڪن ۽ بغاوتن تي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي.
[[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]] ۾ ڄاول مارڪس 1841ع ۾ [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] مان فلسفي ۾ [[ڊاڪٽري جي ڊگري]] حاصل ڪئي. هو جلد ئي انقلابي صحافت سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو ۽ [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] ۽ [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن جي فلسفي کان متاثر ٿيو، جن جي نظرين تي هن بعد ۾ ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' جهڙن ڪتابن ۾ تنقيد ڪئي. [[پيرس]] ۾ رهائش دوران مارڪس ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس]] سان سندس ويجهو علمي ۽ سياسي تعاون شروع ٿيو. بعد ۾ [[برسلز]] منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ٻئي [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا سرگرم رڪن بڻيا ۽ 1848ع ۾ ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' تحرير ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو ويو. [[1848ع جون جرمن رياستن واريون انقلابي تحريڪون|1848ع جي انقلابن]] کان پوءِ جرمني مان نيڪالي ملڻ سبب مارڪس [[لنڊن]] وڃي رهيو، جتي هن ''[[گرونڊرِسِه]]'' جا مسودا ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' جا ٽي جلد تيار ڪيا. هو [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]] (پهرين انٽرنيشنل) جو اهم اڳواڻ بڻيو، جتي هن [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ موجود [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽن]] جي اثر جي مخالفت ڪئي ۽ 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] جي واکاڻ ڪئي. پنهنجي پوئين دور جي مطالعي ۽ ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' (1875ع) ۾ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] ڏانهن منتقلي بابت پنهنجا نظريا وڌيڪ واضح ڪيا. 1883ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي ۽ کيس [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾ دفنايو ويو.

مارڪس جي [[سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج بابت تنقيد]] موجب انساني سماجن جي ترقي طبقاتي جدوجهد وسيلي ٿيندي آهي. [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] ۾ هي جدوجهد [[حاڪم طبقو|حاڪم طبقن]] (يعني [[بورجوازي]])، جيڪي [[وسيلن جي پيداوار]] تي ضابطو رکن ٿا، ۽ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقن]] (پرولتاريه)، جيڪي اجرت عيوض پنهنجي [[محنتي قوت]] وڪڻي پيداوار کي ممڪن بڻائين ٿا، جي وچ ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿي. تاريخي ماديت جي بنياد تي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري پنهنجي اندر اهڙا [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ جون اندروني تضادون|اندروني تضاد]] پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيئن اڳين سماجي ۽ معاشي نظامن ۾ ٿيو هو، ۽ اهي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي زوال جو سبب بڻجندا. سندس نظر ۾ سرمائيداري هيٺ طبقاتي تضادن، ان جي بي استحڪامي ۽ بار بار ايندڙ [[معاشي بحران]] سبب پورهيت طبقو [[طبقاتي شعور]] حاصل ڪندو، پوءِ [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت|سياسي اقتدار]] تي قبضو ڪري، هڪ اهڙو سماج قائم ڪندو جيڪو طبقاتي، رياستي ۽ مالي امتيازن کان پاڪ هوندو ۽ [[آزاد پيدا ڪندڙن جي انجمن]] جي بنياد تي منظم هوندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Karl |last=Marx |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |chapter=Index |title=[[Critique of the Gotha Program]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041955/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |archive-date=27 October 2007 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ان نظريي کي عملي جامو پارائڻ جو به حامي هو ۽ دليل ڏيندو هو ته پورهيت طبقي کي منظم [[پرولتاري انقلابي]] جدوجهد وسيلي سرمائيداري جو خاتمو آڻي سماجي ۽ معاشي [[آزادي]] حاصل ڪرڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس کي جديد دور جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثرائتن شخصيتن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو، ۽ سندس فڪر جي هڪ طرف وڏي واکاڻ، ته ٻي طرف سخت [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد|تنقيد]] پڻ ڪئي وئي آهي. [[مارڪسزم]] سوشلسٽ فڪر ۽ سياسي تحريڪن تي انتهائي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي، ۽ [[مارڪسزم–ليننزم]] سميت ان جا ڪيترائي فڪري ڌارا ويهين صديءَ ۾ اهڙين [[ڪميونسٽ انقلاب]]ي تحريڪن جي رهنمائي ڪندا رهيا، جن مختلف ملڪن ۾ [[ڪميونسٽ رياست]]ون قائم ڪيون. معاشيات جي ميدان ۾ به مارڪس جي فڪر جديد [[غير روايتي معاشيات]] ۾ محنت ۽ [[سرمايو (معاشيات)|سرمائي]] بابت نظرين تي نمايان اثر ڇڏيو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Unger |first=Roberto Mangabeira |title=Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics |year=2007 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |author-link=Roberto Mangabeira Unger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=John |author-link=John Hicks |date=May 1974 |title=Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern |journal=[[The American Economic Review]] |volume=64 |page=307 |quote=The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history&amp;nbsp;... |number=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schumpeter |first=Joseph |title=Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes | year=1997 |orig-year=1952 |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |isbn=978-0415110785 |edition=4th |series=Unwin University books |volume=26 |author-link=Joseph Schumpeter}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ کيس جديد [[سماجيات]] جي بنيادي معمارن مان هڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm |title=Marxism and Method |last=Little |first=Daniel |access-date=10 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210095117/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopaedia |encyclopaedia=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |title=Max Weber |last=Kim |first=Sung Ho |year=2017 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |access-date=10 December 2017 |quote=Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101547/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سوانح عمري ==

=== ننڍپڻ ۽ ابتدائي تعليم: 1818ع–1836ع ===
[[File:Trier BW 2014-06-21 11-11-49.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪارل مارڪس هائوس|مارڪس جي پيدائش جو گهر]]، جيڪو هاڻي ٽرائر جي برڪن شٽراسي 10 تي واقع آهي. مارڪس جو خاندان زميني ماڙ تي ٻن ۽ پهرين ماڙ تي ٽن ڪمرن ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=178, Plate 1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1928ع ۾ [[جرمني جي سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] هن عمارت کي خريد ڪيو، جيڪا هاڻي مارڪس جي يادگار عجائب گهر طور ڪم ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=12–13}}]]

ڪارل مارڪس 5 مئي 1818ع تي [[هائنرخ مارڪس]] ۽ [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]] جي گهر، [[ٽريئر]] جي برڪين گاسي 664 ۾ پيدا ٿيو، جيڪو ان وقت [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جو حصو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=8, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جو خاندان اصل ۾ غير مذهبي يهودي هو، پر سندس پيدائش کان اڳ [[عيسائيت قبول ڪرڻ|عيسائيت اختيار]] ڪري چڪو هو. سندس نانا هالينڊ جا هڪ [[ربي]] هئا، جڏهن ته سندس ڏاڏي جي نسل جا ماڻهو 1723ع کان ٽرائر جا ربي رهيا هئا، ۽ اها ذميواري سندس ڏاڏي ميئر هليوي مارڪس نڀائي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=7–9, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس والد هائنرخ پنهنجي خاندان ۾ پهريون شخص هو جنهن مذهبي بدران جديد سيڪيولر تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هو هڪ ڪامياب وڪيل بڻيو، سٺي آمدني حاصل ڪيائين ۽ وڪالت سان گڏ خاندان وٽ [[موزيل شراب]] جا ڪيترائي انگورن جا باغ پڻ هئا. 1815ع ۾ پروشيا طرفان [[رائين لينڊ]] جي الحاق ۽ پوءِ [[يهودين جي آزادي]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، هائنرخ پنهنجي وڪالت جاري رکڻ لاءِ يهوديت ڇڏي [[پروشيا جي انجيليڪل چرچ]] ۾ شامل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |title=Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History |last=Carroll |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0547348889 |page=419 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924094733/https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–6}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

هائنرخ گهڻو مذهبي نه هو، پر [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي فڪر کان متاثر هو ۽ [[ايمانوئل ڪانٽ]] ۽ [[والٽيئر]] جي خيالن ۾ دلچسپي رکندو هو. هو [[طبقاتي لبرلزم|طبقاتي لبرل]] هو ۽ پروشيا ۾ آئين ۽ سياسي سڌارن جي حمايت ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته ان وقت اتي [[مطلق العنان بادشاهت]] قائم هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=5, 8–12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=11}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=5–6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1815ع ۾ هن وڪيل طور ڪم شروع ڪيو ۽ 1819ع ۾ پنهنجي خاندان کي [[پورٽا نيگرا]] جي ويجهو ڏهن ڪمرن واري گهر ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=10}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس زال هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ هڪ امير ڊچ يهودي واپاري خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي، جنهن مان بعد ۾ [[فلپس]] ڪمپني وجود ۾ آئي. سندس ڀيڻ سوفي پريسبرگ [[ليون فلپس]] سان شادي ڪئي، جيڪا [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ [[آنتون فلپس]] جي ڏاڏي ۽ [[فرٽس فلپس]] جي پڙڏاڏي هئي. ليون فلپس مالدار صنعتڪار ۽ تمباڪو واپاري هو، جنهن کان مارڪس ۽ [[جيني مارڪس]] لنڊن ۾ جلاوطني دوران اڪثر قرض وٺندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|loc=chpt. 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي ننڍپڻ بابت گهڻي معلومات موجود نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو نون ڀائرن ۽ ڀينرن مان ٽيون نمبر هو، پر 1819ع ۾ سندس ڀاءُ مورٽز جي وفات کان پوءِ گهر جو وڏو پٽ بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ۽ سندس بچيل ڀائر ڀينر 28 آگسٽ 1824ع تي [[لوثري چرچ]] ۾ [[بپتسما]] ورتائون،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turley |first=Justin |date=2020-08-24 |title=The Baptism of Karl Marx, 1824 |url=https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Landmark Events |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712232703/https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته سندس ماءُ نومبر 1825ع ۾ بپتسما ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Karl Marx: Dictionary of National Biography |volume=37 |pages=57–58 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0198613879}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1830ع تائين مارڪس جي تعليم سندس والد پاڻ ڪرائي، ان کان پوءِ هو [[ٽرائر جمنازيم]] ۾ داخل ٿيو، جنهن جو پرنسپال [[هوگو ويٽنباخ]] سندس والد جو دوست هو. ويٽنباخ ڪيترن ئي [[لبرل انسانيت پسندي|لبرل انسانيت پسند]] استادن کي مقرر ڪيو، جنهن سبب قدامت پسند حڪومت ناراض ٿي. 1832ع ۾ پوليس اسڪول تي ڇاپو هنيو ۽ اهڙو ادب هٿ آيو جيڪو سياسي لبرلزم جي تبليغ ڪندو هو. حڪومت ان کي بغاوت انگيز عمل سمجهي ڪيترن ئي استادن کي برطرف ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ اهي تبديليون مارڪس جي تعليم دوران ئي عمل ۾ آيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976 |pp=12–15}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=7–11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1835ع ۾، صرف سورهن ورهين جي عمر ۾، مارڪس [[بون يونيورسٽي]] ۾ فلسفي ۽ ادب پڙهڻ لاءِ داخل ٿيو، پر سندس والد وڌيڪ عملي پيشو سمجهي کيس قانون پڙهڻ تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=15–16}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=14}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزور سيني جي بيماري سبب،{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=15}} ارڙهن ورهين جي عمر تي کيس فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. بون يونيورسٽي ۾ هن [[شاعرن جي ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جنهن ۾ سياسي انقلابي نوجوان شامل هئا ۽ جنهن تي پوليس نظر رکندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=20}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب]] نالي مشروب نوشي واري ادبي تنظيم جو پڻ ميمبر ٿيو ۽ هڪ وقت ان جو گڏيل صدر به رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=16}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Karl Marx: the drinking years|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Rachel |last=Holmes |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 1836ع ۾ هن يونيورسٽي جي [[بوروشيا ڪور]] جي هڪ ميمبر سان تلوارن جي مقابلي (ڊوئل) ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ شروعاتي امتحانن ۾ سندس نتيجا سٺا هئا، پر جلد ئي خراب ٿيڻ لڳا، جنهن تي سندس والد کيس وڌيڪ علمي ماحول واري [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ منتقل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–17}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== هيگليت ۽ ابتدائي صحافت: 1836ع–1843ع ===
{{Main|نوجوان مارڪس}}
[[File:Karl Marx giovane.jpg|left|thumb|1840ع کان اڳ ڪارل مارڪس]]
[[File:Jenny von Westphalen-1.jpg|thumb|upright|1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]]]]

{{multiple image
 | direction =
 | total_width = 330
 | image1 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.1 raw.jpg
 | caption1 = وائٽ هارس جي سامهون ٽرائر جا شاگرد، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.
 | image2 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.2 cropped.jpg
 | caption2 = ڪارل مارڪس (تفصيل)
 | footer = [[ڊيوڊ ليوي ايلڪان]] جي مشهور لٿوگرافي ''Die Trierer'' ۾ 1836ع دوران وائٽ هارس جي سامهون بيٺل ڪيترائي شاگرد ڏيکاريل آهن، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.{{efn|2017ع تائين هيءَ مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير سمجهي ويندي هئي، جيتوڻيڪ سندس سڃاڻپ 1890ع ۾ ڪولون جي عدالتي صلاحڪار شنائيڊر ڪئي. بعد ۾ هي تصوير مارڪس جي بيان سان ٺهڪندڙ هئڻ سبب مستند مڃي وئي.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=131–132}} نوجوان مارڪس جون هيلمٽ باخ (1953ع) ۽ آءِ. گرنشٽائن (1961ع) جون تصويرون به هن لٿوگرافي تي ٻڌل آهن، پر اهي اصل تصوير کان وڌيڪ مشهور ٿي ويون.}}
}}

1836ع جي اونهاري ۽ سرءُ جو موسم ٽرائر ۾ گذارڻ دوران مارڪس پنهنجي تعليم ۽ ذاتي زندگيءَ کي وڌيڪ سنجيدگي سان وٺڻ لڳو. هن [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] سان منگني ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ پڙهيل لکيل [[ايڊلر|ننڍي اشرافيه]] خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي ۽ ننڍپڻ کان مارڪس جي سڃاڻپ ۾ هئي. جيني پنهنجي هم عمر هڪ نوجوان [[اشرافيه]] سان منگني ٽوڙي مارڪس سان تعلق قائم ڪيو، تنهنڪري سندن مذهبي ۽ سماجي طبقاتي فرق سبب اهو تعلق تڪراري بڻيو. تنهن هوندي به مارڪس جيني جي والد [[لودوگ فون ويسٽفالين]]، جيڪو لبرل خيالن وارو اشرافيه هو، سان گهري دوستي قائم ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي کي به سندس نالي منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=23–30}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–21, 33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=15, 20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; منگني کان ست سال پوءِ، 19 جون 1843ع تي ٻنهي [[ڪروئزناخ]] جي هڪ پروٽيسٽنٽ چرچ ۾ شادي ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=70–71}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=52–53}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=61–62}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1836ع ۾ برلن پهچڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] جي قانون واري شعبي ۾ داخلا ورتي ۽ مِٽل شٽراسي ۾ هڪ ڪمرو مسواڙ تي ورتائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=31}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; پهرين سيمسٽر دوران هن [[ايڊوارڊ گانس]] جا ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو ترقي پسند هيگلي موقف جو حامي هو ۽ تاريخ ۾ عقلي ارتقا، آزادي ۽ سماجي مسئلن جي اهميت تي زور ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت هن [[ڪارل فون ساويني]] جا به ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو [[قانون جي تاريخي اسڪول]] جو نمائندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ هو قانون پڙهي رهيو هو، پر سندس اصل دلچسپي فلسفي ۾ هئي، ۽ هو سمجهندو هو ته &quot;فلسفي کان سواءِ ڪجهه به حاصل نٿو ڪري سگهجي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس تازو وفات ڪري ويل جرمن فلسفي [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] جي نظرين ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جن تي ان وقت يورپ جي فلسفي حلقن ۾ وڏي بحث جاري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=32–34}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=21–22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; اسٽرالائو ۾ بيماريءَ کان صحتيابي دوران هن [[ڊاڪٽرز ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جتي [[هيگليت]] بابت بحث ٿيندا هئا. اتان ئي سندس لاڳاپو [[نوجوان هيگلي]] نالي بنياد پرست مفڪرن سان ٿيو. هي گروهه [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي چوڌاري گڏ ٿيندو هو، جڏهن ته مارڪس خاص طور [[ايڊولف روٽنبرگ]] جو ويجهو دوست بڻيو. نوجوان هيگلي، مارڪس وانگر، هيگل جي مابعدالطبيعي مفروضن تي تنقيد ڪندا هئا، پر سندس [[هيگلي جدليات]] کي استعمال ڪندي سماج، سياست ۽ مذهب تي کاٻي ڌر جي نقطه نظر کان تنقيد ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=34–38}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=25–27}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 1838ع ۾ مارڪس جي والد جي وفات سبب خاندان جي آمدني گهٽجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=44, 69–70}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=17–18}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس پنهنجي والد سان گهرو جذباتي تعلق رکندو هو ۽ سندس وفات کان پوءِ به هميشه سندس ياد کي عزت سان ياد ڪندو رهيو.{{sfn|Sperber|2013|pp=55–56}}

[[File:Gedenktafel Karl Marx im Foyer des Hauptgebäudes der Uni Jena 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ لڳل يادگاري ڪتبو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مارڪس کي عطا ڪيل ڊاڪٽري ڊگري جي ياد ۾ نصب ڪيو ويو آهي.]]
[[File:Karl Marx dissertation certificate.jpg|thumb|left|15 اپريل 1841ع تي [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] طرفان جاري ڪيل ڪارل مارڪس جي ڊاڪٽري سند.]]

1837ع تائين مارڪس هڪ مختصر ناول ''اسڪارپين اينڊ فيلڪس''، هڪ ڊرامو ''اوئلنم'' ۽ پنهنجي منگيتر جي نالي ڪيترائي عشقيه نظم لکي چڪو هو، پر اهي سڀ سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=18–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس عشقيه شاعري بعد ۾ ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي پهرين جلد ۾ شايع ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=531–632}}&lt;/ref&gt; جلد ئي هن ادب ڇڏي انگريزي ۽ اطالوي ٻولين، [[فن جي تاريخ]] ۽ لاطيني ڪلاسيڪي ادب جي ترجمن ڏانهن ڌيان ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=25–26}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1840ع ۾ هن [[برونو بائر]] سان گڏجي هيگل جي ''[[مذهب جي فلسفي بابت ليڪچر]]'' جي ايڊيٽنگ شروع ڪئي. ساڳئي وقت هن پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]'' تي ڪم جاري رکيو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Marx's thesis was posthumously published in {{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=25–107}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هي مقالو [[ڊيموڪريٽس]] ۽ [[ايپيڪورس]] جي فلسفي تي ٻڌل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Volkov |first=Genrikh Nikolaevich |title= The Basics of Marxist-Leninist Theory |year=1982 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Progress Publishers&lt; USSR |url=https://archive.org/details/BasicsMarxistLeninistTheory/page/n1/mode/2up?q=thesis |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کي &quot;جرئت ڀريو ۽ اصلي علمي ڪم&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو، جنهن ۾ مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته فلسفي جي اعليٰ حڪمت اڳيان الٰهيات کي پوئتي هٽڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=32}}.&lt;/ref&gt; برلن يونيورسٽي جي قدامت پسند استادن ان مقالي تي اعتراض ڪيو، تنهنڪري مارڪس اهو [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ جمع ڪرايو، جتان کيس اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[فلسفي جو ڊاڪٽر]] (PhD) جي ڊگري ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=28–29, 33}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مارڪس ۽ بائر ٻئي [[ملحد]] هئا، تنهنڪري مارچ 1841ع ۾ هنن ''آرڪائيو ڊيس اٿيئسمس'' (''ملحدن جا آرڪائيو'') نالي رسالو جاري ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، پر اهو عملي صورت اختيار نه ڪري سگهيو. جولاءِ ۾ ٻئي برلن کان [[بون]] ويا، جتي چرچ اندر کلڻ، شراب نوشي ڪرڻ ۽ گهٽين ۾ گڏهن تي سواري ڪرڻ سبب هو تڪرار جو مرڪز بڻيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=38–45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=32–33, 37}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس علمي دنيا ۾ ڪيريئر ٺاهڻ چاهيو ٿي، پر حڪومت جي وڌندڙ مخالفت سبب، جيڪا طبقاتي لبرلزم ۽ نوجوان هيگلي مفڪرن خلاف هئي، اهو رستو بند ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=49}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=33}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نتيجي ۾ 1842ع ۾ هو [[ڪولون]] منتقل ٿيو، جتي هو انقلابي اخبار ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' (''رائين لينڊ نيوز'') ۾ صحافي بڻيو. هتي هن سوشلسٽ خيالن بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي نظريا ۽ معاشيات ۾ وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي. مارڪس ساڄي ڌر جي يورپي حڪومتن سان گڏوگڏ لبرل ۽ سوشلسٽ اڳواڻن تي به تنقيد ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ اهي غير مؤثر يا نقصانڪار هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=50–51}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=34–36, 42–44}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=35–47}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

اخبار تي پروشيائي [[سنسرشپ]] جا اهلڪار سخت نظر رکندا هئا ۽ هر پرچي کي ڇپجڻ کان اڳ جاچيندا هئا. مارڪس ان تي افسوس ڪندي لکيو: &quot;اسان جي اخبار کي پهرين پوليس وٽ وٺي وڃڻو پوي ٿو، جتي ان کي سونگهيو ويندو آهي، ۽ جيڪڏهن پوليس جي نڪ کي ان ۾ ڪا غير عيسائي يا غير پروشيائي ڳالهه محسوس ٿئي ته اخبار ڇپجڻ جي اجازت نٿي ملي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=57}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=47}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=48–50}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' روسي بادشاهت تي سخت تنقيد ڪندڙ مضمون شايع ڪيو ته روس جي زار [[نيڪولس پهريون]] ان تي پابندي لڳائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو، ۽ پروشيائي حڪومت 1843ع ۾ اهو مطالبو قبول ڪندي اخبار بند ڪري ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=60–61}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=47–48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=50–51}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
=== پيرس: 1843ع–1845ع ===
1843ع ۾ مارڪس پيرس مان نڪرندڙ هڪ نئين بنياد پرست کاٻي ڌر واري اخبار {{lang|de|[[جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا]]}} (''ڊوئچ-فرانزوزِشي ياربوخر''؛ &quot;جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا&quot;) جو گڏيل ايڊيٽر بڻيو. اها اخبار جرمن سياسي ڪارڪن [[آرنولڊ روگه]] جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي بنياد پرستن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان قائم ڪري رهيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=68–69, 72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=59–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئين نوڪريءَ سبب مارڪس ۽ سندس زال آڪٽوبر 1843ع ۾ پيرس منتقل ٿيا. شروعات ۾ هو روگه ۽ سندس زال سان گڏ [[رو وانو]] نمبر 23 ۾ گڏيل رهائش اختيار ڪري رهيا، پر اتي جون رهائشي حالتون ڏکيون هيون؛ تنهنڪري 1844ع ۾ سندن ڌيءَ جيني جي ڄمڻ کان پوءِ هو اتان منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=77–79}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=62–66}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=73–74, 94}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جو مقصد فرانس ۽ جرمن رياستن ٻنهي مان ليکڪن کي راغب ڪرڻ هو، پر ان تي گهڻو ڪري جرمن ليکڪن جو غلبو رهيو؛ ان جو واحد غير جرمن ليکڪ جلاوطن روسي [[اجتماعيت پسند انارڪزم|اجتماعيت پسند انارڪسٽ]] [[ميخائل باڪونن]] هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=64–65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=71–72}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اخبار لاءِ ٻه مضمون لکيا: &quot;[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد|هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد ۾ حصي جو تعارف]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ &quot;[[يهودي سوال بابت]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=[[On the Jewish Question]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; پوئين مضمون ۾ هن اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته [[پرولتاريه]] هڪ انقلابي قوت آهي، ۽ اهو مضمون سندس ڪميونزم قبول ڪرڻ جي نشاني پڻ بڻيو.{{sfn|McLellan|2006|pp=65–70, 74–80}} [[پال جانسن]]، [[برنارڊ لوئس]]، [[هائيم ميڪوبي]] ۽ [[رابرٽ ايس. وسٽرچ]] جهڙن ليکڪن ''يهودي سوال بابت'' کي مارڪس جي يهودين مخالف خيالن جو ثبوت قرار ڏنو آهي، پر [[وينڊي برائون]]، [[رابرٽ فائن]]، [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن]] ۽ [[فرانسس وين]] سميت ٻين عالمن هن تشريح سان اختلاف ڪيو آهي.

اخبار جو رڳو هڪ پرچو شايع ٿيو، پر اهو نسبتاً ڪامياب رهيو. ان ڪاميابيءَ جو وڏو سبب [[هائنرش هائني]] جا [[باويريا جي لڊوگ پهرئين|باويريا جي بادشاهه لڊوگ]] خلاف طنزيه قصيدا هئا. انهن سبب جرمن رياستن اخبار تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ درآمد ڪيل نسخا ضبط ڪيا. تنهن هوندي به روگه وڌيڪ پرچا شايع ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ مارڪس سان سندس دوستي به ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=72, 75–76}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=88–90}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جي بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس {{lang|de|[[فورورٽس!]]}} (''Vorwärts!''؛ &quot;اڳتي!&quot;) لاءِ لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جيڪا ان وقت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ بچيل واحد بنياد پرست اخبار هئي، جنهن تي سنسرشپ لاڳو نه هئي. پيرس مان شايع ٿيندڙ هيءَ اخبار [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان لاڳاپيل هئي، جيڪا پورهيتن ۽ ڪاريگرن جي هڪ ڳجهي [[خيالي سوشلزم|خيالي سوشلسٽ]] تنظيم هئي. مارڪس ان جي ڪجهه گڏجاڻين ۾ شريڪ ٿيو، پر تنظيم ۾ شامل نه ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=66–67, 112}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=79–80}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فورورٽس!'' ۾ مارڪس هيگلي ۽ فوئرباخي اثرن هيٺ سوشلزم بابت پنهنجن خيالن کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪيو، ۽ ساڳئي وقت يورپ ۾ سرگرم لبرلن ۽ ٻين سوشلسٽن تي تنقيد به ڪئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=90}}

[[File:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|upright|[[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، جنهن سان مارڪس جي ملاقات 1844ع ۾ ٿي؛ ٻئي سڄي عمر دوست ۽ ساٿي رهيا.]]

28 آگسٽ 1844ع تي مارڪس جي [[ڪيفي ڊي لا ريژانس]] ۾ جرمن سوشلسٽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] سان ملاقات ٿي، جنهن سان سندس سڄي عمر جاري رهندڙ دوستي ۽ گڏيل علمي ڪم جي شروعات ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=75}} اينگلز مارڪس کي پنهنجي تازو شايع ٿيل تصنيف ''[[1844ع ۾ انگلينڊ جي پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' ڏيکاري،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |title=Paris Between Empires |page=390 |publisher=[[St. Martins Press]] |location=New York |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |chapter=[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=295–596}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن مارڪس کي ان ڳالهه تي قائل ڪيو ته تاريخ جي آخري انقلاب جو ڪارڻ ۽ اوزار پورهيت طبقو هوندو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=82}} جلد ئي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي مارڪس جي اڳوڻي دوست [[برونو بائر]] جي فلسفي خيالن تي تنقيد لکڻ لڳا. هيءَ تصنيف 1845ع ۾ ''[[پاڪ خاندان]]'' جي نالي سان شايع ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=85–86}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=The Holy Family |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=3–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس بائر تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر هو نوجوان هيگلين [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] جي خيالن کان وڌندڙ حد تائين متاثر ٿيو؛ آخرڪار، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز فوئرباخي ماديت کي به ڇڏي ڏنو.

پيرس ۾ رو وانو نمبر 38 تي آڪٽوبر 1843ع کان جنوري 1845ع تائين رهڻ دوران،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 of {{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس [[سياسي معيشت]] جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايڊم سمٿ]]، [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]] ۽ [[جيمس مل]] سميت ٻين مفڪرن جون لکڻيون شامل هيون؛{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=63}} هن فرانسيسي سوشلسٽن، خاص طور [[ڪلائوڊ هينري سينٽ سائمن]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريئر]]،{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=90–94}} ۽ فرانس جي تاريخ جو پڻ اڀياس ڪيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}} سياسي معيشت جو مطالعو ۽ تنقيد اهڙو منصوبو هو، جنهن تي مارڪس پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو،&lt;ref&gt;Larisa Miskievich, &quot;Preface&quot; to Volume 28 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. xii.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جنهن جو نتيجو سندس اهم معاشي تصنيف، ٽن جلدن تي ٻڌل ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]''، جي صورت ۾ نڪتو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', ''Volume 36'' and ''Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[مارڪسزم]] گهڻي حد تائين ٽن اثرن تي ٻڌل آهي: هيگل جي جدليات، فرانسيسي خيالي سوشلزم ۽ برطانوي سياسي معيشت. هيگل جي جدليات بابت سندس اڳوڻي مطالعي سان گڏ، پيرس ۾ ڪيل هن اڀياس جي نتيجي ۾ 1844ع جي سرءُ تائين مارڪسزم جا سڀ بنيادي جزا ٺهي چڪا هئا.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=35–61}} تنهن هوندي به مارڪس کي سياسي معيشت تي پنهنجي تنقيدي ڪم کان بار بار هٽڻو پوندو هو؛ نه رڳو روزاني زندگيءَ جي عام ذميوارين سبب، پر هڪ بنياد پرست اخبار جي ايڊيٽنگ ۽ پوءِ عوامي انقلابي اڀار جي امڪانن واري دور ۾ سياسي جماعت جي سرگرمين کي منظم ۽ هدايت ڪرڻ سبب پڻ. ان باوجود هو بار بار پنهنجي مطالعي ڏانهن موٽندو هو، جتي سندس مقصد &quot;سرمائيداريءَ جي اندروني ڪارڪردگيءَ کي سمجهڻ&quot; هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}}

1844ع جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين ڪارل مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ &quot;مارڪسزم&quot; جو خاڪو واضح طور ٺهي چڪو هو. حقيقت ۾، مارڪسي عالمي نظرئي جون ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون تفصيل سان ترتيب وٺي چڪيون هيون، پر سياسي معيشت بابت پنهنجي نئين تنقيد کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪرڻ لاءِ مارڪس کي پنهنجي عالمي نظرئي جا سمورا تفصيل لکڻا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 54 contained on p. 598 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3''.&lt;/ref&gt; ان مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا|معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844&quot; ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3'' (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346.&lt;/ref&gt; انهن مسودن ۾ ڪيترن ئي موضوعن تي بحث ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ مارڪس جو [[بيگانگي واري محنت]] جو تصور به تفصيل سان بيان ٿيل هو. 1845ع جي بهار تائين سياسي معيشت، سرمائي ۽ سرمائيداريءَ جي لڳاتار مطالعي مارڪس کي ان نتيجي تي پهچايو ته سندس پيش ڪيل سياسي معيشت جي نئين تنقيد، يعني [[سائنسي سوشلزم]]، کي هڪ مڪمل طور ترقي يافته مادي عالمي نظرئي جي بنياد تي قائم ٿيڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=83}}

''1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا'' اپريل کان آگسٽ 1844ع جي وچ ۾ لکيا ويا هئا، پر جلد ئي مارڪس محسوس ڪيو ته انهن تي لودوگ فوئرباخ جي ڪجهه غير هم آهنگ خيالن جو اثر موجود هو. تنهنڪري هن تاريخي ماديت جي حق ۾ فوئرباخ جي فلسفي کان الڳ ٿيڻ جي ضرورت سمجهي. هڪ سال پوءِ، پيرس مان برسلز منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ اپريل 1845ع ۾، هن پنهنجا يارهن &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach&quot;, contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز'' خاص طور يارهين ٿيسز سبب مشهور آهن، جنهن ۾ لکيل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach,&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[ماديت]] تي ان جي رڳو مشاهدي ۽ فڪري غور تائين محدود رهڻ سبب، [[تصوريت]] تي عملي عمل کي نظريي تائين محدود ڪرڻ سبب، ۽ مجموعي طور فلسفي تي تجريدي حقيقت کي مادي دنيا کان مٿانهون رکڻ سبب تنقيد ڪئي. اهڙي طرح هن ۾ مارڪس جي [[تاريخي ماديت]] جي پهرين واضح صورت سامهون آئي، جنهن موجب دنيا خيالن سان نه، پر حقيقي، جسماني ۽ مادي سرگرمي ۽ عمل سان بدلجي ٿي.

1845ع ۾ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جي درخواست تي فرانسيسي حڪومت ''فورورٽس!'' کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ گهرو معاملن واري وزير [[فرانسوا گيزو]] مارڪس کي فرانس مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}

=== برسلز: 1845ع–1848ع ===

فرانس ۾ رهڻ يا جرمني موٽڻ ناممڪن ٿيڻ سبب، مارڪس فيبروري 1845ع ۾ بيلجيم جي شهر [[برسلز]] ڏانهن هجرت ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. بهرحال، بيلجيم ۾ رهائش جي اجازت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس اهو واعدو ڪرڻو پيو ته هو همعصر سياست بابت ڪا به شيءِ شايع نه ڪندو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}} برسلز ۾ مارڪس يورپ جي مختلف ملڪن مان آيل جلاوطن سوشلسٽن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيس هيس]]، [[ڪارل هائنزن]] ۽ [[جوزف ويڊيمائر]] سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪيا. اپريل 1845ع ۾ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جرمني جي بارمن مان برسلز اچي مارڪس سان مليو ۽ [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي انهن وڌندڙ ميمبرن سان گڏ ٿيو، جيڪي هاڻي برسلز کي پنهنجو مرڪز بڻائي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [&quot;New Book Publishing House&quot;]: Dresden, 1972) p. 101.&lt;/ref&gt; ٿوري ئي عرصي بعد اينگلز جي ڊگهي عرصي واري ساٿي [[ميري برنس]] پڻ انگلينڊ جي مانچسٽر مان برسلز پهتي.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1845ع جي وچ ڌاري مارڪس ۽ اينگلز انگلينڊ روانا ٿيا، جتي هنن برطانيا جي پورهيت تحريڪ [[چارٽسٽ تحريڪ]] جي اڳواڻن سان ملاقات ڪئي. اها مارڪس جي انگلينڊ ڏانهن پهرين سفر هئي، جڏهن ته اينگلز ان سفر لاءِ بهترين رهنما هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو نومبر 1842ع کان آگسٽ 1844ع تائين مانچسٽر ۾ رهي چڪو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [New Book Publishing House]: Dresden, 1972) p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 78.&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز نه رڳو انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ مهارت رکندو هو،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} پر چارٽسٽ اڳواڻن سان سندس ويجها لاڳاپا پڻ قائم ٿي چڪا هئا،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} ۽ هو ڪيترين ئي چارٽسٽ ۽ سوشلسٽ انگريزي اخبارن لاءِ رپورٽر طور به ڪم ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} مارڪس هن سفر کي لنڊن ۽ مانچسٽر جي مختلف لائبريرين ۾ موجود معاشي مواد جي مطالعي لاءِ استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=92}}

برسلز موٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن کي عام طور تاريخي ماديت بابت مارڪس جي سڀ کان جامع وضاحت سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;German Ideology&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 19–539.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]]، [[برونو بائر]]، [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ ٻين نوجوان هيگلين کان نظرياتي طور الڳ ٿي ويو، جڏهن ته [[ڪارل گرون]] ۽ ٻين &quot;حقيقي سوشلسٽن&quot; کان پڻ فاصلو اختيار ڪيو، جن جا فلسفا اڃا تائين ڪنهن حد تائين [[تصوريت]] تي ٻڌل هئا. ''جرمن نظريو'' ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي فلسفي کي مڪمل شڪل ڏني، جيڪو تاريخ ۾ تبديليءَ جي واحد محرڪ طور ماديت تي ٻڌل هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=96–97}} هي ڪتاب طنزيه انداز ۾ لکيل هو، پر اهو انداز به ان کي سنسرشپ کان بچائي نه سگهيو. مارڪس جي ٻين ڪيترين ئي شروعاتي تصنيفن وانگر، اهو به سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿي سگهيو ۽ پهريون ڀيرو 1932ع ۾ منظرعام تي آيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=93}}

''جرمن نظريو'' مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس هڪ اهڙي تصنيف لکڻ ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد واقعي انقلابي پورهيت تحريڪ جي &quot;نظريي ۽ حڪمت عملي&quot; بابت پنهنجو موقف واضح ڪرڻ هو، جيڪا واقعي &quot;سائنسي ماديت&quot; جي فلسفي تي بيٺل هجي.&lt;ref&gt;See Note 71 on p. 672 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976).&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ذريعي مارڪس خيالي سوشلسٽن ۽ پنهنجي سائنسي سوشلسٽ فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ گهريو. جتي خيالي سوشلسٽ اهو سمجهندا هئا ته ماڻهن کي هڪ هڪ ڪري قائل ڪري سوشلسٽ تحريڪ ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، اتي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته ماڻهو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجن معاشي مفادن مطابق عمل ڪندا آهن؛ تنهنڪري هڪ پوري طبقي، يعني پورهيت طبقي، کي ان جي گڏيل مادي مفادن جي بنياد تي متحرڪ ڪرڻ ئي انقلاب ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ جو مؤثر طريقو آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]'' (1847ع) لکيو،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Poverty of Philosophy'' contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 105–212.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو فرانسيسي انارڪسٽ سوشلسٽ [[پيئر-جوزف پرودون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[غربت جو فلسفو]]'' (1847ع) جي جواب طور پيش ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=107}}

[[File:Marx+Family and Engels.jpg|thumb|مارڪس (ساڄي پاسي) پنهنجي ڌيئرن ۽ اينگلز سان گڏ]]

انهن ڪتابن مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف، يعني سياسي پمفليٽ ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''، جي نظرياتي بنياد فراهم ڪئي. برسلز ۾ رهائش دوران 1846ع ۾ مارڪس جو [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان تعلق برقرار رهيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=124}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته هي تنظيم ئي اها بنياد پرست قوت آهي، جيڪا يورپ جي پورهيت طبقي کي هڪ وڏي عوامي تحريڪ ۾ منظم ڪري پورهيت انقلاب آڻي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 671–672.&lt;/ref&gt; پر سندس نظر ۾ ان مقصد لاءِ ضروري هو ته ليگ پنهنجي ڳجهي يا زيرزمين تنظيم واري صورت ختم ڪري، کليل سياسي جماعت طور ڪم ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'', p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt; آخرڪار ليگ جا ميمبر به ان ڳالهه تي متفق ٿيا، ۽ جون 1847ع ۾ تنظيم کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري هڪ کليل سياسي جماعت ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو نالو [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] رکيو ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=123–125}}{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=125}} مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ٻنهي ان نئين تنظيم جي پروگرام ۽ تنظيمي اصولن جي تياريءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Engels, &quot;Principles of Communism&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers, New York, 1976) pp. 341–357.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Communist-manifesto.png|thumb|left|upright|''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]'' جو پهريون جرمن ڇاپو، 1848ع]]

1847ع جي آخر ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف لکڻ شروع ڪئي، جيڪا [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جي عملي پروگرام جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي. ڊسمبر 1847ع کان جنوري 1848ع تائين گڏجي لکيل ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' پهريون ڀيرو 21 فيبروري 1848ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'', pp. 477–519.&lt;/ref&gt; هن منشور ۾ نئين ڪميونسٽ ليگ جا بنيادي عقيدا بيان ڪيا ويا. اڳوڻي [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي ابتڙ، جيڪا هڪ ڳجهي تنظيم هئي، ڪميونسٽ ليگ پنهنجا مقصد ۽ ارادا عوام آڏو کليل نموني پيش ڪرڻ گهريا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=115}} منشور جي شروعاتي جملي ۾ مارڪسزم جو بنيادي اصول هن ريت بيان ڪيو ويو آهي: &quot;اڄ تائين موجود سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShillingMellor2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Shilling |first2=Philip A. |last2=Mellor |title=The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |isbn=978-0761965497 |page=114 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915145130/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; منشور ۾ اڳتي هلي [[بورجوازي]] (سرمائيدار طبقو) ۽ [[پرولتاريه]] (صنعتي پورهيت طبقو) جي وچ ۾ مفادن جي ٽڪراءَ جو جائزو وٺندي اهو دليل ڏنو ويو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ ئي اها تنظيم آهي، جيڪا ٻين سوشلسٽ ۽ لبرل جماعتن جي ابتڙ، حقيقت ۾ پرولتاريه جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪندي سرمائيداري سماج کي ختم ڪري ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ سماج قائم ڪرڻ چاهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Mar48|Marx and Engels 1848]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ساڳئي سال يورپ ۾ احتجاجن، بغاوتن ۽ ڪيترين ئي هنڌن تي پرتشدد اٿل پٿل جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، جيڪو [[1848ع جا انقلاب]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} فرانس ۾ انقلاب جي نتيجي ۾ بادشاهت جو خاتمو ٿيو ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي جمهوريه]] قائم ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} مارڪس انهن انقلابي سرگرمين جو حامي هو. تازو ئي کيس پنهنجي والد جي وراثت مان، جيڪا سندس چاچي [[ليونل فلپس]] وٽ 1838ع کان روڪيل هئي، لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 يا 6,000 فرانڪ مليا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Saul Kussiel |last=Padover |title=Karl Marx, an intimate biography |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=1978 |page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هن ان رقم جو ٽيون حصو بيلجيم جي انهن مزدورن کي هٿيار خريد ڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو، جيڪي انقلابي ڪارروائيءَ جي تياري ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} جيتوڻيڪ هن الزام جي صداقت بابت اختلاف موجود آهي،&lt;ref&gt;David McLellan 1973 ''Karl Marx: His life and Thought''. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 189–190&lt;/ref&gt; پر بيلجيم جي انصاف واري وزارت مارڪس تي اهڙو الزام لڳايو، کيس گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ هو ٻيهر فرانس ڏانهن هليو ويو، جتي نئين جمهوري حڪومت قائم ٿيڻ سبب هن پاڻ کي وڌيڪ محفوظ سمجهيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Felix |first1=David |year=1982 |title=Heute Deutschland! Marx as Provincial Politician |journal=[[Central European History]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=332–350 |doi=10.1017/S0008938900010621 |jstor=4545968 |s2cid=145405027|issn=0008-9389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڪولون: 1848ع–1849ع ===

عارضي طور پيرس ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو انتظامي مرڪز پڻ اتي منتقل ڪيو ۽ پيرس ۾ رهندڙ مختلف جرمن سوشلسٽن سان گڏجي [[جرمن مزدورن جي انجمن|جرمن مزدورن جو ڪلب]] قائم ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=128}} جرمنيءَ تائين انقلاب پکڙجڻ جي اميد سان مارڪس 1848ع ۾ ٻيهر [[ڪولون]] موٽي آيو، جتي هن ''جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جا مطالبا'' نالي هڪ پمفليٽ جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;Demands of the Communist Party&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6.&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ هن ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي ڏهن مان رڳو چئن نڪتن جي حمايت ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت جرمنيءَ ۾ پهرين [[بورجوازي]] کي [[جاگيرداري]] بادشاهت ۽ اشرافيه جو خاتمو آڻڻو هو، تنهن کان پوءِ ئي پرولتاريه بورجوازيءَ کي اقتدار تان هٽائي سگهي ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=129}}

1 جون 1848ع تي مارڪس هڪ روزاني اخبار ''[[نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ]]'' (نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ ؛ معنيٰ: &quot;نئين رائن واري اخبار&quot;) جاري ڪئي، جنهن جي مالي سهائتا هن پنهنجي والد کان مليل تازين وراثتي رقم مان ڪئي. اخبار جو مقصد يورپ جي مختلف حصن جون خبرون مارڪس جي واقعن بابت مارڪسي تشريح سان پيش ڪرڻ هو. مارڪس ان جو مک ليکڪ ۽ ايڊيٽوريل پاليسيءَ تي غالب اثر رکندڙ شخص هو. جيتوڻيڪ [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا ٻيا ميمبر به ان ۾ لکندا هئا، پر [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] موجب اخبار ۾ &quot;مارڪس جي سادي آمريت&quot; قائم هئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=50}}

اخبار جي ايڊيٽر طور ڪم ڪرڻ دوران مارڪس ۽ ٻين انقلابي سوشلسٽن کي پوليس طرفان لڳاتار هراسان ڪيو ويندو هو. مارڪس کي ڪيترائي ڀيرا عدالت ۾ پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ مٿس مختلف الزام لڳايا ويا، جن ۾ سرڪاري وڪيل جي سربراهه جي توهين، پريس قانون جي ڀڃڪڙي ۽ محصولن جي ادائيگيءَ جي بائيڪاٽ وسيلي هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ ڀڙڪائڻ شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 145 November 1848 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110224/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}; {{harvnb|Splichal|2002|p=115}};&lt;/ref&gt; پر هر ڀيري عدالت کيس بي ڏوهي قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gross |first=David M. |year=2014 |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان وچ ۾ [[پروشيا]] جي جمهوري پارليامينٽ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش ولهيلم چوٿون]] پنهنجي رجعت پسند حامين تي ٻڌل نئين ڪابينا قائم ڪئي، جنهن ملڪ مان کاٻي ڌر ۽ ٻين انقلابي قوتن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ردِانقلابي قدم کنيا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}} نتيجي طور ''نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' جلد بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 16 مئي 1849ع تي مارڪس کي ملڪ ڇڏڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=137–146}}

مارڪس ٻيهر پيرس موٽي آيو، پر ان وقت شهر رجعت پسند ردِانقلاب ۽ [[هيضي]] جي وبا جي گرفت ۾ هو. ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ پيرس جي اختيارين کيس سياسي خطرو سمجهي شهر مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي. سندس زال جيني چوٿين ٻار جي ڄمڻ واري هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس جرمني يا بيلجيم به واپس نٿي وڃي سگهيو؛ تنهنڪري آگسٽ 1849ع ۾ هن [[لنڊن]] ۾ پناهه ورتي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=147–148}}

=== لنڊن ڏانهن منتقلي ۽ وڌيڪ لکڻيون: 1850ع–1860ع ===
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| caption1          = مارڪس 1851ع کان 1856ع تائين لنڊن جي [[سوهو]] علائقي ۾ ڊين اسٽريٽ نمبر 28 تي رهندو هو. ٻي ماڙ تي [[انگلش هيريٽيج]] جي [[نيري تختي]] نظر اچي ٿي.
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مارڪس جون 1849ع جي شروعات ۾ لنڊن منتقل ٿيو ۽ پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي اتي ئي رهيو. [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو مرڪزي دفتر پڻ لنڊن منتقل ڪيو ويو. بهرحال، 1849ع–1850ع جي سياري ۾ ليگ جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيو، جڏهن [[آگسٽ وليش]] ۽ [[ڪارل شاپر]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ هڪ ڌڙي فوري بغاوت لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. وليش ۽ شاپر جو خيال هو ته جيئن ئي ڪميونسٽ ليگ بغاوت شروع ڪندي، تيئن سڄي يورپ جو پورهيت طبقو پاڻمرادو ان ۾ شامل ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙي طرح يورپ ۾ عام انقلاب برپا ٿي ويندو.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز اعتراض ڪيو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اهڙي اڻ رٿيل بغاوت &quot;مهم جوئي&quot; هوندي ۽ خود ليگ لاءِ خودڪشيءَ برابر ثابت ٿيندي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}} سندن خيال ۾ شاپر ۽ وليش جي تجويز ڪيل اهڙي بغاوت کي يورپ جي رجعت پسند حڪومتن جي پوليس ۽ هٿياربند فوجون آسانيءَ سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏين ها. مارڪس جو موقف هو ته ان سان خود ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي تباهي ٿيندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سماج ۾ تبديليون چند ماڻهن جي ڪوشش ۽ ارادي سان هڪ رات اندر پيدا نٿيون ٿين.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}}

مارڪس موجب سماجي تبديلي معاشري جي معاشي حالتن جي سائنسي تجزيي ۽ سماجي ترقيءَ جي مختلف مرحلن مان گذرندي انقلاب ڏانهن اڳتي وڌڻ سان پيدا ٿيندي آهي. سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت، يعني تقريباً 1850ع ۾، 1848ع جي يورپي بغاوتن جي شڪست کان پوءِ ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي پورهيت طبقي کي اڀرندڙ بورجوازيءَ جي ترقي پسند عنصرن سان اتحاد ڪرڻ جي ترغيب ڏيڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن آئيني جمهوريه، آزاد چونڊيل اسيمبلين ۽ سڀني بالغ مردن لاءِ عام ووٽ جي حق جهڙن حڪومتي سڌارن جي مطالبن تي جاگيردار اشرافيه کي شڪست ڏئي سگهجي. ٻين لفظن ۾، پورهيت طبقي کي پنهنجي مخصوص پروگرام ۽ پورهيت انقلاب تي زور ڏيڻ کان اڳ بورجوا ۽ جمهوري قوتن سان گڏجي بورجوا انقلاب کي ڪامياب پڄاڻيءَ تائين پهچائڻو هو.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

هڪ ڊگهي اندروني جدوجهد کان پوءِ، جنهن ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي ٽٽڻ جي ڪناري تي پهچائي ڇڏيو، مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو ۽ آخرڪار وليش–شاپر ڌڙو ليگ کان ڌار ٿي ويو. ان دوران مارڪس سوشلسٽ [[جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن]] ۾ پڻ گهڻو سرگرم رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 contained on p. 674 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt; انجمن جون گڏجاڻيون وچ لنڊن جي وندر واري علائقي [[سوهو]] ۾ [[گريٽ ونڊمل اسٽريٽ]] تي ٿينديون هيون.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=151–155}}

هيءَ تنظيم پڻ پنهنجي ميمبرن جي اندروني اختلافن جو شڪار ٿي، جن مان ڪجهه مارڪس جي حمايت ڪندا هئا، جڏهن ته ٻيا شاپر–وليش ڌڙي سان گڏ هئا. هن اختلاف جا بنيادي مسئلا اهي ئي هئا، جيڪي ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اندر پيدا ٿيل ورهاست ۾ سامهون آيا هئا. بهرحال، جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن ۾ مارڪس شاپر–وليش ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد هارائي ويو ۽ 17 سيپٽمبر 1850ع تي انجمن تان استعيفا ڏئي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 on p. 674 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' ۽ صحافت ===

لنڊن ۾ شروعاتي عرصي دوران مارڪس پاڻ کي لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل طور پنهنجي مطالعي لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سبب سندس ڪٽنب کي سخت غربت کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dussel |first1=Enrique D. |editor1-last=Moseley |editor1-first=Fred Baker |translator-last1=Angulo |translator-first1=Yolanda |title=Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=0415215455 |page=xxxiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;egsbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography/ |title=Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography |publisher=[[يورپي گريجوئيٽ اسڪول]] |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101839/http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography |archive-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس آمدنيءَ جو بنيادي ذريعو اينگلز هو، جنهن جي آمدني وري سندس مالدار صنعتڪار والد کان ايندي هئي.{{r|egsbio}}

پروشيا ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي اخبار جو ايڊيٽر ۽ ساڳئي فڪر وارين ٻين اخبارن جو ليکڪ هو، جنهن ذريعي هو سڌو سنئون پورهيت طبقي تائين پهچي سگهندو هو. پر لنڊن ۾، جتي پنهنجي اخبار هلائڻ لاءِ مالي وسيلا موجود نه هئا، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز بين الاقوامي صحافت ڏانهن رخ ڪيو. هڪ مرحلي تي سندن مضمون انگلينڊ، آمريڪا، [[پروشيا]]، آسٽريا ۽ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڇهن مختلف اخبارن ۾ شايع ٿيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 295.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي آمدنيءَ جو وڏو حصو 1852ع کان 1862ع تائين ''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' لاءِ يورپي نامي نگار طور ڪم ڪرڻ مان حاصل ٿيندو هو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kluger |first=Richard |title=The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune |url=https://archive.org/details/paperlife00klug |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0394508771}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|17}} جڏهن ته هو ٻين نسبتاً &quot;بورجوا&quot; اخبارن لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکندو هو. مارڪس جا جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ لکيل مضمون [[ولهيلم پيپر]] ترجمو ڪندو هو، جيستائين مارڪس جي انگريزيءَ تي ايتري دسترس نه ٿي وئي جو هو پاڻ سڌو سنئون انگريزيءَ ۾ لکڻ لڳو.

''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[هوريس گريلي]] قائم ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=274}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل بورڊ ۾ ترقي پسند بورجوا صحافي ۽ پبلشر شامل هئا، جن ۾ [[جارج رپلي]] ۽ ايڊيٽر [[چارلس اينڊرسن ڊينا]] نمايان هئا. ڊينا، جيڪو [[فوريئريت]] ۽ [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ]] جو حامي هو، مارڪس سان رابطي جو اهم ذريعو بڻيو. ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس لاءِ بحرِ اوقيانوس جي ٻنهي ڪنارن تائين پنهنجي خيالن جي پهچائڻ جو ذريعو ثابت ٿي، خاص طور [[هينري چارلس ڪيري]] خلاف سندس &quot;لڪل فڪري جدوجهد&quot; ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |editor1-last=Ryazanskaya |editor1-first=S. W. |translator-last1=Lasker |translator-first1=I. |chapter=Marx to Engels, June 14, 1853 |title=Selected Correspondence |year=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |pages=83–86 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيءَ اخبار شروعات کان ئي پورهيت طبقي ۾ مقبول هئي. ان جي قيمت رڳو ٻه سينٽ هئي،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from a picture on p. 327 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979).&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ هر اشاعت جا لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 نسخا ڇپجڻ سبب اها آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پڙهندڙن واري اخبار بڻجي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|14}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل پاليسي ترقي پسند هئي ۽ غلاميءَ جي مخالفت ان جي باني گريلي جي فڪر جي عڪاسي ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|82}} مارڪس جو پهريون مضمون، جيڪو برطانيا جي پارلياماني چونڊن بابت هو، 21 آگسٽ 1852ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–332.&lt;/ref&gt;

21 مارچ 1857ع تي ڊينا مارڪس کي اطلاع ڏنو ته معاشي بحران سبب هاڻي هر هفتي صرف هڪ مضمون جي ادائيگي ڪئي ويندي، پوءِ ڀلي اهو ڇپجي يا نه؛ جڏهن ته وڌيڪ مضمونن جي ادائيگي صرف انهن جي اشاعت جي صورت ۾ ٿيندي. مارڪس هر اڱاري ۽ جمعي تي پنهنجا مضمون موڪليندو هو، پر ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس ۽ [[بي. ٽيلر]] کان سواءِ يورپ ۾ موجود پنهنجا سڀ نامي نگار برطرف ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ مارڪس جا مضمون به هفتي ۾ رڳو هڪ تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏيا. سيپٽمبر کان نومبر 1860ع جي وچ ۾ سندس فقط پنج مضمون ڇپيا. ڇهن مهينن جي وقفي کان پوءِ هن سيپٽمبر 1861ع کان مارچ 1862ع تائين ٻيهر لکڻ شروع ڪيو، پر پوءِ ڊينا کيس لکي اطلاع ڏنو ته آمريڪا جي اندروني معاملن سبب لنڊن مان ايندڙ خبرن لاءِ ''ٽربيون'' ۾ هاڻي جاءِ نه رهي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;MECW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx|title=Marx &amp; Engels Collected Works, vol.41|date=15 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1868ع ۾ ڊينا هڪ مقابلي واري اخبار ''نيويارڪ سن'' قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پاڻ ايڊيٽر اعليٰ بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Kluger, ''The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune'' (Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, New York, 1986) p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 1857ع ۾ هن مارڪس کي دعوت ڏني ته هو ''[[نيو آمريڪن سائڪلوپيڊيا]]'' لاءِ، خاص طور فوجي تاريخ بابت، مضمون لکي. اهو منصوبو جارج رپلي، جيڪو ''ٽربيون'' جو ادبي ايڊيٽر ۽ ڊينا جو دوست هو، پيش ڪيو هو. مجموعي طور مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا 67 مضمون شايع ٿيا، جن مان 51 اينگلز لکيا، جيتوڻيڪ انهن لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق مارڪس [[برٽش ميوزيم]] ۾ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=262}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

1850ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين آمريڪي عوام جي يورپي معاملن ۾ دلچسپي گهٽجڻ لڳي، تنهنڪري مارڪس جا مضمون &quot;غلاميءَ جي بحران&quot; ۽ 1861ع ۾ شروع ٿيل [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] ڏانهن منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 1 at p. 367 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 19'' (International Publishers: New York, 1984).&lt;/ref&gt; ڊسمبر 1851ع کان مارچ 1852ع تائين مارڪس [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب|1848ع جي فرانسيسي انقلاب]] بابت پنهنجي نظرياتي تصنيف ''[[لوئي نيپولين جي ارڙهين برومئير]]'' تي ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 99–197.&lt;/ref&gt; هن ڪتاب ۾ هن [[تاريخي ماديت]]، [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]، [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ بورجوا رياست تي پرولتاريه جي فتح جهڙن تصورن کي واضح ڪيو.

1850ع ۽ 1860ع جا ڏهاڪا عام طور هڪ اهڙي فڪري حد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪا [[نوجوان مارڪس]] جي هيگلي [[مثاليت]] کي [[بالغ مارڪس]] جي [[جوڙجڪياتي مارڪسزم]] سان لاڳاپيل سائنسي نظريي کان الڳ ڪري ٿي. بهرحال، سڀئي عالم هن ورهاست کي قبول نٿا ڪن.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز لاءِ 1848ع ۽ 1849ع جي انقلابن جو تجربو سندن معاشي نظرين ۽ تاريخي ارتقا بابت سوچ جي تشڪيل ۾ بنيادي اهميت رکندڙ هو. 1848ع جي ناڪامين کان پوءِ کين محسوس ٿيو ته انقلابي جوش ختم ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ نئين معاشي بحران کان سواءِ وري پيدا نه ٿيندو. ان دوران مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿين جي وچ ۾ اختلاف به پيدا ٿيا؛ مارڪس انهن کي &quot;مهم جوئي ڪندڙ&quot; قرار ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته صرف مضبوط ارادي سان انقلاب آڻي سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ اهڙي سوچ غير حقيقي هئي، ڇو ته انقلابي حالتون پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ معاشي عنصر بنيادي شرط هو.

1852ع ۾ آمريڪا جي معاشي بحران مارڪس ۽ اينگلز کي اميد ڏني ته شايد انقلابي سرگرميون ٻيهر زور وٺنديون، پر جلد ئي سندن خيال ٿيو ته آمريڪي معيشت اڃا سرمائيداراڻي انقلاب لاءِ ڪافي پختي نه هئي. آمريڪا جي اولهه طرف موجود کليل علائقن سماجي بيچينيءَ جي قوتن کي منتشر ڪري ڇڏيو هو. وڌيڪ اهو ته آمريڪا ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ ڪو به معاشي بحران يورپ جي پراڻين قومي معيشتن ۾، جيڪي پنهنجي قومي سرحدن اندر بند نظام هيون، انقلابي لهر پيدا نه ڪندو. جڏهن 1857ع جو مشهور [[1857ع جو مالي بحران]] آمريڪا مان شروع ٿي عالمي سطح تائين پکڙيو، تڏهن ان معاشيات جي اڳوڻن نظرين کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ اهو جديد تاريخ جو پهريون حقيقي عالمي معاشي بحران ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 320.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پهرين انٽرنيشنل ۽ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ===
[[File:Karl Marx, May 1861.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|لنڊن ۾ 1861ع دوران ورتل مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://marx200.org/en/fotografien/index.html |title=All Images of Marx Are Good |website=Marx 200 |access-date=2 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

مارڪس ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' لاءِ تيستائين مضمون لکندو رهيو، جيستائين کيس پڪ هئي ته ''ٽربيون'' جي ادارتي پاليسي اڃا ترقي پسند هئي. بهرحال، 1861ع جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ [[چارلس ڊينا]] جي اخبار ڇڏڻ ۽ ان جي نتيجي ۾ ادارتي بورڊ ۾ تبديلي اچڻ سان اخبار نئين ادارتي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 347.&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽربيون'' هاڻي غلاميءَ جي مڪمل خاتمي ۽ [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين|يونين]] جي مڪمل فتح لاءِ آواز اٿاريندڙ مضبوط [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ|غلامي مخالف]] اخبار نه رهي. نئين ادارتي بورڊ آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين ۽ [[آمريڪا جون وفاقي رياستون|ڪنفيڊريسي]] جي وچ ۾ فوري صلح جي حمايت ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ ان سان ڪنفيڊريسيءَ ۾ غلامي برقرار رهي ها. مارڪس هن نئين سياسي موقف سان سخت اختلاف ڪيو ۽ 1863ع ۾ ''ٽربيون'' جي ليکڪ جي حيثيت تان دستبردار ٿيڻ تي مجبور ٿيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=345}}

1864ع ۾ مارڪس [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]، جيڪا پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي نالي سان مشهور هئي، سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}} 1864ع ۾ تنظيم قائم ٿيڻ وقت کيس ان جي جنرل ڪائونسل جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616235612/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA269 267]}} هن تنظيم اندر مارڪس [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي چوڌاري منظم ٿيل انارڪسٽ ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد ۾ شامل رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} جيتوڻيڪ ان تڪرار ۾ مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو، پر 1872ع ۾ جنرل ڪائونسل جو مرڪز لنڊن مان نيويارڪ منتقل ڪرڻ، جنهن جي مارڪس پڻ حمايت ڪئي، انٽرنيشنل جي زوال جو سبب بڻيو.

انٽرنيشنل جي وجود دوران سڀ کان اهم سياسي واقعو 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] هو، جڏهن پيرس جي شهرين پنهنجي حڪومت خلاف بغاوت ڪري ٻه مهينا شهر تي ڪنٽرول قائم رکيو. ان بغاوت کي رت سان چيڀاٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور پمفليٽن مان هڪ، ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]''، لکيو، جنهن ۾ هن ڪميون جو دفاع ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Civil War in France&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 22'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 307–359.&lt;/ref&gt;

پورهيت انقلابن ۽ تحريڪن جي بار بار ناڪامين ۽ مايوسين سبب مارڪس [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان جي مناسب تنقيد تيار ڪرڻ جي به ڪوشش ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ هن [[برٽش ميوزيم]] جي مطالعي واري ڪمري ۾ گهڻو وقت تحقيق ڪندي گذاريو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=20}} 1857ع تائين مارڪس سرمائي، [[زميني ملڪيت]]، اجرتي محنت، رياست، پرڏيهي واپار ۽ عالمي منڊيءَ بابت 800 کان وڌيڪ صفحن تي ٻڌل نوٽ ۽ مختصر مضمون گڏ ڪري چڪو هو. هي مواد 1939ع تائين شايع نه ٿيو، جڏهن اهو ''[[گرونڊرِسِه|گرونڊرِسِه ڊير ڪريٽڪ ڊير پوليٽشن اوڪونومي]]'' (سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد جا خاڪا) جي عنوان هيٺ شايع ٿيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 5–537.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the Preparatory Materials section of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'' (International Publishers: New York, 1987) pp. 421–507.&lt;/ref&gt;

1859ع ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي تصنيف ''[[سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو]]'' شايع ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'', pp. 257–417.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا سياسي معيشت بابت سندس پهرين سنجيده تنقيدي تصنيف هئي. هي ڪتاب سندس ٽن جلدن واري ''[[داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' (معنيٰ: ''سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد'') جو رڳو ابتدائي خاڪو هو، جنهن کي هو پوءِ شايع ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکندو هو. ''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' ۾ مارڪس معاشي سوچ جي بنيادي مفروضن ۽ درجابندين جو تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Postone|1993|pp=54–55, 173, 192}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marx |title=Economic Manuscripts: Appendix I: Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |quote=[...] اڪيلو ۽ سماج کان الڳ شڪاري يا مهاڻو، جنهن کي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو پنهنجي بحث جي شروعاتي نقطي طور پيش ڪن ٿا، ارڙهين صديءَ جي رابنسن ڪروسو جهڙن رومانوي قصن جي بي تخيل خيالي تخليقن مان هڪ آهي. سماجي تاريخدانن جي دعوائن جي ابتڙ، اهي ڪردار رڳو حد کان وڌيل تهذيب خلاف ردعمل يا ڪنهن غلط سمجهيل فطري زندگيءَ ڏانهن واپسيءَ جي نمائندگي نٿا ڪن. [...] هي هڪ وهم آهي، ۽ ننڍين توڙي وڏين رابنسوني ڪهاڻين جو رڳو جمالياتي وهم. حقيقت ۾، اهو اهڙي ”بورجوا سماج“ جي اڳڪٿي آهي، جيڪو سورهين صديءَ ۾ اڀرڻ لڳو ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ ۾ پختگيءَ ڏانهن تيزيءَ سان وڌيو.

آزاد مقابلي تي ٻڌل هن سماج ۾ فرد ظاهري طور انهن فطري لاڳاپن کان آزاد نظر اچي ٿو، جيڪي گذريل تاريخي دورن ۾ کيس انسانن جي ڪنهن مخصوص ۽ محدود جماعت جو جزو بڻائيندا هئا. ارڙهين صديءَ جا مفڪر، جن جي فڪر تي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو اڃا مڪمل طور بيٺل هئا، هن ارڙهين صديءَ واري فرد کي—جيڪو هڪ پاسي جاگيردار سماج جي ٽٽڻ ۽ ٻئي پاسي سورهين صديءَ کان ترقي ڪندڙ نين پيداواري قوتن جو نتيجو هو—اهڙي مثالي انسان طور پيش ڪندا هئا، جنهن جو وجود ڄڻ ماضيءَ سان تعلق رکندو هو. هنن فرد کي تاريخي عمل جي نتيجي طور نه، پر تاريخ جي شروعاتي نقطي طور ڏٺو.&lt;br /&gt;
[...]&lt;br /&gt;
”محنت“ ظاهري طور هڪ تمام سادي درجي بندي لڳي ٿي. محنت جو تصور هن عام ۽ آفاقي صورت ۾، يعني عام محنت طور، به نهايت پراڻو آهي. تنهن هوندي به معاشي لحاظ کان ”محنت“ پنهنجي هن سادي صورت ۾ اوترو ئي جديد درجو آهي، جيترا اهي سماجي لاڳاپا جديد آهن، جيڪي هن سادي تجريد کي جنم ڏين ٿا.|archive-date=8 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208230946/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Calhoun|2012|p=138|ps=: &quot;Marx used social criticism as his standard form of social analysis. Marx defined criticism as the 'radical negation of social reality.{{'&quot;}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف کي وڏي جوش سان قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڇاپو جلد وڪامي ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=318}}

[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد|داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' جو پهريون جلد]]

''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' جي ڪامياب وڪري مارڪس کي 1860ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڏي ڪم جا ٽي جلد مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ همٿايو. انهن ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ۽ ''[[فاضل قدر جا نظريا]]'' شامل هئا. پوئين تصنيف ۾ هن سياسي معيشت جي نظريه دانن، خاص طور [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]]، جي نظرين تي بحث ۽ تنقيد ڪئي.{{r|egsbio}} ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' کي اڪثر ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو چوٿون جلد چيو ويندو آهي ۽ اهو [[معاشي فڪر جي تاريخ]] بابت پهرين جامع تصنيفن مان هڪ آهي

1867ع ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو پهريون جلد شايع ٿيو، جنهن ۾ سرمائي جو تنقيدي تجزيو پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' سرمائيداراڻي [[پيداواري طرز]] جي ابتدا کان ان جي امڪاني مستقبل تائين ان جي &quot;حرڪت جي قانونن&quot; جي وضاحت پيش ڪري ٿو. ڪتاب ۾ سرمائي جي گڏجڻ جي حرڪتن، [[اجرتي محنت]] جي واڌ، ڪم جي جڳهه جي تبديلي، [[سرمائي جي گڏجاڻي]]، مقابلي، [[بئنڪنگ]] نظام، [[نفعي جي شرح گهٽجڻ جو لاڙو]]، زميني محصول ۽ ان ڳالهه تي بحث ڪيو ويو آهي ته اجرتي محنت ڪيئن مسلسل سرمائي جي حڪمراني کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27. 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}} مارڪس موجب سرمائي جي محرڪ قوت [[محنت جو استحصال|محنت جي استحصال]] ۾ آهي، ۽ پورهيتن جي بي اجرت محنت [[فاضل قدر]] جو آخري ذريعو آهي.

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي روسي ترجمي جي وڌندڙ گهرج سبب ان جا روسي ٻوليءَ ۾ 3,000 نسخا ڇپيا، جيڪي 27 مارچ 1872ع تي شايع ٿيا. 1871ع جي سرءُ تائين جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ پهرين ڇاپي جا سڀ نسخا وڪامي چڪا هئا، جنهن کان پوءِ ٻيو ڇاپو شايع ڪيو ويو.

[[File:Karl-Marx (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|مارڪس جي 1875ع واري تصوير]]

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جا ٻيا ۽ ٽيان جلد مارڪس جي حياتيءَ ۾ مسودن جي صورت ۾ رهيا، جن تي هو پنهنجي باقي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. مارڪس جي وفات کان پوءِ ٻئي جلد اينگلز شايع ڪيا.{{r|egsbio}} ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو جلد اينگلز تيار ڪري 1885ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٻيو: سرمائي جي گردش جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 36'' (International Publishers: New York, 1997).&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيون جلد نَوَ سال پوءِ، آڪٽوبر 1894ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٽيون: مجموعي طور سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1998).&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' وسيع ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' مان ورتل هو، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو مسودو هئا. اهي مسودا ''مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي جلدن 30 کان 34 تائين پکڙيل آهن. خاص طور ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جلد 30 جي پوئين حصي کان شروع ٿي جلد 32 جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين هلن ٿا؛&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30'' (International Publishers: New York, 1988) pp. 318–451.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 31'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–580.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 32'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–543.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته مڪمل ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جلد 30 جي شروعات کان جلد 34 جي پهرين اڌ تائين پکڙيل آهن. جلد 34 جي پوئين اڌ ۾ ''1863ع–1864ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جا بچيل ٽڪرا شامل آهن، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٽيون مسودو هئا. انهن جو وڏو حصو پينگوئن جي ''داس ڪاپيٽال''، جلد پهرئين، جي ضميمي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |title=Economic Works of Karl Marx 1861–1864 |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716154952/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جو مختصر جرمن ڇاپو 1905ع ۽ 1910ع ۾ شايع ٿيو. ان مختصر ڇاپي جو انگريزي ترجمو 1951ع ۾ لنڊن مان شايع ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته مڪمل ۽ غير مختصر ڇاپو 1963ع ۽ 1971ع ۾ ماسڪو مان ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي &quot;چوٿين جلد&quot; طور شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;See note 228 on p. 475 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30''.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{پڻ ڏسو |پوئين دور جو مارڪس}}
[[File:Marx8.jpg|thumb|upright|1882ع ۾ مارڪس]]

پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي آخري ڏهاڪي دوران مارڪس جي صحت مسلسل خراب ٿيندي وئي ۽ هو اڳين دور وانگر ڊگهي عرصي تائين محنت ڪرڻ جي قابل نه رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} تنهن هوندي به هن همعصر سياست، خاص طور جرمني ۽ روس جي معاملن، تي اهم تبصرا ڪيا. سندس ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ هن پنهنجن پوئلڳن [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ [[آگسٽ بيبل]] جي ان رجحان جي مخالفت ڪئي، جنهن تحت هو متحد سوشلسٽ جماعت ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[فرڊيننڊ لاسال]] جي [[رياستي سوشلزم]] وارن خيالن سان ٺاهه ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.{{r|egsbio}} هيءَ تصنيف مارڪس جي مشهور قول، &quot;[[هر ڪنهن کان سندس صلاحيت مطابق، هر ڪنهن کي سندس ضرورت مطابق]]&quot;، سبب پڻ مشهور آهي.

8 مارچ 1881ع تي [[ويرا زاسوليچ]] ڏانهن لکيل خط ۾ مارڪس ان امڪان تي غور ڪيو ته روس سرمائيداراڻي ترقيءَ واري مرحلي کي ٽپي، ڳوٺاڻي ''[[مير (سماج)|مير]]'' ۾ موجود گڏيل زميني ملڪيت جي بنياد تي ڪميونزم قائم ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{r|egsbio}}&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Collected Works Volume 46'' (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 71.&lt;/ref&gt; روس جي ڳوٺاڻي &quot;ڪميون&quot; کي &quot;روس جي سماجي نئين سر جوڙجڪ جو مرڪزي سهارو&quot; قرار ڏيندي مارڪس خبردار ڪيو ته جيڪڏهن مير کي سرمائيداراڻي مرحلي کان سواءِ سڌو سوشلسٽ مرحلي ڏانهن منتقليءَ جو ذريعو بڻائڻو آهي، ته &quot;سڀ کان پهرين انهن نقصانڪار اثرن کي ختم ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو، جيڪي ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون تي هر طرف کان حملو ڪري رهيا آهن&quot;. انهن نقصانڪار اثرن جي خاتمي کان پوءِ مارڪس موجب ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون جي &quot;پاڻمرادو ترقيءَ جون عام حالتون&quot; موجود ٿي سگهن ٿيون.

بهرحال، ساڳئي خط ۾ مارڪس نشاندهي ڪئي ته &quot;سرمائيداراڻي نظام جي بنياد ۾... پيدا ڪندڙ کي پيداوار جي وسيلن کان مڪمل طور جدا ڪرڻ شامل آهي&quot;. هن خط جي هڪ مسودي ۾ مارڪس جي [[بشريات]] ڏانهن وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ٿئي ٿي، جيڪا سندس ان يقين مان پيدا ٿي ته مستقبل جو ڪميونزم اسان جي قبل از تاريخي ماضيءَ جي اشتراڪيت ڏانهن هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ سطح تي واپسي هوندو. هن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
اسان جي دور جو تاريخي لاڙو اهو اڻٽر بحران آهي، جنهن مان يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جي انهن ملڪن ۾ سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار گذري رهي آهي، جتي اها پنهنجي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي چڪي آهي. هي بحران ان جي تباهيءَ ۽ جديد سماج جي سڀ کان قديم صورت، يعني گڏيل پيداوار ۽ گڏيل ملڪيت، جي هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ شڪل ڏانهن واپسيءَ تي ختم ٿيندو.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

هن وڌيڪ لکيو ته &quot;ابتدائي برادرين جي حياتياتي قوت سامي، يوناني، رومي وغيره سماجن کان بي انداز وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ جديد سرمائيداراڻي سماجن کان ته اڃا به وڌيڪ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;K. Marx, First draft of the letter to Vera Zasulich [1881]. In Marx-Engels ''Collected Works'', Volume 24, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي وفات کان اڳ مارڪس اينگلز کي اهي خيال مرتب ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. اهي 1884ع ۾ ''[[خاندان، نجي ملڪيت ۽ رياست جو بڻ بنياد]]'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيا، جيڪو جزوي طور مارڪس پاران [[ليوس ايڇ. مورگن]] جي ڪتاب ''[[قديم سماج]]'' بابت لکيل نوٽن تي ٻڌل هو.

== ذاتي زندگي ==

=== خاندان ===
[[File:Jenny laura marx.jpg|thumb|upright|جيني ڪيرولائنا ۽ جيني لورا مارڪس (1869ع): مارڪس جي سڀني ڌيئرن جو نالو سندن ماءُ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] جي عزت ۾ جيني رکيو ويو هو.]]

مارڪس ۽ فون ويسٽفالين کي ست ٻار ٿيا، پر لنڊن ۾ رهائش دوران سندن ڏکين معاشي ۽ رهائشي حالتن سبب رڳو ٽي ٻار بالغ عمر تائين زنده رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Singer |author-link=Peter Singer |year=2000 |title=Marx: A very short introduction |page=5 |isbn=0192854054 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن ٻار هي هئا: [[جيني لونگي|جيني ڪيرولائنا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لونگي؛ 1844ع–1883ع)، [[لورا مارڪس|جيني لورا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لافارگ؛ 1845ع–1911ع)، ايڊگر (1847ع–1855ع)، هينري ايڊورڊ گائي (&quot;گيدو&quot;؛ 1849ع–1850ع)، جيني ايويلين فرانسس (&quot;فرانزسڪا&quot;؛ 1851ع–1852ع)، [[ايلينور مارڪس|جيني جوليا ايلينور]] (1855ع–1898ع)، ۽ هڪ ٻيو ٻار، جيڪو نالو رکڻ کان اڳ ئي جولاءِ 1857ع ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس ناٺي [[پال لافارگ]] موجب مارڪس هڪ پيار ڪندڙ پيءُ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Lafargue |author-link=Paul Lafargue |editor=[[مارڪس–اينگلز–لينن ادارو]] |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1972 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |title=''Reminiscences of Marx'' (September 1890) |quote=هو هڪ پيار ڪندڙ، نرم دل ۽ درگذر ڪندڙ پيءُ هو. [...] پنهنجي ڌيئرن سان سندس لاڳاپن ۾ حڪم هلائيندڙ پيءُ واري روش جو ذري برابر به نشان نه هو، جڏهن ته سندس ڌيئرن جو ساڻس پيار غيرمعمولي هو. هو کين ڪڏهن به حڪم نه ڏيندو هو، پر جيڪو ڪم ڪرائڻ چاهيندو هو، تنهن لاءِ کين مهربانيءَ طور درخواست ڪندو هو، يا اهڙي نموني احساس ڏياريندو هو ته جنهن ڳالهه کان هو کين روڪڻ چاهي ٿو، اها کين نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. تنهن هوندي به شايد ئي ڪنهن پيءُ جا ٻار هن جي ٻارن جيترا فرمانبردار رهيا هجن.|access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133812/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1962ع ۾ اهو الزام سامهون آيو ته مارڪس کي پنهنجي گهر جي ملازمہ [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]] مان شاديءَ کان ٻاهر فريڊي نالي هڪ پٽ ٿيو هو،&lt;ref name=Montefiore&gt;{{cite news|last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |title=The Means of Reproduction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |work=[[نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]] |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926042626/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=173}} پر دستاويزي ثبوتن جي کوٽ سبب هن دعويٰ تي اختلاف ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carver, 1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |quote=this [claim] is not well founded on the documentary materials available |last=Carver |first=Terrell |title=The Cambridge Companion to Marx |year=1991 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521366946 |page=11 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |editor-last=Carver |editor-first=Terrell |chapter=Reading Marx: Life and Works |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608131100/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيلين ڊيمٿ مارڪس جي ڀروسي جوڳي ساٿي پڻ هئي. [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] پاران لکيل سندس تعزيتي نوٽ ۾ هن جي ڪردار بابت ڄاڻايو ويو آهي ته: &quot;مارڪس هيلينا ڊيمٿ کان نه رڳو پارٽيءَ جي ڏکين ۽ پيچيده معاملن ۾، پر پنهنجي معاشي لکڻين بابت به صلاح وٺندو هو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helene Demuth Obituary |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/family/demuth/obitry.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اڪثر فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو، خاص طور گهر يا فليٽ مسواڙ تي وٺڻ وقت، شايد ان لاءِ ته سرڪاري اختيارين لاءِ سندس پتو لڳائڻ ڏکيو ٿئي. پيرس ۾ هو &quot;موسيو رامبوز&quot; جو نالو استعمال ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته لنڊن ۾ پنهنجن خطن جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ &quot;اي. وليمز&quot; لکي صحيح ڪندو هو. سندس دوست سندس سانوري رنگ ۽ ڪارن گهنڊيدار وارن سبب کيس &quot;مور&quot; سڏيندا هئا، جڏهن ته هن پنهنجن ٻارن کي پاڻ کي &quot;اولڊ نِڪ&quot; ۽ &quot;چارلي&quot; سڏڻ جي همٿ ڏني.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}} هو پنهنجن دوستن ۽ گهرڀاتين لاءِ پڻ لقب ۽ فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو؛ فريڊرش اينگلز کي &quot;جنرل&quot;، گهر جي ملازمہ هيلين کي &quot;لينچن&quot; يا &quot;نِم&quot;، ڌيءَ جينيچن کي &quot;ڪُئي ڪُئي، [[چين جو شهنشاهه]]&quot;، ۽ لورا کي &quot;[[ڪاڪاٽو|ڪاڪادو]]&quot; يا &quot;[[خوئي خوئي|هوٽنٽوٽ]]&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}}

=== صحت ===
مارڪس 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب نالي شراب نوشي واري تنظيم ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ گهڻي شراب نوشي ڪرڻ لڳو ۽ اهو سلسلو سندس وفات تائين جاري رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;/&gt;

مارڪس گهڻي عرصي تائين خراب صحت جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن کي هو پاڻ &quot;وجود جي بدحالي&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}} مختلف ليکڪن سندس بيمارين جي نوعيت ۽ سببن جي وضاحت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سندس سوانح نگار ورنر بلومينبرگ موجب انهن جو سبب جگر ۽ پتيءَ جون بيماريون هيون، جيڪي مارڪس کي 1849ع ۾ ٿيون ۽ پوءِ هو انهن مان مڪمل طور صحتياب نه ٿي سگهيو. نامناسب طرزِ زندگيءَ انهن بيمارين کي وڌيڪ شديد بڻايو. بيماريءَ جا دورا اڪثر مٿي جي سور، اکين جي سوزش، مٿي ۾ [[تنتي سور]] ۽ سنڌن جي سور سان گڏ ٿيندا هئا. 1877ع ۾ کيس تنتي نظام جي هڪ سنگين بيماري ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊگهي عرصي تائين [[بي خوابي]] رهيس، جنهن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هو نشي آور دوائون استعمال ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}}

رات جو حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ ۽ نامناسب خوراڪ سبب سندس بيماري وڌيڪ بگڙندي رهي. مارڪس تيز مصالحن واري کاڌي، دونهي ۾ سڪايل مڇي، ڪئويار ۽ اچاريل ڪڪڙين جو شوقين هو، جيتوڻيڪ اهي سڀ شيون جگر جي بيمارن لاءِ نقصانڪار هيون. کيس شراب ۽ ليڪور به پسند هئا ۽ هو تمام گهڻا سگار پيئندو هو؛ مالي تنگيءَ سبب اهي اڪثر گهٽ معيار جا هوندا هئا. 1863ع کان مارڪس ڦٽن ۽ ڦرڙين جي گهڻي شڪايت ڪرڻ لڳو. بلومينبرگ موجب &quot;اهي جگر جي مريضن ۾ گهڻو ٿيندا آهن ۽ ممڪن آهي ته انهن جا سبب به ساڳيا هجن.&quot;{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}} اهي ڦرڙا ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو مارڪس نه صحيح نموني ويهي سگهندو هو ۽ نه سڌو بيهي ڪم ڪري سگهندو هو. بلومينبرگ موجب مارڪس ۾ چڙچڙاپڻ جگر جي بيمارن ۾ عام طور ڏسجندڙ ڪيفيت هئي:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
بيماريءَ سندس شخصيت جي ڪجهه خاصيتن کي وڌيڪ نمايان ڪري ڇڏيو. هو بحث ۾ تمام تيز هوندو هو، سندس چڀندڙ طنز توهين کان به نه ڪيٻائيندو هو ۽ سندس اظهار ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بي ادبي ۽ سختيءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو هو. جيتوڻيڪ مجموعي طور مارڪس پنهنجن ويجهن دوستن تي انڌو اعتماد رکندو هو، پر پاڻ به شڪايت ڪندو هو ته ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هو انهن سان به حد کان وڌيڪ شڪي ۽ ناانصاف ٿي ويندو هو. دشمنن ته ڇا، دوستن بابت به سندس فيصلا ڪڏهن ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو گهٽ حساس ماڻهو به ناراض ٿي پوندا هئا... شايد تمام ٿورا ماڻهو اهڙا هئا، جن تي هن اهڙي تنقيد نه ڪئي هجي... اينگلز به ان کان بچيل نه هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|pp=99–100}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي جي تاريخدان [[جيرالڊ سيگل]] موجب، نوجوانيءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ مارڪس کي نمونيا يا پلوريسي ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن جي اثرن سبب کيس پروشيائي فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. پوئين زندگيءَ ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' تي ڪم ڪندي، جنهن کي هو مڪمل نه ڪري سگهيو،{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=494}} مارڪس ٽن اهم بيمارين جو شڪار رهيو. جگر جي بيماري، جيڪا شايد موروثي هئي، حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم، خراب خوراڪ ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ سبب وڌيڪ بگڙي وئي. رات جو گهڻو ڪم ڪرڻ سبب سندس اکين ۾ سوزش ٿيندي هئي. ٽئين بيماري طور کيس ڪاربنڪل يا ڦرڙا ٿيندا هئا، جيڪي &quot;شايد جسماني ڪمزوريءَ جو نتيجو هئا؛ مارڪس جي طرزِ زندگيءَ جون مختلف خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ شراب، تمباڪو، خراب غذا ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ، انهن سڀني ان ۾ حصو ورتو.&quot; اينگلز اڪثر مارڪس کي پنهنجي خطرناڪ طرزِ زندگي بدلائڻ جي صلاح ڏيندو هو. سيگل موجب مارڪس پاران پنهنجي صحت کي اهڙي سخت نموني نقصان پهچائڻ جي پويان ذاتي مفادن ۽ خودپسنديءَ بابت ڏوهه جو احساس ٿي سگهي ٿو، جيڪو اصل ۾ سندس والد مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ پيدا ڪيو هو.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=495–496}}

2007ع ۾ [[نيوڪاسل يونيورسٽي]] جي چمڙيءَ جي ماهر سام شسٽر مارڪس جي چمڙيءَ جي بيماريءَ جي [[پوئين دور جي تشخيص]] ڪئي. شسٽر موجب وڌيڪ ممڪن وضاحت اها هئي ته مارڪس جگر جي بيماريءَ بدران [[هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا]] جو شڪار هو، جيڪا وار جي ڦوٽن ۾ کلندڙ [[اپوڪرائن]] نالين جي بند ٿيڻ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ورجائيندڙ وچڙندڙ بيماري آهي.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|pp=1–2}} شسٽر بيماريءَ جي امڪاني [[نفسياتي ۽ سماجي]] اثرن تي پڻ غور ڪيو. هن نشاندهي ڪئي ته چمڙي رابطي جو هڪ اهم عضوو آهي، ۽ هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا شديد نفسياتي تڪليف پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ نفرت، بيزاري، ذاتي تصور، مزاج ۽ خوشحاليءَ ۾ گهٽتائي شامل آهن. شسٽر موجب مارڪس جي خطن ۾ اهڙن احساسن جا &quot;گهڻا ثبوت&quot; موجود آهن. هن اهو سوال به اٿاريو ته ڇا بيماريءَ جي ذهني اثرن مارڪس جي لکڻين تي اثر وڌو ۽ شايد سندس [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگيءَ واري نظريي]] جي تشڪيل ۾ پڻ ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|p=3}}

=== وفات ===
[[File:Grave of Karl Marx Highgate Cemetery in London 2016 (10).jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]]، لنڊن]]

ڊسمبر 1881ع ۾ سندس زال جيني جي وفات کان پوءِ مارڪس کي [[نزلو]] ٿيو، جنهن سندس زندگيءَ جي آخري پندرهن مهينن دوران سندس صحت خراب رکي. آخرڪار ان بيماريءَ مان [[ساھ جي نلين جي سوزش]] ۽ [[ڦڦڙن جي پردي جي سوزش]] پيدا ٿي، جن سبب هو 14 مارچ 1883ع تي لنڊن ۾ 64 ورهين جي عمر ۾ [[بي وطن]] شخص جي حيثيت ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس گهرڀاتين ۽ دوستن 17 مارچ 1883ع تي کيس لنڊن جي اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾، لاادري ۽ ملحد ماڻهن لاءِ مخصوص حصي ۾ دفن ڪيو. [[فرانسس وين]] موجب سندس جنازي ۾ نَوَ کان يارهن ماڻهو شامل هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA382 382]}}همعصر ذريعن جي تحقيق موجب جنازي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ تيرهن سڃاتل ماڻهو موجود هئا: [[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، [[ايلينور مارڪس]]، [[ايڊورڊ ايولنگ]]، [[پال لافارگ]]، [[شارل لونگي]]، [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]]، [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]]، گوٽليب ليمڪي، [[فريڊرڪ ليسنر]]، جي. لوخنر، سر [[ري لينڪيسٽر]]، [[ڪارل شورليمر]] ۽ [[ارنسٽ ريڊفورڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;John Shepperd, 'Who was really at Marx's funeral?', in &quot;Friends of Highgate Cemetery Newsletter &quot;, April (2018), pp. 10–11. https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074940/https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf |date=4 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ همعصر اخبار موجب جنازي ۾ پنجويهن کان ٽيهه مٽن مائٽن ۽ دوستن شرڪت ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx', in ''[[دي سنڊي پيپل|دي پيپل]]'', 25 March 1883, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[دي گرافڪ]]'' جي هڪ ليکڪ لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
هڪ عجيب غلطيءَ سبب... سندس وفات جو اعلان ٻن ڏينهن تائين نه ڪيو ويو، ۽ پوءِ به اهو چيو ويو ته سندس وفات پيرس ۾ ٿي آهي. ٻئي ڏينهن پيرس مان تصحيح آئي؛ ۽ جڏهن سندس دوست ۽ پوئلڳ دفن جي وقت ۽ هنڌ بابت ڄاڻڻ لاءِ [[هيورسٽاڪ هل]] ۾ سندس گهر پهتا، تڏهن کين معلوم ٿيو ته هو اڳ ئي ٿڌي زمين ۾ دفن ٿي چڪو هو. جيڪڏهن اها رازداري ۽ تڪڙ نه ڪئي وڃي ها ته سندس قبر تي يقيناً هڪ وڏو عوامي مظاهرو ٿئي ها.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx' in ''The Graphic'', 31 March 1883, pp. 319, 322.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

سندس ڪيترن ويجهن دوستن جنازي ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن ۾ [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز شامل هئا. اينگلز جي تقرير ۾ هي لفظ شامل هئا:

{{blockquote|
14 مارچ تي منجهند جو پوڻين ٽين وڳي، زنده انسانن مان سڀ کان وڏو مفڪر سوچڻ ڇڏي ويو. کيس رڳو ٻن منٽن لاءِ اڪيلو ڇڏيو ويو هو، ۽ جڏهن اسين واپس آياسين ته کيس پنهنجي ڪرسيءَ تي سڪون سان سمهيل ڏٺوسين—پر هميشه لاءِ.
}}

مارڪس جون زنده بچيل ڌيئرون [[ايلينور مارڪس|ايلينور]] ۽ [[لورا مارڪس|لورا]]، ۽ سندس ٻه فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ناٺي [[شارل لونگي]] ۽ [[پال لافارگ]] پڻ جنازي ۾ موجود هئا. سندس زال ۽ وڏي ڌيءَ اڳ ئي فوت ٿي چڪيون هيون؛ وڏي ڌيءَ جنوري 1883ع ۾، مارڪس کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ، وفات ڪئي هئي. جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽيءَ جي باني ۽ اڳواڻ ليبڪنيخت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ تقرير ڪئي، جڏهن ته فرانسيسي پورهيت تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻ لونگي فرانسيسيءَ ۾ مختصر خطاب ڪيو. فرانس ۽ اسپين جي پورهيت جماعتن پاران موڪليل ٻه [[تار]] پڻ پڙهيا ويا; هڪ ميڊرڊ واري شاخ طرفان [[هوسي ميسا اي ليومپارٽ]] موڪليو هو، ۽ ٻيو فرانسيسي مزدورن جي پارٽيءَ جي پيرس شاخ طرفان سيڪريٽري ليپين موڪليو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1883: The death of Karl Marx |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز جي تقرير سميت اهو ئي جنازي جو مڪمل پروگرام هو.

جنازي ۾ شامل غير مائٽن ۾ مارڪس جا ٽي ڪميونسٽ ساٿي پڻ هئا: فريڊرڪ ليسنر، جنهن کي 1852ع جي [[ڪولون ڪميونسٽ مقدمو]] کان پوءِ ٽي سال قيد ڪيو ويو هو؛ جي. لوخنر، جنهن کي اينگلز &quot;ڪميونسٽ ليگ جو پراڻو ميمبر&quot; قرار ڏنو؛ ۽ [[ڪارل شورليمر]]، جيڪو مانچسٽر ۾ ڪيميا جو پروفيسر، [[رائل سوسائٽي]] جو ميمبر ۽ 1848ع جي [[باڊن انقلاب]] ۾ شامل ڪميونسٽ ڪارڪن هو. جنازي ۾ [[ري لينڪيسٽر]] نالي برطانوي حيوانيات دان پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو پوءِ هڪ اهم عالم بڻيو.

وصيت جي عدالتي تصديق وقت مارڪس جي ذاتي ملڪيت جي قيمت 250 پائونڊ مقرر ڪئي وئي،&lt;ref name=&quot;probate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk |title=Marx, Karl |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=1883 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807135123/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا 2024ع جي حساب سان لڳ ڀڳ 38,095 پائونڊ جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=£250 in 1883 → 2024 {{!}} UK Inflation Calculator |url=https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=www.in2013dollars.com |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128173620/https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1895ع ۾ پنهنجي وفات وقت اينگلز پنهنجي وڏي ملڪيت جو &quot;نمايان حصو&quot; مارڪس جي ٻن زنده بچيل ڌيئرن لاءِ ڇڏيو، جنهن جي قيمت 2024ع جي حساب سان 68 لک آمريڪي ڊالر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Montefiore&quot;/&gt;

نومبر 1954ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ سندس خاندان جي باقيات کي ويجهو ئي هڪ نئين هنڌ ٻيهر دفن ڪيو ويو. نئين هنڌ تي قائم [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو|مقبرين]] جو افتتاح 14 مارچ 1956ع تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|title=Marx monument unveiled in Highgate cemetery – archive, 15 March 1956|date=15 March 2016|access-date=7 January 2018|work=The Guardian|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227094820/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان تي ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي آخري سٽ، &quot;[[دنيا جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!|سڀني ملڪن جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!]]&quot;، ۽ اينگلز پاران ترتيب ڏنل يارهين &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز|فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; مان هي قول اُڪريل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي—پر اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;  [[برطانيا جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] اهو يادگار تعمير ڪرايو، جنهن تي [[لارنس بريڊشا]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو نيم مجسمو لڳايو ويو؛ جڏهن ته مارڪس جي اصل قبر تي رڳو سادي سينگار هئي.

مارڪسي تاريخدان [[ايرڪ هابسبام]] لکيو ته: &quot;اهو نٿو چئي سگهجي ته مارڪس ناڪام شخص طور فوت ٿيو.&quot; جيتوڻيڪ برطانيا ۾ سندس پوئلڳن جو تعداد وڏو نه هو، پر سندس لکڻيون جرمني ۽ روس جي کاٻي ڌر جي تحريڪن تي اثر وجهڻ شروع ڪري چڪيون هيون. سندس وفات کان پنجويهن سالن اندر براعظمي يورپ جون اهي سوشلسٽ جماعتون، جيڪي پنهنجي سياست تي مارڪس جي اثر کي تسليم ڪنديون هيون، [[نمائنده جمهوريت|نمائنده جمهوري]] چونڊن ۾ نمايان ڪاميابيون حاصل ڪري چڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Hob11|Hobsbawm 2011]]. pp. 3–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== فڪر ==
{{Marxism}}

=== اثر ===
{{Main|ڪارل مارڪس تي اثر}}

مارڪس جي فڪر تي ڪيترن ئي مفڪرن ۽ فڪري روايتن جو اثر هو، جن ۾ هيٺيان خاص طور شامل آهن:

* [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل]] جو فلسفو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
* [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ رڪارڊو]] جي ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]]، گڏوگڏ [[جان شارل ليونار ڊي سسموندي]] جي آزاد منڊي واري معيشت (''laissez-faire'') تي تنقيد ۽ پرولتاريه جي غيرمحفوظ حالت بابت سندس تجزيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paresh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Paresh |title=Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |pages=39–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فرانس ۾ کاٻي ڌر جي تاريخ|فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ فڪر]]، خاص طور [[جان جيڪ روسو]]، [[هينري ڊي سينٽ سائمن]]، [[پئير جوزف پرودون]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريي]] جا خيال.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}
* [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي جرمن ماديت پسند فلسفي، ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ جي آخر واري فرانسيسي ماديت، جنهن ۾ [[ديدرو]]، [[ڪلاڊ ادرين هيلويسيوس]] ۽ [[ڊي هولباخ]] شامل آهن.
* [[فريڊرش اينگلس]] جو پورهيت طبقي بابت تجزيو، ۽ فرانسيسي آزاد خيال مفڪرن ۽ سينٽ سائمنين، جهڙوڪ [[فرانسوا گيزو]] ۽ [[اوگسٽين ٿيري]] پاران طبقن بابت ابتدائي تشريحون.
* مارڪس جي يهودي ورثي کي پڻ سندس اخلاقي نظرئي&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry. ''[[Why Marx Was Right]]''. Yale University Press, 2011, p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ سندس ماديت پسند فلسفي جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم اثر رکندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=112–119}}

مارڪس جي تاريخ بابت نظرئي، جنهن کي پوءِ [[تاريخي ماديت]] سڏيو ويو (جنهن کي اينگلس ۽ لينن تڪراري طور [[جدلياتي ماديت]] جي فلسفي جي صورت ڏني)، تي هيگل جي ان دعويٰ جو واضح اثر هو ته حقيقت ۽ تاريخ کي [[جدليات]]ي انداز سان سمجهڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر جتي هيگل [[خيال پرستي]] جي بنياد تي خيالن کي تاريخ جي محرڪ قوت سمجهندو هو، اتي مارڪس جدليات کي [[ماديت]] جي بنياد تي سمجهايو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته خيال تي مادّي حقيقت کي اوليت حاصل آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

هيگل جي نظر ۾ &quot;روح&quot; تاريخ کي اڳتي وڌائيندي هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس ان کي غيرضروري اسراريت سمجهندو هو، جيڪا انسانن ۽ سندن مادي عملن جي حقيقي ڪردار کي لڪائي ڇڏيندي آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن لکيو ته هيگلي فلسفي حقيقت کي ڄڻ مٿي هيٺ ڪري بيهاريو آهي، تنهنڪري ان کي وري پنهنجي پيرن تي بيهارڻ ضروري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس کي صوفياتي اصطلاحن سان دلچسپي نه هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪيترن ئي ڪتابن ۾ گوٿڪ انداز جون تشبيهون استعمال ڪيون. مثال طور ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' ۾ هو لکي ٿو: «يورپ تي هڪ پاڇو ڇانيل آهي—ڪميونزم جو پاڇو. پراڻي يورپ جون سڀ قوتون ان پاڇي کي ڀڄائڻ لاءِ مقدس اتحاد ۾ گڏ ٿي ويون آهن.» ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽال]]'' ۾ سرمائي کي «محنت جي پيداوارن جي چوڌاري ڦهليل جادوگري» سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |first=Mark |last=Neocleous |title=The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ۽ سماجياتي فڪر کان متاثر هو، پر هن [[خيالي سوشلسٽ]]ن تي تنقيد ڪئي. سندس خيال هو ته انهن جون ننڍي پيماني واريون سوشلسٽ برادريون آخرڪار سماج جي ڪناري تي رهجي وينديون ۽ غربت جو شڪار ٿينديون، جڏهن ته حقيقي تبديلي صرف [[اقتصادي نظام]] ۾ وڏي پيماني جي تبديلي سان ئي ممڪن آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Leopold |first1=David |title=Marx, Engels, and Some (Non-Foundational) Arguments against Utopian Socialism |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |website=ORA - Oxford University Research Archive |access-date=August 22, 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822025856/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيگلي فلسفي جي مارڪس واري نئين تشريح تي اينگلس جي ڪتاب ''[[انگلينڊ ۾ پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' جو پڻ وڏو اثر پيو، جنهن مارڪس کي تاريخي جدليات کي [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]] جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ ۽ جديد پورهيت طبقي کي انقلابي تبديليءَ جي سڀ کان ترقي پسند قوت طور ڏسڻ ڏانهن مائل ڪيو. ان سان گڏ سماجي جمهوريت پسند [[فريڊرش وِلهم شُلز]] پنهنجي ڪتاب 
'''ڊي بي ويگُنگ ڊيئر پروڊُڪتسيون'''  (پيداواري عمل جي حرڪت) ۾ سماج جي ارتقا کي «پيداواري قوتن ۽ پيداواري لاڳاپن جي وچ ۾ تضاد» جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو، جنهن جو اثر پڻ مارڪس تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Norman |title=Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method |year=2006 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |page=223}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated144&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Jonathan |last=Sperber |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته تاريخ ۽ سماج جو سائنسي نموني مطالعو ڪري تاريخي لاڙن کي سمجهي سگهجي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت سماجي ٽڪراءَ جي نتيجن جي اڳڪٿي به ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ان ڪري سندس ڪيترن ئي پوئلڳن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته ڪميونسٽ انقلاب لازمي طور ايندو. پر مارڪس پنهنجي مشهور [[فوئرباخ بابت مقالا|فوئرباخ بابت يارهين مقالي]] ۾ واضح لکيو ته: «فيلسوفن دنيا جي رڳو مختلف نمونن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي تبديل ڪرڻ آهي.»{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس جي نظرين مان متاثر ٿي ڪيترائي نوان نظريا ۽ علمي شعبا وجود ۾ آيا، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

* [[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد]]
* [[ڪنڊراٽيف لهر]] ۽ [[ڪزنٽس چڪر]]
* [[گهٽ واپرائڻ جو نظريو]]
* [[تخليقي تباهي]]
* [[بحران جو نظريو]]
* [[مقداري معاشي تاريخ]]
* [[ورلڊ سسٽمز ٿيوري]]

=== فلسفو ۽ سماجي فڪر ===

مارڪس کي سماجي علمن ۾ [[تنقيدي طريقو|تنقيدي طريقي]] جو پهريون وڏو استعمال ڪندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. هيءَ راءِ ان ڳالهه مان نڪتي آهي ته هن پنهنجي تحريرن ۾ ٻين مفڪرن جي نظرين تي تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ لاءِ بار بار [[جدلياتي مناظرو|مناظرن]] ۽ تنقيدي بحثن جو سهارو ورتو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن قياسي فلسفي تي تنقيد ڪندي [[مابعدالطبيعات]] کي نظرياتي تعصب (آئيڊيالاجي) سان هم معنيٰ قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Bannerji|2001|p=27}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Paolucci |first1=Paul |title=Marx's scientific and political criticism: The internal relation |journal=Capital &amp; Class |year=2015|volume=39 |pages=65–78 |doi=10.1177/0309816814564657 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هن طريقي کي اختيار ڪري مارڪس ڪوشش ڪئي ته بنيادي علمي نتيجن کي نظرياتي تعصب کان الڳ ڪري سگهجي. اهو ئي سبب هو جو هو پنهنجي دور جي ڪيترن ئي فلسفين کان نمايان طور مختلف نظر اچي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

==== انساني فطرت ====
{{Further|مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = G.W.F. Hegel (by Sichling, after Sebbers).jpg
| image2 = Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach.jpg
| footer = فلسفي [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل|جي. ڊبليو. ايف. هيگل]] (کاٻي) ۽ [[لڊوگ فائرباخ]] (ساڄي)، جن جا جدليات بابت خيال مارڪس تي گهرو اثرانداز ٿيا.
}}

جيئن [[اليڪسس ڊي ٽوڪويل]] اهڙي بي چهري ۽ بيوروڪريٽڪ آمريت جو تصور پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن ۾ ڪو هڪ سڃاتل آمر موجود نه هوندو هو،&lt;ref&gt;[[Annelien de Dijn]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C ''French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915142405/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C&amp;dq= |date=15 September 2015 }}, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 152.&lt;/ref&gt; تيئن مارڪس به انهن روايتي مفڪرن کان الڳ ٿيو، جيڪي رڳو هڪ آمر بابت ڳالهائيندا هئا، يا [[مونٽيسڪيو]] وانگر فردي آمريت جي فطرت جو تجزيو ڪندا هئا. ان جي بدران مارڪس «سرمائي جي آمريت» جو تجزيو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx. ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'', vol. 1, trans. [[Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)|Samuel Moore]] and Edward Aveling (New York: Modem Library, 1906), 440.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي بنيادي مفروضي موجب انساني تاريخ، [[انساني فطرت]] جي مسلسل تبديليءَ جو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ انسان ۽ مادي شيون ٻئي شامل آهن. انسان پنهنجي اندر موجود حقيقي وجود ۽ امڪاني وجود ٻنهي کان آگاهه هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_labour&quot;&gt;Marx K (1999). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm &quot;The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018135115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm |date=18 October 2010 }} In K Marx, ''Das Kapital'' (Vol. 1, Ch. 7). Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Original work published 1867.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_critique&quot;&gt;See Marx K (1997). &quot;Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general&quot;. In K Marx, ''Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society'' (LD Easton &amp; KH Guddat, Trans.), pp. 314–347. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Original work published 1844.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس ۽ هيگل ٻنهي جي نظر ۾ ذاتي ارتقا جي شروعات اندروني [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] جي احساس کان ٿيندي آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ انسان اهو محسوس ڪري ٿو ته سندس موجوده وجود، هڪ ذهني فاعل جي حيثيت سان، پنهنجي امڪاني وجود کي هڪ موضوع يا شئي جي صورت ۾ سامهون آڻي ٿو، جنهن کي سمجهي ۽ حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس وڌيڪ دليل ڏئي ٿو ته جڏهن انسان فطرت کي&lt;ref name=&quot;Lefever&quot;&gt;See also Lefever DM; Lefever JT (1977). &quot;Marxian alienation and economic organisation: An alternate view&quot;. ''The American Economist (21)'' 2, pp. 40–48.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي مقصدن مطابق ڍالي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Holland_desire&quot;&gt;See also Holland EW (2005). &quot;Desire&quot;. In CJ Stivale (Ed.), ''Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts'', pp. 53–62. Montreal &amp; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; تڏهن اهو موضوع ان شئي کي پنهنجو بڻائي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح انسان پنهنجي مڪمل انساني صلاحيتن کي عملي صورت ڏئي ٿو. مارڪس جي خيال موجب [[مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو|انساني فطرت]] (جرمن:گاٽونگس ويزن)، يا ''نوعي وجود''، انساني [[محنت]] جي عمل سان وابسته آهي.

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ بامعنيٰ محنت جي بنيادي شرط اها آهي ته انسان پنهنجي بيگانگيءَ واري شئي سان تعلق قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين پنهنجي چوڌاري موجود حقيقي [[ماديت|مادي شين]] تي اثرانداز ٿئي. مارڪس تسليم ڪري ٿو ته هيگل «محنت جي فطرت کي سمجهي ٿو ۽ حقيقي انسان کي، جيڪو پنهنجي ئي محنت جو نتيجو آهي، صحيح نموني سڃاڻي ٿو»،&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_work&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt; پر ساڳئي وقت هو هيگل جي خود ارتقا واري تصور کي حد کان وڌيڪ «روحاني» ۽ تجريدي قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_spiritual&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 324.&lt;/ref&gt;
انهيءَ ڪري مارڪس هيگل کان اختلاف ڪندي لکي ٿو ته «انسان جو جسماني، حقيقي، احساس رکندڙ ۽ فطري صلاحيتن وارو وجود ان ڳالهه جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سندس زندگيءَ جي اظهار لاءِ حقيقي ۽ محسوس ٿيندڙ شيون موجود هجن؛ انسان پنهنجي زندگيءَ جو اظهار رڳو اهڙين حقيقي محسوس ٿيندڙ شين وسيلي ئي ڪري سگهي ٿو».&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_objects&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 325, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt;
اهڙيءَ ريت مارڪس، هيگل جي «ڪم» (ورڪ) واري تصور کي مادي «[[محنت]]» (ليبر) ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، ۽ انسان جي فطرت کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت جي حوالي سان [[محنت جي قوت]] (ليبر پاور) جو تصور پيش ڪري ٿو.

==== محنت، طبقاتي جدوجهد ۽ غلط شعور ====
{{further|مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|طبقاتي جدوجهد|سرمائيداراڻو پيداواري ڍانچو (مارڪسزم)}}

{{blockquote|هينئر تائين وجود ۾ آيل سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.|ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxEngels2009pp5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Karl |last1=Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author-link2=Friedrich Engels |title=The Communist Manifesto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |year=2009 |publisher=Echo Library |isbn=978-1406851748 |page=5 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912161744/https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Marx et Engels à Shanghai.jpg|upright|thumb|چين جي شهر [[شنگهائي]] ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي يادگار]]

مارڪس کي خاص دلچسپي ان ڳالهه سان هئي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي [[محنت]] جي قوت سان ڪهڙي ريت لاڳاپو قائم ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} هن ان موضوع تي [[مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|بيگانگي]] جي مسئلي جي حوالي سان وڏي تفصيل سان لکيو.{{sfn|Mészáros|2006|p=96}} جيئن جدليات ۾، تيئن مارڪس به شروعات ۾ هيگل جي بيگانگي واري تصور کان متاثر ٿيو، پر پوءِ ان کي وڌيڪ ماديت پسند بنيادن تي نئين صورت ڏني.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] پيداواري سماجي لاڳاپن (جهڙوڪ مزدورن جي پاڻ ۾ يا مزدورن ۽ سرمائيدارن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن) کي انهن شين (ڪموڊٽي) وسيلي منظم ڪري ٿي، جيڪي مارڪيٽ ۾ خريد ۽ وڪرو ٿين ٿيون، ۽ انهن ۾ محنت پڻ شامل آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} مارڪس مطابق، جڏهن ماڻهو پنهنجي محنت جي قوت، يعني دنيا کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي پنهنجي صلاحيت، تي پنهنجو اختيار وڃائي ويهن ٿا، ته اهو سندن پنهنجي انساني فطرت کان بيگانگيءَ جي برابر آهي، جيڪا هڪ روحاني نقصان پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس هن حالت کي [[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]] (ڪموڊٽي فيٽشئزم) سان بيان ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انسان جي پيدا ڪيل شيون اهڙي نموني ظاهر ٿين ٿيون، ڄڻ انهن کي پنهنجو الڳ وجود، زندگي ۽ حرڪت حاصل هجي، ۽ ماڻهو پنهنجي رويي کي انهن شين جي تابع بڻائي ڇڏين.{{ref|Balibar1995}}

[[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]]، اينگلس جي بيان ڪيل [[غلط شعور]] (فالس ڪانشسنيس) جو هڪ مثال آهي،{{ref|KołakowskiFalla2005}} جيڪو [[نظريو (آئيڊيالاجي)|نظريي]] جي سمجهاڻي سان ويجهو تعلق رکي ٿو. مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي نظر ۾ &quot;نظريو&quot; انهن خيالن جو مجموعو آهي، جيڪي ڪنهن خاص دور ۾ ڪنهن مخصوص طبقي جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا، پر انهن کي عام ماڻهو آفاقي ۽ هميشه لاءِ سچا خيال سمجهن ٿا.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جو مقصد رڳو اهو ڏيکارڻ نه هو ته اهڙا عقيدا اڌ سچ هوندا آهن، پر اهو پڻ ته اهي اهم سياسي ڪردار ادا ڪندا آهن. سندن خيال موجب، جنهن طبقي وٽ [[پيداواري وسيلا]] هوندا آهن، اهو رڳو خوراڪ يا تيار ڪيل شين جي پيداوار تي ئي ڪنٽرول نٿو رکي، پر خيالن ۽ نظرين جي پيداوار تي به اثرانداز ٿئي ٿو. ان مان اها وضاحت پڻ ملي ٿي ته ڇو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ماتحت طبقي جا ماڻهو به اهڙا خيال اختيار ڪندا آهن، جيڪي سندن پنهنجي مفادن جي ابتڙ هوندا آهن.

مارڪس [[ٻارن جي محنت]] جو سخت مخالف هو.&lt;ref&gt;In ''[[دي ڪميونسٽ مينفيسٽو]]'', Part II: Proletarians and Communists and ''[[ڪيپيٽل, جلد I]]'', Part III&lt;/ref&gt; هن لکيو ته برطانيا جون صنعتون &quot;رڳو رت چوسي زنده رهي سگهيون ٿي، ۽ اهو به ٻارن جي رت تي&quot;، ۽ اهو ته آمريڪي سرمايو &quot;ٻارن جي رت مان گڏ ڪيل سرمائي&quot; تي بيٺل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite speech |author=Karl Marx |title=Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association |year=1864}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب ====

مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] سان ان ڳالهه تي متفق هو ته مذهب انسان جي پنهنجي تخليق آهي، جيڪو انساني حالتن جو عڪس پيش ڪري ٿو (&quot;انسان مذهب پيدا ڪري ٿو، مذهب انسان کي پيدا نٿو ڪري&quot;)، پر هن ان خيال کي تجريدي انداز بدران تاريخي تناظر ۾ سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس نظر ۾ مذهب هڪ ئي وقت انساني تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ ان تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. 1843ع ۾ لکيل پنهنجي مقالي ''[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ مارڪس پاڻ کي [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[برونو باور]]، کان الڳ ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ رڳو مذهب تي تنقيد انساني ڏکن جو حل نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين سماج جي بنيادي ڍانچي تي انقلابي تنقيد نه ڪئي وڃي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾، مذهب تي تنقيد ان وقت تائين اثرائتي نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين انهن حقيقي سماجي حالتن کي تبديل نه ڪيو وڃي، جن جو مذهب رڳو هڪ اظهار آهي.

[[شلومو اوينيري]] موجب، هن مقالي جي تمهيد ۾ شامل مارڪس جو مشهور اقتباس، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري اڌورو نقل ڪيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ظاهر کان وڌيڪ گهرو ۽ پيچيده آهي. اوينيري جي خيال ۾، مارڪس هتي مذهبي جذبن بابت حقارت نه، پر همدردي جو اظهار ڪري ٿو.

{{blockquote|
مذهبي تڪليف، هڪ ئي وقت، حقيقي تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ حقيقي تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. مذهب، ڏاڍ هيٺ آيل مخلوق جي سڏڪي، بي دل دنيا جي دل، ۽ بي روح حالتن جي روح آهي. اهو [[عوام جي آفيم]] آهي.

&lt;p&gt;عوام جي خيالي خوشي طور مذهب جو خاتمو، سندن حقيقي خوشيءَ جو مطالبو آهي. ماڻهن کي پنهنجي حالتن بابت وهمن کي ڇڏڻ لاءِ چوڻ، دراصل انهن حالتن کي ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو آهي، جيڪي اهڙن وهمن کي جنم ڏين ٿيون.
}}

بعد ۾ [[ميڪس ويبر]] جي پيش ڪيل نظرين وانگر، مارڪس به سمجهندو هو ته مذهب حڪمران طبقن لاءِ موجود سماجي ۽ معاشي اڻبرابريءَ کي جائز ثابت ڪرڻ جو ڪم ڪندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو انهن حالتن کي خدائي منظوريءَ جو رنگ ڏئي ٿو. ٻئي طرف، ماتحت طبقن لاءِ مذهب هڪ قسم جو آسرو فراهم ڪري ٿو؛ اهو [[نشي آور دوا]] وانگر سندن ڏک کي عارضي طور گهٽائي ٿو، پر ان جو علاج نٿو ڪري.

مارڪس پنهنجي اسڪولي تعليم دوران [[ٽرائر جمنازيم]] ۾ لکيل سينيئر مقالي ۾ دليل ڏنو هو ته مذهب جو بنيادي سماجي مقصد [[سماجي يڪجهتي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=636–642}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج تي تنقيد ====
{{further|سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد|مارڪسي معاشيات}}

{{Quote box
|width=25em
|align=right
|quote=پر اوهين ڪميونسٽ ته عورتن جي گڏيل ملڪيت آڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، سڄي بورجوازي گڏجي رڙ ڪري ٿي. بورجوا پنهنجي زال کي رڳو پيداوار جي هڪ اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. جڏهن هو ٻڌي ٿو ته پيداواري وسيلا گڏيل استعمال هيٺ آندا ويندا، ته هو فطري طور اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته عورتون به سڀني جي گڏيل ملڪيت بڻجي وينديون. هن کي اهو اندازو ئي ناهي ته اصل مقصد عورتن کي پيداوار جي محض هڪ اوزار واري حيثيت مان آزاد ڪرائڻ آهي.
|source=—ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot;, page 55, translation made by Samuel Moore in 1888&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

محنت ۽ سرمائي جي ٻيهر پيداوار ۾ ان جي ڪردار بابت مارڪس جا خيال، سماجي لاڳاپن کي سماج جي ماضي، حال ۽ مستقبل جي تعين ۾ بنيادي حيثيت ڏيڻ سان ويجهڙائي رکن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Grundrisse 06 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |quote=the demand that wage labour be continued but capital suspended is self-contradictory, self-dissolving. |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121201428/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس ناقدن هن نقطهٔ نظر کي [[معاشي جبريت]] (ايڪانامڪ ڊٽرمنئزم) جو نالو ڏنو آهي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ محنت سرمائي جي وجود ۽ [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ]] جي بنيادي شرط آهي، ۽ اهي ٻئي سماجي نظام جي شڪل جوڙين ٿا. مارڪس موجب، سماجي تبديلي انهن ڌرين جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي پنهنجي [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي تاريخي حالتن اندر هڪ ٻئي جي ابتڙ مفادن جون نمائندگيون ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}} هن خيال مان پوءِ [[ٽڪراءُ جو نظريو]] (ڪنفلڪٽ ٿيوري) وجود ۾ آيو.

تاريخ بابت پنهنجي ارتقائي نموني ۾، مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته انساني تاريخ جي شروعات آزاد، پيداواري ۽ تخليقي سرگرمين سان ٿي، پر وقت سان گڏ اهي سرگرميون جبر هيٺ اچي غيرانساني بڻجنديون ويون، جنهن جو سڀ کان نمايان مثال سرمائيداري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن وضاحت ڪئي ته اهو ڪنهن فرد جي ارادي جو نتيجو نه، پر موجوده [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي اندروني منطق جو تقاضو آهي، جيڪو سرمائي جي سماجي لاڳاپن کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ انساني محنت (يعني تجريدي محنت) جي گهرج ڪري ٿو.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27, 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ سماج جي تنظيم [[پيداواري وسيلن]] تي دارومدار رکي ٿي. پيداواري وسيلن ۾ زمين، قدرتي وسيلا، اوزار ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي شامل آهن، پر انساني محنت پاڻ انهن ۾ شامل ناهي. ان جي ابتڙ، [[پيداواري لاڳاپا]] اهي سماجي لاڳاپا آهن، جيڪي ماڻهو پيداواري وسيلن جي حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ دوران قائم ڪن ٿا. اهي ٻئي گڏجي [[پيداواري ڍانچو]] (موڊ آف پراڊڪشن) ٺاهين ٿا، ۽ مارڪس تاريخي دورن جي سڃاڻپ به انهن جي بنياد تي ڪندو هو.

مارڪس [[بنياد ۽ مٿاڇري]] (بيس اينڊ سپر اسٽرڪچر) جي وچ ۾ به فرق ڪيو. سندس خيال ۾ ''بنياد'' يا ''هيٺيون ڍانچو'' معاشي نظام آهي، جڏهن ته ''مٿاڇري'' ۾ ثقافتي، قانوني، سياسي ۽ نظرياتي ادارا شامل آهن. هن معاشي بنياد ۽ سماجي مٿاڇري جي وچ ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ تضادن کي سماجي ٽڪراءَ جو اهم سبب قرار ڏنو.

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس پنهنجي لکڻين ۾ سرمائيداري تي سخت تنقيد ڪئي ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي ايندڙ [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] جو ذڪر ڪيو، پر هن ان سماج جي تفصيلي خاڪي کان گهڻو پاسو ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهو اڳوڻن سماجن، جهڙوڪ غلامي ۽ جاگيرداري، کان وڌيڪ ترقي يافته هوندو. هن اخلاقيات ۽ انصاف بابت به سڌي سنئين نظريي جي صورت ۾ گهڻو نه لکيو، پر ڪيترن محققن جو خيال آهي ته سندس فڪر ۾ اهي تصورات اڻسڌيءَ طرح موجود آهي.

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 =
| caption1 = ماسڪو ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جي يادگار، جنهن تي لکيل آهي: «[[دنيا جا پورهيت، متحد ٿيو!]]»
| image2 = Murales Rivera - Treppenhaus 7 Marx.jpg
| caption2 = ميڪسيڪو سٽي جي [[ميڪسيڪو جي قومي محل|قومي محل]] ۾ [[ڊيگو ريورا]] جو ٺاهيل ڀت-نگار، جنهن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس ڏيکاريل آهي.
}}

مارڪس جو سرمائيداري بابت جائزو ٻن پاسن وارو هو. هڪ طرف هن ان کي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ غيرانساني معاشي نظام طور بيان ڪيو، جنهن جون خاصيتون [[بيگانگي]]، [[محنت جو استحصال]] ۽ بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحران هئا، جيڪي وڏي پيماني تي بيروزگاري پيدا ڪندا هئا. ٻئي طرف هن اهو پڻ مڃيو ته سرمائيداري صنعتڪاري، شهريت، ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ترقي، پيداوار ۾ واڌ، سائنسي ترقي ۽ عقليت کي اڳتي وڌائڻ ۾ انتهائي انقلابي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو اڳين سماجن ۾ موجود نه هو {{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس جي خيال ۾ سرمائيدار طبقو تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلابي طبقن مان هڪ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پيداواري وسيلن کي لڳاتار بهتر بڻايو، جاگيرداريءَ جو خاتمو آندو ۽ نون پيداواري طريقن کي فروغ ڏنو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} سرمائيداري ۾ منافعي کي نئين ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ اوزارن ۾ ٻيهر لڳائڻ جو لاڙو مسلسل معاشي واڌ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس مطابق سرمائيدار ان فرق مان فائدو وٺندا آهن، جيڪو مزدور جي محنت جي قيمت ۽ ان محنت مان پيدا ٿيندڙ شين جي مارڪيٽ قيمت جي وچ ۾ هوندو آهي. هن ان فرق کي [[فاضل قدر]] (سرپلس ويليو) سڏيو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته اهو [[فاضل محنت]] مان پيدا ٿئي ٿو، يعني مزدور جي زندگي هلائڻ لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ سندس حقيقي پيداوار جي وچ ۾ فرق  جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس سرمائيدارن کي مزدورن جو رت چوسيندڙ [[وئمپائر]]ن سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو،{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر هو ساڳئي وقت اهو به چوي ٿو ته منافعي حاصل ڪرڻ بذاتِ خود اخلاقي ناانصافي ناهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهڙي فيصلي لاءِ ڪو اهڙو آفاقي اخلاقي معيار موجود ناهي، جيڪو سڀني دورن تي لاڳو ٿئي. هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته خود سرمائيدار به انهيءَ نظام جي قيد مان مڪمل طور آزاد ناهن.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اصل مسئلو سرمائي کي ملڪيت يا مشينري طور نه، پر مزدورن ۽ مالڪن جي وچ ۾ قائم سماجي لاڳاپن جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري فطري طور غيرمستحڪم آهي ۽ وقت بوقت [[بحران جو نظريو|معاشي بحرانن]] جو شڪار ٿيندي رهندي. هن دليل ڏنو ته وقت سان گڏ سرمائيدار نئين ٽيڪنالاجيءَ ۾ وڌيڪ سيڙپ ڪندا ۽ محنت تي گهٽ خرچ ڪندا، جڏهن ته فائدي جو اصل ذريعو مزدورن جي محنت مان حاصل ٿيندڙ فاضل قدر آهي. ان ڪري، سندس خيال ۾، وقت سان گڏ [[نفعي جي شرح]] گهٽجندي ويندي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهڙا بحران وڌيڪ شديد ٿيندا ويندا، جنهن سان هڪ پاسي سرمائيدار وڌيڪ مالدار ٿيندا ۽ ٻئي پاسي مزدور وڌيڪ غريب ٿيندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي پهرين حصي ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداري، سرمائيداري ۽ تاريخي عمل ۾ اندروني سماجي تضادن جي ڪردار کي هن ريت بيان ڪري ٿو:

{{blockquote|
اسان ڏسون ٿا ته اهي پيداواري ۽ واپاري وسيلا، جن جي بنياد تي بورجوازي وجود ۾ آئي، جاگيردار سماج جي اندر پيدا ٿيا. ترقي جي هڪ مرحلي تي جاگيردار ملڪيت جا لاڳاپا وڌيڪ ترقي يافته پيداواري قوتن سان ٺهڪندڙ نه رهيا؛ اهي ترقيءَ لاءِ زنجير بڻجي ويا. تنهنڪري انهن کي ٽوڙڻو پيو، ۽ اهي ٽوڙيا ويا. انهن جي جاءِ تي آزاد مقابلي، ان سان ٺهڪندڙ سياسي ۽ سماجي نظام، ۽ بورجوا طبقي جي معاشي ۽ سياسي بالادستي اچي وئي. ساڳيو عمل هاڻي به جاري آهي. سماج جون پيداواري قوتون هاڻي بورجوا ملڪيت جي لاڳاپن جي واڌ ويجهه لاءِ نه، پر انهن کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ تيار ٿي ويون آهن، ۽ جيئن ئي اهي انهن زنجيرن کان آزاد ٿين ٿيون، سڄي بورجوا سماج کي بحران ۾ وجهي ڇڏين ٿيون.
}}

[[File:MandK Industrial Revolution 1900.jpg|thumb|1900ع ۾ [[اولڊهم]] جي هڪ ڪارخاني ٻاهران مزدور. مارڪس جو خيال هو ته صنعتي مزدور، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، آخرڪار سڄي دنيا ۾ اٿي بيهندا.]]

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداريءَ جي اندر موجود اهي ساختي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻجندا ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ يا [[سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو سماج|سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو]] ڪميونسٽ سماج قائم ٿيندو.

{{blockquote|
تنهنڪري جديد صنعت جي ترقي ان بنياد کي ئي ان جي پيرن هيٺان ڪڍي ڇڏي ٿي، جنهن تي بورجوازي پيداوار ڪري ٿي ۽ شين تي قبضو قائم رکي ٿي. ان ڪري، بورجوازي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پنهنجي قبر کوٽيندڙ پاڻ پيدا ڪري ٿي. ان جو زوال ۽ پرولتاريا جي فتح ٻئي هڪجهڙا اڻٽر آهن.
}}

مارڪس موجب، سرمائيداريءَ جي نگراني هيٺ هلندڙ مختلف عملن، جهڙوڪ [[شهريت]] (اربنائيزيشن)، جي نتيجي ۾ مزدور طبقو، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، تعداد ۾ وڌندو ۽ ان ۾ [[طبقاتي شعور]] پيدا ٿيندو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو سمجهي ويندو ته موجوده نظام کي تبديل ڪرڻ نه رڳو ممڪن پر ضروري پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن پرولتاريا پيداواري وسيلن تي قبضو ڪري وٺندو ته اهڙا سماجي لاڳاپا قائم ٿيندا جيڪي سڀني ماڻهن لاءِ هڪجهڙا فائديمند هوندا، استحصالي طبقي جو خاتمو ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙو پيداواري نظام وجود ۾ ايندو جيڪو بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحرانن کان نسبتاً محفوظ هوندو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' (''دي جرمن آئيڊيالاجي'') ۾ دليل ڏنو ته سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو عالمي مزدور طبقي جي منظم عمل وسيلي ٿيندو:

{{blockquote|
اسان لاءِ ڪميونزم اهڙي حالت جو نالو ناهي، جيڪا قائم ڪئي وڃي، يا اهڙو مثالي نمونو جنهن سان حقيقت کي هم آهنگ ٿيڻ گهرجي. اسان ڪميونزم کي اهو حقيقي تحرڪ سڏيون ٿا، جيڪو موجوده حالتن جو خاتمو آڻي ٿو. هن تحرڪ جون حالتون موجوده سماجي حالتن مان ئي جنم وٺن ٿيون.
}}

مارڪس جي تصور موجب، اهڙي نئين سماج ۾ [[بيگانگي]] ختم ٿي ويندي ۽ انسان پنهنجي محنت وڪڻڻ جي مجبوري کان آزاد ٿي پنهنجي صلاحيتن موجب عمل ڪري سگهندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهو هڪ جمهوري سماج هوندو، جنهن ۾ سڄي آبادي سياسي حقن جي مالڪ هوندي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اهڙي [[مثالي سماج]] ۾ رياست جي ضرورت به گهڻي نه رهندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اڳ ۾ ان جو بنيادي مقصد بيگانگي ۽ استحصالي لاڳاپن کي برقرار رکڻ هو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}

مارڪس جو نظريو هو ته سرمائيداري ۽ سوشلسٽ/ڪميونسٽ نظام جي قيام جي وچ ۾ هڪ عبوري دور ايندو، جنهن کي هن [[پرولتاريا جي آمريت]] سڏيو. ان مرحلي ۾ مزدور طبقو سياسي اقتدار سنڀاليندو ۽ پيداواري وسيلن کي زبردستي سماجي ملڪيت ۾ تبديل ڪندو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} جيئن هن ''[[گوتا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
سرمائيدار سماج ۽ ڪميونسٽ سماج جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهڙو دور موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ هڪ سماج ٻئي ۾ انقلابي تبديليءَ وسيلي تبديل ٿئي ٿو. ان سان گڏ هڪ سياسي عبوري دور پڻ هوندو، جنهن دوران رياست پرولتاريا جي انقلابي آمريت کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا شيءِ نه ٿي سگهي.
}}

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس اهو امڪان به تسليم ڪيو ته ڪجهه ملڪن، جهڙوڪ [[برطانيا]]، [[آمريڪا]] ۽ [[هالينڊ]]، جتي جمهوري ادارا مضبوط هئا، اتي سوشلسٽ تبديلي پرامن ذريعي به ممڪن ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر هن اهو به لکيو ته ٻين ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾، جتي مزدور پنهنجا مقصد &quot;پرامن ذريعن سان حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهن&quot;، اتي &quot;اسان جي انقلاب جو بنيادي وسيلو طاقت هوندي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm La Liberté Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716015355/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm |date=16 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== حياتيات ====
مارڪس [[چارلس ڊارون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[نسلن جي ابتدا بابت]]'' (''آن دي اوريجن آف اسپيشيز'') جي اشاعت جو آڌرڀاءُ ڪيو ۽ ڊارون جي نظريي کي قدرتي سائنسن ۾ [[غائيت پسندي]] (ٽيليلاجي) لاءِ هڪ اهم چئلينج سمجهيو. بهرحال، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز نظرياتي بنيادن تي ڊارون جي انهن خيالن سان اختلاف ڪيو، جن ۾ هن [[ٿامس رابرٽ مالٿس|مالٿس]] جي آبادي واري نظريي کي فطرت تي لاڳو ڪندي حياتياتي مقابلي ۽ [[قدرتي چونڊ]] کي ارتقا جا بنيادي محرڪ قرار ڏنو هو. ٻنهي جو خيال هو ته ڊارون جي نظريي جا اهي پهلو بورجوا سماج جي عڪاسي ڪن ٿا ۽ انهن سببن ڪري ڊارون ڪجهه غلط نتيجن تي پهتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس [[پيئر ٽريمو]] (Pierre Trémaux) جي ماحولياتي ارتقائي نظريي کي، جيڪو هن پنهنجي 1865ع جي ڪتاب '''اوريجين اي ٽرانسفارماسيوں دُ لوم اي دي زوتر ايت''' (انسان ۽ ٻين جاندارن جي ابتدا ۽ تبديليون) ۾ پيش ڪيو هو، ڊارون جي نظريي کان وڌيڪ برتر سمجهندو هو. ٽريمو جو خيال هو ته انساني نسلن (ريسز) ۾ موجود فرقن جي وضاحت مٽيءَ جي بناوت ۽ ان جي خاصيتن جي فرق سان ڪري سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ===
[[File:Karl Marx memorial.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس يادگار]]، [[ڪيمنٽس]]، جنهن جو نالو 1953ع کان 1990ع تائين ''ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ'' هو]]

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[روس جي زارشاهي]] يورپ جي انقلابي تحريڪن لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو خطرو هئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} [[ڪريميائي جنگ]] دوران مارڪس [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ ان جي اتحادين [[برطانيا]] ۽ [[فرانس]] جي حمايت ڪئي، جڏهن ته [[روسي سلطنت]] جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هو [[پين-سلاوزم]] جو سخت مخالف هو ۽ ان کي روسي پرڏيهي پاليسيءَ جو هڪ اوزار سمجهندو هو.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} مارڪس [[پولينڊ وارا|پولينڊين]] کان سواءِ ٻين [[سلاو]] قومن کي ”انقلاب دشمن“ قرار ڏيندو هو. فيبروري 1849ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ''[[نوي رائنيشي سائيتونگ]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
يورپ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلاب دشمن قومن جي نالي تي اسان کي جيڪي ”ڀائيچاري“ جا جذباتي نعرا ڏنا پيا وڃن، تن جي جواب ۾ اسان چئون ٿا ته روسين سان نفرت جرمنن جي بنيادي انقلابي جذبي رهي آهي ۽ اڃا تائين آهي. 1848ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ ان ۾ چيڪن ۽ ڪروئٽن سان نفرت پڻ شامل ٿي وئي آهي، ۽ صرف انهن سلاوي قومن خلاف انتهائي سخت دهشت وسيلي ئي، پولينڊين ۽ مجيارن سان گڏجي، اسان انقلاب جي حفاظت ڪري سگهون ٿا. اسان ڄاڻون ٿا ته انقلاب جا دشمن ڪٿي گڏ ٿيل آهن، يعني روس ۽ آسٽريا جا سلاوي علائقا، ۽ نه ڪو خوبصورت نعرو، نه ئي انهن ملڪن جي ڪنهن غير واضح جمهوري مستقبل جا حوالا، اسان کي پنهنجن دشمنن کي دشمن سمجهڻ کان روڪي سگهن ٿا. پوءِ انهن سلاون خلاف، جيڪي انقلاب سان غداري ڪن ٿا، هڪ ”بي رحم زندگي ۽ موت جي جنگ“، مڪمل تباهي آڻيندڙ جدوجهد ۽ سخت دهشت جاري رهندي؛ نه جرمنيءَ جي مفاد لاءِ، پر انقلاب جي مفاد لاءِ!&lt;ref&gt;Cited in: B. Hepner, &quot;Marx et la puissance russe,&quot; in: K. Marx, ''La Russie et l'Europe'', Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally published in ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'', no. 223, 16 February 1849.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز 1860ع ۽ 1870ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[نارودنيڪ]] انقلابي تحريڪ سان همدردي رکندا هئا. جڏهن [[نارودنايا ووليا]] جي ڪارڪنن روسي زار [[اليگزينڊر ٻيون]] کي قتل ڪيو، تڏهن مارڪس اميد ظاهر ڪئي ته هي واقعو ”هڪ روسي ڪميون جي قيام“ جو پيش خيمو ثابت ٿيندو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Selected Correspondence'' (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975).&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس زارشاهي روس خلاف ٿيندڙ [[پولينڊ-روس جنگون|پولينڊي بغاوتن]] جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هن 1867ع ۾ لنڊن ۾ هڪ تقرير دوران چيو:

{{blockquote|
سڀ کان پهرين ڳالهه ته روس جي پاليسي ڪڏهن به تبديل نه ٿيندي... ان جا طريقا، حڪمت عمليون ۽ چالبازيون بدلجي سگهن ٿيون، پر ان جي پاليسيءَ جو قطبي تارو، يعني دنيا تي غلبو، هميشه قائم رهندو. اسان جي دور ۾ صرف اهڙي ”مهذب“ حڪومت، جيڪا بربر عوام تي حڪمراني ڪري ٿي، اهڙو منصوبو ٺاهي ۽ ان تي عمل ڪري سگهي ٿي... يورپ وٽ رڳو هڪ ئي متبادل آهي: يا ته موسڪوي قيادت هيٺ ايشيائي بربريت برفاني تودن وانگر ان تي ڪڙڪي پوندي، يا وري کيس پولينڊ کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻو پوندو، جيئن يورپ ۽ ايشيا جي وچ ۾ ويهه لک بهادر ماڻهن جي ديوار بيهي وڃي ۽ يورپ کي پنهنجي سماجي نئين سر تعمير لاءِ ڪجهه ساهه کڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.&lt;ref&gt;Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867...&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس [[آئرلينڊ جي آزادي]] جي تحريڪ جو به حامي هو. 1867ع ۾ هن اينگلز کي لکيو: ”مان اڳ سمجهندو هوس ته آئرلينڊ جو انگلينڊ کان جدا ٿيڻ ناممڪن آهي، پر هاڻي مون کي يقين آهي ته اهو اڻٽر آهي. انگريز مزدور طبقو ڪڏهن به ڪجهه حاصل نه ڪري سگهندو، جيستائين هو آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ کان پاڻ کي آزاد نه ڪندو... انگلينڊ ۾ رجعت پسنديءَ جون پاڙون آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ ۾ آهن.“

مارڪس ڪجهه وقت [[فرانسيسي الجزائر]] ۾ به رهيو، جنهن تي 1830ع ۾ [[فرانس جو الجزائر تي قبضو|فرانس قبضو]] ڪري ان کي پنهنجي نوآبادي بڻايو هو. اتي هن اتر آفريڪا جي نوآبادياتي زندگيءَ جو مشاهدو ڪيو. هن نوآبادياتي عدالتي نظام بابت لکيو ته ”عربن کان اعتراف ڪرائڻ لاءِ تشدد جو هڪ طريقو استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي (۽ اهو ’باقاعدگي سان‘ ٿيندو آهي)؛ يقيناً اهو ڪم (ڀارت ۾ انگريزن وانگر) پوليس ڪندي آهي، جڏهن ته جج کي ظاهري طور ان بابت ڪجهه به خبر نه هوندي.&quot; مارڪس الجزائر ۾ رهندڙ ڪيترن ئي يورپي آبادڪارن جي غرور تي حيران ٿيو ۽ هڪ خط ۾ لکيائين:

{{blockquote|
جڏهن ڪو يورپي آبادڪار ڪنهن ”هيٺين نسل“ جي ماڻهن ۾ رهي ٿو، پوءِ ڀلي هو مستقل آبادڪار هجي يا واپاري، ته هو پاڻ کي پرشيا جي بادشاهه وليم اول کان به وڌيڪ ناقابلِ دسترس سمجهي ٿو. پر جڏهن انهن ”هيٺين نسلن“ آڏو کلي عام غرور ۽ وڏائيءَ جي ڳالهه اچي ٿي ته انگريز ۽ ڊچ، فرينچن کان به اڳتي نڪري وڃن ٿا.
}}

''[[اسٽينفورڊ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف فلاسافي]]'' موجب:

{{blockquote|
مارڪس جو نوآباديات بابت تجزيو، جنهن ۾ هن ان کي پٺتي پيل جاگيردار سماج کي جديد بڻائيندڙ قوت طور ڏٺو، ظاهري طور پرڏيهي قبضي جي جواز جهڙو لڳي سگهي ٿو. پر برطانوي حڪمراني بابت سندس تجزيو ساڳئي ٻٽي روئي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هو يورپ ۾ سرمائيداري بابت به اختيار ڪري ٿو. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداريءَ کان بورجوا سماج ڏانهن منتقلي دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ وڏي انساني تڪليف کي تسليم ڪري ٿو، پر ساڳئي وقت ان منتقلي کي ضروري ۽ آخرڪار ترقي پسند به سمجهي ٿو. سندس دليل هو ته پرڏيهي واپار جي نفوذ سان ڀارت ۾ هڪ سماجي انقلاب جنم وٺندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Colonialism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس 1853ع ۾ ''[[نيو يارڪ هيرالڊ ٽربيون]]'' ۾ ڀارت تي برطانوي نوآبادياتي حڪمراني بابت لکيو:

{{blockquote|
ان ۾ ڪو به شڪ نه ٿو رهي ته انگريزن هندستان تي جيڪا مصيبت نازل ڪئي، اها پنهنجي نوعيت ۽ شدت ۾ انهن سڀني مصيبتن کان مختلف ۽ بيحد وڌيڪ هئي، جيڪي هندستان اڳ ڪڏهن سٺيون هيون. انگلينڊ هندستاني سماج جي سڄي ڍانچي کي ڊاهي ڇڏيو، جڏهن ته ان جي ٻيهر تعمير جا ڪي به آثار نظر نه ٿا اچن... تنهن هوندي به، اسان کي اهو نه وسارڻ گهرجي ته اهي بظاهر پرامن ڳوٺاڻيون برادريون، جيتوڻيڪ بي ضرر لڳن ٿيون، پر هميشه مشرقي آمريت جو مضبوط بنياد رهيون آهن. انهن انساني ذهن کي انتهائي محدود دائري ۾ قيد رکيو ۽ ان کي وهم پرستيءَ جو بي وس اوزار بڻائي ڇڏيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Marx on India under the British |work=The Hindu |date=13 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== ورثو ==
{{main|مارڪسزم}}

{{See also|ڪارل مارڪس ايونيو (پيٽروزاووڊسڪ، ڪاريليا)}}
[[File:Marx und Engels Denkmal, alter Platz - panoramio.jpg|thumb|جرمني جي [[برلن-ميٽي]] ۾ [[مارڪس-اينگلز فورم]] تي ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جو يادگار]]
[[File:Stamp Soviet Union 1948 CPA 1246.jpg|thumb|upright|1948ع جي [[سوويت يونين]] جي ٽپال ٽڪيٽ، جنهن تي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون تصويرون آهن ۽ جيڪا ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي سؤهين سالگرهه جي ياد ۾ جاري ڪئي وئي.]]

مارڪس جي خيالن عالمي سياست ۽ علمي فڪر تي گهرو ۽ ڊگهو اثر ڇڏيو آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |date=17 July 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/17/comment.theobserver1 |title=Why Marx is man of the moment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718233606/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html |archive-date=18 July 2005 |url-status=live |work=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي 1917ع جي روسي انقلاب کان پوءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magness |first1=Phil |last2=Makovi |first2=Michael |year=2022 |title=The Mainstreaming of Marx: Measuring the Effect of the Russian Revolution on Karl Marx's Influence |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1507–1545 |doi=10.1086/722933 |issn=0022-3808 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230081241/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي پوئلڳن ۾ هميشه ان ڳالهه تي بحث رهيو آهي ته سندس لکڻين جي صحيح تشريح ڪيئن ڪجي ۽ سندس نظرين کي جديد دنيا تي ڪيئن لاڳو ڪجي.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} نتيجي طور مارڪس جي فڪر جو ورثو ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڌارن ۾ ورهائجي ويو، جن مان هر هڪ پاڻ کي مارڪس جي خيالن جو وڌيڪ صحيح ترجمان سمجهي ٿي. سياسي ميدان ۾ انهن ڌارن ۾ [[ليننزم]]، [[مارڪسزم-ليننزم]]، [[ٽراٽسڪيزم]]، [[ماؤزم]]، [[لڪسمبرگزم]]، [[آزادي پسند مارڪسزم]]{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} ۽ [[اوپن مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن. علمي دنيا ۾ به مارڪسزم جون مختلف شاخون وجود ۾ آيون، جن ۾ [[ساختياتي مارڪسزم]]، [[تاريخي ماديت]]، مظاهريت پسند مارڪسزم، [[تجزياتي مارڪسزم]] ۽ [[هيگليائي مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}}

علمي نقطۂ نظر کان، مارڪس جي ڪم جديد سماجيات جي بنيادن جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. کيس اوڻيهين صديءَ جي ”[[شڪ جي مڪتبِ فڪر]]“ (اسڪول آف سسپيشن) جي ٽن وڏن مفڪرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricoeur |first=Paul |title=Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1970 |page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جديد [[سماجي سائنس]] جي ٽن بنيادي معمارن مان پڻ هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ٻين ڪيترن فلسفين جي ڀيٽ ۾، مارڪس اهڙا نظريا پيش ڪيا، جن کي گهڻي حد تائين [[سائنسي طريقو|سائنسي طريقي]] سان جاچي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس ۽ [[اوگسٽ ڪومٽ]] ٻنهي يورپ ۾ [[سيڪيولرزم]] جي واڌ ۽ تاريخ ۽ سائنس بابت نون فلسفن جي پسمنظر ۾ سائنسي بنيادن تي ٻڌل نظرياتي نظام ٺاهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هيگل جي فڪري روايت سان لاڳاپيل هجڻ باوجود، مارڪس ڪومٽ جي [[سماجي اثباتيت]] (سوشلاجيڪل پازيٽوئزم) کي رد ڪيو ۽ سماج جي هڪ نئين ”سائنس“ جو تصور پيش ڪيو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=19}} [[ڪارل لووٿ]]، مارڪس ۽ [[سورن ڪيئرڪيگارڊ]] کي هيگل جا ٻه وڏا فلسفياتي جانشين قرار ڏنو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Löwith |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Löwith |title=From Hegel to Nietzsche |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1991 |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جديد [[سماجي نظريو|سماجي نظرين]] ۾ [[مارڪس وادي سماجيات]] کي سماجيات جي بنيادي روايتي فڪري ڌارن مان هڪ تسليم ڪيو وڃي ٿو. [[آئزيا برلن]] مارڪس کي جديد سماجيات جو حقيقي باني قرار ڏنو، ”جيستائين ڪو به شخص اهڙي لقب جو حقدار ٿي سگهي“.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|p=130}} سماجي سائنس کان سواءِ، مارڪس فلسفي، ادب، فنون ۽ انسانيات جي مختلف شعبن تي به مستقل اثر ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Singer|1980|p=1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Bridget |last=O'Laughlin |date=October 1975 |title=Marxist Approaches in Anthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=4 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013}}&lt;br /&gt;William Roseberry (1997) ''Marx and Anthropology'' Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 {{doi|10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=S.L. |year=1984 |title=Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience |journal=Critical Studies in Mass Communication |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1080/15295038409360014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Manuel |last1=Alvarado |author1-link=Manuel Alvarado |first2=Robin |last2=Gutch |first3=Tana |last3=Wollen |year=1987 |title=Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Karl-Marx-Statue in Trier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائير]] ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جو مجسمو]]

ويهين ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي سماجي نظرئي جي ماهرن مارڪس جي فڪر جي جواب ۾ ٻه بنيادي حڪمت عمليون اختيار ڪيون آهن. هڪ حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي فڪر کي ان جي تجزياتي مرڪز تائين محدود ڪرڻ هئي، جنهن کي [[تجزياتي مارڪسيت]] چيو وڃي ٿو. ٻي، وڌيڪ عام حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي جي وضاحتي دعوائن کي نرم ڪرڻ ۽ سماجي توڙي معاشي زندگيءَ جي انهن پهلوئن جي ”نسبي [[خودمختياري]]“ تي زور ڏيڻ هئي، جيڪي ”پيداواري قوتن“ جي ترقي ۽ ”پيداواري طريقن“ جي لڳاتار تبديليءَ جي پاڻ ۾ لاڳاپي بابت مارڪس جي مرڪزي تشريح سان سڌي ريت واسطو نٿا رکن، ۽ جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي سياسي پروگرام سان لاڳاپيل آهن. اهو [[نئون مارڪسيت|نئين مارڪسي]] نظرياتي رخ هو، جنهن کي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي کان متاثر تاريخدانن، جهڙوڪ [[اي. پي. ٿامپسن]] ۽ [[ايرڪ هابسبام]]، اختيار ڪيو. اهو ئي فڪري رخ [[انتونيو گرامشي]] جهڙن مفڪرن ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن پڻ اڳتي وڌايو، جن مارڪسي سماجي نظريي جي روشنيءَ ۾ سماج کي بدلائيندڙ سياسي عمل جي امڪانن ۽ مشڪلاتن کي سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P.S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–44.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي خيالن پوءِ ايندڙ فنڪارن ۽ فن جي تاريخ تي پڻ گهرو اثر وڌو، ۽ ادب، بصري فن، موسيقي، فلم ۽ ناٽڪ ۾ اڳرائي پسند تحريڪون سندس فڪر کان متاثر ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Andrew |title=Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left |publisher=[[پلوٽو پريس]] |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سياسي لحاظ کان مارڪس جو ورثو وڌيڪ پيچيده آهي. ويهين صديءَ دوران ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ ٿيندڙ انقلابن پاڻ کي ”مارڪسي“ سڏيو، جن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[روسي انقلاب]] هو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[سوويت يونين]] قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;April Thesis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lenin |first1=V.I. |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |title=The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution|year=1917 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109111834/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ولاديمير لينن]]، [[مائو زيڊونگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Glossary of People – Ma |url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060241/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[فيدل ڪاسترو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Savioli |first1=Arminio |title=L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism|year=1961 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907221742/https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سلواڊور آليندي]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Allende |first1=Salvador |author-link=سلواڊور آليندي |title=First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election |date=1970|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044153/http://marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Broz Tito |first1=Josip |author-link=جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو |title=Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism|date=1959 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426215819/https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪوامي نڪروما]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nkrumah |first1=Kwame |author-link=ڪوامي نڪروما |title=African Socialism Revisited|date=1967 |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212248/https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جواهر لال نهرو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |title=Nehru's economic philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226013014/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |archive-date=26 December 2019 |work=[[دي هندو]] |date=27 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[نيلسن منڊيلا]]،&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509223406/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The South African''. 6 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [[شي جن پنگ]]،&lt;ref name=&quot;euronews&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |last=Churm |first=Philip Andrew |title=Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx |work=[[يورونيوز]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403030931/https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوزف اسٽالن]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marxism and the National Question |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[ٿامس سنڪارا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Harsch |first=Ernest |date=20 May 2015 |title=Resurrecting Thomas Sankara |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |magazine=[[جيڪوبن]] |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023094513/https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سميت ڪيترن ئي اهم عالمي اڳواڻن مارڪس کي پنهنجي فڪري اثرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو آهي. انهن ملڪن کان ٻاهر به، جتي مارڪسي انقلاب آيا، مارڪس جي خيالن سڄي دنيا جي سياسي جماعتن کي متاثر ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Why Marxism is on the rise again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |newspaper=[[دي گارجين]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108185759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ڪميونسٽ انقلابين ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن، جهڙوڪ [[روزا لڪسمبرگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History and Class Consciousness Georg Lukacs |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/ch02.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڀڳت سنگهه]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Indian National Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ارنسٽ ٿيلمان]]، [[چي گويرا]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zeitlin |first=Maurice |date=1974-11-01 |title=The Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary WarfareChe: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=715–718 |doi=10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |issn=0018-2168}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[چندر شيکر آزاد]]، [[انتونيو گرامشي]] ۽ [[فريڊ هيمپٽن]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The communism of the Black Panther Party {{!}} Red Flag |url=https://redflag.org.au/node/7352 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=redflag.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; تي مارڪسي نظريي جو گهرو اثر پيو.

مارڪسيت سان لاڳاپيل ملڪن ۾ سياسي مخالفن مارڪس کي لکين ماڻهن جي موت جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Tim |title=The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/ |work=[[دي ڊيلي ٽيليگراف]] |date=1 November 2013|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407225246/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ٻين جو دليل آهي ته خود مارڪس جي فڪري ورثي ۽ اثر کي انهن ماڻهن جي ورثي ۽ اثر کان الڳ سمجهڻ گهرجي، جن سندس خيالن کي سياسي مقصدن لاءِ نئين صورت ڏني يا استعمال ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Elbe |first1=Indigo |title=Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory |url=https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |work=Viewpoint Magazine |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108194200/https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |archive-date=8 January 2015 |date=21 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آرٿر ليپو]] مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿي [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] کي ”جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جا باني“ قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lipow |first=Arthur |year=1991 |title=Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |page=1 |isbn=978-0520075436 |quote={{'}}&quot;اسان انهن ڪميونسٽن مان نه آهيون، جيڪي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا يا دنيا کي هڪ وڏي فوجي ڇانوڻي يا هڪ عظيم جبري مزدوري خاني ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ گهرن ٿا. بيشڪ ڪي اهڙا ڪميونسٽ موجود آهن، جيڪي بنا ڪنهن هٻڪ جي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪن ٿا ۽ ان کي دنيا مان ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال ۾ اها مڪمل هم آهنگيءَ جي راهه ۾ رڪاوٽ آهي. پر اسان جي ڪا به خواهش ناهي ته آزاديءَ کي برابريءَ سان مٽايو وڃي. اسان کي پڪو يقين آهي ... ته ڪنهن به سماجي نظام ۾ آزاديءَ جي ايتري پڪ نه ٿي ڏئي سگهجي، جيتري گڏيل ملڪيت تي ٻڌل سماج ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&quot;
اهڙي ريت 1847ع ۾ ''ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي جرنل'' جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو، جيڪي جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جي باني [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جي سڌي فڪري اثر هيٺ هئا.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

روس جي شهر [[مارڪس، روس|مارڪس]] ۽ جرمني جي شهر [[ڪيمنٽس|ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ]]، جيڪو هاڻي ڪيمنٽس جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جا نالا مارڪس جي نالي پٺيان رکيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Где находится Екатериненштадт? Города России |url=http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Ижевский новостной сайт |language=ru |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142040/http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf ''Chemnitzer Tourismus-Broschüre'', Herausgeber: City-Management und Tourismus Chemnitz GmbH, 4. Jahrgang • Ausgabe 12 • Sommer 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826225659/http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf|date=26 August 2010}}; [http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/de/stadt_chemnitz/geschichte/stadtarchiv/downloads/q_bildarchiv.pdf O-Ton-Nachweis im Chemnitzer Stadtarchiv]{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 2018ع ۾ سندس ڄمڻ جي ٻه سؤ سالا ياد ملهائڻ لاءِ، مشهور چيني مجسما ساز [[وو ويشان]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو مجسمو، جيڪو چيني حڪومت پاران تحفي طور ڏنو ويو هو، جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائر]] ۾ سندس جنم ڀوميءَ تي ظاهر ڪيو ويو. ان وقت جي [[يورپي ڪميشن]] جي صدر [[جان ڪلاڊ يونڪر]] مارڪس جي يادگيريءَ جو دفاع ڪندي چيو ته اڄ مارڪس کي ”اهڙين ڳالهين جي علامت بڻايو ويو آهي، جن جو نه هو ذميوار هو ۽ نه ئي اهي هن پيدا ڪيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس لکيل ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين کي وري اهڙيءَ ريت ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جو انهن جي معنيٰ اصل جي ابتڙ ٿي وئي.“&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=4 May 2018 |title='Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy |work=[[دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005321/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |archive-date=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |title=Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst |work=[[بي بي سي نيوز]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622182403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013ع ۾ [[يونيسڪو]] مارڪس جي هٿ اکرن وارن ٻن دستاويزن کي پنهنجي [[دنيا جي يادگيريءَ جو بين الاقوامي رجسٽر]] ۾ شامل ڪيو. انهن مان هڪ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي پهرئين جلد جو مارڪس جي حاشين ۽ نوٽن وارو پهريون ڇاپو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيو ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي مسودي جو هڪ صفحو آهي. اهي دستاويز، مارڪس جي ٻين ڪاغذن سان گڏ، ايمسٽرڊيم جي [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو]] ۾ محفوظ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, draft manuscript page and Das Kapital. Erster Band, Karl Marx's personal annotated copy |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/manifest-der-kommunistischen-partei-draft-manuscript-page-and-das-kapital-erster-band-karl-marxs |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ويهين صديءَ جي سئنيما تي اثر وجهڻ کان علاوه، مارڪس جي زندگي، سندس دور ۽ سندس اهم تصنيفون پڻ فلمن جا موضوع رهيون آهن. [[ڪارل مارڪس تي  فلمون|ڪارل مارڪس بابت فلمن]] ۾ دستاويزي فلمن کان وٺي افسانوي ڊرامن، آرٽ هائوس فلمن ۽ مزاحيه فلمن تائين مختلف صنفون شامل آهن. 2017ع ۾ رليز ٿيل فلم ''[[دي  ينگ ڪارل مارڪس]]'' کي تاريخي درستگي ۽ فڪري زندگيءَ جي پُرجوش پيشڪش سبب سٺا جائزا مليا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=22 February 2018 |title=Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

چين جي [[چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]]، مارڪس جي پيدائش جي [[ڪارل مارڪس جي پيدائش جي ٻه سؤ سالا تقريب|200هين سالگرهه]] جي موقعي تي، چيني [[ڊونگهوا]] (متحرڪ ويب سيريز) ''[[دي ليڊر (ويب سيريز)|دي ليڊر]]'' تيار ڪرائي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Loveridge, Lynzee |date=December 19, 2018 |title=China's Bilibili Streaming Service Announces Original Karl Marx Web Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118211920/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== چونڊ ببليوگرافي ==
{{See also|مارڪس-اينگلز-گيزامٽائوسگابي|مارڪس/اينگلز گڏيل تصنيفون}}

{{Div col}}
* ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق]]'' (ڊاڪٽري مقالو)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |title = انگريزي ترجمو آن لائين |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420103907/http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |archive-date=20 اپريل 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1841ع
* ''[[تاريخي قانوني اسڪول جو فلسفياتي منشور]]''، 1842ع
* ''[[هيگل جي حق بابت فلسفي تي تنقيد]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[يهودي سوال بابت]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[جيمس مل بابت نوٽس]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[مقدس خاندان (ڪتاب)|مقدس خاندان]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فيئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]''، 1845ع ۾ لکيو ويو، پهريون ڀيرو اينگلز طرفان وفات کان پوءِ 1888ع ۾ شايع ٿيو
* ''[[جرمن نظريو]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[اجرتي محنت ۽ سرمايو]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]''، 1848ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون]]''، 1850ع
* ''[[لوئي نيپولين جو ارڙهون بروميئر]]''، 1852ع
* ''[[گرونڊرِسه]]'' (''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد جا بنياد'')، 1857ع
* ''[[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد ۾ هڪ حصو]]''، 1859ع
* ''[[آمريڪي گهرو جنگ بابت لکڻيون]]''، 1861ع
* ''[[اضافي قدر جا نظريا]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ [[ڪارل ڪائوٽسڪي]] پاران شايع ٿيل)، 3 جلد، 1862ع
* ''[[ابراهام لنڪن ڏانهن بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن جو خطاب]]''، 1864ع
* ''[[قدر، قيمت ۽ منافعو]]''، 1865ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد پهريون|''سرمايو''، جلد پهريون: ''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد: سرمائي جي پيداوار جو عمل'']]'' (''Das Kapital'')، 1867ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو جنگ]]''، 1871ع
* ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]''، 1875ع
* ''[[ايڊولف ويگنر بابت نوٽس]]''، 1883ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٻيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٻيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1885ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٽيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٽيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1894ع
{{Div col end}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{cols|colwidth=30em}}

* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي 200هين جنم ورسي]]
* [[2807 ڪارل مارڪس]] – هڪ ننڍو سيارو
* [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد]]
* [[فلمن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس]]
* {{anl|مارڪس يادگار لائبريري}}
* {{anl|مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل|''مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل''}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طريقو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طبقاتي نظريو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو رياست بابت نظريو}}
* {{anl|ڪارل مارڪس جا رياضياتي مسودا}}
* {{anl|مارڪس کان اڳ جا سوشلسٽ}}
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتيءَ جو وقتنامو]]
  {{colend}}

== حاشيا ۽ حوالا ==
{{notelist}}
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;1883: The death of Karl Marx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |title=1883ع: ڪارل مارڪس جو موت |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=21 ڊسمبر 2009 |archive-date=4 جنوري 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114229/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Allan2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪينيٿ |last=ايلن |title=سماجي عدسو: سماجي ۽ سماجياتي نظريي ڏانهن دعوت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |access-date=25 مارچ 2011 |year=2010 |publisher=پائن فورج پريس |isbn=978-1412978347 |page=68 |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622084122/http://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Balibar1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باليبار |first=ايتيئن |title=مارڪس جو فلسفو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |access-date=8 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[ورسو بڪس]] |isbn=978-1859849514 |page=56 |archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617021319/http://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Beilharz1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=بيلارز |first=پيٽر |title=محنت جا يوٽوپيا: بالشويزم، فابينزم ۽ سماجي جمهوريت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1992 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0415096805 |page=4 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620160709/http://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Bottomore1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باٽومور |first=ٽي. بي. |author-link=ٿامس باٽومور |title=مارڪسسٽ فڪر جي لغت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=1991 |publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]] |isbn=978-0631180821 |pages=108– |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622075208/http://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BrewerMarx1984-15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=بريور |first1=اينٿوني |last2=مارڪس |first2=ڪارل |author2-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جي رهنمائي |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1984 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521257305 |page=15 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722090920/http://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;CGP P1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |year=1875 |chapter=حصو پهريون |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |title-link=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |archive-date=26 ڊسمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226042725/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- اڻ استعمال ٿيل حوالو&lt;ref name=&quot;CapperGiorcelli2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=ڪيپر |first1=چارلس |last2=جيورچيلي |first2=ڪرسٽينا |last3=لٽل |first3=ليسٽر ڪي. |title=مارگريٽ فلر: انقلابي دور ۾ ائٽلانٽڪ پار سفر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LehjT5N5yQwC&amp;pg=PA18 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=[[وسڪانسن يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0299223403 |page=18 |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curtis1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=مائيڪل |last=ڪرٽس |title=مارڪسزم: اندروني مڪالما |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=1997 |publisher=[[ٽرانزيڪشن پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1560009450|page=291 |archive-date=16 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220111/http://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DL-Marx&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر. تعارف. هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون: فيبروري انقلاب کان پئرس ڪميون تائين |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس |isbn=978-1876646196 |page=6 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617100749/http://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Dispatches&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |editor-first=جيمس |editor-last=ليڊبيٽر |title=نيو يارڪ ٽربيون لاءِ رپورٽون: ڪارل مارڪس جي چونڊ صحافت |publisher=[[پينگوئن بڪس]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0141441924}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Elster1985&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=يون ايلسٽر|title=مارڪس کي سمجهڻ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|access-date=23 اپريل 2011|year=1985|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0521297059|page=217|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617012124/http://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Engels1999&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر، هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book|author=فريڊرڪ اينگلز|title=سوشلزم: خيالي ۽ سائنسي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|access-date=7 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس|isbn=978-0909196868|pages=34–36|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617114803/http://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GeorgeScanlan1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=رچرڊ ٽي. ڊي جارج|author2=جيمس پيٽرڪ اسڪينلن|title=اوڀر يورپ ۾ مارڪسزم ۽ مذهب: 4 کان 7 سيپٽمبر 1974ع تائين بئنف بين الاقوامي سلاوي ڪانفرنس ۾ پيش ڪيل مقالا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1975|publisher=اسپرنگر|isbn=978-9027706362|page=20|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617023911/http://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ڊينس گلبرٽ|title=وڌندڙ اڻبرابريءَ واري دور ۾ آمريڪي طبقاتي ڍانچو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=پائن فورج پريس|isbn=978-1412979658|pages=6–|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221658/http://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GouldMcGarr2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|author2=پال ميڪ گار|author3=اسٽيون پيٽر رسل روز|title=زندگيءَ جي شاهوڪاري: اسٽيفن جي گولڊ جون اهم لکڻيون|url=https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul|url-access=registration|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2007|publisher=ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني|isbn=978-0393064988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul/page/167 167]–168}}{{Dead link|date=اپريل 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Harriss2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=فل |last=هيرس |title=لنڊن جون مارڪيٽون |edition=چوٿون |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=[[نيو هالينڊ پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1860113062 |page=20 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190116/http://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hernadi1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=پال هرناڊي|title=تشريح جي خطابت ۽ خطابت جي تشريح|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1989|publisher=[[ڊيوڪ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0822309345|page=137|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215140/http://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hook1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=سڊني هوڪ|title=هيگل کان مارڪس تائين: ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪري ارتقا جو مطالعو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1994|publisher=[[ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0231096652|pages=24–25|archive-date=23 سيپٽمبر 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923164300/http://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;JessopWheatley1999-526&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=باب جيسپ|author2=رسل ويٽلي|title=ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] آمريڪا|isbn=978-0415193276|page=526|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617103720/http://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor1=رونالڊ جان جانسٽن|title=انساني جاگرافيءَ جي لغت|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_w3r7/page/795/mode/1up|edition=چوٿون|year=2000|publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]]|isbn=978-0631205616|pages=795–797|editor2= ڊيرڪ گريگري | editor3= جيرالڊين پراٽ | editor4= مائيڪل واٽس | author= ڊيرڪ گريگري | chapter= ڍانچيوار مارڪسزم | chapter-url-access= registration |via=[[انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|chapter=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد، حصو چوٿون |via=marxists.org| author= ڪارل مارڪس | orig-date= 1875 | title =مارڪس/اينگلز جون چونڊ لکڻيون| volume= 3 | pages= 13–30 | publisher= پروگريس پبلشرز|place= ماسڪو| date= 1970 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702071606/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltsevN.-93&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=مالتسيف|author2=يوري اين.|title=مارڪس لاءِ مرثيو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|publisher=لڊوگ فان ميزس انسٽيٽيوٽ|isbn=978-1610161169|pages=93–94|year=1993|archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083729/http://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Manchester&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm |title=مارڪس گذريل هزار سال جو ”عظيم ترين مفڪر“ |work=بي بي سي نيوز ورلڊ آن لائين |date=1 آڪٽوبر 1999 |access-date=23 نومبر 2010 |archive-date=2 سيپٽمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902192653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/461545.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪارل |last=مارڪس |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=لوئي بوناپارٽ جو ارڙهون بروميئر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=وائلڊسائيڊ پريس ايل ايل سي |isbn=978-1434463746 |page=141 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722084040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxO'Malley1977&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=ڪارل |last1=مارڪس |author1-link=ڪارل مارڪس |first2=جوزف |last2=اومالي |title=هيگل جي ”حق جي فلسفي“ تي تنقيد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=1977 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521292115 |page=131 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004239/http://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehring2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=فرانز مهرنگ|title=ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2003|publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]]|isbn=978-0415313339|pages=19–20|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220242/http://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ollman1973&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=برٽيل اولمين|title=بيگانگي: سرمائيداراڻي سماج ۾ انسان بابت مارڪس جو تصور|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1973|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]]|isbn=978-1001331355|page=81|archive-date=22 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622092831/http://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Rockmore2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ٽام راڪمور|title=مارڪسزم کان پوءِ مارڪس: ڪارل مارڪس جو فلسفو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[جان وائلي اينڊ سنز]] |isbn=978-0631231899|page=128|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233929/http://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Segrest2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ميب سيگريسٽ|title=وابستگيءَ لاءِ ڄاول: روح ۽ انصاف بابت لکڻيون|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[رٽگرز يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0813531014|page=232|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220203/http://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=شرمين |first=هاورڊ جي. |title=مارڪسزم جي نئين جوڙجڪ |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher |url-access=registration |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[جانس هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0801850776 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher/page/5 5]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;SwatosKivisto1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=وليم ايڇ. سواٽوس|author2=پيٽر ڪيوسٽو|title=مذهب ۽ سماج جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1998|publisher=رومين الٽاميرا|isbn=978-0761989561|pages=499–|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620152445/http://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جان بي. ٿامپسن|title=نظريو ۽ جديد ثقافت: عوامي رابطي جي دور ۾ تنقيدي سماجي نظريو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1990|publisher=[[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0804718462|pages=37–38|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620184832/http://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جوناٿن ايڇ. ٽرنر|title=سماجيات|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2005|publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]]|isbn=978-0131134966|pages=17–18|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172806/http://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=پيٽر |last=واٽسن|title=جرمن ڏاهپ: يورپ جي ٽين نئين جاڳرتا، ٻيو سائنسي انقلاب ۽ ويهين صدي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=[[هارپر ڪولنز]]|isbn=978-0060760229|pages=250–|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617094656/http://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]] |isbn=978-0415065580 |page=346 |year=1987 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620212506/http://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا، ٻيو سلسلو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |year=1993 |publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] |isbn=978-0415087117 |page=232 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082303/http://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;et&quot;&gt;ڪيترن ئي ليکڪن مارڪس جي نظرياتي ارتقا ۾ هن ڊگهي عرصي تائين نظرانداز ڪيل اهم تبديليءَ کي واضح ڪيو آهي، جهڙوڪ ارني ٿامسن پنهنجي ڪتاب ''نوجوان ڪارل مارڪس جي لکڻين ۾ تاريخ جي مادي تصور جي دريافت''، [[ليوسٽن، نيو يارڪ]]: [[ايڊون ميلن پريس]]، 2004ع ۾؛ مختصر احوال لاءِ ڏسو [http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html ميڪس شٽنر، هڪ مستقل اختلاف ڪندڙ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518155939/http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html |date=18 مئي 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;k72&quot;&gt;ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرڪ اينگلز، ''گڏيل تصنيفون، جلد 46''، انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز: نيو يارڪ، 1992ع، ص. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;manifesto&quot;&gt;مارڪس، ڪ. ۽ اينگلز، ف. (1848ع). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm ''ڪميونسٽ منشور''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902090238/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm |date=2 سيپٽمبر 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;plato.stanford.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ميڪس ويبر |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=29 نومبر 2009 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 فيبروري 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/64WuU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ڪارل مارڪس |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=28 مئي 2005 |archive-date=8 فيبروري 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208100606/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |url-status=live}}. پهريون ڀيرو اڱارو، 26 آگسٽ 2003ع تي شايع ٿيو؛ بنيادي نظرثاني سومر، 14 جون 2010ع تي ٿي. 4 مارچ 2011ع تي حاصل ڪيل.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;stateless&quot;&gt;ميڪليلن 1973ع، ص. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wh1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=وين |first=فرانسس |author-link=فرانسس وين |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي |publisher=نارٽن |location=نيو يارڪ | year=2002 |pages=تعارف |no-pp=true}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wk&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=بيئرڊ |first1=فارسٽ اي. |last2=ڪائوفمين |first2=والٽر |title=افلاطون کان دريدا تائين |publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]] |year=2008 |location=اپر سيڊل رور، نيو جرسي |isbn=978-0131585911}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

=== ذريعا ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Heine |last2=Kaspersen |first2=Lars Bo |title=Classical and modern social theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PeGtsC2Hp4C&amp;pg=PA123 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-0631212881 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617000227/http://books.google.com/books?id=_PeGtsC2Hp4C&amp;pg=PA123 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Kevin B. |date=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxCZCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA239 |title=Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0226345703 |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Bannerji |first=Himani |title=Inventing subjects: studies in hegemony, patriarchy and colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQqos58kEPwC&amp;pg=PA27 |access-date=2 May 2011 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Anthem Press]] |isbn=978-1843310723 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617014040/http://books.google.com/books?id=rQqos58kEPwC&amp;pg=PA27 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Berlin |first=Isaiah |author-link=Isaiah Berlin |title=Karl Marx: His Life and Environment |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London |date=1963}}
* {{cite book |last=Blumenberg |first=Werner |translator-first=Douglas |translator-last=Scott |title=Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London; New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85984-254-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Calhoun |first=Craig J. |author-link=Craig Calhoun |title=Classical Sociological Theory |year=2002 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-631-21348-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912174103/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Calhoun |first=Craig J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlmBgDM-shoC |title=Classical sociological theory |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-65567-2 |edition=3rd |location=Chichester, West Sussex |oclc=794037359 |access-date=5 October 2021 |via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Barry Stewart |title=Political economy: a comparative approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&amp;pg=PA57 |access-date=7 March 2011 |year=1998 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0275963705 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620161105/http://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&amp;pg=PA57 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{cite book |last=Fedoseyev |first=Petr Nikolaevich |year=1973 |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |location=Moscow |oclc=1365346}}
* {{cite book |last=Heinrich |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Heinrich |title=Karl Marx and the Birth of Modern Society: The Life of Marx and the Development of His Work. Volume I: 1818–1841 |location=New York |publisher=Monthly Review P. |year=2019 |isbn=978-1583677353}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |title=How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism |year=2011 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=London |isbn=978-1408702871|ref=Hob11}}
* {{Cite book |last=McLellan |first=David |author-link=David McLellan (political scientist) |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |edition=4th |year=2006 |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |location=Hampshire |isbn=978-1403997302}}
* {{cite book |last=Mészáros |first=István |author-link=István Mészáros (philosopher) |title=Marx's Theory of Alienation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lckAQAAIAAJ |access-date=8 March 2011 |year=2006 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=Merlin Press |isbn=978-0850365542 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233058/http://books.google.com/books?id=5lckAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nicolaievsky |first1=Boris |last2=Maenchen-Helfen |first2=Otto |title=Karl Marx: Man and Fighter |author1-link=Boris Nicolaevsky |author2-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |year=1976 |orig-year=1936 |publisher=Pelican |location=Harmondsworth and New York |isbn=978-1406727036 |translator1-first=Gwenda |translator1-last=David |translator2-first=Eric |translator2-last=Mosbacher |translator2-link=Eric Mosbacher}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nicolaievsky |first1=Boris |last2=Maenchen-Helfen |first2=Otto |title=Karl Marx: Man and Fighter |author1-link=Boris Nicolaevsky |author2-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1406727036 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Pepperell |first=Nicole |date=April 2010 |title=Disassembling Capital |type=PhD |publisher=[[RMIT University]] |url=https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331022416/https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pilling |first=Geoff |title=Marx's Capital, Philosophy and Political Economy |publisher=[[Routledge]] &amp; Keagan Paul |year=1980 |isbn=978-1138874107 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110212321/https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Postone |first=Moishe |author-link=Moishe Postone |title=Time labour and social domination |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0511570926 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570926 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511570926 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051213/https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511570926 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Postone |first=Moishe |author-link=Moishe Postone |title=Time, labor, and social domination: a reinterpretation of Marx's critical theory |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521565400 |oclc=475188205 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schwarzschild |first1=Leopold |author1-link=Leopold Schwarzschild |title=The Red Prussian: Life and Legend of Karl Marx |year=1986 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=Pickwick Books Ltd |isbn=978-0948859007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seigel |first=Jerrold |author-link=Jerrold Seigel |title=Marx's fate: the shape of a life |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=1978 |isbn=0271009357}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shuster |first=Sam |title=The nature and consequence of Karl Marx's skin disease |journal=British Journal of Dermatology |volume=158 |issue=1 |date=January 2008 |pages=071106220718011–– |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08282.x |pmid=17986303 |s2cid=40843002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Singer |title=Marx |year=1980 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0192875105}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sperber |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |year=2013 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]] |isbn=978-0871404671}}
* {{cite book |last=Splichal |first=Slavko |title=Principles of publicity and press freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8fO_b0lxDAC&amp;pg=PA115 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0742516151 |page=115 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617083504/http://books.google.com/books?id=u8fO_b0lxDAC&amp;pg=PA115 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Stedman Jones |first1=Gareth |title=Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion |date=2016 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-0713999044}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Philip |title=Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers |year=2004 |publisher=Index Books |location=Kettering |isbn=978-0572029357}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vygodsky |first=Vitaly |title=The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote 'Capital' |year=1973 |publisher=Verlag Die Wirtschaft |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121940/https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |title=Karl Marx |year=2001 |publisher=Fourth Estate |location=London |isbn=978-1857026375}}
{{refend}}

== وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاءِ ==
{{refbegin}}

=== سوانح عمريون ===
{{main|ڪارل مارڪس جون سوانح عمريون}}
{{div col}}

* {{cite book |author=[[ميڪس بيئر|بيئر، ميڪس]] |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تعليم |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/37290 |year=1921 |publisher=[[نيشنل ليبر پريس]]}}
* [[آئزيا برلن|برلن، آئزيا]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ماحول'' ([[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1963ع) {{ISBN|0195200527}}
* گيمڪوف، هينرچ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري''. ڊريسڊن: ورلاگ سائيٽ ام بلڊ. 1968ع.
* {{cite ODNB|id=39021|title=مارڪس، ڪارل هينرچ|year=2004|last=هابسبام|first=اي. جي.|ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=لينن |first=ولاديمير |title=ڪارل مارڪس: مارڪسزم جي تشريح سان گڏ هڪ مختصر سوانحي خاڪو |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |year=1967 |orig-year=1913 |publisher=فارين لينگويجز پريس |location=پيڪنگ |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |access-date=19 فيبروري 2011 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702055230/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |url-status=live |via=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}
* ليڊمين، سوين-ايرڪ. ''فتح ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ دنيا: ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تصنيفون.'' [2015ع] جيفري اين. اسڪنر، مترجم. لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2018ع.
* ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ فڪر''، هارپر اينڊ رو، 1973ع {{ISBN|978-0060128296}}
* [[فرانز مهرنگ|مهرنگ، فرانز]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي'' ([[روٽليج]]، 2003ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن (تعليمي ماهر)|ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪسزم کان اڳ مارڪس'' (1980ع)، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0333278826}}
* {{cite book |chapter=استاد: ڪارل مارڪس، جنهن ازدها جا ڏند پوکيا |title=انقلاب جا پيغمبر |first=ميڪس |last=نوماد |author-link=ميڪس نوماد |year=1961 |orig-year=1939 |location=نيو يارڪ |publisher=[[ڪرويل-ڪوليئر پبلشنگ ڪمپني|ڪوليئر بڪس]] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrevolu00noma/page/83/ |lccn=61018566 |oclc=984463383 |pages=83–150}}
* [[ميڪسميلين روبيل|روبيل، ميڪسميلين]]. ''ڏند ڪٿا کان سواءِ مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ڪم جو تاريخوار مطالعو'' (بليڪ ويل، 1975ع) {{ISBN|0631157808}}
* [[اينجلو سيگريلو|سيگريلو، اينجلو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي سوانح عمرين جون ٻه صديون: هڪ جائزو'' (ايل اي اي ورڪنگ پيپر سيريز، شمارو 4، مارچ 2019ع).
* اسپرٻر، جوناٿن. ''ڪارل مارڪس: اڻويهين صديءَ جي هڪ حياتي.'' نيو يارڪ: ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني، 2013ع.
* اسٽيڊمن جونز، گيرٿ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: عظمت ۽ وهم'' (ايلن لين، 2016ع). {{ISBN|978-0713999044}}.
* واڪر، فرينڪ ٿامس. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ ڪتابياتي ۽ سياسي سوانح عمري''. (بي جي پبليڪيشنز)، 2009ع.
* [[فرانسس وين|وين، فرانسس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي''، (فورٿ اسٽيٽ، 1999ع)، {{ISBN|1857026373}}
  {{div col end}}

=== مارڪس بابت تبصرا ===
{{div col}}

* [[لوئي الٿوسر|الٿوسر، لوئي]]. ''[[مارڪس لاءِ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2005ع.
* الٿوسر، لوئي ۽ [[ايتيئن باليبار|باليبار، ايتيئن]]. ''[[سرمايو پڙهڻ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2009ع.
* [[جيڪ اٽالي|اٽالي، جيڪ]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس يا دنيا جو فڪر''. 2005ع.
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر'' (ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس، 1968ع) {{ISBN|0521096197}}
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: فلسفو ۽ انقلاب'' (ييل يونيورسٽي پريس، 2019ع) {{ISBN|978-0300211702}}
* [[ڪوسٽاس ايڪسيلوس|ايڪسيلوس، ڪوسٽاس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪر ۾ بيگانگي، عمل ۽ ٽيڪنيڪي هنر'' (رونالڊ بروزينا جو ترجمو، يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس، 1976ع).
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=جينيٽ |author-last=بيلز ڪائڊانٽزس |title=ڪارل مارڪس (1818ع–1883ع) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Marx.html |encyclopedia=[[اقتصاديات جو مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] |edition=ٻيو |series=[[لائبريري آف اڪنامڪس اينڊ لبرٽي]] |publisher=[[لبرٽي فنڊ]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=ڊيوڊ آر. |editor-last=هينڊرسن |editor-link=ڊيوڊ آر. هينڊرسن |pages=563–564}}
* بليڪليج، پال. ''تاريخ جي مارڪسي نظريي تي ويچار'' (مانچسٽر يونيورسٽي پريس، 2006ع)
* بليڪليج، پال. ''مارڪسزم ۽ اخلاقيات'' (ايس يو اين واءِ پريس، 2012ع)
* باٽومور، ٽام، مرتب. ''مارڪسي فڪر جي لغت''. آڪسفورڊ: بليڪ ويل، 1998ع.
* {{Cite book |last=ڪالينيڪوس |first=ايلڪس |author-link=ايلڪس ڪالينيڪوس |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا انقلابي خيال |year=2010 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=بڪ مارڪس |location=بلومسبري؛ لنڊن |isbn=978-1905192687}}
* [[هيري ڪليور|ڪليور، هيري]]. ''سرمائي کي سياسي نموني پڙهڻ'' (اي ڪي پريس، 2000ع)
* [[جيرالڊ ڪوهن|جي. اي. ڪوهن]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو تاريخ بابت نظريو: هڪ دفاع'' ([[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1978ع) {{ISBN|0691070687}}
* [[اينڊريو ڪوليئر (فلسفي)|ڪوليئر، اينڊريو]]. ''مارڪس'' (ون ورلڊ، 2004ع)
* [[هال ڊريپر|ڊريپر، هال]]، ''ڪارل مارڪس جو انقلاب بابت نظريو'' (4 جلد)، [[منٿلي ريويو]] پريس.
* ڊنڪن، رونالڊ ۽ [[ڪولن ولسن|ولسن، ڪولن]]. (مرتب) ''مارڪس جي ترديد''، (باٿ، برطانيا، 1987ع) {{ISBN|090679871X}}
* [[ٽيري ايگلٽن|ايگلٽن، ٽيري]]. ''مارڪس درست ڇو هو'' (نيو هيون ۽ لنڊن: [[ييل يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 2011ع).
* [[بين فائن|فائن، بين]]. ''مارڪس جو سرمايو.'' پنجون ڇاپو. لنڊن: [[پلوٽو پريس]]، 2010ع.
* [[جان بيلمي فوسٽر|فوسٽر، جان بيلمي]]. ''مارڪس جي ماحوليات: ماديت ۽ فطرت''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2000ع.
* [[اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|گولڊ، اسٽيفن جي]]. ''مارڪس جي جنازي تي هڪ ڊاروني صاحب – اي. ري لنڪيسٽر''، ص. 1، فائنڊ آرٽيڪلز ڊاٽ ڪام{{cbignore}} (1999ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ هاروي|هاروي، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جو ساٿي ڪتاب.'' لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2010ع.
* هاروي، ڊيوڊ. ''سرمائي جون حدون''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2006ع.
  {{Clear}}
* [[مائيڪل هينري|هينري، مائيڪل]]. ''مارڪس پهريون'' ۽ ''مارڪس ٻيون''. 1976ع.
* هولٽ، جسٽن پي. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي فڪر''. سيج، 2015ع.
* ايگرز، جارج جي. ”تاريخ نويسي: سائنسي معروضيت کان بعد جديديت جي چئلينج تائين.“ ([[ويسليئن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1997ع، 2005ع)
* [[ليشڪ ڪولاڪوسڪي|ڪولاڪوسڪي، ليشڪ]]. ''مارڪسزم جا مکيه وهڪرا''، آڪسفورڊ: [[ڪلارنڊن پريس]]، او يو پي، 1978ع.
* [[رابرٽ ڪرٽز (فلسفي)|ڪرٽز، رابرٽ]]. ''مارڪس پڙهو: ايڪويهين صديءَ لاءِ ڪارل مارڪس جا سڀ کان اهم متن'' (2000ع) {{ISBN|3821816449}}
* لٽل، ڊينيئل. ''سائنسي مارڪس''، (يونيورسٽي آف منيسوٽا پريس، 1986ع) {{ISBN|0816615055}}
* [[ارنسٽ منڊل|منڊل، ارنسٽ]]. ''مارڪسي معاشي نظريو''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1970ع.
* منڊل، ارنسٽ. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشي فڪر جي تشڪيل''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1977ع.
* ملر، رچرڊ ڊبليو. ''مارڪس جو تجزيو: اخلاقيات، طاقت ۽ تاريخ''. پرنسٽن، نيو جرسي: [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1984ع.
* [[مري راٿبارڊ|راٿبارڊ، مري]]. ''اقتصادي فڪر جي تاريخ تي آسٽريائي نقطه نظر، جلد ٻيون: ڪلاسيڪي معاشيات'' (ايڊورڊ ايلگر پبلشنگ لميٽيڊ، 1995ع) {{ISBN|094546648X}}
* [[الفريڊو سعد-فلهو|سعد-فلهو، الفريڊو]]. ''مارڪس جو قدر: همعصر سرمائيداريءَ لاءِ سياسي معيشت''. لنڊن: [[روٽليج]]، 2002ع.
* [[ڪوهي سائتو|سائتو، ڪوهي]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو ماحولياتي سوشلزم: سرمايو، فطرت ۽ سياسي معيشت جي اڻپوري تنقيد''، منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2017ع.
* [[الفريڊ شمٽ (فلسفي)|شمٽ، الفريڊ]]. ''مارڪس وٽ فطرت جو تصور''. لنڊن: اين ايل بي، 1971ع.
* {{cite journal |last=سيگل |first=جي. اي. |title=مارڪس جي شروعاتي ارتقا: پيشو، بغاوت ۽ حقيقت پسندي |journal=دي جرنل آف انٽرڊسيپلينري هسٽري |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1973 |pages=475–508 |jstor=202551 |doi=10.2307/202551}}
* [[پال اسٽرادرن|اسٽرادرن، پال]]. ”90 منٽن ۾ مارڪس“، (آئيون آر. ڊي، 2001ع)
* ٿامس، پال. ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ انارڪسٽ''. لنڊن: روٽليج اينڊ ڪيگن پال، 1980ع.
* [[ڪوزو اونو|اونو، ڪوزو]]. ''سياسي معيشت جا اصول: خالص سرمائيداراڻي سماج جو نظريو''، برائٽن، سسڪس: هاروسٽر؛ ائٽلانٽڪ هاءِ لينڊز، نيو جرسي: هيومينيٽيز، 1980ع.
* [[فرنانڊو ويانيلو|ويانيلو]]، ايف. [1989ع]، ”اثرائتي طلب ۽ منافعي جي شرح: مارڪس، [[ميخائو ڪاليڪي|ڪاليڪي]] ۽ [[پيئرو سرافا|سرافا]] بابت ڪجهه ويچار“، سيباستياني، ايم. (مرتب)، ''اڄ جي دور ۾ ڪاليڪي جي اهميت''، لنڊن، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0312024116}}.
* وينڊلنگ، ايمي. ''ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ بيگانگي بابت ڪارل مارڪس'' (پالگريو ميڪملن، 2009ع)
* وين، فرانسس. ''مارڪس جو داس ڪيپيٽل''، (ائٽلانٽڪ بڪس، 2006ع) {{ISBN|1843544008}}
* ولسن، ايڊمنڊ. ''[[فنلينڊ اسٽيشن ڏانهن]]: تاريخ لکڻ ۽ تاريخ ٺاهڻ جو مطالعو''، گارڊن سٽي، نيو يارڪ: ڊبل ڊي، 1940ع.
  {{div col end}}

=== افسانوي تصنيفون ===

* {{cite book |last=بارڪر |first=جيسن |author-link=جيسن بارڪر |title=[[مارڪس موٽي اچي ٿو]] |location=ونچيسٽر، برطانيا |publisher=زيرو بڪس |year=2018 |isbn=978-1785356605}}
  {{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* {{Gutenberg author|id=46|name=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Librivox author|id=2426}}
* {{cite SEP|url-id=marx|title=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{marxists.org|marx|ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels1|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=1|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels2|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=2|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels3|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |volume=3 |year=1973}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedcorrespondencemarxengels |title=چونڊ خط و ڪتابت |author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=ٽيون نظرثاني ٿيل ڇاپو |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/KarlMarxABiography |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري |author=سوويت يونين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جو مارڪسزم-ليننزم انسٽيٽيوٽ |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=چوٿون |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا نسلياتي نوٽ بڪ |editor-last=ڪريڊر |editor-first=لارنس |location=آسن |publisher=وان گورڪم |edition=ٻيو |year=1974 |access-date=3 مارچ 2018 |archive-date=20 آڪٽوبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020025302/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |url-status=live }}
* [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو|بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جي اداري]] وٽ [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 ڪارل مارڪس / فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي ڪاغذن] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608151012/https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 |date=8 جون 2018 }} جو ذخيرو
* مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون ''گڏيل تصنيفون''، انگريزي ترجمي ۾ 50 جلدن تي مشتمل، لنڊن ۾ لارنس اينڊ وشارٽ ۽ نيو يارڪ ۾ انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز طرفان شايع ٿيل آهن. (اهي جلد هڪ وقت [[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] تي آن لائين رکيا ويا هئا، پر اصل ناشرن جي ڪاپي رائيٽ بابت اعتراض کان پوءِ هٽايا ويا: {{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|title=مارڪس/اينگلز جون گڏيل تصنيفون|publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]|access-date=3 مارچ 2018|archive-date=17 آگسٽ 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061207/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|url-status=live}}) اهي آن لائين موجود ۽ ڳولا لائق آهن ۽ خريداري يا رڪنيت رکندڙ لائبريرين وسيلي ''[https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory سماجي نظريي]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164706/https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory |date=3 مارچ 2018 }} جي مجموعي ۾ دستياب آهن، جيڪو [https://alexanderstreet-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/page/history-imprints اليگزينڊر اسٽريٽ پريس] پاران [[شڪاگو يونيورسٽي]] جي سهڪار سان شايع ڪيو ويو آهي.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg ”مارڪس“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405042734/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg |date=5 اپريل 2018 }}، [[بي بي سي ريڊيو 4]] تي اينٿوني گريلنگ، فرانسس وين ۽ گيرٿ اسٽيڊمن جونز سان گفتگو (''[[ان آور ٽائيم (ريڊيو سلسلو)|ان آور ٽائيم]]''، 14 جولاءِ 2005ع)
* [http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk 1887ع ۾ ''نيو يارڪ ٽائمز'' طرفان ''داس ڪيپيٽل'' جو جائزو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506191145/http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk |date=6 مئي 2020 }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011971}}

{{Karl Marx|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Marx/Engels}}
{{Social democracy}}
{{Socialism}}
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{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Philosophy of religion}}
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{{Subject bar|Biography|Society|Germany|Communism
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{{DEFAULTSORT:مارڪس، ڪارل}}
[[زمرو:ڪارل مارڪس| ]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ ڄاول]]
[[زمرو:1883ع ۾ وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن صحافي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن سماجي سائنسدان]]
[[زمرو:پروشيا جي بادشاهت جا 19هين صديءَ جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا ملحد]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا سماجياتدان]]
[[زمرو:قوم پرستيءَ جا مخالف]]
[[زمرو:ملحد فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:هاءِ گيٽ قبرستان ۾ دفن ٿيل]]
[[زمرو:تڪرار جو نظريو]]
[[زمرو:يهوديت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:سياسي معيشت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ڪم جا جرمن نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ساهه جي نلين جي سوزش سبب وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:علميات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:رائل سوسائٽي آف آرٽس جا فيلو]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻا لوٿراني]]
[[زمرو:جرمن الحاد جا ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سرمائيداري مخالف]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سامراجيت مخالف]]
[[زمرو:جرمن غربت مخالف ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:جرمن ڪميونسٽ]]
[[زمرو:الحاد بابت جرمن ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:جرمن ڪميونسٽ ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ڏانهن لڏي ويل جرمن]]
[[زمرو:بيلجيم ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن اڳوڻا عيسائي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مرد صحافي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مارڪسي تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:جرمن راءِ نگار صحافي]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ-يهودي نسل جا جرمن]]
[[زمرو:قانون جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:ذهن جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سياسي فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن انقلابي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سماجياتدان]]
[[زمرو:هيگل جا جرمن عالم]]
[[زمرو:معاشي فڪر جا تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:برسلز جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:لنڊن جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:پئرس جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي معاشياتدان]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:ماديت پسند]]
[[زمرو:بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن جا رڪن]]
[[زمرو:مابعدالطبيعيات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:وجوديات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:پمفليٽ لکندڙ]]
[[زمرو:سوهو جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:لوئر رائن جي گرانڊ ڊچيءَ جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ٽريئر جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ثقافت جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:معاشيات جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تاريخ جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:مذهب جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سائنس جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:فلسفياتي بشريات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:انقلاب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:سماجي فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ معاشياتدان]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ عورت دوست]]
[[زمرو:بي وطن ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:اولهه جي تهذيب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:بون يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:يينا يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:وڪٽورين دور جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪارگذاري ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ بابت ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪولون جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ منسٽر شهر جا ليکڪ]]
{{ابتدائی_ترتیب:مارڪس}}
[[زمرو:1818ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1883ع جون فوتگيون]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:سياست]]
[[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:ڪميونزم]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مرد غير افسانوي ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]]</text>
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      <text bytes="256676" sha1="71qe4b4lkqhmjkw8zwagjmhcjgx965j" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمن فلسفي، سماجي مفڪر، سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ انقلابي سوشلسٽ (1818ع–1883ع)}}


{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = ڪارل مارڪس
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862 |url=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Royal Society of Arts]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image            = Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png
| alt              = ويٺل مارڪس جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي تصوير
| caption          = مارڪس، 1875ع
| birth_name       = ڪارل مارڪس {{efn|name=name|سندس نالو [[ٽرائر]] جي پيدائش واري رجسٽر ۾ ''Carl Marx'' لکيل هو، ۽ 1840ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين هو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن سرڪاري دستاويزن ۾ به اها ئي صورت استعمال ڪندو هو. سندس مڪمل نالو ڪڏهن ''ڪارل هائنرش مارڪس'' پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، پر سرڪاري طور سندس ڪو وچون نالو نه هو. هن رڳو شاگرديءَ جي زماني ۾ ڪجهه ڀيرا ''ڪارل ھنرش'' يا ''ڪارل ھينرش'' (پنهنجي نالي کان پوءِ پيءُ جو پهريون نالو شامل ڪري) استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=34–35}}}}
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|df=y|1818|5|5}}
| birth_place      = [[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|df=y|1883|3|14|1818|5|5}}
| death_place      = [[لنڊن]]، [[انگلينڊ]]
| burial_place     = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، لنڊن
| citizenship      = {{Plainlist|
* [[پروشيا|پروشين]] (1818ع–1845ع)
* [[بي وطن]] (1845ع کان پوءِ)
}}
| alma_mater       = {{Plainlist|
* [[بون يونيورسٽي]]
* [[برلن يونيورسٽي]]
* [[يينا يونيورسٽي]]
}}
| political_party  = {{Plainlist|
* [[ڪميونسٽ رابطي واري ڪاميٽي]]
* [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]]
* [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]
}}
| spouse           = {{Marriage|[[جيني فان ويسٽفالين]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}}
| children         = گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 7،&lt;ref name=PadoverXXV&gt;{{cite book |editor-first=Saul |editor-last=Padover |editor-link=Saul K. Padover |chapter=Introduction: Marx, the Human Side |title=Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |year=1975 |page=xxv}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ [[جيني لونگي]]، [[لورا مارڪس]] ۽ [[ايلينور مارڪس]] شامل آهن.
| parents          = {{ubl|[[هائنرش مارڪس]]|[[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]]}}
| era              = [[اوڻيهين صديءَ جو فلسفو]]
| region           = [[اولهندي فلسفو]]
| school_tradition = [[سياسي معيشت]]
| thesis_title     = [[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]
| thesis_year      = 1841ع
| doctoral_advisor = [[برونو باؤر]]
| main_interests   = {{Hlist|فلسفو|معاشيات|تاريخ|سياست}}
| notable_ideas    = {{Plainlist|
* [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] ۽ [[محنت جي استحصال]]
* [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]
* [[تاريخي ماديت]]
* [[قدر جي صورت]]
}}
| signature        = Karl Marx Signature.svg
| signature_alt    =
}}

'''ڪارل مارڪس'''{{efn|name=name}} ({{IPA|de|ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks|lang}}؛ 5 مئي 1818ع – 14 مارچ 1883ع) جرمن فلسفي، سماجي ۽ سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ [[انقلابي سوشلزم|انقلابي سوشلسٽ]] هو. هن [[تاريخي ماديت]] جو نظريو پيش ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] نظام هيٺ [[طبقاتي جدوجھد]] جو تجزيو ڪيو ويو ۽ اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي ته آخرڪار [[پرولتاريه]] سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو ڪري [[ڪميونزم]] قائم ڪندو. مارڪس، [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس ]] سان گڏجي ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' (1848ع) جو گڏيل مصنف هو ۽ پنهنجي مشهور ترين تصنيف ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' (1867ع–1894ع) ۾ ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]] تي تنقيدي جائزو پيش ڪيو. مارڪس جي نظرين ۽ انهن جي پوءِ ٿيندڙ واڌ ويجهه کي گڏيل طور [[مارڪسزم]] چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن دنيا جي فڪر، سياست، ڪيترين انقلابي تحريڪن ۽ بغاوتن تي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي.
[[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]] ۾ ڄاول مارڪس 1841ع ۾ [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] مان فلسفي ۾ [[ڊاڪٽري جي ڊگري]] حاصل ڪئي. هو جلد ئي انقلابي صحافت سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو ۽ [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] ۽ [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن جي فلسفي کان متاثر ٿيو، جن جي نظرين تي هن بعد ۾ ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' جهڙن ڪتابن ۾ تنقيد ڪئي. [[پيرس]] ۾ رهائش دوران مارڪس ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس]] سان سندس ويجهو علمي ۽ سياسي تعاون شروع ٿيو. بعد ۾ [[برسلز]] منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ٻئي [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا سرگرم رڪن بڻيا ۽ 1848ع ۾ ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' تحرير ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو ويو. [[1848ع جون جرمن رياستن واريون انقلابي تحريڪون|1848ع جي انقلابن]] کان پوءِ جرمني مان نيڪالي ملڻ سبب مارڪس [[لنڊن]] وڃي رهيو، جتي هن ''[[گرونڊرِسِه]]'' جا مسودا ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' جا ٽي جلد تيار ڪيا. هو [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]] (پهرين انٽرنيشنل) جو اهم اڳواڻ بڻيو، جتي هن [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ موجود [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽن]] جي اثر جي مخالفت ڪئي ۽ 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] جي واکاڻ ڪئي. پنهنجي پوئين دور جي مطالعي ۽ ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' (1875ع) ۾ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] ڏانهن منتقلي بابت پنهنجا نظريا وڌيڪ واضح ڪيا. 1883ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي ۽ کيس [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾ دفنايو ويو.

مارڪس جي [[سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج بابت تنقيد]] موجب انساني سماجن جي ترقي طبقاتي جدوجهد وسيلي ٿيندي آهي. [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] ۾ هي جدوجهد [[حاڪم طبقو|حاڪم طبقن]] (يعني [[بورجوازي]])، جيڪي [[وسيلن جي پيداوار]] تي ضابطو رکن ٿا، ۽ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقن]] (پرولتاريه)، جيڪي اجرت عيوض پنهنجي [[محنتي قوت]] وڪڻي پيداوار کي ممڪن بڻائين ٿا، جي وچ ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿي. تاريخي ماديت جي بنياد تي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري پنهنجي اندر اهڙا [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ جون اندروني تضادون|اندروني تضاد]] پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيئن اڳين سماجي ۽ معاشي نظامن ۾ ٿيو هو، ۽ اهي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي زوال جو سبب بڻجندا. سندس نظر ۾ سرمائيداري هيٺ طبقاتي تضادن، ان جي بي استحڪامي ۽ بار بار ايندڙ [[معاشي بحران]] سبب پورهيت طبقو [[طبقاتي شعور]] حاصل ڪندو، پوءِ [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت|سياسي اقتدار]] تي قبضو ڪري، هڪ اهڙو سماج قائم ڪندو جيڪو طبقاتي، رياستي ۽ مالي امتيازن کان پاڪ هوندو ۽ [[آزاد پيدا ڪندڙن جي انجمن]] جي بنياد تي منظم هوندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Karl |last=Marx |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |chapter=Index |title=[[Critique of the Gotha Program]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041955/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |archive-date=27 October 2007 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ان نظريي کي عملي جامو پارائڻ جو به حامي هو ۽ دليل ڏيندو هو ته پورهيت طبقي کي منظم [[پرولتاري انقلابي]] جدوجهد وسيلي سرمائيداري جو خاتمو آڻي سماجي ۽ معاشي [[آزادي]] حاصل ڪرڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس کي جديد دور جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثرائتن شخصيتن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو، ۽ سندس فڪر جي هڪ طرف وڏي واکاڻ، ته ٻي طرف سخت [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد|تنقيد]] پڻ ڪئي وئي آهي. [[مارڪسزم]] سوشلسٽ فڪر ۽ سياسي تحريڪن تي انتهائي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي، ۽ [[مارڪسزم–ليننزم]] سميت ان جا ڪيترائي فڪري ڌارا ويهين صديءَ ۾ اهڙين [[ڪميونسٽ انقلاب]]ي تحريڪن جي رهنمائي ڪندا رهيا، جن مختلف ملڪن ۾ [[ڪميونسٽ رياست]]ون قائم ڪيون. معاشيات جي ميدان ۾ به مارڪس جي فڪر جديد [[غير روايتي معاشيات]] ۾ محنت ۽ [[سرمايو (معاشيات)|سرمائي]] بابت نظرين تي نمايان اثر ڇڏيو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Unger |first=Roberto Mangabeira |title=Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics |year=2007 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |author-link=Roberto Mangabeira Unger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=John |author-link=John Hicks |date=May 1974 |title=Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern |journal=[[The American Economic Review]] |volume=64 |page=307 |quote=The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history&amp;nbsp;... |number=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schumpeter |first=Joseph |title=Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes | year=1997 |orig-year=1952 |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |isbn=978-0415110785 |edition=4th |series=Unwin University books |volume=26 |author-link=Joseph Schumpeter}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ کيس جديد [[سماجيات]] جي بنيادي معمارن مان هڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm |title=Marxism and Method |last=Little |first=Daniel |access-date=10 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210095117/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopaedia |encyclopaedia=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |title=Max Weber |last=Kim |first=Sung Ho |year=2017 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |access-date=10 December 2017 |quote=Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101547/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سوانح عمري ==

=== ننڍپڻ ۽ ابتدائي تعليم: 1818ع–1836ع ===
[[File:Trier BW 2014-06-21 11-11-49.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪارل مارڪس هائوس|مارڪس جي پيدائش جو گهر]]، جيڪو هاڻي ٽرائر جي برڪن شٽراسي 10 تي واقع آهي. مارڪس جو خاندان زميني ماڙ تي ٻن ۽ پهرين ماڙ تي ٽن ڪمرن ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=178, Plate 1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1928ع ۾ [[جرمني جي سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] هن عمارت کي خريد ڪيو، جيڪا هاڻي مارڪس جي يادگار عجائب گهر طور ڪم ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=12–13}}]]

ڪارل مارڪس 5 مئي 1818ع تي [[هائنرخ مارڪس]] ۽ [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]] جي گهر، [[ٽرئير]] جي برڪين گاسي 664 ۾ پيدا ٿيو، جيڪو ان وقت [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جو حصو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=8, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جو خاندان اصل ۾ غير مذهبي يهودي هو، پر سندس پيدائش کان اڳ [[عيسائيت قبول ڪرڻ|عيسائيت اختيار]] ڪري چڪو هو. سندس نانا هالينڊ جا هڪ [[ربي]] هئا، جڏهن ته سندس ڏاڏي جي نسل جا ماڻهو 1723ع کان ٽرائر جا ربي رهيا هئا، ۽ اها ذميواري سندس ڏاڏي ميئر هليوي مارڪس نڀائي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=7–9, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس والد هائنرخ پنهنجي خاندان ۾ پهريون شخص هو جنهن مذهبي بدران جديد سيڪيولر تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هو هڪ ڪامياب وڪيل بڻيو، سٺي آمدني حاصل ڪيائين ۽ وڪالت سان گڏ خاندان وٽ [[موزيل شراب]] جا ڪيترائي انگورن جا باغ پڻ هئا. 1815ع ۾ پروشيا طرفان [[رائين لينڊ]] جي الحاق ۽ پوءِ [[يهودين جي آزادي]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، هائنرخ پنهنجي وڪالت جاري رکڻ لاءِ يهوديت ڇڏي [[پروشيا جي انجيليڪل چرچ]] ۾ شامل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |title=Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History |last=Carroll |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0547348889 |page=419 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924094733/https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–6}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

هائنرخ گهڻو مذهبي نه هو، پر [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي فڪر کان متاثر هو ۽ [[ايمانوئل ڪانٽ]] ۽ [[والٽيئر]] جي خيالن ۾ دلچسپي رکندو هو. هو [[طبقاتي لبرلزم|طبقاتي لبرل]] هو ۽ پروشيا ۾ آئين ۽ سياسي سڌارن جي حمايت ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته ان وقت اتي [[مطلق العنان بادشاهت]] قائم هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=5, 8–12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=11}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=5–6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1815ع ۾ هن وڪيل طور ڪم شروع ڪيو ۽ 1819ع ۾ پنهنجي خاندان کي [[پورٽا نيگرا]] جي ويجهو ڏهن ڪمرن واري گهر ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=10}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس زال هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ هڪ امير ڊچ يهودي واپاري خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي، جنهن مان بعد ۾ [[فلپس]] ڪمپني وجود ۾ آئي. سندس ڀيڻ سوفي پريسبرگ [[ليون فلپس]] سان شادي ڪئي، جيڪا [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ [[آنتون فلپس]] جي ڏاڏي ۽ [[فرٽس فلپس]] جي پڙڏاڏي هئي. ليون فلپس مالدار صنعتڪار ۽ تمباڪو واپاري هو، جنهن کان مارڪس ۽ [[جيني مارڪس]] لنڊن ۾ جلاوطني دوران اڪثر قرض وٺندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|loc=chpt. 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي ننڍپڻ بابت گهڻي معلومات موجود نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو نون ڀائرن ۽ ڀينرن مان ٽيون نمبر هو، پر 1819ع ۾ سندس ڀاءُ مورٽز جي وفات کان پوءِ گهر جو وڏو پٽ بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ۽ سندس بچيل ڀائر ڀينر 28 آگسٽ 1824ع تي [[لوثري چرچ]] ۾ [[بپتسما]] ورتائون،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turley |first=Justin |date=2020-08-24 |title=The Baptism of Karl Marx, 1824 |url=https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Landmark Events |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712232703/https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته سندس ماءُ نومبر 1825ع ۾ بپتسما ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Karl Marx: Dictionary of National Biography |volume=37 |pages=57–58 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0198613879}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1830ع تائين مارڪس جي تعليم سندس والد پاڻ ڪرائي، ان کان پوءِ هو [[ٽرائر جمنازيم]] ۾ داخل ٿيو، جنهن جو پرنسپال [[هوگو ويٽنباخ]] سندس والد جو دوست هو. ويٽنباخ ڪيترن ئي [[لبرل انسانيت پسندي|لبرل انسانيت پسند]] استادن کي مقرر ڪيو، جنهن سبب قدامت پسند حڪومت ناراض ٿي. 1832ع ۾ پوليس اسڪول تي ڇاپو هنيو ۽ اهڙو ادب هٿ آيو جيڪو سياسي لبرلزم جي تبليغ ڪندو هو. حڪومت ان کي بغاوت انگيز عمل سمجهي ڪيترن ئي استادن کي برطرف ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ اهي تبديليون مارڪس جي تعليم دوران ئي عمل ۾ آيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976 |pp=12–15}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=7–11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1835ع ۾، صرف سورهن ورهين جي عمر ۾، مارڪس [[بون يونيورسٽي]] ۾ فلسفي ۽ ادب پڙهڻ لاءِ داخل ٿيو، پر سندس والد وڌيڪ عملي پيشو سمجهي کيس قانون پڙهڻ تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=15–16}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=14}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزور سيني جي بيماري سبب،{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=15}} ارڙهن ورهين جي عمر تي کيس فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. بون يونيورسٽي ۾ هن [[شاعرن جي ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جنهن ۾ سياسي انقلابي نوجوان شامل هئا ۽ جنهن تي پوليس نظر رکندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=20}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب]] نالي مشروب نوشي واري ادبي تنظيم جو پڻ ميمبر ٿيو ۽ هڪ وقت ان جو گڏيل صدر به رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=16}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Karl Marx: the drinking years|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Rachel |last=Holmes |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 1836ع ۾ هن يونيورسٽي جي [[بوروشيا ڪور]] جي هڪ ميمبر سان تلوارن جي مقابلي (ڊوئل) ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ شروعاتي امتحانن ۾ سندس نتيجا سٺا هئا، پر جلد ئي خراب ٿيڻ لڳا، جنهن تي سندس والد کيس وڌيڪ علمي ماحول واري [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ منتقل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–17}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== هيگليت ۽ ابتدائي صحافت: 1836ع–1843ع ===
{{Main|نوجوان مارڪس}}
[[File:Karl Marx giovane.jpg|left|thumb|1840ع کان اڳ ڪارل مارڪس]]
[[File:Jenny von Westphalen-1.jpg|thumb|upright|1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]]]]

{{multiple image
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 | image1 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.1 raw.jpg
 | caption1 = وائٽ هارس جي سامهون ٽرائر جا شاگرد، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.
 | image2 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.2 cropped.jpg
 | caption2 = ڪارل مارڪس (تفصيل)
 | footer = [[ڊيوڊ ليوي ايلڪان]] جي مشهور لٿوگرافي ''Die Trierer'' ۾ 1836ع دوران وائٽ هارس جي سامهون بيٺل ڪيترائي شاگرد ڏيکاريل آهن، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.{{efn|2017ع تائين هيءَ مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير سمجهي ويندي هئي، جيتوڻيڪ سندس سڃاڻپ 1890ع ۾ ڪولون جي عدالتي صلاحڪار شنائيڊر ڪئي. بعد ۾ هي تصوير مارڪس جي بيان سان ٺهڪندڙ هئڻ سبب مستند مڃي وئي.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=131–132}} نوجوان مارڪس جون هيلمٽ باخ (1953ع) ۽ آءِ. گرنشٽائن (1961ع) جون تصويرون به هن لٿوگرافي تي ٻڌل آهن، پر اهي اصل تصوير کان وڌيڪ مشهور ٿي ويون.}}
}}

1836ع جي اونهاري ۽ سرءُ جو موسم ٽرائر ۾ گذارڻ دوران مارڪس پنهنجي تعليم ۽ ذاتي زندگيءَ کي وڌيڪ سنجيدگي سان وٺڻ لڳو. هن [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] سان منگني ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ پڙهيل لکيل [[ايڊلر|ننڍي اشرافيه]] خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي ۽ ننڍپڻ کان مارڪس جي سڃاڻپ ۾ هئي. جيني پنهنجي هم عمر هڪ نوجوان [[اشرافيه]] سان منگني ٽوڙي مارڪس سان تعلق قائم ڪيو، تنهنڪري سندن مذهبي ۽ سماجي طبقاتي فرق سبب اهو تعلق تڪراري بڻيو. تنهن هوندي به مارڪس جيني جي والد [[لودوگ فون ويسٽفالين]]، جيڪو لبرل خيالن وارو اشرافيه هو، سان گهري دوستي قائم ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي کي به سندس نالي منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=23–30}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–21, 33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=15, 20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; منگني کان ست سال پوءِ، 19 جون 1843ع تي ٻنهي [[ڪروئزناخ]] جي هڪ پروٽيسٽنٽ چرچ ۾ شادي ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=70–71}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=52–53}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=61–62}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1836ع ۾ برلن پهچڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] جي قانون واري شعبي ۾ داخلا ورتي ۽ مِٽل شٽراسي ۾ هڪ ڪمرو مسواڙ تي ورتائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=31}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; پهرين سيمسٽر دوران هن [[ايڊوارڊ گانس]] جا ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو ترقي پسند هيگلي موقف جو حامي هو ۽ تاريخ ۾ عقلي ارتقا، آزادي ۽ سماجي مسئلن جي اهميت تي زور ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت هن [[ڪارل فون ساويني]] جا به ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو [[قانون جي تاريخي اسڪول]] جو نمائندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ هو قانون پڙهي رهيو هو، پر سندس اصل دلچسپي فلسفي ۾ هئي، ۽ هو سمجهندو هو ته &quot;فلسفي کان سواءِ ڪجهه به حاصل نٿو ڪري سگهجي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس تازو وفات ڪري ويل جرمن فلسفي [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] جي نظرين ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جن تي ان وقت يورپ جي فلسفي حلقن ۾ وڏي بحث جاري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=32–34}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=21–22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; اسٽرالائو ۾ بيماريءَ کان صحتيابي دوران هن [[ڊاڪٽرز ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جتي [[هيگليت]] بابت بحث ٿيندا هئا. اتان ئي سندس لاڳاپو [[نوجوان هيگلي]] نالي بنياد پرست مفڪرن سان ٿيو. هي گروهه [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي چوڌاري گڏ ٿيندو هو، جڏهن ته مارڪس خاص طور [[ايڊولف روٽنبرگ]] جو ويجهو دوست بڻيو. نوجوان هيگلي، مارڪس وانگر، هيگل جي مابعدالطبيعي مفروضن تي تنقيد ڪندا هئا، پر سندس [[هيگلي جدليات]] کي استعمال ڪندي سماج، سياست ۽ مذهب تي کاٻي ڌر جي نقطه نظر کان تنقيد ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=34–38}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=25–27}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 1838ع ۾ مارڪس جي والد جي وفات سبب خاندان جي آمدني گهٽجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=44, 69–70}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=17–18}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس پنهنجي والد سان گهرو جذباتي تعلق رکندو هو ۽ سندس وفات کان پوءِ به هميشه سندس ياد کي عزت سان ياد ڪندو رهيو.{{sfn|Sperber|2013|pp=55–56}}

[[File:Gedenktafel Karl Marx im Foyer des Hauptgebäudes der Uni Jena 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ لڳل يادگاري ڪتبو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مارڪس کي عطا ڪيل ڊاڪٽري ڊگري جي ياد ۾ نصب ڪيو ويو آهي.]]
[[File:Karl Marx dissertation certificate.jpg|thumb|left|15 اپريل 1841ع تي [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] طرفان جاري ڪيل ڪارل مارڪس جي ڊاڪٽري سند.]]

1837ع تائين مارڪس هڪ مختصر ناول ''اسڪارپين اينڊ فيلڪس''، هڪ ڊرامو ''اوئلنم'' ۽ پنهنجي منگيتر جي نالي ڪيترائي عشقيه نظم لکي چڪو هو، پر اهي سڀ سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=18–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس عشقيه شاعري بعد ۾ ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي پهرين جلد ۾ شايع ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=531–632}}&lt;/ref&gt; جلد ئي هن ادب ڇڏي انگريزي ۽ اطالوي ٻولين، [[فن جي تاريخ]] ۽ لاطيني ڪلاسيڪي ادب جي ترجمن ڏانهن ڌيان ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=25–26}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1840ع ۾ هن [[برونو بائر]] سان گڏجي هيگل جي ''[[مذهب جي فلسفي بابت ليڪچر]]'' جي ايڊيٽنگ شروع ڪئي. ساڳئي وقت هن پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]'' تي ڪم جاري رکيو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Marx's thesis was posthumously published in {{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=25–107}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هي مقالو [[ڊيموڪريٽس]] ۽ [[ايپيڪورس]] جي فلسفي تي ٻڌل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Volkov |first=Genrikh Nikolaevich |title= The Basics of Marxist-Leninist Theory |year=1982 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Progress Publishers&lt; USSR |url=https://archive.org/details/BasicsMarxistLeninistTheory/page/n1/mode/2up?q=thesis |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کي &quot;جرئت ڀريو ۽ اصلي علمي ڪم&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو، جنهن ۾ مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته فلسفي جي اعليٰ حڪمت اڳيان الٰهيات کي پوئتي هٽڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=32}}.&lt;/ref&gt; برلن يونيورسٽي جي قدامت پسند استادن ان مقالي تي اعتراض ڪيو، تنهنڪري مارڪس اهو [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ جمع ڪرايو، جتان کيس اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[فلسفي جو ڊاڪٽر]] (PhD) جي ڊگري ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=28–29, 33}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مارڪس ۽ بائر ٻئي [[ملحد]] هئا، تنهنڪري مارچ 1841ع ۾ هنن ''آرڪائيو ڊيس اٿيئسمس'' (''ملحدن جا آرڪائيو'') نالي رسالو جاري ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، پر اهو عملي صورت اختيار نه ڪري سگهيو. جولاءِ ۾ ٻئي برلن کان [[بون]] ويا، جتي چرچ اندر کلڻ، شراب نوشي ڪرڻ ۽ گهٽين ۾ گڏهن تي سواري ڪرڻ سبب هو تڪرار جو مرڪز بڻيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=38–45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=32–33, 37}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس علمي دنيا ۾ ڪيريئر ٺاهڻ چاهيو ٿي، پر حڪومت جي وڌندڙ مخالفت سبب، جيڪا طبقاتي لبرلزم ۽ نوجوان هيگلي مفڪرن خلاف هئي، اهو رستو بند ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=49}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=33}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نتيجي ۾ 1842ع ۾ هو [[ڪولون]] منتقل ٿيو، جتي هو انقلابي اخبار ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' (''رائين لينڊ نيوز'') ۾ صحافي بڻيو. هتي هن سوشلسٽ خيالن بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي نظريا ۽ معاشيات ۾ وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي. مارڪس ساڄي ڌر جي يورپي حڪومتن سان گڏوگڏ لبرل ۽ سوشلسٽ اڳواڻن تي به تنقيد ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ اهي غير مؤثر يا نقصانڪار هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=50–51}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=34–36, 42–44}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=35–47}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

اخبار تي پروشيائي [[سنسرشپ]] جا اهلڪار سخت نظر رکندا هئا ۽ هر پرچي کي ڇپجڻ کان اڳ جاچيندا هئا. مارڪس ان تي افسوس ڪندي لکيو: &quot;اسان جي اخبار کي پهرين پوليس وٽ وٺي وڃڻو پوي ٿو، جتي ان کي سونگهيو ويندو آهي، ۽ جيڪڏهن پوليس جي نڪ کي ان ۾ ڪا غير عيسائي يا غير پروشيائي ڳالهه محسوس ٿئي ته اخبار ڇپجڻ جي اجازت نٿي ملي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=57}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=47}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=48–50}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' روسي بادشاهت تي سخت تنقيد ڪندڙ مضمون شايع ڪيو ته روس جي زار [[نيڪولس پهريون]] ان تي پابندي لڳائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو، ۽ پروشيائي حڪومت 1843ع ۾ اهو مطالبو قبول ڪندي اخبار بند ڪري ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=60–61}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=47–48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=50–51}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
=== پيرس: 1843ع–1845ع ===
1843ع ۾ مارڪس پيرس مان نڪرندڙ هڪ نئين بنياد پرست کاٻي ڌر واري اخبار {{lang|de|[[جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا]]}} (''ڊوئچ-فرانزوزِشي ياربوخر''؛ &quot;جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا&quot;) جو گڏيل ايڊيٽر بڻيو. اها اخبار جرمن سياسي ڪارڪن [[آرنولڊ روگه]] جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي بنياد پرستن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان قائم ڪري رهيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=68–69, 72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=59–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئين نوڪريءَ سبب مارڪس ۽ سندس زال آڪٽوبر 1843ع ۾ پيرس منتقل ٿيا. شروعات ۾ هو روگه ۽ سندس زال سان گڏ [[رو وانو]] نمبر 23 ۾ گڏيل رهائش اختيار ڪري رهيا، پر اتي جون رهائشي حالتون ڏکيون هيون؛ تنهنڪري 1844ع ۾ سندن ڌيءَ جيني جي ڄمڻ کان پوءِ هو اتان منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=77–79}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=62–66}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=73–74, 94}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جو مقصد فرانس ۽ جرمن رياستن ٻنهي مان ليکڪن کي راغب ڪرڻ هو، پر ان تي گهڻو ڪري جرمن ليکڪن جو غلبو رهيو؛ ان جو واحد غير جرمن ليکڪ جلاوطن روسي [[اجتماعيت پسند انارڪزم|اجتماعيت پسند انارڪسٽ]] [[ميخائل باڪونن]] هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=64–65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=71–72}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اخبار لاءِ ٻه مضمون لکيا: &quot;[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد|هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد ۾ حصي جو تعارف]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ &quot;[[يهودي سوال بابت]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=[[On the Jewish Question]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; پوئين مضمون ۾ هن اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته [[پرولتاريه]] هڪ انقلابي قوت آهي، ۽ اهو مضمون سندس ڪميونزم قبول ڪرڻ جي نشاني پڻ بڻيو.{{sfn|McLellan|2006|pp=65–70, 74–80}} [[پال جانسن]]، [[برنارڊ لوئس]]، [[هائيم ميڪوبي]] ۽ [[رابرٽ ايس. وسٽرچ]] جهڙن ليکڪن ''يهودي سوال بابت'' کي مارڪس جي يهودين مخالف خيالن جو ثبوت قرار ڏنو آهي، پر [[وينڊي برائون]]، [[رابرٽ فائن]]، [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن]] ۽ [[فرانسس وين]] سميت ٻين عالمن هن تشريح سان اختلاف ڪيو آهي.

اخبار جو رڳو هڪ پرچو شايع ٿيو، پر اهو نسبتاً ڪامياب رهيو. ان ڪاميابيءَ جو وڏو سبب [[هائنرش هائني]] جا [[باويريا جي لڊوگ پهرئين|باويريا جي بادشاهه لڊوگ]] خلاف طنزيه قصيدا هئا. انهن سبب جرمن رياستن اخبار تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ درآمد ڪيل نسخا ضبط ڪيا. تنهن هوندي به روگه وڌيڪ پرچا شايع ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ مارڪس سان سندس دوستي به ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=72, 75–76}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=88–90}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جي بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس {{lang|de|[[فورورٽس!]]}} (''Vorwärts!''؛ &quot;اڳتي!&quot;) لاءِ لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جيڪا ان وقت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ بچيل واحد بنياد پرست اخبار هئي، جنهن تي سنسرشپ لاڳو نه هئي. پيرس مان شايع ٿيندڙ هيءَ اخبار [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان لاڳاپيل هئي، جيڪا پورهيتن ۽ ڪاريگرن جي هڪ ڳجهي [[خيالي سوشلزم|خيالي سوشلسٽ]] تنظيم هئي. مارڪس ان جي ڪجهه گڏجاڻين ۾ شريڪ ٿيو، پر تنظيم ۾ شامل نه ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=66–67, 112}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=79–80}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فورورٽس!'' ۾ مارڪس هيگلي ۽ فوئرباخي اثرن هيٺ سوشلزم بابت پنهنجن خيالن کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪيو، ۽ ساڳئي وقت يورپ ۾ سرگرم لبرلن ۽ ٻين سوشلسٽن تي تنقيد به ڪئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=90}}

[[File:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|upright|[[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، جنهن سان مارڪس جي ملاقات 1844ع ۾ ٿي؛ ٻئي سڄي عمر دوست ۽ ساٿي رهيا.]]

28 آگسٽ 1844ع تي مارڪس جي [[ڪيفي ڊي لا ريژانس]] ۾ جرمن سوشلسٽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] سان ملاقات ٿي، جنهن سان سندس سڄي عمر جاري رهندڙ دوستي ۽ گڏيل علمي ڪم جي شروعات ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=75}} اينگلز مارڪس کي پنهنجي تازو شايع ٿيل تصنيف ''[[1844ع ۾ انگلينڊ جي پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' ڏيکاري،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |title=Paris Between Empires |page=390 |publisher=[[St. Martins Press]] |location=New York |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |chapter=[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=295–596}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن مارڪس کي ان ڳالهه تي قائل ڪيو ته تاريخ جي آخري انقلاب جو ڪارڻ ۽ اوزار پورهيت طبقو هوندو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=82}} جلد ئي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي مارڪس جي اڳوڻي دوست [[برونو بائر]] جي فلسفي خيالن تي تنقيد لکڻ لڳا. هيءَ تصنيف 1845ع ۾ ''[[پاڪ خاندان]]'' جي نالي سان شايع ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=85–86}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=The Holy Family |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=3–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس بائر تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر هو نوجوان هيگلين [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] جي خيالن کان وڌندڙ حد تائين متاثر ٿيو؛ آخرڪار، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز فوئرباخي ماديت کي به ڇڏي ڏنو.

پيرس ۾ رو وانو نمبر 38 تي آڪٽوبر 1843ع کان جنوري 1845ع تائين رهڻ دوران،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 of {{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس [[سياسي معيشت]] جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايڊم سمٿ]]، [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]] ۽ [[جيمس مل]] سميت ٻين مفڪرن جون لکڻيون شامل هيون؛{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=63}} هن فرانسيسي سوشلسٽن، خاص طور [[ڪلائوڊ هينري سينٽ سائمن]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريئر]]،{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=90–94}} ۽ فرانس جي تاريخ جو پڻ اڀياس ڪيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}} سياسي معيشت جو مطالعو ۽ تنقيد اهڙو منصوبو هو، جنهن تي مارڪس پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو،&lt;ref&gt;Larisa Miskievich, &quot;Preface&quot; to Volume 28 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. xii.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جنهن جو نتيجو سندس اهم معاشي تصنيف، ٽن جلدن تي ٻڌل ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]''، جي صورت ۾ نڪتو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', ''Volume 36'' and ''Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[مارڪسزم]] گهڻي حد تائين ٽن اثرن تي ٻڌل آهي: هيگل جي جدليات، فرانسيسي خيالي سوشلزم ۽ برطانوي سياسي معيشت. هيگل جي جدليات بابت سندس اڳوڻي مطالعي سان گڏ، پيرس ۾ ڪيل هن اڀياس جي نتيجي ۾ 1844ع جي سرءُ تائين مارڪسزم جا سڀ بنيادي جزا ٺهي چڪا هئا.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=35–61}} تنهن هوندي به مارڪس کي سياسي معيشت تي پنهنجي تنقيدي ڪم کان بار بار هٽڻو پوندو هو؛ نه رڳو روزاني زندگيءَ جي عام ذميوارين سبب، پر هڪ بنياد پرست اخبار جي ايڊيٽنگ ۽ پوءِ عوامي انقلابي اڀار جي امڪانن واري دور ۾ سياسي جماعت جي سرگرمين کي منظم ۽ هدايت ڪرڻ سبب پڻ. ان باوجود هو بار بار پنهنجي مطالعي ڏانهن موٽندو هو، جتي سندس مقصد &quot;سرمائيداريءَ جي اندروني ڪارڪردگيءَ کي سمجهڻ&quot; هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}}

1844ع جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين ڪارل مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ &quot;مارڪسزم&quot; جو خاڪو واضح طور ٺهي چڪو هو. حقيقت ۾، مارڪسي عالمي نظرئي جون ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون تفصيل سان ترتيب وٺي چڪيون هيون، پر سياسي معيشت بابت پنهنجي نئين تنقيد کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪرڻ لاءِ مارڪس کي پنهنجي عالمي نظرئي جا سمورا تفصيل لکڻا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 54 contained on p. 598 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3''.&lt;/ref&gt; ان مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا|معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844&quot; ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3'' (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346.&lt;/ref&gt; انهن مسودن ۾ ڪيترن ئي موضوعن تي بحث ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ مارڪس جو [[بيگانگي واري محنت]] جو تصور به تفصيل سان بيان ٿيل هو. 1845ع جي بهار تائين سياسي معيشت، سرمائي ۽ سرمائيداريءَ جي لڳاتار مطالعي مارڪس کي ان نتيجي تي پهچايو ته سندس پيش ڪيل سياسي معيشت جي نئين تنقيد، يعني [[سائنسي سوشلزم]]، کي هڪ مڪمل طور ترقي يافته مادي عالمي نظرئي جي بنياد تي قائم ٿيڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=83}}

''1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا'' اپريل کان آگسٽ 1844ع جي وچ ۾ لکيا ويا هئا، پر جلد ئي مارڪس محسوس ڪيو ته انهن تي لودوگ فوئرباخ جي ڪجهه غير هم آهنگ خيالن جو اثر موجود هو. تنهنڪري هن تاريخي ماديت جي حق ۾ فوئرباخ جي فلسفي کان الڳ ٿيڻ جي ضرورت سمجهي. هڪ سال پوءِ، پيرس مان برسلز منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ اپريل 1845ع ۾، هن پنهنجا يارهن &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach&quot;, contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز'' خاص طور يارهين ٿيسز سبب مشهور آهن، جنهن ۾ لکيل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach,&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[ماديت]] تي ان جي رڳو مشاهدي ۽ فڪري غور تائين محدود رهڻ سبب، [[تصوريت]] تي عملي عمل کي نظريي تائين محدود ڪرڻ سبب، ۽ مجموعي طور فلسفي تي تجريدي حقيقت کي مادي دنيا کان مٿانهون رکڻ سبب تنقيد ڪئي. اهڙي طرح هن ۾ مارڪس جي [[تاريخي ماديت]] جي پهرين واضح صورت سامهون آئي، جنهن موجب دنيا خيالن سان نه، پر حقيقي، جسماني ۽ مادي سرگرمي ۽ عمل سان بدلجي ٿي.

1845ع ۾ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جي درخواست تي فرانسيسي حڪومت ''فورورٽس!'' کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ گهرو معاملن واري وزير [[فرانسوا گيزو]] مارڪس کي فرانس مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}

=== برسلز: 1845ع–1848ع ===

فرانس ۾ رهڻ يا جرمني موٽڻ ناممڪن ٿيڻ سبب، مارڪس فيبروري 1845ع ۾ بيلجيم جي شهر [[برسلز]] ڏانهن هجرت ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. بهرحال، بيلجيم ۾ رهائش جي اجازت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس اهو واعدو ڪرڻو پيو ته هو همعصر سياست بابت ڪا به شيءِ شايع نه ڪندو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}} برسلز ۾ مارڪس يورپ جي مختلف ملڪن مان آيل جلاوطن سوشلسٽن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيس هيس]]، [[ڪارل هائنزن]] ۽ [[جوزف ويڊيمائر]] سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪيا. اپريل 1845ع ۾ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جرمني جي بارمن مان برسلز اچي مارڪس سان مليو ۽ [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي انهن وڌندڙ ميمبرن سان گڏ ٿيو، جيڪي هاڻي برسلز کي پنهنجو مرڪز بڻائي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [&quot;New Book Publishing House&quot;]: Dresden, 1972) p. 101.&lt;/ref&gt; ٿوري ئي عرصي بعد اينگلز جي ڊگهي عرصي واري ساٿي [[ميري برنس]] پڻ انگلينڊ جي مانچسٽر مان برسلز پهتي.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1845ع جي وچ ڌاري مارڪس ۽ اينگلز انگلينڊ روانا ٿيا، جتي هنن برطانيا جي پورهيت تحريڪ [[چارٽسٽ تحريڪ]] جي اڳواڻن سان ملاقات ڪئي. اها مارڪس جي انگلينڊ ڏانهن پهرين سفر هئي، جڏهن ته اينگلز ان سفر لاءِ بهترين رهنما هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو نومبر 1842ع کان آگسٽ 1844ع تائين مانچسٽر ۾ رهي چڪو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [New Book Publishing House]: Dresden, 1972) p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 78.&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز نه رڳو انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ مهارت رکندو هو،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} پر چارٽسٽ اڳواڻن سان سندس ويجها لاڳاپا پڻ قائم ٿي چڪا هئا،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} ۽ هو ڪيترين ئي چارٽسٽ ۽ سوشلسٽ انگريزي اخبارن لاءِ رپورٽر طور به ڪم ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} مارڪس هن سفر کي لنڊن ۽ مانچسٽر جي مختلف لائبريرين ۾ موجود معاشي مواد جي مطالعي لاءِ استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=92}}

برسلز موٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن کي عام طور تاريخي ماديت بابت مارڪس جي سڀ کان جامع وضاحت سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;German Ideology&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 19–539.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]]، [[برونو بائر]]، [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ ٻين نوجوان هيگلين کان نظرياتي طور الڳ ٿي ويو، جڏهن ته [[ڪارل گرون]] ۽ ٻين &quot;حقيقي سوشلسٽن&quot; کان پڻ فاصلو اختيار ڪيو، جن جا فلسفا اڃا تائين ڪنهن حد تائين [[تصوريت]] تي ٻڌل هئا. ''جرمن نظريو'' ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي فلسفي کي مڪمل شڪل ڏني، جيڪو تاريخ ۾ تبديليءَ جي واحد محرڪ طور ماديت تي ٻڌل هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=96–97}} هي ڪتاب طنزيه انداز ۾ لکيل هو، پر اهو انداز به ان کي سنسرشپ کان بچائي نه سگهيو. مارڪس جي ٻين ڪيترين ئي شروعاتي تصنيفن وانگر، اهو به سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿي سگهيو ۽ پهريون ڀيرو 1932ع ۾ منظرعام تي آيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=93}}

''جرمن نظريو'' مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس هڪ اهڙي تصنيف لکڻ ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد واقعي انقلابي پورهيت تحريڪ جي &quot;نظريي ۽ حڪمت عملي&quot; بابت پنهنجو موقف واضح ڪرڻ هو، جيڪا واقعي &quot;سائنسي ماديت&quot; جي فلسفي تي بيٺل هجي.&lt;ref&gt;See Note 71 on p. 672 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976).&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ذريعي مارڪس خيالي سوشلسٽن ۽ پنهنجي سائنسي سوشلسٽ فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ گهريو. جتي خيالي سوشلسٽ اهو سمجهندا هئا ته ماڻهن کي هڪ هڪ ڪري قائل ڪري سوشلسٽ تحريڪ ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، اتي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته ماڻهو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجن معاشي مفادن مطابق عمل ڪندا آهن؛ تنهنڪري هڪ پوري طبقي، يعني پورهيت طبقي، کي ان جي گڏيل مادي مفادن جي بنياد تي متحرڪ ڪرڻ ئي انقلاب ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ جو مؤثر طريقو آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]'' (1847ع) لکيو،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Poverty of Philosophy'' contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 105–212.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو فرانسيسي انارڪسٽ سوشلسٽ [[پيئر-جوزف پرودون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[غربت جو فلسفو]]'' (1847ع) جي جواب طور پيش ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=107}}

[[File:Marx+Family and Engels.jpg|thumb|مارڪس (ساڄي پاسي) پنهنجي ڌيئرن ۽ اينگلز سان گڏ]]

انهن ڪتابن مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف، يعني سياسي پمفليٽ ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''، جي نظرياتي بنياد فراهم ڪئي. برسلز ۾ رهائش دوران 1846ع ۾ مارڪس جو [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان تعلق برقرار رهيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=124}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته هي تنظيم ئي اها بنياد پرست قوت آهي، جيڪا يورپ جي پورهيت طبقي کي هڪ وڏي عوامي تحريڪ ۾ منظم ڪري پورهيت انقلاب آڻي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 671–672.&lt;/ref&gt; پر سندس نظر ۾ ان مقصد لاءِ ضروري هو ته ليگ پنهنجي ڳجهي يا زيرزمين تنظيم واري صورت ختم ڪري، کليل سياسي جماعت طور ڪم ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'', p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt; آخرڪار ليگ جا ميمبر به ان ڳالهه تي متفق ٿيا، ۽ جون 1847ع ۾ تنظيم کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري هڪ کليل سياسي جماعت ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو نالو [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] رکيو ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=123–125}}{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=125}} مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ٻنهي ان نئين تنظيم جي پروگرام ۽ تنظيمي اصولن جي تياريءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Engels, &quot;Principles of Communism&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers, New York, 1976) pp. 341–357.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Communist-manifesto.png|thumb|left|upright|''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]'' جو پهريون جرمن ڇاپو، 1848ع]]

1847ع جي آخر ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف لکڻ شروع ڪئي، جيڪا [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جي عملي پروگرام جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي. ڊسمبر 1847ع کان جنوري 1848ع تائين گڏجي لکيل ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' پهريون ڀيرو 21 فيبروري 1848ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'', pp. 477–519.&lt;/ref&gt; هن منشور ۾ نئين ڪميونسٽ ليگ جا بنيادي عقيدا بيان ڪيا ويا. اڳوڻي [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي ابتڙ، جيڪا هڪ ڳجهي تنظيم هئي، ڪميونسٽ ليگ پنهنجا مقصد ۽ ارادا عوام آڏو کليل نموني پيش ڪرڻ گهريا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=115}} منشور جي شروعاتي جملي ۾ مارڪسزم جو بنيادي اصول هن ريت بيان ڪيو ويو آهي: &quot;اڄ تائين موجود سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShillingMellor2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Shilling |first2=Philip A. |last2=Mellor |title=The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |isbn=978-0761965497 |page=114 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915145130/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; منشور ۾ اڳتي هلي [[بورجوازي]] (سرمائيدار طبقو) ۽ [[پرولتاريه]] (صنعتي پورهيت طبقو) جي وچ ۾ مفادن جي ٽڪراءَ جو جائزو وٺندي اهو دليل ڏنو ويو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ ئي اها تنظيم آهي، جيڪا ٻين سوشلسٽ ۽ لبرل جماعتن جي ابتڙ، حقيقت ۾ پرولتاريه جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪندي سرمائيداري سماج کي ختم ڪري ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ سماج قائم ڪرڻ چاهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Mar48|Marx and Engels 1848]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ساڳئي سال يورپ ۾ احتجاجن، بغاوتن ۽ ڪيترين ئي هنڌن تي پرتشدد اٿل پٿل جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، جيڪو [[1848ع جا انقلاب]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} فرانس ۾ انقلاب جي نتيجي ۾ بادشاهت جو خاتمو ٿيو ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي جمهوريه]] قائم ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} مارڪس انهن انقلابي سرگرمين جو حامي هو. تازو ئي کيس پنهنجي والد جي وراثت مان، جيڪا سندس چاچي [[ليونل فلپس]] وٽ 1838ع کان روڪيل هئي، لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 يا 6,000 فرانڪ مليا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Saul Kussiel |last=Padover |title=Karl Marx, an intimate biography |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=1978 |page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هن ان رقم جو ٽيون حصو بيلجيم جي انهن مزدورن کي هٿيار خريد ڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو، جيڪي انقلابي ڪارروائيءَ جي تياري ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} جيتوڻيڪ هن الزام جي صداقت بابت اختلاف موجود آهي،&lt;ref&gt;David McLellan 1973 ''Karl Marx: His life and Thought''. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 189–190&lt;/ref&gt; پر بيلجيم جي انصاف واري وزارت مارڪس تي اهڙو الزام لڳايو، کيس گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ هو ٻيهر فرانس ڏانهن هليو ويو، جتي نئين جمهوري حڪومت قائم ٿيڻ سبب هن پاڻ کي وڌيڪ محفوظ سمجهيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Felix |first1=David |year=1982 |title=Heute Deutschland! Marx as Provincial Politician |journal=[[Central European History]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=332–350 |doi=10.1017/S0008938900010621 |jstor=4545968 |s2cid=145405027|issn=0008-9389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڪولون: 1848ع–1849ع ===

عارضي طور پيرس ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو انتظامي مرڪز پڻ اتي منتقل ڪيو ۽ پيرس ۾ رهندڙ مختلف جرمن سوشلسٽن سان گڏجي [[جرمن مزدورن جي انجمن|جرمن مزدورن جو ڪلب]] قائم ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=128}} جرمنيءَ تائين انقلاب پکڙجڻ جي اميد سان مارڪس 1848ع ۾ ٻيهر [[ڪولون]] موٽي آيو، جتي هن ''جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جا مطالبا'' نالي هڪ پمفليٽ جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;Demands of the Communist Party&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6.&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ هن ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي ڏهن مان رڳو چئن نڪتن جي حمايت ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت جرمنيءَ ۾ پهرين [[بورجوازي]] کي [[جاگيرداري]] بادشاهت ۽ اشرافيه جو خاتمو آڻڻو هو، تنهن کان پوءِ ئي پرولتاريه بورجوازيءَ کي اقتدار تان هٽائي سگهي ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=129}}

1 جون 1848ع تي مارڪس هڪ روزاني اخبار ''[[نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ]]'' (نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ ؛ معنيٰ: &quot;نئين رائن واري اخبار&quot;) جاري ڪئي، جنهن جي مالي سهائتا هن پنهنجي والد کان مليل تازين وراثتي رقم مان ڪئي. اخبار جو مقصد يورپ جي مختلف حصن جون خبرون مارڪس جي واقعن بابت مارڪسي تشريح سان پيش ڪرڻ هو. مارڪس ان جو مک ليکڪ ۽ ايڊيٽوريل پاليسيءَ تي غالب اثر رکندڙ شخص هو. جيتوڻيڪ [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا ٻيا ميمبر به ان ۾ لکندا هئا، پر [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] موجب اخبار ۾ &quot;مارڪس جي سادي آمريت&quot; قائم هئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=50}}

اخبار جي ايڊيٽر طور ڪم ڪرڻ دوران مارڪس ۽ ٻين انقلابي سوشلسٽن کي پوليس طرفان لڳاتار هراسان ڪيو ويندو هو. مارڪس کي ڪيترائي ڀيرا عدالت ۾ پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ مٿس مختلف الزام لڳايا ويا، جن ۾ سرڪاري وڪيل جي سربراهه جي توهين، پريس قانون جي ڀڃڪڙي ۽ محصولن جي ادائيگيءَ جي بائيڪاٽ وسيلي هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ ڀڙڪائڻ شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 145 November 1848 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110224/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}; {{harvnb|Splichal|2002|p=115}};&lt;/ref&gt; پر هر ڀيري عدالت کيس بي ڏوهي قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gross |first=David M. |year=2014 |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان وچ ۾ [[پروشيا]] جي جمهوري پارليامينٽ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش ولهيلم چوٿون]] پنهنجي رجعت پسند حامين تي ٻڌل نئين ڪابينا قائم ڪئي، جنهن ملڪ مان کاٻي ڌر ۽ ٻين انقلابي قوتن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ردِانقلابي قدم کنيا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}} نتيجي طور ''نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' جلد بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 16 مئي 1849ع تي مارڪس کي ملڪ ڇڏڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=137–146}}

مارڪس ٻيهر پيرس موٽي آيو، پر ان وقت شهر رجعت پسند ردِانقلاب ۽ [[هيضي]] جي وبا جي گرفت ۾ هو. ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ پيرس جي اختيارين کيس سياسي خطرو سمجهي شهر مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي. سندس زال جيني چوٿين ٻار جي ڄمڻ واري هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس جرمني يا بيلجيم به واپس نٿي وڃي سگهيو؛ تنهنڪري آگسٽ 1849ع ۾ هن [[لنڊن]] ۾ پناهه ورتي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=147–148}}

=== لنڊن ڏانهن منتقلي ۽ وڌيڪ لکڻيون: 1850ع–1860ع ===
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| caption1          = مارڪس 1851ع کان 1856ع تائين لنڊن جي [[سوهو]] علائقي ۾ ڊين اسٽريٽ نمبر 28 تي رهندو هو. ٻي ماڙ تي [[انگلش هيريٽيج]] جي [[نيري تختي]] نظر اچي ٿي.
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مارڪس جون 1849ع جي شروعات ۾ لنڊن منتقل ٿيو ۽ پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي اتي ئي رهيو. [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو مرڪزي دفتر پڻ لنڊن منتقل ڪيو ويو. بهرحال، 1849ع–1850ع جي سياري ۾ ليگ جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيو، جڏهن [[آگسٽ وليش]] ۽ [[ڪارل شاپر]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ هڪ ڌڙي فوري بغاوت لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. وليش ۽ شاپر جو خيال هو ته جيئن ئي ڪميونسٽ ليگ بغاوت شروع ڪندي، تيئن سڄي يورپ جو پورهيت طبقو پاڻمرادو ان ۾ شامل ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙي طرح يورپ ۾ عام انقلاب برپا ٿي ويندو.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز اعتراض ڪيو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اهڙي اڻ رٿيل بغاوت &quot;مهم جوئي&quot; هوندي ۽ خود ليگ لاءِ خودڪشيءَ برابر ثابت ٿيندي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}} سندن خيال ۾ شاپر ۽ وليش جي تجويز ڪيل اهڙي بغاوت کي يورپ جي رجعت پسند حڪومتن جي پوليس ۽ هٿياربند فوجون آسانيءَ سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏين ها. مارڪس جو موقف هو ته ان سان خود ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي تباهي ٿيندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سماج ۾ تبديليون چند ماڻهن جي ڪوشش ۽ ارادي سان هڪ رات اندر پيدا نٿيون ٿين.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}}

مارڪس موجب سماجي تبديلي معاشري جي معاشي حالتن جي سائنسي تجزيي ۽ سماجي ترقيءَ جي مختلف مرحلن مان گذرندي انقلاب ڏانهن اڳتي وڌڻ سان پيدا ٿيندي آهي. سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت، يعني تقريباً 1850ع ۾، 1848ع جي يورپي بغاوتن جي شڪست کان پوءِ ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي پورهيت طبقي کي اڀرندڙ بورجوازيءَ جي ترقي پسند عنصرن سان اتحاد ڪرڻ جي ترغيب ڏيڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن آئيني جمهوريه، آزاد چونڊيل اسيمبلين ۽ سڀني بالغ مردن لاءِ عام ووٽ جي حق جهڙن حڪومتي سڌارن جي مطالبن تي جاگيردار اشرافيه کي شڪست ڏئي سگهجي. ٻين لفظن ۾، پورهيت طبقي کي پنهنجي مخصوص پروگرام ۽ پورهيت انقلاب تي زور ڏيڻ کان اڳ بورجوا ۽ جمهوري قوتن سان گڏجي بورجوا انقلاب کي ڪامياب پڄاڻيءَ تائين پهچائڻو هو.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

هڪ ڊگهي اندروني جدوجهد کان پوءِ، جنهن ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي ٽٽڻ جي ڪناري تي پهچائي ڇڏيو، مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو ۽ آخرڪار وليش–شاپر ڌڙو ليگ کان ڌار ٿي ويو. ان دوران مارڪس سوشلسٽ [[جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن]] ۾ پڻ گهڻو سرگرم رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 contained on p. 674 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt; انجمن جون گڏجاڻيون وچ لنڊن جي وندر واري علائقي [[سوهو]] ۾ [[گريٽ ونڊمل اسٽريٽ]] تي ٿينديون هيون.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=151–155}}

هيءَ تنظيم پڻ پنهنجي ميمبرن جي اندروني اختلافن جو شڪار ٿي، جن مان ڪجهه مارڪس جي حمايت ڪندا هئا، جڏهن ته ٻيا شاپر–وليش ڌڙي سان گڏ هئا. هن اختلاف جا بنيادي مسئلا اهي ئي هئا، جيڪي ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اندر پيدا ٿيل ورهاست ۾ سامهون آيا هئا. بهرحال، جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن ۾ مارڪس شاپر–وليش ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد هارائي ويو ۽ 17 سيپٽمبر 1850ع تي انجمن تان استعيفا ڏئي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 on p. 674 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' ۽ صحافت ===

لنڊن ۾ شروعاتي عرصي دوران مارڪس پاڻ کي لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل طور پنهنجي مطالعي لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سبب سندس ڪٽنب کي سخت غربت کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dussel |first1=Enrique D. |editor1-last=Moseley |editor1-first=Fred Baker |translator-last1=Angulo |translator-first1=Yolanda |title=Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=0415215455 |page=xxxiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;egsbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography/ |title=Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography |publisher=[[يورپي گريجوئيٽ اسڪول]] |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101839/http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography |archive-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس آمدنيءَ جو بنيادي ذريعو اينگلز هو، جنهن جي آمدني وري سندس مالدار صنعتڪار والد کان ايندي هئي.{{r|egsbio}}

پروشيا ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي اخبار جو ايڊيٽر ۽ ساڳئي فڪر وارين ٻين اخبارن جو ليکڪ هو، جنهن ذريعي هو سڌو سنئون پورهيت طبقي تائين پهچي سگهندو هو. پر لنڊن ۾، جتي پنهنجي اخبار هلائڻ لاءِ مالي وسيلا موجود نه هئا، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز بين الاقوامي صحافت ڏانهن رخ ڪيو. هڪ مرحلي تي سندن مضمون انگلينڊ، آمريڪا، [[پروشيا]]، آسٽريا ۽ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڇهن مختلف اخبارن ۾ شايع ٿيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 295.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي آمدنيءَ جو وڏو حصو 1852ع کان 1862ع تائين ''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' لاءِ يورپي نامي نگار طور ڪم ڪرڻ مان حاصل ٿيندو هو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kluger |first=Richard |title=The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune |url=https://archive.org/details/paperlife00klug |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0394508771}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|17}} جڏهن ته هو ٻين نسبتاً &quot;بورجوا&quot; اخبارن لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکندو هو. مارڪس جا جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ لکيل مضمون [[ولهيلم پيپر]] ترجمو ڪندو هو، جيستائين مارڪس جي انگريزيءَ تي ايتري دسترس نه ٿي وئي جو هو پاڻ سڌو سنئون انگريزيءَ ۾ لکڻ لڳو.

''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[هوريس گريلي]] قائم ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=274}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل بورڊ ۾ ترقي پسند بورجوا صحافي ۽ پبلشر شامل هئا، جن ۾ [[جارج رپلي]] ۽ ايڊيٽر [[چارلس اينڊرسن ڊينا]] نمايان هئا. ڊينا، جيڪو [[فوريئريت]] ۽ [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ]] جو حامي هو، مارڪس سان رابطي جو اهم ذريعو بڻيو. ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس لاءِ بحرِ اوقيانوس جي ٻنهي ڪنارن تائين پنهنجي خيالن جي پهچائڻ جو ذريعو ثابت ٿي، خاص طور [[هينري چارلس ڪيري]] خلاف سندس &quot;لڪل فڪري جدوجهد&quot; ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |editor1-last=Ryazanskaya |editor1-first=S. W. |translator-last1=Lasker |translator-first1=I. |chapter=Marx to Engels, June 14, 1853 |title=Selected Correspondence |year=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |pages=83–86 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيءَ اخبار شروعات کان ئي پورهيت طبقي ۾ مقبول هئي. ان جي قيمت رڳو ٻه سينٽ هئي،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from a picture on p. 327 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979).&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ هر اشاعت جا لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 نسخا ڇپجڻ سبب اها آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پڙهندڙن واري اخبار بڻجي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|14}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل پاليسي ترقي پسند هئي ۽ غلاميءَ جي مخالفت ان جي باني گريلي جي فڪر جي عڪاسي ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|82}} مارڪس جو پهريون مضمون، جيڪو برطانيا جي پارلياماني چونڊن بابت هو، 21 آگسٽ 1852ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–332.&lt;/ref&gt;

21 مارچ 1857ع تي ڊينا مارڪس کي اطلاع ڏنو ته معاشي بحران سبب هاڻي هر هفتي صرف هڪ مضمون جي ادائيگي ڪئي ويندي، پوءِ ڀلي اهو ڇپجي يا نه؛ جڏهن ته وڌيڪ مضمونن جي ادائيگي صرف انهن جي اشاعت جي صورت ۾ ٿيندي. مارڪس هر اڱاري ۽ جمعي تي پنهنجا مضمون موڪليندو هو، پر ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس ۽ [[بي. ٽيلر]] کان سواءِ يورپ ۾ موجود پنهنجا سڀ نامي نگار برطرف ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ مارڪس جا مضمون به هفتي ۾ رڳو هڪ تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏيا. سيپٽمبر کان نومبر 1860ع جي وچ ۾ سندس فقط پنج مضمون ڇپيا. ڇهن مهينن جي وقفي کان پوءِ هن سيپٽمبر 1861ع کان مارچ 1862ع تائين ٻيهر لکڻ شروع ڪيو، پر پوءِ ڊينا کيس لکي اطلاع ڏنو ته آمريڪا جي اندروني معاملن سبب لنڊن مان ايندڙ خبرن لاءِ ''ٽربيون'' ۾ هاڻي جاءِ نه رهي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;MECW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx|title=Marx &amp; Engels Collected Works, vol.41|date=15 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1868ع ۾ ڊينا هڪ مقابلي واري اخبار ''نيويارڪ سن'' قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پاڻ ايڊيٽر اعليٰ بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Kluger, ''The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune'' (Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, New York, 1986) p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 1857ع ۾ هن مارڪس کي دعوت ڏني ته هو ''[[نيو آمريڪن سائڪلوپيڊيا]]'' لاءِ، خاص طور فوجي تاريخ بابت، مضمون لکي. اهو منصوبو جارج رپلي، جيڪو ''ٽربيون'' جو ادبي ايڊيٽر ۽ ڊينا جو دوست هو، پيش ڪيو هو. مجموعي طور مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا 67 مضمون شايع ٿيا، جن مان 51 اينگلز لکيا، جيتوڻيڪ انهن لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق مارڪس [[برٽش ميوزيم]] ۾ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=262}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

1850ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين آمريڪي عوام جي يورپي معاملن ۾ دلچسپي گهٽجڻ لڳي، تنهنڪري مارڪس جا مضمون &quot;غلاميءَ جي بحران&quot; ۽ 1861ع ۾ شروع ٿيل [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] ڏانهن منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 1 at p. 367 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 19'' (International Publishers: New York, 1984).&lt;/ref&gt; ڊسمبر 1851ع کان مارچ 1852ع تائين مارڪس [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب|1848ع جي فرانسيسي انقلاب]] بابت پنهنجي نظرياتي تصنيف ''[[لوئي نيپولين جي ارڙهين برومئير]]'' تي ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 99–197.&lt;/ref&gt; هن ڪتاب ۾ هن [[تاريخي ماديت]]، [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]، [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ بورجوا رياست تي پرولتاريه جي فتح جهڙن تصورن کي واضح ڪيو.

1850ع ۽ 1860ع جا ڏهاڪا عام طور هڪ اهڙي فڪري حد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪا [[نوجوان مارڪس]] جي هيگلي [[مثاليت]] کي [[بالغ مارڪس]] جي [[جوڙجڪياتي مارڪسزم]] سان لاڳاپيل سائنسي نظريي کان الڳ ڪري ٿي. بهرحال، سڀئي عالم هن ورهاست کي قبول نٿا ڪن.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز لاءِ 1848ع ۽ 1849ع جي انقلابن جو تجربو سندن معاشي نظرين ۽ تاريخي ارتقا بابت سوچ جي تشڪيل ۾ بنيادي اهميت رکندڙ هو. 1848ع جي ناڪامين کان پوءِ کين محسوس ٿيو ته انقلابي جوش ختم ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ نئين معاشي بحران کان سواءِ وري پيدا نه ٿيندو. ان دوران مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿين جي وچ ۾ اختلاف به پيدا ٿيا؛ مارڪس انهن کي &quot;مهم جوئي ڪندڙ&quot; قرار ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته صرف مضبوط ارادي سان انقلاب آڻي سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ اهڙي سوچ غير حقيقي هئي، ڇو ته انقلابي حالتون پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ معاشي عنصر بنيادي شرط هو.

1852ع ۾ آمريڪا جي معاشي بحران مارڪس ۽ اينگلز کي اميد ڏني ته شايد انقلابي سرگرميون ٻيهر زور وٺنديون، پر جلد ئي سندن خيال ٿيو ته آمريڪي معيشت اڃا سرمائيداراڻي انقلاب لاءِ ڪافي پختي نه هئي. آمريڪا جي اولهه طرف موجود کليل علائقن سماجي بيچينيءَ جي قوتن کي منتشر ڪري ڇڏيو هو. وڌيڪ اهو ته آمريڪا ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ ڪو به معاشي بحران يورپ جي پراڻين قومي معيشتن ۾، جيڪي پنهنجي قومي سرحدن اندر بند نظام هيون، انقلابي لهر پيدا نه ڪندو. جڏهن 1857ع جو مشهور [[1857ع جو مالي بحران]] آمريڪا مان شروع ٿي عالمي سطح تائين پکڙيو، تڏهن ان معاشيات جي اڳوڻن نظرين کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ اهو جديد تاريخ جو پهريون حقيقي عالمي معاشي بحران ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 320.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پهرين انٽرنيشنل ۽ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ===
[[File:Karl Marx, May 1861.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|لنڊن ۾ 1861ع دوران ورتل مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://marx200.org/en/fotografien/index.html |title=All Images of Marx Are Good |website=Marx 200 |access-date=2 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

مارڪس ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' لاءِ تيستائين مضمون لکندو رهيو، جيستائين کيس پڪ هئي ته ''ٽربيون'' جي ادارتي پاليسي اڃا ترقي پسند هئي. بهرحال، 1861ع جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ [[چارلس ڊينا]] جي اخبار ڇڏڻ ۽ ان جي نتيجي ۾ ادارتي بورڊ ۾ تبديلي اچڻ سان اخبار نئين ادارتي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 347.&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽربيون'' هاڻي غلاميءَ جي مڪمل خاتمي ۽ [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين|يونين]] جي مڪمل فتح لاءِ آواز اٿاريندڙ مضبوط [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ|غلامي مخالف]] اخبار نه رهي. نئين ادارتي بورڊ آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين ۽ [[آمريڪا جون وفاقي رياستون|ڪنفيڊريسي]] جي وچ ۾ فوري صلح جي حمايت ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ ان سان ڪنفيڊريسيءَ ۾ غلامي برقرار رهي ها. مارڪس هن نئين سياسي موقف سان سخت اختلاف ڪيو ۽ 1863ع ۾ ''ٽربيون'' جي ليکڪ جي حيثيت تان دستبردار ٿيڻ تي مجبور ٿيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=345}}

1864ع ۾ مارڪس [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]، جيڪا پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي نالي سان مشهور هئي، سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}} 1864ع ۾ تنظيم قائم ٿيڻ وقت کيس ان جي جنرل ڪائونسل جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616235612/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA269 267]}} هن تنظيم اندر مارڪس [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي چوڌاري منظم ٿيل انارڪسٽ ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد ۾ شامل رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} جيتوڻيڪ ان تڪرار ۾ مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو، پر 1872ع ۾ جنرل ڪائونسل جو مرڪز لنڊن مان نيويارڪ منتقل ڪرڻ، جنهن جي مارڪس پڻ حمايت ڪئي، انٽرنيشنل جي زوال جو سبب بڻيو.

انٽرنيشنل جي وجود دوران سڀ کان اهم سياسي واقعو 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] هو، جڏهن پيرس جي شهرين پنهنجي حڪومت خلاف بغاوت ڪري ٻه مهينا شهر تي ڪنٽرول قائم رکيو. ان بغاوت کي رت سان چيڀاٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور پمفليٽن مان هڪ، ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]''، لکيو، جنهن ۾ هن ڪميون جو دفاع ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Civil War in France&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 22'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 307–359.&lt;/ref&gt;

پورهيت انقلابن ۽ تحريڪن جي بار بار ناڪامين ۽ مايوسين سبب مارڪس [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان جي مناسب تنقيد تيار ڪرڻ جي به ڪوشش ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ هن [[برٽش ميوزيم]] جي مطالعي واري ڪمري ۾ گهڻو وقت تحقيق ڪندي گذاريو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=20}} 1857ع تائين مارڪس سرمائي، [[زميني ملڪيت]]، اجرتي محنت، رياست، پرڏيهي واپار ۽ عالمي منڊيءَ بابت 800 کان وڌيڪ صفحن تي ٻڌل نوٽ ۽ مختصر مضمون گڏ ڪري چڪو هو. هي مواد 1939ع تائين شايع نه ٿيو، جڏهن اهو ''[[گرونڊرِسِه|گرونڊرِسِه ڊير ڪريٽڪ ڊير پوليٽشن اوڪونومي]]'' (سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد جا خاڪا) جي عنوان هيٺ شايع ٿيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 5–537.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the Preparatory Materials section of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'' (International Publishers: New York, 1987) pp. 421–507.&lt;/ref&gt;

1859ع ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي تصنيف ''[[سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو]]'' شايع ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'', pp. 257–417.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا سياسي معيشت بابت سندس پهرين سنجيده تنقيدي تصنيف هئي. هي ڪتاب سندس ٽن جلدن واري ''[[داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' (معنيٰ: ''سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد'') جو رڳو ابتدائي خاڪو هو، جنهن کي هو پوءِ شايع ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکندو هو. ''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' ۾ مارڪس معاشي سوچ جي بنيادي مفروضن ۽ درجابندين جو تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Postone|1993|pp=54–55, 173, 192}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marx |title=Economic Manuscripts: Appendix I: Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |quote=[...] اڪيلو ۽ سماج کان الڳ شڪاري يا مهاڻو، جنهن کي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو پنهنجي بحث جي شروعاتي نقطي طور پيش ڪن ٿا، ارڙهين صديءَ جي رابنسن ڪروسو جهڙن رومانوي قصن جي بي تخيل خيالي تخليقن مان هڪ آهي. سماجي تاريخدانن جي دعوائن جي ابتڙ، اهي ڪردار رڳو حد کان وڌيل تهذيب خلاف ردعمل يا ڪنهن غلط سمجهيل فطري زندگيءَ ڏانهن واپسيءَ جي نمائندگي نٿا ڪن. [...] هي هڪ وهم آهي، ۽ ننڍين توڙي وڏين رابنسوني ڪهاڻين جو رڳو جمالياتي وهم. حقيقت ۾، اهو اهڙي ”بورجوا سماج“ جي اڳڪٿي آهي، جيڪو سورهين صديءَ ۾ اڀرڻ لڳو ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ ۾ پختگيءَ ڏانهن تيزيءَ سان وڌيو.

آزاد مقابلي تي ٻڌل هن سماج ۾ فرد ظاهري طور انهن فطري لاڳاپن کان آزاد نظر اچي ٿو، جيڪي گذريل تاريخي دورن ۾ کيس انسانن جي ڪنهن مخصوص ۽ محدود جماعت جو جزو بڻائيندا هئا. ارڙهين صديءَ جا مفڪر، جن جي فڪر تي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو اڃا مڪمل طور بيٺل هئا، هن ارڙهين صديءَ واري فرد کي—جيڪو هڪ پاسي جاگيردار سماج جي ٽٽڻ ۽ ٻئي پاسي سورهين صديءَ کان ترقي ڪندڙ نين پيداواري قوتن جو نتيجو هو—اهڙي مثالي انسان طور پيش ڪندا هئا، جنهن جو وجود ڄڻ ماضيءَ سان تعلق رکندو هو. هنن فرد کي تاريخي عمل جي نتيجي طور نه، پر تاريخ جي شروعاتي نقطي طور ڏٺو.&lt;br /&gt;
[...]&lt;br /&gt;
”محنت“ ظاهري طور هڪ تمام سادي درجي بندي لڳي ٿي. محنت جو تصور هن عام ۽ آفاقي صورت ۾، يعني عام محنت طور، به نهايت پراڻو آهي. تنهن هوندي به معاشي لحاظ کان ”محنت“ پنهنجي هن سادي صورت ۾ اوترو ئي جديد درجو آهي، جيترا اهي سماجي لاڳاپا جديد آهن، جيڪي هن سادي تجريد کي جنم ڏين ٿا.|archive-date=8 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208230946/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Calhoun|2012|p=138|ps=: &quot;Marx used social criticism as his standard form of social analysis. Marx defined criticism as the 'radical negation of social reality.{{'&quot;}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف کي وڏي جوش سان قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڇاپو جلد وڪامي ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=318}}

[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد|داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' جو پهريون جلد]]

''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' جي ڪامياب وڪري مارڪس کي 1860ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڏي ڪم جا ٽي جلد مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ همٿايو. انهن ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ۽ ''[[فاضل قدر جا نظريا]]'' شامل هئا. پوئين تصنيف ۾ هن سياسي معيشت جي نظريه دانن، خاص طور [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]]، جي نظرين تي بحث ۽ تنقيد ڪئي.{{r|egsbio}} ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' کي اڪثر ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو چوٿون جلد چيو ويندو آهي ۽ اهو [[معاشي فڪر جي تاريخ]] بابت پهرين جامع تصنيفن مان هڪ آهي

1867ع ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو پهريون جلد شايع ٿيو، جنهن ۾ سرمائي جو تنقيدي تجزيو پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' سرمائيداراڻي [[پيداواري طرز]] جي ابتدا کان ان جي امڪاني مستقبل تائين ان جي &quot;حرڪت جي قانونن&quot; جي وضاحت پيش ڪري ٿو. ڪتاب ۾ سرمائي جي گڏجڻ جي حرڪتن، [[اجرتي محنت]] جي واڌ، ڪم جي جڳهه جي تبديلي، [[سرمائي جي گڏجاڻي]]، مقابلي، [[بئنڪنگ]] نظام، [[نفعي جي شرح گهٽجڻ جو لاڙو]]، زميني محصول ۽ ان ڳالهه تي بحث ڪيو ويو آهي ته اجرتي محنت ڪيئن مسلسل سرمائي جي حڪمراني کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27. 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}} مارڪس موجب سرمائي جي محرڪ قوت [[محنت جو استحصال|محنت جي استحصال]] ۾ آهي، ۽ پورهيتن جي بي اجرت محنت [[فاضل قدر]] جو آخري ذريعو آهي.

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي روسي ترجمي جي وڌندڙ گهرج سبب ان جا روسي ٻوليءَ ۾ 3,000 نسخا ڇپيا، جيڪي 27 مارچ 1872ع تي شايع ٿيا. 1871ع جي سرءُ تائين جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ پهرين ڇاپي جا سڀ نسخا وڪامي چڪا هئا، جنهن کان پوءِ ٻيو ڇاپو شايع ڪيو ويو.

[[File:Karl-Marx (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|مارڪس جي 1875ع واري تصوير]]

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جا ٻيا ۽ ٽيان جلد مارڪس جي حياتيءَ ۾ مسودن جي صورت ۾ رهيا، جن تي هو پنهنجي باقي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. مارڪس جي وفات کان پوءِ ٻئي جلد اينگلز شايع ڪيا.{{r|egsbio}} ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو جلد اينگلز تيار ڪري 1885ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٻيو: سرمائي جي گردش جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 36'' (International Publishers: New York, 1997).&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيون جلد نَوَ سال پوءِ، آڪٽوبر 1894ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٽيون: مجموعي طور سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1998).&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' وسيع ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' مان ورتل هو، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو مسودو هئا. اهي مسودا ''مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي جلدن 30 کان 34 تائين پکڙيل آهن. خاص طور ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جلد 30 جي پوئين حصي کان شروع ٿي جلد 32 جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين هلن ٿا؛&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30'' (International Publishers: New York, 1988) pp. 318–451.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 31'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–580.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 32'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–543.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته مڪمل ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جلد 30 جي شروعات کان جلد 34 جي پهرين اڌ تائين پکڙيل آهن. جلد 34 جي پوئين اڌ ۾ ''1863ع–1864ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جا بچيل ٽڪرا شامل آهن، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٽيون مسودو هئا. انهن جو وڏو حصو پينگوئن جي ''داس ڪاپيٽال''، جلد پهرئين، جي ضميمي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |title=Economic Works of Karl Marx 1861–1864 |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716154952/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جو مختصر جرمن ڇاپو 1905ع ۽ 1910ع ۾ شايع ٿيو. ان مختصر ڇاپي جو انگريزي ترجمو 1951ع ۾ لنڊن مان شايع ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته مڪمل ۽ غير مختصر ڇاپو 1963ع ۽ 1971ع ۾ ماسڪو مان ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي &quot;چوٿين جلد&quot; طور شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;See note 228 on p. 475 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30''.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{پڻ ڏسو |پوئين دور جو مارڪس}}
[[File:Marx8.jpg|thumb|upright|1882ع ۾ مارڪس]]

پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي آخري ڏهاڪي دوران مارڪس جي صحت مسلسل خراب ٿيندي وئي ۽ هو اڳين دور وانگر ڊگهي عرصي تائين محنت ڪرڻ جي قابل نه رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} تنهن هوندي به هن همعصر سياست، خاص طور جرمني ۽ روس جي معاملن، تي اهم تبصرا ڪيا. سندس ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ هن پنهنجن پوئلڳن [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ [[آگسٽ بيبل]] جي ان رجحان جي مخالفت ڪئي، جنهن تحت هو متحد سوشلسٽ جماعت ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[فرڊيننڊ لاسال]] جي [[رياستي سوشلزم]] وارن خيالن سان ٺاهه ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.{{r|egsbio}} هيءَ تصنيف مارڪس جي مشهور قول، &quot;[[هر ڪنهن کان سندس صلاحيت مطابق، هر ڪنهن کي سندس ضرورت مطابق]]&quot;، سبب پڻ مشهور آهي.

8 مارچ 1881ع تي [[ويرا زاسوليچ]] ڏانهن لکيل خط ۾ مارڪس ان امڪان تي غور ڪيو ته روس سرمائيداراڻي ترقيءَ واري مرحلي کي ٽپي، ڳوٺاڻي ''[[مير (سماج)|مير]]'' ۾ موجود گڏيل زميني ملڪيت جي بنياد تي ڪميونزم قائم ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{r|egsbio}}&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Collected Works Volume 46'' (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 71.&lt;/ref&gt; روس جي ڳوٺاڻي &quot;ڪميون&quot; کي &quot;روس جي سماجي نئين سر جوڙجڪ جو مرڪزي سهارو&quot; قرار ڏيندي مارڪس خبردار ڪيو ته جيڪڏهن مير کي سرمائيداراڻي مرحلي کان سواءِ سڌو سوشلسٽ مرحلي ڏانهن منتقليءَ جو ذريعو بڻائڻو آهي، ته &quot;سڀ کان پهرين انهن نقصانڪار اثرن کي ختم ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو، جيڪي ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون تي هر طرف کان حملو ڪري رهيا آهن&quot;. انهن نقصانڪار اثرن جي خاتمي کان پوءِ مارڪس موجب ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون جي &quot;پاڻمرادو ترقيءَ جون عام حالتون&quot; موجود ٿي سگهن ٿيون.

بهرحال، ساڳئي خط ۾ مارڪس نشاندهي ڪئي ته &quot;سرمائيداراڻي نظام جي بنياد ۾... پيدا ڪندڙ کي پيداوار جي وسيلن کان مڪمل طور جدا ڪرڻ شامل آهي&quot;. هن خط جي هڪ مسودي ۾ مارڪس جي [[بشريات]] ڏانهن وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ٿئي ٿي، جيڪا سندس ان يقين مان پيدا ٿي ته مستقبل جو ڪميونزم اسان جي قبل از تاريخي ماضيءَ جي اشتراڪيت ڏانهن هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ سطح تي واپسي هوندو. هن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
اسان جي دور جو تاريخي لاڙو اهو اڻٽر بحران آهي، جنهن مان يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جي انهن ملڪن ۾ سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار گذري رهي آهي، جتي اها پنهنجي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي چڪي آهي. هي بحران ان جي تباهيءَ ۽ جديد سماج جي سڀ کان قديم صورت، يعني گڏيل پيداوار ۽ گڏيل ملڪيت، جي هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ شڪل ڏانهن واپسيءَ تي ختم ٿيندو.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

هن وڌيڪ لکيو ته &quot;ابتدائي برادرين جي حياتياتي قوت سامي، يوناني، رومي وغيره سماجن کان بي انداز وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ جديد سرمائيداراڻي سماجن کان ته اڃا به وڌيڪ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;K. Marx, First draft of the letter to Vera Zasulich [1881]. In Marx-Engels ''Collected Works'', Volume 24, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي وفات کان اڳ مارڪس اينگلز کي اهي خيال مرتب ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. اهي 1884ع ۾ ''[[خاندان، نجي ملڪيت ۽ رياست جو بڻ بنياد]]'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيا، جيڪو جزوي طور مارڪس پاران [[ليوس ايڇ. مورگن]] جي ڪتاب ''[[قديم سماج]]'' بابت لکيل نوٽن تي ٻڌل هو.

== ذاتي زندگي ==

=== خاندان ===
[[File:Jenny laura marx.jpg|thumb|upright|جيني ڪيرولائنا ۽ جيني لورا مارڪس (1869ع): مارڪس جي سڀني ڌيئرن جو نالو سندن ماءُ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] جي عزت ۾ جيني رکيو ويو هو.]]

مارڪس ۽ فون ويسٽفالين کي ست ٻار ٿيا، پر لنڊن ۾ رهائش دوران سندن ڏکين معاشي ۽ رهائشي حالتن سبب رڳو ٽي ٻار بالغ عمر تائين زنده رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Singer |author-link=Peter Singer |year=2000 |title=Marx: A very short introduction |page=5 |isbn=0192854054 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن ٻار هي هئا: [[جيني لونگي|جيني ڪيرولائنا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لونگي؛ 1844ع–1883ع)، [[لورا مارڪس|جيني لورا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لافارگ؛ 1845ع–1911ع)، ايڊگر (1847ع–1855ع)، هينري ايڊورڊ گائي (&quot;گيدو&quot;؛ 1849ع–1850ع)، جيني ايويلين فرانسس (&quot;فرانزسڪا&quot;؛ 1851ع–1852ع)، [[ايلينور مارڪس|جيني جوليا ايلينور]] (1855ع–1898ع)، ۽ هڪ ٻيو ٻار، جيڪو نالو رکڻ کان اڳ ئي جولاءِ 1857ع ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس ناٺي [[پال لافارگ]] موجب مارڪس هڪ پيار ڪندڙ پيءُ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Lafargue |author-link=Paul Lafargue |editor=[[مارڪس–اينگلز–لينن ادارو]] |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1972 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |title=''Reminiscences of Marx'' (September 1890) |quote=هو هڪ پيار ڪندڙ، نرم دل ۽ درگذر ڪندڙ پيءُ هو. [...] پنهنجي ڌيئرن سان سندس لاڳاپن ۾ حڪم هلائيندڙ پيءُ واري روش جو ذري برابر به نشان نه هو، جڏهن ته سندس ڌيئرن جو ساڻس پيار غيرمعمولي هو. هو کين ڪڏهن به حڪم نه ڏيندو هو، پر جيڪو ڪم ڪرائڻ چاهيندو هو، تنهن لاءِ کين مهربانيءَ طور درخواست ڪندو هو، يا اهڙي نموني احساس ڏياريندو هو ته جنهن ڳالهه کان هو کين روڪڻ چاهي ٿو، اها کين نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. تنهن هوندي به شايد ئي ڪنهن پيءُ جا ٻار هن جي ٻارن جيترا فرمانبردار رهيا هجن.|access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133812/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1962ع ۾ اهو الزام سامهون آيو ته مارڪس کي پنهنجي گهر جي ملازمہ [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]] مان شاديءَ کان ٻاهر فريڊي نالي هڪ پٽ ٿيو هو،&lt;ref name=Montefiore&gt;{{cite news|last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |title=The Means of Reproduction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |work=[[نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]] |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926042626/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=173}} پر دستاويزي ثبوتن جي کوٽ سبب هن دعويٰ تي اختلاف ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carver, 1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |quote=this [claim] is not well founded on the documentary materials available |last=Carver |first=Terrell |title=The Cambridge Companion to Marx |year=1991 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521366946 |page=11 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |editor-last=Carver |editor-first=Terrell |chapter=Reading Marx: Life and Works |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608131100/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيلين ڊيمٿ مارڪس جي ڀروسي جوڳي ساٿي پڻ هئي. [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] پاران لکيل سندس تعزيتي نوٽ ۾ هن جي ڪردار بابت ڄاڻايو ويو آهي ته: &quot;مارڪس هيلينا ڊيمٿ کان نه رڳو پارٽيءَ جي ڏکين ۽ پيچيده معاملن ۾، پر پنهنجي معاشي لکڻين بابت به صلاح وٺندو هو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helene Demuth Obituary |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/family/demuth/obitry.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اڪثر فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو، خاص طور گهر يا فليٽ مسواڙ تي وٺڻ وقت، شايد ان لاءِ ته سرڪاري اختيارين لاءِ سندس پتو لڳائڻ ڏکيو ٿئي. پيرس ۾ هو &quot;موسيو رامبوز&quot; جو نالو استعمال ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته لنڊن ۾ پنهنجن خطن جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ &quot;اي. وليمز&quot; لکي صحيح ڪندو هو. سندس دوست سندس سانوري رنگ ۽ ڪارن گهنڊيدار وارن سبب کيس &quot;مور&quot; سڏيندا هئا، جڏهن ته هن پنهنجن ٻارن کي پاڻ کي &quot;اولڊ نِڪ&quot; ۽ &quot;چارلي&quot; سڏڻ جي همٿ ڏني.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}} هو پنهنجن دوستن ۽ گهرڀاتين لاءِ پڻ لقب ۽ فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو؛ فريڊرش اينگلز کي &quot;جنرل&quot;، گهر جي ملازمہ هيلين کي &quot;لينچن&quot; يا &quot;نِم&quot;، ڌيءَ جينيچن کي &quot;ڪُئي ڪُئي، [[چين جو شهنشاهه]]&quot;، ۽ لورا کي &quot;[[ڪاڪاٽو|ڪاڪادو]]&quot; يا &quot;[[خوئي خوئي|هوٽنٽوٽ]]&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}}

=== صحت ===
مارڪس 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب نالي شراب نوشي واري تنظيم ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ گهڻي شراب نوشي ڪرڻ لڳو ۽ اهو سلسلو سندس وفات تائين جاري رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;/&gt;

مارڪس گهڻي عرصي تائين خراب صحت جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن کي هو پاڻ &quot;وجود جي بدحالي&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}} مختلف ليکڪن سندس بيمارين جي نوعيت ۽ سببن جي وضاحت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سندس سوانح نگار ورنر بلومينبرگ موجب انهن جو سبب جگر ۽ پتيءَ جون بيماريون هيون، جيڪي مارڪس کي 1849ع ۾ ٿيون ۽ پوءِ هو انهن مان مڪمل طور صحتياب نه ٿي سگهيو. نامناسب طرزِ زندگيءَ انهن بيمارين کي وڌيڪ شديد بڻايو. بيماريءَ جا دورا اڪثر مٿي جي سور، اکين جي سوزش، مٿي ۾ [[تنتي سور]] ۽ سنڌن جي سور سان گڏ ٿيندا هئا. 1877ع ۾ کيس تنتي نظام جي هڪ سنگين بيماري ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊگهي عرصي تائين [[بي خوابي]] رهيس، جنهن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هو نشي آور دوائون استعمال ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}}

رات جو حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ ۽ نامناسب خوراڪ سبب سندس بيماري وڌيڪ بگڙندي رهي. مارڪس تيز مصالحن واري کاڌي، دونهي ۾ سڪايل مڇي، ڪئويار ۽ اچاريل ڪڪڙين جو شوقين هو، جيتوڻيڪ اهي سڀ شيون جگر جي بيمارن لاءِ نقصانڪار هيون. کيس شراب ۽ ليڪور به پسند هئا ۽ هو تمام گهڻا سگار پيئندو هو؛ مالي تنگيءَ سبب اهي اڪثر گهٽ معيار جا هوندا هئا. 1863ع کان مارڪس ڦٽن ۽ ڦرڙين جي گهڻي شڪايت ڪرڻ لڳو. بلومينبرگ موجب &quot;اهي جگر جي مريضن ۾ گهڻو ٿيندا آهن ۽ ممڪن آهي ته انهن جا سبب به ساڳيا هجن.&quot;{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}} اهي ڦرڙا ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو مارڪس نه صحيح نموني ويهي سگهندو هو ۽ نه سڌو بيهي ڪم ڪري سگهندو هو. بلومينبرگ موجب مارڪس ۾ چڙچڙاپڻ جگر جي بيمارن ۾ عام طور ڏسجندڙ ڪيفيت هئي:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
بيماريءَ سندس شخصيت جي ڪجهه خاصيتن کي وڌيڪ نمايان ڪري ڇڏيو. هو بحث ۾ تمام تيز هوندو هو، سندس چڀندڙ طنز توهين کان به نه ڪيٻائيندو هو ۽ سندس اظهار ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بي ادبي ۽ سختيءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو هو. جيتوڻيڪ مجموعي طور مارڪس پنهنجن ويجهن دوستن تي انڌو اعتماد رکندو هو، پر پاڻ به شڪايت ڪندو هو ته ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هو انهن سان به حد کان وڌيڪ شڪي ۽ ناانصاف ٿي ويندو هو. دشمنن ته ڇا، دوستن بابت به سندس فيصلا ڪڏهن ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو گهٽ حساس ماڻهو به ناراض ٿي پوندا هئا... شايد تمام ٿورا ماڻهو اهڙا هئا، جن تي هن اهڙي تنقيد نه ڪئي هجي... اينگلز به ان کان بچيل نه هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|pp=99–100}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي جي تاريخدان [[جيرالڊ سيگل]] موجب، نوجوانيءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ مارڪس کي نمونيا يا پلوريسي ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن جي اثرن سبب کيس پروشيائي فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. پوئين زندگيءَ ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' تي ڪم ڪندي، جنهن کي هو مڪمل نه ڪري سگهيو،{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=494}} مارڪس ٽن اهم بيمارين جو شڪار رهيو. جگر جي بيماري، جيڪا شايد موروثي هئي، حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم، خراب خوراڪ ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ سبب وڌيڪ بگڙي وئي. رات جو گهڻو ڪم ڪرڻ سبب سندس اکين ۾ سوزش ٿيندي هئي. ٽئين بيماري طور کيس ڪاربنڪل يا ڦرڙا ٿيندا هئا، جيڪي &quot;شايد جسماني ڪمزوريءَ جو نتيجو هئا؛ مارڪس جي طرزِ زندگيءَ جون مختلف خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ شراب، تمباڪو، خراب غذا ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ، انهن سڀني ان ۾ حصو ورتو.&quot; اينگلز اڪثر مارڪس کي پنهنجي خطرناڪ طرزِ زندگي بدلائڻ جي صلاح ڏيندو هو. سيگل موجب مارڪس پاران پنهنجي صحت کي اهڙي سخت نموني نقصان پهچائڻ جي پويان ذاتي مفادن ۽ خودپسنديءَ بابت ڏوهه جو احساس ٿي سگهي ٿو، جيڪو اصل ۾ سندس والد مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ پيدا ڪيو هو.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=495–496}}

2007ع ۾ [[نيوڪاسل يونيورسٽي]] جي چمڙيءَ جي ماهر سام شسٽر مارڪس جي چمڙيءَ جي بيماريءَ جي [[پوئين دور جي تشخيص]] ڪئي. شسٽر موجب وڌيڪ ممڪن وضاحت اها هئي ته مارڪس جگر جي بيماريءَ بدران [[هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا]] جو شڪار هو، جيڪا وار جي ڦوٽن ۾ کلندڙ [[اپوڪرائن]] نالين جي بند ٿيڻ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ورجائيندڙ وچڙندڙ بيماري آهي.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|pp=1–2}} شسٽر بيماريءَ جي امڪاني [[نفسياتي ۽ سماجي]] اثرن تي پڻ غور ڪيو. هن نشاندهي ڪئي ته چمڙي رابطي جو هڪ اهم عضوو آهي، ۽ هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا شديد نفسياتي تڪليف پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ نفرت، بيزاري، ذاتي تصور، مزاج ۽ خوشحاليءَ ۾ گهٽتائي شامل آهن. شسٽر موجب مارڪس جي خطن ۾ اهڙن احساسن جا &quot;گهڻا ثبوت&quot; موجود آهن. هن اهو سوال به اٿاريو ته ڇا بيماريءَ جي ذهني اثرن مارڪس جي لکڻين تي اثر وڌو ۽ شايد سندس [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگيءَ واري نظريي]] جي تشڪيل ۾ پڻ ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|p=3}}

=== وفات ===
[[File:Grave of Karl Marx Highgate Cemetery in London 2016 (10).jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]]، لنڊن]]

ڊسمبر 1881ع ۾ سندس زال جيني جي وفات کان پوءِ مارڪس کي [[نزلو]] ٿيو، جنهن سندس زندگيءَ جي آخري پندرهن مهينن دوران سندس صحت خراب رکي. آخرڪار ان بيماريءَ مان [[ساھ جي نلين جي سوزش]] ۽ [[ڦڦڙن جي پردي جي سوزش]] پيدا ٿي، جن سبب هو 14 مارچ 1883ع تي لنڊن ۾ 64 ورهين جي عمر ۾ [[بي وطن]] شخص جي حيثيت ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس گهرڀاتين ۽ دوستن 17 مارچ 1883ع تي کيس لنڊن جي اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾، لاادري ۽ ملحد ماڻهن لاءِ مخصوص حصي ۾ دفن ڪيو. [[فرانسس وين]] موجب سندس جنازي ۾ نَوَ کان يارهن ماڻهو شامل هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA382 382]}}همعصر ذريعن جي تحقيق موجب جنازي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ تيرهن سڃاتل ماڻهو موجود هئا: [[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، [[ايلينور مارڪس]]، [[ايڊورڊ ايولنگ]]، [[پال لافارگ]]، [[شارل لونگي]]، [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]]، [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]]، گوٽليب ليمڪي، [[فريڊرڪ ليسنر]]، جي. لوخنر، سر [[ري لينڪيسٽر]]، [[ڪارل شورليمر]] ۽ [[ارنسٽ ريڊفورڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;John Shepperd, 'Who was really at Marx's funeral?', in &quot;Friends of Highgate Cemetery Newsletter &quot;, April (2018), pp. 10–11. https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074940/https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf |date=4 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ همعصر اخبار موجب جنازي ۾ پنجويهن کان ٽيهه مٽن مائٽن ۽ دوستن شرڪت ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx', in ''[[دي سنڊي پيپل|دي پيپل]]'', 25 March 1883, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[دي گرافڪ]]'' جي هڪ ليکڪ لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
هڪ عجيب غلطيءَ سبب... سندس وفات جو اعلان ٻن ڏينهن تائين نه ڪيو ويو، ۽ پوءِ به اهو چيو ويو ته سندس وفات پيرس ۾ ٿي آهي. ٻئي ڏينهن پيرس مان تصحيح آئي؛ ۽ جڏهن سندس دوست ۽ پوئلڳ دفن جي وقت ۽ هنڌ بابت ڄاڻڻ لاءِ [[هيورسٽاڪ هل]] ۾ سندس گهر پهتا، تڏهن کين معلوم ٿيو ته هو اڳ ئي ٿڌي زمين ۾ دفن ٿي چڪو هو. جيڪڏهن اها رازداري ۽ تڪڙ نه ڪئي وڃي ها ته سندس قبر تي يقيناً هڪ وڏو عوامي مظاهرو ٿئي ها.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx' in ''The Graphic'', 31 March 1883, pp. 319, 322.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

سندس ڪيترن ويجهن دوستن جنازي ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن ۾ [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز شامل هئا. اينگلز جي تقرير ۾ هي لفظ شامل هئا:

{{blockquote|
14 مارچ تي منجهند جو پوڻين ٽين وڳي، زنده انسانن مان سڀ کان وڏو مفڪر سوچڻ ڇڏي ويو. کيس رڳو ٻن منٽن لاءِ اڪيلو ڇڏيو ويو هو، ۽ جڏهن اسين واپس آياسين ته کيس پنهنجي ڪرسيءَ تي سڪون سان سمهيل ڏٺوسين—پر هميشه لاءِ.
}}

مارڪس جون زنده بچيل ڌيئرون [[ايلينور مارڪس|ايلينور]] ۽ [[لورا مارڪس|لورا]]، ۽ سندس ٻه فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ناٺي [[شارل لونگي]] ۽ [[پال لافارگ]] پڻ جنازي ۾ موجود هئا. سندس زال ۽ وڏي ڌيءَ اڳ ئي فوت ٿي چڪيون هيون؛ وڏي ڌيءَ جنوري 1883ع ۾، مارڪس کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ، وفات ڪئي هئي. جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽيءَ جي باني ۽ اڳواڻ ليبڪنيخت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ تقرير ڪئي، جڏهن ته فرانسيسي پورهيت تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻ لونگي فرانسيسيءَ ۾ مختصر خطاب ڪيو. فرانس ۽ اسپين جي پورهيت جماعتن پاران موڪليل ٻه [[تار]] پڻ پڙهيا ويا; هڪ ميڊرڊ واري شاخ طرفان [[هوسي ميسا اي ليومپارٽ]] موڪليو هو، ۽ ٻيو فرانسيسي مزدورن جي پارٽيءَ جي پيرس شاخ طرفان سيڪريٽري ليپين موڪليو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1883: The death of Karl Marx |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز جي تقرير سميت اهو ئي جنازي جو مڪمل پروگرام هو.

جنازي ۾ شامل غير مائٽن ۾ مارڪس جا ٽي ڪميونسٽ ساٿي پڻ هئا: فريڊرڪ ليسنر، جنهن کي 1852ع جي [[ڪولون ڪميونسٽ مقدمو]] کان پوءِ ٽي سال قيد ڪيو ويو هو؛ جي. لوخنر، جنهن کي اينگلز &quot;ڪميونسٽ ليگ جو پراڻو ميمبر&quot; قرار ڏنو؛ ۽ [[ڪارل شورليمر]]، جيڪو مانچسٽر ۾ ڪيميا جو پروفيسر، [[رائل سوسائٽي]] جو ميمبر ۽ 1848ع جي [[باڊن انقلاب]] ۾ شامل ڪميونسٽ ڪارڪن هو. جنازي ۾ [[ري لينڪيسٽر]] نالي برطانوي حيوانيات دان پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو پوءِ هڪ اهم عالم بڻيو.

وصيت جي عدالتي تصديق وقت مارڪس جي ذاتي ملڪيت جي قيمت 250 پائونڊ مقرر ڪئي وئي،&lt;ref name=&quot;probate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk |title=Marx, Karl |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=1883 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807135123/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا 2024ع جي حساب سان لڳ ڀڳ 38,095 پائونڊ جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=£250 in 1883 → 2024 {{!}} UK Inflation Calculator |url=https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=www.in2013dollars.com |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128173620/https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1895ع ۾ پنهنجي وفات وقت اينگلز پنهنجي وڏي ملڪيت جو &quot;نمايان حصو&quot; مارڪس جي ٻن زنده بچيل ڌيئرن لاءِ ڇڏيو، جنهن جي قيمت 2024ع جي حساب سان 68 لک آمريڪي ڊالر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Montefiore&quot;/&gt;

نومبر 1954ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ سندس خاندان جي باقيات کي ويجهو ئي هڪ نئين هنڌ ٻيهر دفن ڪيو ويو. نئين هنڌ تي قائم [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو|مقبرين]] جو افتتاح 14 مارچ 1956ع تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|title=Marx monument unveiled in Highgate cemetery – archive, 15 March 1956|date=15 March 2016|access-date=7 January 2018|work=The Guardian|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227094820/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان تي ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي آخري سٽ، &quot;[[دنيا جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!|سڀني ملڪن جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!]]&quot;، ۽ اينگلز پاران ترتيب ڏنل يارهين &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز|فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; مان هي قول اُڪريل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي—پر اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;  [[برطانيا جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] اهو يادگار تعمير ڪرايو، جنهن تي [[لارنس بريڊشا]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو نيم مجسمو لڳايو ويو؛ جڏهن ته مارڪس جي اصل قبر تي رڳو سادي سينگار هئي.

مارڪسي تاريخدان [[ايرڪ هابسبام]] لکيو ته: &quot;اهو نٿو چئي سگهجي ته مارڪس ناڪام شخص طور فوت ٿيو.&quot; جيتوڻيڪ برطانيا ۾ سندس پوئلڳن جو تعداد وڏو نه هو، پر سندس لکڻيون جرمني ۽ روس جي کاٻي ڌر جي تحريڪن تي اثر وجهڻ شروع ڪري چڪيون هيون. سندس وفات کان پنجويهن سالن اندر براعظمي يورپ جون اهي سوشلسٽ جماعتون، جيڪي پنهنجي سياست تي مارڪس جي اثر کي تسليم ڪنديون هيون، [[نمائنده جمهوريت|نمائنده جمهوري]] چونڊن ۾ نمايان ڪاميابيون حاصل ڪري چڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Hob11|Hobsbawm 2011]]. pp. 3–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== فڪر ==
{{Marxism}}

=== اثر ===
{{Main|ڪارل مارڪس تي اثر}}

مارڪس جي فڪر تي ڪيترن ئي مفڪرن ۽ فڪري روايتن جو اثر هو، جن ۾ هيٺيان خاص طور شامل آهن:

* [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل]] جو فلسفو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
* [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ رڪارڊو]] جي ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]]، گڏوگڏ [[جان شارل ليونار ڊي سسموندي]] جي آزاد منڊي واري معيشت (''laissez-faire'') تي تنقيد ۽ پرولتاريه جي غيرمحفوظ حالت بابت سندس تجزيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paresh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Paresh |title=Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |pages=39–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فرانس ۾ کاٻي ڌر جي تاريخ|فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ فڪر]]، خاص طور [[جان جيڪ روسو]]، [[هينري ڊي سينٽ سائمن]]، [[پئير جوزف پرودون]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريي]] جا خيال.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}
* [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي جرمن ماديت پسند فلسفي، ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ جي آخر واري فرانسيسي ماديت، جنهن ۾ [[ديدرو]]، [[ڪلاڊ ادرين هيلويسيوس]] ۽ [[ڊي هولباخ]] شامل آهن.
* [[فريڊرش اينگلس]] جو پورهيت طبقي بابت تجزيو، ۽ فرانسيسي آزاد خيال مفڪرن ۽ سينٽ سائمنين، جهڙوڪ [[فرانسوا گيزو]] ۽ [[اوگسٽين ٿيري]] پاران طبقن بابت ابتدائي تشريحون.
* مارڪس جي يهودي ورثي کي پڻ سندس اخلاقي نظرئي&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry. ''[[Why Marx Was Right]]''. Yale University Press, 2011, p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ سندس ماديت پسند فلسفي جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم اثر رکندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=112–119}}

مارڪس جي تاريخ بابت نظرئي، جنهن کي پوءِ [[تاريخي ماديت]] سڏيو ويو (جنهن کي اينگلس ۽ لينن تڪراري طور [[جدلياتي ماديت]] جي فلسفي جي صورت ڏني)، تي هيگل جي ان دعويٰ جو واضح اثر هو ته حقيقت ۽ تاريخ کي [[جدليات]]ي انداز سان سمجهڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر جتي هيگل [[خيال پرستي]] جي بنياد تي خيالن کي تاريخ جي محرڪ قوت سمجهندو هو، اتي مارڪس جدليات کي [[ماديت]] جي بنياد تي سمجهايو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته خيال تي مادّي حقيقت کي اوليت حاصل آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

هيگل جي نظر ۾ &quot;روح&quot; تاريخ کي اڳتي وڌائيندي هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس ان کي غيرضروري اسراريت سمجهندو هو، جيڪا انسانن ۽ سندن مادي عملن جي حقيقي ڪردار کي لڪائي ڇڏيندي آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن لکيو ته هيگلي فلسفي حقيقت کي ڄڻ مٿي هيٺ ڪري بيهاريو آهي، تنهنڪري ان کي وري پنهنجي پيرن تي بيهارڻ ضروري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس کي صوفياتي اصطلاحن سان دلچسپي نه هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪيترن ئي ڪتابن ۾ گوٿڪ انداز جون تشبيهون استعمال ڪيون. مثال طور ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' ۾ هو لکي ٿو: «يورپ تي هڪ پاڇو ڇانيل آهي—ڪميونزم جو پاڇو. پراڻي يورپ جون سڀ قوتون ان پاڇي کي ڀڄائڻ لاءِ مقدس اتحاد ۾ گڏ ٿي ويون آهن.» ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽال]]'' ۾ سرمائي کي «محنت جي پيداوارن جي چوڌاري ڦهليل جادوگري» سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |first=Mark |last=Neocleous |title=The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ۽ سماجياتي فڪر کان متاثر هو، پر هن [[خيالي سوشلسٽ]]ن تي تنقيد ڪئي. سندس خيال هو ته انهن جون ننڍي پيماني واريون سوشلسٽ برادريون آخرڪار سماج جي ڪناري تي رهجي وينديون ۽ غربت جو شڪار ٿينديون، جڏهن ته حقيقي تبديلي صرف [[اقتصادي نظام]] ۾ وڏي پيماني جي تبديلي سان ئي ممڪن آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Leopold |first1=David |title=Marx, Engels, and Some (Non-Foundational) Arguments against Utopian Socialism |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |website=ORA - Oxford University Research Archive |access-date=August 22, 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822025856/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيگلي فلسفي جي مارڪس واري نئين تشريح تي اينگلس جي ڪتاب ''[[انگلينڊ ۾ پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' جو پڻ وڏو اثر پيو، جنهن مارڪس کي تاريخي جدليات کي [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]] جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ ۽ جديد پورهيت طبقي کي انقلابي تبديليءَ جي سڀ کان ترقي پسند قوت طور ڏسڻ ڏانهن مائل ڪيو. ان سان گڏ سماجي جمهوريت پسند [[فريڊرش وِلهم شُلز]] پنهنجي ڪتاب 
'''ڊي بي ويگُنگ ڊيئر پروڊُڪتسيون'''  (پيداواري عمل جي حرڪت) ۾ سماج جي ارتقا کي «پيداواري قوتن ۽ پيداواري لاڳاپن جي وچ ۾ تضاد» جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو، جنهن جو اثر پڻ مارڪس تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Norman |title=Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method |year=2006 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |page=223}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated144&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Jonathan |last=Sperber |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته تاريخ ۽ سماج جو سائنسي نموني مطالعو ڪري تاريخي لاڙن کي سمجهي سگهجي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت سماجي ٽڪراءَ جي نتيجن جي اڳڪٿي به ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ان ڪري سندس ڪيترن ئي پوئلڳن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته ڪميونسٽ انقلاب لازمي طور ايندو. پر مارڪس پنهنجي مشهور [[فوئرباخ بابت مقالا|فوئرباخ بابت يارهين مقالي]] ۾ واضح لکيو ته: «فيلسوفن دنيا جي رڳو مختلف نمونن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي تبديل ڪرڻ آهي.»{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس جي نظرين مان متاثر ٿي ڪيترائي نوان نظريا ۽ علمي شعبا وجود ۾ آيا، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

* [[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد]]
* [[ڪنڊراٽيف لهر]] ۽ [[ڪزنٽس چڪر]]
* [[گهٽ واپرائڻ جو نظريو]]
* [[تخليقي تباهي]]
* [[بحران جو نظريو]]
* [[مقداري معاشي تاريخ]]
* [[ورلڊ سسٽمز ٿيوري]]

=== فلسفو ۽ سماجي فڪر ===

مارڪس کي سماجي علمن ۾ [[تنقيدي طريقو|تنقيدي طريقي]] جو پهريون وڏو استعمال ڪندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. هيءَ راءِ ان ڳالهه مان نڪتي آهي ته هن پنهنجي تحريرن ۾ ٻين مفڪرن جي نظرين تي تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ لاءِ بار بار [[جدلياتي مناظرو|مناظرن]] ۽ تنقيدي بحثن جو سهارو ورتو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن قياسي فلسفي تي تنقيد ڪندي [[مابعدالطبيعات]] کي نظرياتي تعصب (آئيڊيالاجي) سان هم معنيٰ قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Bannerji|2001|p=27}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Paolucci |first1=Paul |title=Marx's scientific and political criticism: The internal relation |journal=Capital &amp; Class |year=2015|volume=39 |pages=65–78 |doi=10.1177/0309816814564657 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هن طريقي کي اختيار ڪري مارڪس ڪوشش ڪئي ته بنيادي علمي نتيجن کي نظرياتي تعصب کان الڳ ڪري سگهجي. اهو ئي سبب هو جو هو پنهنجي دور جي ڪيترن ئي فلسفين کان نمايان طور مختلف نظر اچي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

==== انساني فطرت ====
{{Further|مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو}}

{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| image1 = G.W.F. Hegel (by Sichling, after Sebbers).jpg
| image2 = Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach.jpg
| footer = فلسفي [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل|جي. ڊبليو. ايف. هيگل]] (کاٻي) ۽ [[لڊوگ فائرباخ]] (ساڄي)، جن جا جدليات بابت خيال مارڪس تي گهرو اثرانداز ٿيا.
}}

جيئن [[اليڪسس ڊي ٽوڪويل]] اهڙي بي چهري ۽ بيوروڪريٽڪ آمريت جو تصور پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن ۾ ڪو هڪ سڃاتل آمر موجود نه هوندو هو،&lt;ref&gt;[[Annelien de Dijn]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C ''French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915142405/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C&amp;dq= |date=15 September 2015 }}, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 152.&lt;/ref&gt; تيئن مارڪس به انهن روايتي مفڪرن کان الڳ ٿيو، جيڪي رڳو هڪ آمر بابت ڳالهائيندا هئا، يا [[مونٽيسڪيو]] وانگر فردي آمريت جي فطرت جو تجزيو ڪندا هئا. ان جي بدران مارڪس «سرمائي جي آمريت» جو تجزيو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx. ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'', vol. 1, trans. [[Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)|Samuel Moore]] and Edward Aveling (New York: Modem Library, 1906), 440.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي بنيادي مفروضي موجب انساني تاريخ، [[انساني فطرت]] جي مسلسل تبديليءَ جو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ انسان ۽ مادي شيون ٻئي شامل آهن. انسان پنهنجي اندر موجود حقيقي وجود ۽ امڪاني وجود ٻنهي کان آگاهه هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_labour&quot;&gt;Marx K (1999). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm &quot;The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018135115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm |date=18 October 2010 }} In K Marx, ''Das Kapital'' (Vol. 1, Ch. 7). Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Original work published 1867.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_critique&quot;&gt;See Marx K (1997). &quot;Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general&quot;. In K Marx, ''Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society'' (LD Easton &amp; KH Guddat, Trans.), pp. 314–347. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Original work published 1844.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس ۽ هيگل ٻنهي جي نظر ۾ ذاتي ارتقا جي شروعات اندروني [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] جي احساس کان ٿيندي آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ انسان اهو محسوس ڪري ٿو ته سندس موجوده وجود، هڪ ذهني فاعل جي حيثيت سان، پنهنجي امڪاني وجود کي هڪ موضوع يا شئي جي صورت ۾ سامهون آڻي ٿو، جنهن کي سمجهي ۽ حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس وڌيڪ دليل ڏئي ٿو ته جڏهن انسان فطرت کي&lt;ref name=&quot;Lefever&quot;&gt;See also Lefever DM; Lefever JT (1977). &quot;Marxian alienation and economic organisation: An alternate view&quot;. ''The American Economist (21)'' 2, pp. 40–48.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي مقصدن مطابق ڍالي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Holland_desire&quot;&gt;See also Holland EW (2005). &quot;Desire&quot;. In CJ Stivale (Ed.), ''Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts'', pp. 53–62. Montreal &amp; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; تڏهن اهو موضوع ان شئي کي پنهنجو بڻائي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح انسان پنهنجي مڪمل انساني صلاحيتن کي عملي صورت ڏئي ٿو. مارڪس جي خيال موجب [[مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو|انساني فطرت]] (جرمن:گاٽونگس ويزن)، يا ''نوعي وجود''، انساني [[محنت]] جي عمل سان وابسته آهي.

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ بامعنيٰ محنت جي بنيادي شرط اها آهي ته انسان پنهنجي بيگانگيءَ واري شئي سان تعلق قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين پنهنجي چوڌاري موجود حقيقي [[ماديت|مادي شين]] تي اثرانداز ٿئي. مارڪس تسليم ڪري ٿو ته هيگل «محنت جي فطرت کي سمجهي ٿو ۽ حقيقي انسان کي، جيڪو پنهنجي ئي محنت جو نتيجو آهي، صحيح نموني سڃاڻي ٿو»،&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_work&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt; پر ساڳئي وقت هو هيگل جي خود ارتقا واري تصور کي حد کان وڌيڪ «روحاني» ۽ تجريدي قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_spiritual&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 324.&lt;/ref&gt;
انهيءَ ڪري مارڪس هيگل کان اختلاف ڪندي لکي ٿو ته «انسان جو جسماني، حقيقي، احساس رکندڙ ۽ فطري صلاحيتن وارو وجود ان ڳالهه جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سندس زندگيءَ جي اظهار لاءِ حقيقي ۽ محسوس ٿيندڙ شيون موجود هجن؛ انسان پنهنجي زندگيءَ جو اظهار رڳو اهڙين حقيقي محسوس ٿيندڙ شين وسيلي ئي ڪري سگهي ٿو».&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_objects&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 325, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt;
اهڙيءَ ريت مارڪس، هيگل جي «ڪم» (ورڪ) واري تصور کي مادي «[[محنت]]» (ليبر) ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، ۽ انسان جي فطرت کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت جي حوالي سان [[محنت جي قوت]] (ليبر پاور) جو تصور پيش ڪري ٿو.

==== محنت، طبقاتي جدوجهد ۽ غلط شعور ====
{{further|مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|طبقاتي جدوجهد|سرمائيداراڻو پيداواري ڍانچو (مارڪسزم)}}

{{blockquote|هينئر تائين وجود ۾ آيل سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.|ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxEngels2009pp5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Karl |last1=Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author-link2=Friedrich Engels |title=The Communist Manifesto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |year=2009 |publisher=Echo Library |isbn=978-1406851748 |page=5 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912161744/https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Marx et Engels à Shanghai.jpg|upright|thumb|چين جي شهر [[شنگهائي]] ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي يادگار]]

مارڪس کي خاص دلچسپي ان ڳالهه سان هئي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي [[محنت]] جي قوت سان ڪهڙي ريت لاڳاپو قائم ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} هن ان موضوع تي [[مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|بيگانگي]] جي مسئلي جي حوالي سان وڏي تفصيل سان لکيو.{{sfn|Mészáros|2006|p=96}} جيئن جدليات ۾، تيئن مارڪس به شروعات ۾ هيگل جي بيگانگي واري تصور کان متاثر ٿيو، پر پوءِ ان کي وڌيڪ ماديت پسند بنيادن تي نئين صورت ڏني.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] پيداواري سماجي لاڳاپن (جهڙوڪ مزدورن جي پاڻ ۾ يا مزدورن ۽ سرمائيدارن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن) کي انهن شين (ڪموڊٽي) وسيلي منظم ڪري ٿي، جيڪي مارڪيٽ ۾ خريد ۽ وڪرو ٿين ٿيون، ۽ انهن ۾ محنت پڻ شامل آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} مارڪس مطابق، جڏهن ماڻهو پنهنجي محنت جي قوت، يعني دنيا کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي پنهنجي صلاحيت، تي پنهنجو اختيار وڃائي ويهن ٿا، ته اهو سندن پنهنجي انساني فطرت کان بيگانگيءَ جي برابر آهي، جيڪا هڪ روحاني نقصان پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس هن حالت کي [[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]] (ڪموڊٽي فيٽشئزم) سان بيان ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انسان جي پيدا ڪيل شيون اهڙي نموني ظاهر ٿين ٿيون، ڄڻ انهن کي پنهنجو الڳ وجود، زندگي ۽ حرڪت حاصل هجي، ۽ ماڻهو پنهنجي رويي کي انهن شين جي تابع بڻائي ڇڏين.{{ref|Balibar1995}}

[[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]]، اينگلس جي بيان ڪيل [[غلط شعور]] (فالس ڪانشسنيس) جو هڪ مثال آهي،{{ref|KołakowskiFalla2005}} جيڪو [[نظريو (آئيڊيالاجي)|نظريي]] جي سمجهاڻي سان ويجهو تعلق رکي ٿو. مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي نظر ۾ &quot;نظريو&quot; انهن خيالن جو مجموعو آهي، جيڪي ڪنهن خاص دور ۾ ڪنهن مخصوص طبقي جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا، پر انهن کي عام ماڻهو آفاقي ۽ هميشه لاءِ سچا خيال سمجهن ٿا.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جو مقصد رڳو اهو ڏيکارڻ نه هو ته اهڙا عقيدا اڌ سچ هوندا آهن، پر اهو پڻ ته اهي اهم سياسي ڪردار ادا ڪندا آهن. سندن خيال موجب، جنهن طبقي وٽ [[پيداواري وسيلا]] هوندا آهن، اهو رڳو خوراڪ يا تيار ڪيل شين جي پيداوار تي ئي ڪنٽرول نٿو رکي، پر خيالن ۽ نظرين جي پيداوار تي به اثرانداز ٿئي ٿو. ان مان اها وضاحت پڻ ملي ٿي ته ڇو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ماتحت طبقي جا ماڻهو به اهڙا خيال اختيار ڪندا آهن، جيڪي سندن پنهنجي مفادن جي ابتڙ هوندا آهن.

مارڪس [[ٻارن جي محنت]] جو سخت مخالف هو.&lt;ref&gt;In ''[[دي ڪميونسٽ مينفيسٽو]]'', Part II: Proletarians and Communists and ''[[ڪيپيٽل, جلد I]]'', Part III&lt;/ref&gt; هن لکيو ته برطانيا جون صنعتون &quot;رڳو رت چوسي زنده رهي سگهيون ٿي، ۽ اهو به ٻارن جي رت تي&quot;، ۽ اهو ته آمريڪي سرمايو &quot;ٻارن جي رت مان گڏ ڪيل سرمائي&quot; تي بيٺل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite speech |author=Karl Marx |title=Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association |year=1864}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب ====

مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] سان ان ڳالهه تي متفق هو ته مذهب انسان جي پنهنجي تخليق آهي، جيڪو انساني حالتن جو عڪس پيش ڪري ٿو (&quot;انسان مذهب پيدا ڪري ٿو، مذهب انسان کي پيدا نٿو ڪري&quot;)، پر هن ان خيال کي تجريدي انداز بدران تاريخي تناظر ۾ سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس نظر ۾ مذهب هڪ ئي وقت انساني تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ ان تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. 1843ع ۾ لکيل پنهنجي مقالي ''[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ مارڪس پاڻ کي [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[برونو باور]]، کان الڳ ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ رڳو مذهب تي تنقيد انساني ڏکن جو حل نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين سماج جي بنيادي ڍانچي تي انقلابي تنقيد نه ڪئي وڃي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾، مذهب تي تنقيد ان وقت تائين اثرائتي نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين انهن حقيقي سماجي حالتن کي تبديل نه ڪيو وڃي، جن جو مذهب رڳو هڪ اظهار آهي.

[[شلومو اوينيري]] موجب، هن مقالي جي تمهيد ۾ شامل مارڪس جو مشهور اقتباس، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري اڌورو نقل ڪيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ظاهر کان وڌيڪ گهرو ۽ پيچيده آهي. اوينيري جي خيال ۾، مارڪس هتي مذهبي جذبن بابت حقارت نه، پر همدردي جو اظهار ڪري ٿو.

{{blockquote|
مذهبي تڪليف، هڪ ئي وقت، حقيقي تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ حقيقي تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. مذهب، ڏاڍ هيٺ آيل مخلوق جي سڏڪي، بي دل دنيا جي دل، ۽ بي روح حالتن جي روح آهي. اهو [[عوام جي آفيم]] آهي.

&lt;p&gt;عوام جي خيالي خوشي طور مذهب جو خاتمو، سندن حقيقي خوشيءَ جو مطالبو آهي. ماڻهن کي پنهنجي حالتن بابت وهمن کي ڇڏڻ لاءِ چوڻ، دراصل انهن حالتن کي ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو آهي، جيڪي اهڙن وهمن کي جنم ڏين ٿيون.
}}

بعد ۾ [[ميڪس ويبر]] جي پيش ڪيل نظرين وانگر، مارڪس به سمجهندو هو ته مذهب حڪمران طبقن لاءِ موجود سماجي ۽ معاشي اڻبرابريءَ کي جائز ثابت ڪرڻ جو ڪم ڪندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو انهن حالتن کي خدائي منظوريءَ جو رنگ ڏئي ٿو. ٻئي طرف، ماتحت طبقن لاءِ مذهب هڪ قسم جو آسرو فراهم ڪري ٿو؛ اهو [[نشي آور دوا]] وانگر سندن ڏک کي عارضي طور گهٽائي ٿو، پر ان جو علاج نٿو ڪري.

مارڪس پنهنجي اسڪولي تعليم دوران [[ٽرائر جمنازيم]] ۾ لکيل سينيئر مقالي ۾ دليل ڏنو هو ته مذهب جو بنيادي سماجي مقصد [[سماجي يڪجهتي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=636–642}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج تي تنقيد ====
{{further|سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد|مارڪسي معاشيات}}

{{Quote box
|width=25em
|align=right
|quote=پر اوهين ڪميونسٽ ته عورتن جي گڏيل ملڪيت آڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، سڄي بورجوازي گڏجي رڙ ڪري ٿي. بورجوا پنهنجي زال کي رڳو پيداوار جي هڪ اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. جڏهن هو ٻڌي ٿو ته پيداواري وسيلا گڏيل استعمال هيٺ آندا ويندا، ته هو فطري طور اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته عورتون به سڀني جي گڏيل ملڪيت بڻجي وينديون. هن کي اهو اندازو ئي ناهي ته اصل مقصد عورتن کي پيداوار جي محض هڪ اوزار واري حيثيت مان آزاد ڪرائڻ آهي.
|source=—ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot;, page 55, translation made by Samuel Moore in 1888&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

محنت ۽ سرمائي جي ٻيهر پيداوار ۾ ان جي ڪردار بابت مارڪس جا خيال، سماجي لاڳاپن کي سماج جي ماضي، حال ۽ مستقبل جي تعين ۾ بنيادي حيثيت ڏيڻ سان ويجهڙائي رکن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Grundrisse 06 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |quote=the demand that wage labour be continued but capital suspended is self-contradictory, self-dissolving. |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121201428/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس ناقدن هن نقطهٔ نظر کي [[معاشي جبريت]] (ايڪانامڪ ڊٽرمنئزم) جو نالو ڏنو آهي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ محنت سرمائي جي وجود ۽ [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ]] جي بنيادي شرط آهي، ۽ اهي ٻئي سماجي نظام جي شڪل جوڙين ٿا. مارڪس موجب، سماجي تبديلي انهن ڌرين جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي پنهنجي [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي تاريخي حالتن اندر هڪ ٻئي جي ابتڙ مفادن جون نمائندگيون ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}} هن خيال مان پوءِ [[ٽڪراءُ جو نظريو]] (ڪنفلڪٽ ٿيوري) وجود ۾ آيو.

تاريخ بابت پنهنجي ارتقائي نموني ۾، مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته انساني تاريخ جي شروعات آزاد، پيداواري ۽ تخليقي سرگرمين سان ٿي، پر وقت سان گڏ اهي سرگرميون جبر هيٺ اچي غيرانساني بڻجنديون ويون، جنهن جو سڀ کان نمايان مثال سرمائيداري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن وضاحت ڪئي ته اهو ڪنهن فرد جي ارادي جو نتيجو نه، پر موجوده [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي اندروني منطق جو تقاضو آهي، جيڪو سرمائي جي سماجي لاڳاپن کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ انساني محنت (يعني تجريدي محنت) جي گهرج ڪري ٿو.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27, 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ سماج جي تنظيم [[پيداواري وسيلن]] تي دارومدار رکي ٿي. پيداواري وسيلن ۾ زمين، قدرتي وسيلا، اوزار ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي شامل آهن، پر انساني محنت پاڻ انهن ۾ شامل ناهي. ان جي ابتڙ، [[پيداواري لاڳاپا]] اهي سماجي لاڳاپا آهن، جيڪي ماڻهو پيداواري وسيلن جي حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ دوران قائم ڪن ٿا. اهي ٻئي گڏجي [[پيداواري ڍانچو]] (موڊ آف پراڊڪشن) ٺاهين ٿا، ۽ مارڪس تاريخي دورن جي سڃاڻپ به انهن جي بنياد تي ڪندو هو.

مارڪس [[بنياد ۽ مٿاڇري]] (بيس اينڊ سپر اسٽرڪچر) جي وچ ۾ به فرق ڪيو. سندس خيال ۾ ''بنياد'' يا ''هيٺيون ڍانچو'' معاشي نظام آهي، جڏهن ته ''مٿاڇري'' ۾ ثقافتي، قانوني، سياسي ۽ نظرياتي ادارا شامل آهن. هن معاشي بنياد ۽ سماجي مٿاڇري جي وچ ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ تضادن کي سماجي ٽڪراءَ جو اهم سبب قرار ڏنو.

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس پنهنجي لکڻين ۾ سرمائيداري تي سخت تنقيد ڪئي ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي ايندڙ [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] جو ذڪر ڪيو، پر هن ان سماج جي تفصيلي خاڪي کان گهڻو پاسو ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهو اڳوڻن سماجن، جهڙوڪ غلامي ۽ جاگيرداري، کان وڌيڪ ترقي يافته هوندو. هن اخلاقيات ۽ انصاف بابت به سڌي سنئين نظريي جي صورت ۾ گهڻو نه لکيو، پر ڪيترن محققن جو خيال آهي ته سندس فڪر ۾ اهي تصورات اڻسڌيءَ طرح موجود آهي.

{{multiple image
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| width = 220
| image1 =
| caption1 = ماسڪو ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جي يادگار، جنهن تي لکيل آهي: «[[دنيا جا پورهيت، متحد ٿيو!]]»
| image2 = Murales Rivera - Treppenhaus 7 Marx.jpg
| caption2 = ميڪسيڪو سٽي جي [[ميڪسيڪو جي قومي محل|قومي محل]] ۾ [[ڊيگو ريورا]] جو ٺاهيل ڀت-نگار، جنهن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس ڏيکاريل آهي.
}}

مارڪس جو سرمائيداري بابت جائزو ٻن پاسن وارو هو. هڪ طرف هن ان کي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ غيرانساني معاشي نظام طور بيان ڪيو، جنهن جون خاصيتون [[بيگانگي]]، [[محنت جو استحصال]] ۽ بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحران هئا، جيڪي وڏي پيماني تي بيروزگاري پيدا ڪندا هئا. ٻئي طرف هن اهو پڻ مڃيو ته سرمائيداري صنعتڪاري، شهريت، ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ترقي، پيداوار ۾ واڌ، سائنسي ترقي ۽ عقليت کي اڳتي وڌائڻ ۾ انتهائي انقلابي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو اڳين سماجن ۾ موجود نه هو {{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس جي خيال ۾ سرمائيدار طبقو تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلابي طبقن مان هڪ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پيداواري وسيلن کي لڳاتار بهتر بڻايو، جاگيرداريءَ جو خاتمو آندو ۽ نون پيداواري طريقن کي فروغ ڏنو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} سرمائيداري ۾ منافعي کي نئين ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ اوزارن ۾ ٻيهر لڳائڻ جو لاڙو مسلسل معاشي واڌ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس مطابق سرمائيدار ان فرق مان فائدو وٺندا آهن، جيڪو مزدور جي محنت جي قيمت ۽ ان محنت مان پيدا ٿيندڙ شين جي مارڪيٽ قيمت جي وچ ۾ هوندو آهي. هن ان فرق کي [[فاضل قدر]] (سرپلس ويليو) سڏيو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته اهو [[فاضل محنت]] مان پيدا ٿئي ٿو، يعني مزدور جي زندگي هلائڻ لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ سندس حقيقي پيداوار جي وچ ۾ فرق  جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس سرمائيدارن کي مزدورن جو رت چوسيندڙ [[وئمپائر]]ن سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو،{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر هو ساڳئي وقت اهو به چوي ٿو ته منافعي حاصل ڪرڻ بذاتِ خود اخلاقي ناانصافي ناهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهڙي فيصلي لاءِ ڪو اهڙو آفاقي اخلاقي معيار موجود ناهي، جيڪو سڀني دورن تي لاڳو ٿئي. هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته خود سرمائيدار به انهيءَ نظام جي قيد مان مڪمل طور آزاد ناهن.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اصل مسئلو سرمائي کي ملڪيت يا مشينري طور نه، پر مزدورن ۽ مالڪن جي وچ ۾ قائم سماجي لاڳاپن جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري فطري طور غيرمستحڪم آهي ۽ وقت بوقت [[بحران جو نظريو|معاشي بحرانن]] جو شڪار ٿيندي رهندي. هن دليل ڏنو ته وقت سان گڏ سرمائيدار نئين ٽيڪنالاجيءَ ۾ وڌيڪ سيڙپ ڪندا ۽ محنت تي گهٽ خرچ ڪندا، جڏهن ته فائدي جو اصل ذريعو مزدورن جي محنت مان حاصل ٿيندڙ فاضل قدر آهي. ان ڪري، سندس خيال ۾، وقت سان گڏ [[نفعي جي شرح]] گهٽجندي ويندي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهڙا بحران وڌيڪ شديد ٿيندا ويندا، جنهن سان هڪ پاسي سرمائيدار وڌيڪ مالدار ٿيندا ۽ ٻئي پاسي مزدور وڌيڪ غريب ٿيندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي پهرين حصي ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداري، سرمائيداري ۽ تاريخي عمل ۾ اندروني سماجي تضادن جي ڪردار کي هن ريت بيان ڪري ٿو:

{{blockquote|
اسان ڏسون ٿا ته اهي پيداواري ۽ واپاري وسيلا، جن جي بنياد تي بورجوازي وجود ۾ آئي، جاگيردار سماج جي اندر پيدا ٿيا. ترقي جي هڪ مرحلي تي جاگيردار ملڪيت جا لاڳاپا وڌيڪ ترقي يافته پيداواري قوتن سان ٺهڪندڙ نه رهيا؛ اهي ترقيءَ لاءِ زنجير بڻجي ويا. تنهنڪري انهن کي ٽوڙڻو پيو، ۽ اهي ٽوڙيا ويا. انهن جي جاءِ تي آزاد مقابلي، ان سان ٺهڪندڙ سياسي ۽ سماجي نظام، ۽ بورجوا طبقي جي معاشي ۽ سياسي بالادستي اچي وئي. ساڳيو عمل هاڻي به جاري آهي. سماج جون پيداواري قوتون هاڻي بورجوا ملڪيت جي لاڳاپن جي واڌ ويجهه لاءِ نه، پر انهن کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ تيار ٿي ويون آهن، ۽ جيئن ئي اهي انهن زنجيرن کان آزاد ٿين ٿيون، سڄي بورجوا سماج کي بحران ۾ وجهي ڇڏين ٿيون.
}}

[[File:MandK Industrial Revolution 1900.jpg|thumb|1900ع ۾ [[اولڊهم]] جي هڪ ڪارخاني ٻاهران مزدور. مارڪس جو خيال هو ته صنعتي مزدور، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، آخرڪار سڄي دنيا ۾ اٿي بيهندا.]]

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداريءَ جي اندر موجود اهي ساختي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻجندا ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ يا [[سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو سماج|سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو]] ڪميونسٽ سماج قائم ٿيندو.

{{blockquote|
تنهنڪري جديد صنعت جي ترقي ان بنياد کي ئي ان جي پيرن هيٺان ڪڍي ڇڏي ٿي، جنهن تي بورجوازي پيداوار ڪري ٿي ۽ شين تي قبضو قائم رکي ٿي. ان ڪري، بورجوازي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پنهنجي قبر کوٽيندڙ پاڻ پيدا ڪري ٿي. ان جو زوال ۽ پرولتاريا جي فتح ٻئي هڪجهڙا اڻٽر آهن.
}}

مارڪس موجب، سرمائيداريءَ جي نگراني هيٺ هلندڙ مختلف عملن، جهڙوڪ [[شهريت]] (اربنائيزيشن)، جي نتيجي ۾ مزدور طبقو، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، تعداد ۾ وڌندو ۽ ان ۾ [[طبقاتي شعور]] پيدا ٿيندو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو سمجهي ويندو ته موجوده نظام کي تبديل ڪرڻ نه رڳو ممڪن پر ضروري پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن پرولتاريا پيداواري وسيلن تي قبضو ڪري وٺندو ته اهڙا سماجي لاڳاپا قائم ٿيندا جيڪي سڀني ماڻهن لاءِ هڪجهڙا فائديمند هوندا، استحصالي طبقي جو خاتمو ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙو پيداواري نظام وجود ۾ ايندو جيڪو بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحرانن کان نسبتاً محفوظ هوندو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' (''دي جرمن آئيڊيالاجي'') ۾ دليل ڏنو ته سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو عالمي مزدور طبقي جي منظم عمل وسيلي ٿيندو:

{{blockquote|
اسان لاءِ ڪميونزم اهڙي حالت جو نالو ناهي، جيڪا قائم ڪئي وڃي، يا اهڙو مثالي نمونو جنهن سان حقيقت کي هم آهنگ ٿيڻ گهرجي. اسان ڪميونزم کي اهو حقيقي تحرڪ سڏيون ٿا، جيڪو موجوده حالتن جو خاتمو آڻي ٿو. هن تحرڪ جون حالتون موجوده سماجي حالتن مان ئي جنم وٺن ٿيون.
}}

مارڪس جي تصور موجب، اهڙي نئين سماج ۾ [[بيگانگي]] ختم ٿي ويندي ۽ انسان پنهنجي محنت وڪڻڻ جي مجبوري کان آزاد ٿي پنهنجي صلاحيتن موجب عمل ڪري سگهندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهو هڪ جمهوري سماج هوندو، جنهن ۾ سڄي آبادي سياسي حقن جي مالڪ هوندي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اهڙي [[مثالي سماج]] ۾ رياست جي ضرورت به گهڻي نه رهندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اڳ ۾ ان جو بنيادي مقصد بيگانگي ۽ استحصالي لاڳاپن کي برقرار رکڻ هو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}

مارڪس جو نظريو هو ته سرمائيداري ۽ سوشلسٽ/ڪميونسٽ نظام جي قيام جي وچ ۾ هڪ عبوري دور ايندو، جنهن کي هن [[پرولتاريا جي آمريت]] سڏيو. ان مرحلي ۾ مزدور طبقو سياسي اقتدار سنڀاليندو ۽ پيداواري وسيلن کي زبردستي سماجي ملڪيت ۾ تبديل ڪندو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} جيئن هن ''[[گوتا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
سرمائيدار سماج ۽ ڪميونسٽ سماج جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهڙو دور موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ هڪ سماج ٻئي ۾ انقلابي تبديليءَ وسيلي تبديل ٿئي ٿو. ان سان گڏ هڪ سياسي عبوري دور پڻ هوندو، جنهن دوران رياست پرولتاريا جي انقلابي آمريت کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا شيءِ نه ٿي سگهي.
}}

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس اهو امڪان به تسليم ڪيو ته ڪجهه ملڪن، جهڙوڪ [[برطانيا]]، [[آمريڪا]] ۽ [[هالينڊ]]، جتي جمهوري ادارا مضبوط هئا، اتي سوشلسٽ تبديلي پرامن ذريعي به ممڪن ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر هن اهو به لکيو ته ٻين ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾، جتي مزدور پنهنجا مقصد &quot;پرامن ذريعن سان حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهن&quot;، اتي &quot;اسان جي انقلاب جو بنيادي وسيلو طاقت هوندي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm La Liberté Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716015355/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm |date=16 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== حياتيات ====
مارڪس [[چارلس ڊارون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[نسلن جي ابتدا بابت]]'' (''آن دي اوريجن آف اسپيشيز'') جي اشاعت جو آڌرڀاءُ ڪيو ۽ ڊارون جي نظريي کي قدرتي سائنسن ۾ [[غائيت پسندي]] (ٽيليلاجي) لاءِ هڪ اهم چئلينج سمجهيو. بهرحال، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز نظرياتي بنيادن تي ڊارون جي انهن خيالن سان اختلاف ڪيو، جن ۾ هن [[ٿامس رابرٽ مالٿس|مالٿس]] جي آبادي واري نظريي کي فطرت تي لاڳو ڪندي حياتياتي مقابلي ۽ [[قدرتي چونڊ]] کي ارتقا جا بنيادي محرڪ قرار ڏنو هو. ٻنهي جو خيال هو ته ڊارون جي نظريي جا اهي پهلو بورجوا سماج جي عڪاسي ڪن ٿا ۽ انهن سببن ڪري ڊارون ڪجهه غلط نتيجن تي پهتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس [[پيئر ٽريمو]] (Pierre Trémaux) جي ماحولياتي ارتقائي نظريي کي، جيڪو هن پنهنجي 1865ع جي ڪتاب '''اوريجين اي ٽرانسفارماسيوں دُ لوم اي دي زوتر ايت''' (انسان ۽ ٻين جاندارن جي ابتدا ۽ تبديليون) ۾ پيش ڪيو هو، ڊارون جي نظريي کان وڌيڪ برتر سمجهندو هو. ٽريمو جو خيال هو ته انساني نسلن (ريسز) ۾ موجود فرقن جي وضاحت مٽيءَ جي بناوت ۽ ان جي خاصيتن جي فرق سان ڪري سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ===
[[File:Karl Marx memorial.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس يادگار]]، [[ڪيمنٽس]]، جنهن جو نالو 1953ع کان 1990ع تائين ''ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ'' هو]]

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[روس جي زارشاهي]] يورپ جي انقلابي تحريڪن لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو خطرو هئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} [[ڪريميائي جنگ]] دوران مارڪس [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ ان جي اتحادين [[برطانيا]] ۽ [[فرانس]] جي حمايت ڪئي، جڏهن ته [[روسي سلطنت]] جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هو [[پين-سلاوزم]] جو سخت مخالف هو ۽ ان کي روسي پرڏيهي پاليسيءَ جو هڪ اوزار سمجهندو هو.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} مارڪس [[پولينڊ وارا|پولينڊين]] کان سواءِ ٻين [[سلاو]] قومن کي ”انقلاب دشمن“ قرار ڏيندو هو. فيبروري 1849ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ''[[نوي رائنيشي سائيتونگ]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
يورپ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلاب دشمن قومن جي نالي تي اسان کي جيڪي ”ڀائيچاري“ جا جذباتي نعرا ڏنا پيا وڃن، تن جي جواب ۾ اسان چئون ٿا ته روسين سان نفرت جرمنن جي بنيادي انقلابي جذبي رهي آهي ۽ اڃا تائين آهي. 1848ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ ان ۾ چيڪن ۽ ڪروئٽن سان نفرت پڻ شامل ٿي وئي آهي، ۽ صرف انهن سلاوي قومن خلاف انتهائي سخت دهشت وسيلي ئي، پولينڊين ۽ مجيارن سان گڏجي، اسان انقلاب جي حفاظت ڪري سگهون ٿا. اسان ڄاڻون ٿا ته انقلاب جا دشمن ڪٿي گڏ ٿيل آهن، يعني روس ۽ آسٽريا جا سلاوي علائقا، ۽ نه ڪو خوبصورت نعرو، نه ئي انهن ملڪن جي ڪنهن غير واضح جمهوري مستقبل جا حوالا، اسان کي پنهنجن دشمنن کي دشمن سمجهڻ کان روڪي سگهن ٿا. پوءِ انهن سلاون خلاف، جيڪي انقلاب سان غداري ڪن ٿا، هڪ ”بي رحم زندگي ۽ موت جي جنگ“، مڪمل تباهي آڻيندڙ جدوجهد ۽ سخت دهشت جاري رهندي؛ نه جرمنيءَ جي مفاد لاءِ، پر انقلاب جي مفاد لاءِ!&lt;ref&gt;Cited in: B. Hepner, &quot;Marx et la puissance russe,&quot; in: K. Marx, ''La Russie et l'Europe'', Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally published in ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'', no. 223, 16 February 1849.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز 1860ع ۽ 1870ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[نارودنيڪ]] انقلابي تحريڪ سان همدردي رکندا هئا. جڏهن [[نارودنايا ووليا]] جي ڪارڪنن روسي زار [[اليگزينڊر ٻيون]] کي قتل ڪيو، تڏهن مارڪس اميد ظاهر ڪئي ته هي واقعو ”هڪ روسي ڪميون جي قيام“ جو پيش خيمو ثابت ٿيندو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Selected Correspondence'' (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975).&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس زارشاهي روس خلاف ٿيندڙ [[پولينڊ-روس جنگون|پولينڊي بغاوتن]] جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هن 1867ع ۾ لنڊن ۾ هڪ تقرير دوران چيو:

{{blockquote|
سڀ کان پهرين ڳالهه ته روس جي پاليسي ڪڏهن به تبديل نه ٿيندي... ان جا طريقا، حڪمت عمليون ۽ چالبازيون بدلجي سگهن ٿيون، پر ان جي پاليسيءَ جو قطبي تارو، يعني دنيا تي غلبو، هميشه قائم رهندو. اسان جي دور ۾ صرف اهڙي ”مهذب“ حڪومت، جيڪا بربر عوام تي حڪمراني ڪري ٿي، اهڙو منصوبو ٺاهي ۽ ان تي عمل ڪري سگهي ٿي... يورپ وٽ رڳو هڪ ئي متبادل آهي: يا ته موسڪوي قيادت هيٺ ايشيائي بربريت برفاني تودن وانگر ان تي ڪڙڪي پوندي، يا وري کيس پولينڊ کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻو پوندو، جيئن يورپ ۽ ايشيا جي وچ ۾ ويهه لک بهادر ماڻهن جي ديوار بيهي وڃي ۽ يورپ کي پنهنجي سماجي نئين سر تعمير لاءِ ڪجهه ساهه کڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.&lt;ref&gt;Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867...&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس [[آئرلينڊ جي آزادي]] جي تحريڪ جو به حامي هو. 1867ع ۾ هن اينگلز کي لکيو: ”مان اڳ سمجهندو هوس ته آئرلينڊ جو انگلينڊ کان جدا ٿيڻ ناممڪن آهي، پر هاڻي مون کي يقين آهي ته اهو اڻٽر آهي. انگريز مزدور طبقو ڪڏهن به ڪجهه حاصل نه ڪري سگهندو، جيستائين هو آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ کان پاڻ کي آزاد نه ڪندو... انگلينڊ ۾ رجعت پسنديءَ جون پاڙون آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ ۾ آهن.“

مارڪس ڪجهه وقت [[فرانسيسي الجزائر]] ۾ به رهيو، جنهن تي 1830ع ۾ [[فرانس جو الجزائر تي قبضو|فرانس قبضو]] ڪري ان کي پنهنجي نوآبادي بڻايو هو. اتي هن اتر آفريڪا جي نوآبادياتي زندگيءَ جو مشاهدو ڪيو. هن نوآبادياتي عدالتي نظام بابت لکيو ته ”عربن کان اعتراف ڪرائڻ لاءِ تشدد جو هڪ طريقو استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي (۽ اهو ’باقاعدگي سان‘ ٿيندو آهي)؛ يقيناً اهو ڪم (ڀارت ۾ انگريزن وانگر) پوليس ڪندي آهي، جڏهن ته جج کي ظاهري طور ان بابت ڪجهه به خبر نه هوندي.&quot; مارڪس الجزائر ۾ رهندڙ ڪيترن ئي يورپي آبادڪارن جي غرور تي حيران ٿيو ۽ هڪ خط ۾ لکيائين:

{{blockquote|
جڏهن ڪو يورپي آبادڪار ڪنهن ”هيٺين نسل“ جي ماڻهن ۾ رهي ٿو، پوءِ ڀلي هو مستقل آبادڪار هجي يا واپاري، ته هو پاڻ کي پرشيا جي بادشاهه وليم اول کان به وڌيڪ ناقابلِ دسترس سمجهي ٿو. پر جڏهن انهن ”هيٺين نسلن“ آڏو کلي عام غرور ۽ وڏائيءَ جي ڳالهه اچي ٿي ته انگريز ۽ ڊچ، فرينچن کان به اڳتي نڪري وڃن ٿا.
}}

''[[اسٽينفورڊ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف فلاسافي]]'' موجب:

{{blockquote|
مارڪس جو نوآباديات بابت تجزيو، جنهن ۾ هن ان کي پٺتي پيل جاگيردار سماج کي جديد بڻائيندڙ قوت طور ڏٺو، ظاهري طور پرڏيهي قبضي جي جواز جهڙو لڳي سگهي ٿو. پر برطانوي حڪمراني بابت سندس تجزيو ساڳئي ٻٽي روئي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هو يورپ ۾ سرمائيداري بابت به اختيار ڪري ٿو. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداريءَ کان بورجوا سماج ڏانهن منتقلي دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ وڏي انساني تڪليف کي تسليم ڪري ٿو، پر ساڳئي وقت ان منتقلي کي ضروري ۽ آخرڪار ترقي پسند به سمجهي ٿو. سندس دليل هو ته پرڏيهي واپار جي نفوذ سان ڀارت ۾ هڪ سماجي انقلاب جنم وٺندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Colonialism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس 1853ع ۾ ''[[نيو يارڪ هيرالڊ ٽربيون]]'' ۾ ڀارت تي برطانوي نوآبادياتي حڪمراني بابت لکيو:

{{blockquote|
ان ۾ ڪو به شڪ نه ٿو رهي ته انگريزن هندستان تي جيڪا مصيبت نازل ڪئي، اها پنهنجي نوعيت ۽ شدت ۾ انهن سڀني مصيبتن کان مختلف ۽ بيحد وڌيڪ هئي، جيڪي هندستان اڳ ڪڏهن سٺيون هيون. انگلينڊ هندستاني سماج جي سڄي ڍانچي کي ڊاهي ڇڏيو، جڏهن ته ان جي ٻيهر تعمير جا ڪي به آثار نظر نه ٿا اچن... تنهن هوندي به، اسان کي اهو نه وسارڻ گهرجي ته اهي بظاهر پرامن ڳوٺاڻيون برادريون، جيتوڻيڪ بي ضرر لڳن ٿيون، پر هميشه مشرقي آمريت جو مضبوط بنياد رهيون آهن. انهن انساني ذهن کي انتهائي محدود دائري ۾ قيد رکيو ۽ ان کي وهم پرستيءَ جو بي وس اوزار بڻائي ڇڏيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Marx on India under the British |work=The Hindu |date=13 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== ورثو ==
{{main|مارڪسزم}}

{{See also|ڪارل مارڪس ايونيو (پيٽروزاووڊسڪ، ڪاريليا)}}
[[File:Marx und Engels Denkmal, alter Platz - panoramio.jpg|thumb|جرمني جي [[برلن-ميٽي]] ۾ [[مارڪس-اينگلز فورم]] تي ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جو يادگار]]
[[File:Stamp Soviet Union 1948 CPA 1246.jpg|thumb|upright|1948ع جي [[سوويت يونين]] جي ٽپال ٽڪيٽ، جنهن تي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون تصويرون آهن ۽ جيڪا ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي سؤهين سالگرهه جي ياد ۾ جاري ڪئي وئي.]]

مارڪس جي خيالن عالمي سياست ۽ علمي فڪر تي گهرو ۽ ڊگهو اثر ڇڏيو آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |date=17 July 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/17/comment.theobserver1 |title=Why Marx is man of the moment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718233606/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html |archive-date=18 July 2005 |url-status=live |work=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي 1917ع جي روسي انقلاب کان پوءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magness |first1=Phil |last2=Makovi |first2=Michael |year=2022 |title=The Mainstreaming of Marx: Measuring the Effect of the Russian Revolution on Karl Marx's Influence |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1507–1545 |doi=10.1086/722933 |issn=0022-3808 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230081241/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي پوئلڳن ۾ هميشه ان ڳالهه تي بحث رهيو آهي ته سندس لکڻين جي صحيح تشريح ڪيئن ڪجي ۽ سندس نظرين کي جديد دنيا تي ڪيئن لاڳو ڪجي.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} نتيجي طور مارڪس جي فڪر جو ورثو ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڌارن ۾ ورهائجي ويو، جن مان هر هڪ پاڻ کي مارڪس جي خيالن جو وڌيڪ صحيح ترجمان سمجهي ٿي. سياسي ميدان ۾ انهن ڌارن ۾ [[ليننزم]]، [[مارڪسزم-ليننزم]]، [[ٽراٽسڪيزم]]، [[ماؤزم]]، [[لڪسمبرگزم]]، [[آزادي پسند مارڪسزم]]{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} ۽ [[اوپن مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن. علمي دنيا ۾ به مارڪسزم جون مختلف شاخون وجود ۾ آيون، جن ۾ [[ساختياتي مارڪسزم]]، [[تاريخي ماديت]]، مظاهريت پسند مارڪسزم، [[تجزياتي مارڪسزم]] ۽ [[هيگليائي مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}}

علمي نقطۂ نظر کان، مارڪس جي ڪم جديد سماجيات جي بنيادن جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. کيس اوڻيهين صديءَ جي ”[[شڪ جي مڪتبِ فڪر]]“ (اسڪول آف سسپيشن) جي ٽن وڏن مفڪرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricoeur |first=Paul |title=Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1970 |page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جديد [[سماجي سائنس]] جي ٽن بنيادي معمارن مان پڻ هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ٻين ڪيترن فلسفين جي ڀيٽ ۾، مارڪس اهڙا نظريا پيش ڪيا، جن کي گهڻي حد تائين [[سائنسي طريقو|سائنسي طريقي]] سان جاچي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس ۽ [[اوگسٽ ڪومٽ]] ٻنهي يورپ ۾ [[سيڪيولرزم]] جي واڌ ۽ تاريخ ۽ سائنس بابت نون فلسفن جي پسمنظر ۾ سائنسي بنيادن تي ٻڌل نظرياتي نظام ٺاهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هيگل جي فڪري روايت سان لاڳاپيل هجڻ باوجود، مارڪس ڪومٽ جي [[سماجي اثباتيت]] (سوشلاجيڪل پازيٽوئزم) کي رد ڪيو ۽ سماج جي هڪ نئين ”سائنس“ جو تصور پيش ڪيو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=19}} [[ڪارل لووٿ]]، مارڪس ۽ [[سورن ڪيئرڪيگارڊ]] کي هيگل جا ٻه وڏا فلسفياتي جانشين قرار ڏنو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Löwith |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Löwith |title=From Hegel to Nietzsche |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1991 |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جديد [[سماجي نظريو|سماجي نظرين]] ۾ [[مارڪس وادي سماجيات]] کي سماجيات جي بنيادي روايتي فڪري ڌارن مان هڪ تسليم ڪيو وڃي ٿو. [[آئزيا برلن]] مارڪس کي جديد سماجيات جو حقيقي باني قرار ڏنو، ”جيستائين ڪو به شخص اهڙي لقب جو حقدار ٿي سگهي“.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|p=130}} سماجي سائنس کان سواءِ، مارڪس فلسفي، ادب، فنون ۽ انسانيات جي مختلف شعبن تي به مستقل اثر ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Singer|1980|p=1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Bridget |last=O'Laughlin |date=October 1975 |title=Marxist Approaches in Anthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=4 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013}}&lt;br /&gt;William Roseberry (1997) ''Marx and Anthropology'' Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 {{doi|10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=S.L. |year=1984 |title=Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience |journal=Critical Studies in Mass Communication |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1080/15295038409360014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Manuel |last1=Alvarado |author1-link=Manuel Alvarado |first2=Robin |last2=Gutch |first3=Tana |last3=Wollen |year=1987 |title=Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Karl-Marx-Statue in Trier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائير]] ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جو مجسمو]]

ويهين ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي سماجي نظرئي جي ماهرن مارڪس جي فڪر جي جواب ۾ ٻه بنيادي حڪمت عمليون اختيار ڪيون آهن. هڪ حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي فڪر کي ان جي تجزياتي مرڪز تائين محدود ڪرڻ هئي، جنهن کي [[تجزياتي مارڪسيت]] چيو وڃي ٿو. ٻي، وڌيڪ عام حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي جي وضاحتي دعوائن کي نرم ڪرڻ ۽ سماجي توڙي معاشي زندگيءَ جي انهن پهلوئن جي ”نسبي [[خودمختياري]]“ تي زور ڏيڻ هئي، جيڪي ”پيداواري قوتن“ جي ترقي ۽ ”پيداواري طريقن“ جي لڳاتار تبديليءَ جي پاڻ ۾ لاڳاپي بابت مارڪس جي مرڪزي تشريح سان سڌي ريت واسطو نٿا رکن، ۽ جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي سياسي پروگرام سان لاڳاپيل آهن. اهو [[نئون مارڪسيت|نئين مارڪسي]] نظرياتي رخ هو، جنهن کي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي کان متاثر تاريخدانن، جهڙوڪ [[اي. پي. ٿامپسن]] ۽ [[ايرڪ هابسبام]]، اختيار ڪيو. اهو ئي فڪري رخ [[انتونيو گرامشي]] جهڙن مفڪرن ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن پڻ اڳتي وڌايو، جن مارڪسي سماجي نظريي جي روشنيءَ ۾ سماج کي بدلائيندڙ سياسي عمل جي امڪانن ۽ مشڪلاتن کي سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P.S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–44.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي خيالن پوءِ ايندڙ فنڪارن ۽ فن جي تاريخ تي پڻ گهرو اثر وڌو، ۽ ادب، بصري فن، موسيقي، فلم ۽ ناٽڪ ۾ اڳرائي پسند تحريڪون سندس فڪر کان متاثر ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Andrew |title=Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left |publisher=[[پلوٽو پريس]] |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سياسي لحاظ کان مارڪس جو ورثو وڌيڪ پيچيده آهي. ويهين صديءَ دوران ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ ٿيندڙ انقلابن پاڻ کي ”مارڪسي“ سڏيو، جن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[روسي انقلاب]] هو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[سوويت يونين]] قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;April Thesis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lenin |first1=V.I. |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |title=The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution|year=1917 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109111834/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ولاديمير لينن]]، [[مائو زيڊونگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Glossary of People – Ma |url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060241/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[فيدل ڪاسترو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Savioli |first1=Arminio |title=L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism|year=1961 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907221742/https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سلواڊور آليندي]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Allende |first1=Salvador |author-link=سلواڊور آليندي |title=First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election |date=1970|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044153/http://marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Broz Tito |first1=Josip |author-link=جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو |title=Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism|date=1959 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426215819/https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪوامي نڪروما]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nkrumah |first1=Kwame |author-link=ڪوامي نڪروما |title=African Socialism Revisited|date=1967 |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212248/https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جواهر لال نهرو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |title=Nehru's economic philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226013014/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |archive-date=26 December 2019 |work=[[دي هندو]] |date=27 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[نيلسن منڊيلا]]،&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509223406/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The South African''. 6 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [[شي جن پنگ]]،&lt;ref name=&quot;euronews&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |last=Churm |first=Philip Andrew |title=Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx |work=[[يورونيوز]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403030931/https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوزف اسٽالن]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marxism and the National Question |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[ٿامس سنڪارا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Harsch |first=Ernest |date=20 May 2015 |title=Resurrecting Thomas Sankara |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |magazine=[[جيڪوبن]] |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023094513/https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سميت ڪيترن ئي اهم عالمي اڳواڻن مارڪس کي پنهنجي فڪري اثرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو آهي. انهن ملڪن کان ٻاهر به، جتي مارڪسي انقلاب آيا، مارڪس جي خيالن سڄي دنيا جي سياسي جماعتن کي متاثر ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Why Marxism is on the rise again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |newspaper=[[دي گارجين]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108185759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ڪميونسٽ انقلابين ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن، جهڙوڪ [[روزا لڪسمبرگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History and Class Consciousness Georg Lukacs |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/ch02.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڀڳت سنگهه]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Indian National Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ارنسٽ ٿيلمان]]، [[چي گويرا]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zeitlin |first=Maurice |date=1974-11-01 |title=The Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary WarfareChe: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=715–718 |doi=10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |issn=0018-2168}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[چندر شيکر آزاد]]، [[انتونيو گرامشي]] ۽ [[فريڊ هيمپٽن]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The communism of the Black Panther Party {{!}} Red Flag |url=https://redflag.org.au/node/7352 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=redflag.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; تي مارڪسي نظريي جو گهرو اثر پيو.

مارڪسيت سان لاڳاپيل ملڪن ۾ سياسي مخالفن مارڪس کي لکين ماڻهن جي موت جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Tim |title=The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/ |work=[[دي ڊيلي ٽيليگراف]] |date=1 November 2013|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407225246/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ٻين جو دليل آهي ته خود مارڪس جي فڪري ورثي ۽ اثر کي انهن ماڻهن جي ورثي ۽ اثر کان الڳ سمجهڻ گهرجي، جن سندس خيالن کي سياسي مقصدن لاءِ نئين صورت ڏني يا استعمال ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Elbe |first1=Indigo |title=Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory |url=https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |work=Viewpoint Magazine |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108194200/https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |archive-date=8 January 2015 |date=21 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آرٿر ليپو]] مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿي [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] کي ”جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جا باني“ قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lipow |first=Arthur |year=1991 |title=Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |page=1 |isbn=978-0520075436 |quote={{'}}&quot;اسان انهن ڪميونسٽن مان نه آهيون، جيڪي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا يا دنيا کي هڪ وڏي فوجي ڇانوڻي يا هڪ عظيم جبري مزدوري خاني ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ گهرن ٿا. بيشڪ ڪي اهڙا ڪميونسٽ موجود آهن، جيڪي بنا ڪنهن هٻڪ جي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪن ٿا ۽ ان کي دنيا مان ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال ۾ اها مڪمل هم آهنگيءَ جي راهه ۾ رڪاوٽ آهي. پر اسان جي ڪا به خواهش ناهي ته آزاديءَ کي برابريءَ سان مٽايو وڃي. اسان کي پڪو يقين آهي ... ته ڪنهن به سماجي نظام ۾ آزاديءَ جي ايتري پڪ نه ٿي ڏئي سگهجي، جيتري گڏيل ملڪيت تي ٻڌل سماج ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&quot;
اهڙي ريت 1847ع ۾ ''ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي جرنل'' جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو، جيڪي جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جي باني [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جي سڌي فڪري اثر هيٺ هئا.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

روس جي شهر [[مارڪس، روس|مارڪس]] ۽ جرمني جي شهر [[ڪيمنٽس|ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ]]، جيڪو هاڻي ڪيمنٽس جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جا نالا مارڪس جي نالي پٺيان رکيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Где находится Екатериненштадт? Города России |url=http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Ижевский новостной сайт |language=ru |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142040/http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf ''Chemnitzer Tourismus-Broschüre'', Herausgeber: City-Management und Tourismus Chemnitz GmbH, 4. Jahrgang • Ausgabe 12 • Sommer 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826225659/http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf|date=26 August 2010}}; [http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/de/stadt_chemnitz/geschichte/stadtarchiv/downloads/q_bildarchiv.pdf O-Ton-Nachweis im Chemnitzer Stadtarchiv]{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 2018ع ۾ سندس ڄمڻ جي ٻه سؤ سالا ياد ملهائڻ لاءِ، مشهور چيني مجسما ساز [[وو ويشان]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو مجسمو، جيڪو چيني حڪومت پاران تحفي طور ڏنو ويو هو، جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائر]] ۾ سندس جنم ڀوميءَ تي ظاهر ڪيو ويو. ان وقت جي [[يورپي ڪميشن]] جي صدر [[جان ڪلاڊ يونڪر]] مارڪس جي يادگيريءَ جو دفاع ڪندي چيو ته اڄ مارڪس کي ”اهڙين ڳالهين جي علامت بڻايو ويو آهي، جن جو نه هو ذميوار هو ۽ نه ئي اهي هن پيدا ڪيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس لکيل ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين کي وري اهڙيءَ ريت ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جو انهن جي معنيٰ اصل جي ابتڙ ٿي وئي.“&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=4 May 2018 |title='Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy |work=[[دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005321/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |archive-date=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |title=Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst |work=[[بي بي سي نيوز]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622182403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013ع ۾ [[يونيسڪو]] مارڪس جي هٿ اکرن وارن ٻن دستاويزن کي پنهنجي [[دنيا جي يادگيريءَ جو بين الاقوامي رجسٽر]] ۾ شامل ڪيو. انهن مان هڪ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي پهرئين جلد جو مارڪس جي حاشين ۽ نوٽن وارو پهريون ڇاپو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيو ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي مسودي جو هڪ صفحو آهي. اهي دستاويز، مارڪس جي ٻين ڪاغذن سان گڏ، ايمسٽرڊيم جي [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو]] ۾ محفوظ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, draft manuscript page and Das Kapital. Erster Band, Karl Marx's personal annotated copy |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/manifest-der-kommunistischen-partei-draft-manuscript-page-and-das-kapital-erster-band-karl-marxs |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ويهين صديءَ جي سئنيما تي اثر وجهڻ کان علاوه، مارڪس جي زندگي، سندس دور ۽ سندس اهم تصنيفون پڻ فلمن جا موضوع رهيون آهن. [[ڪارل مارڪس تي  فلمون|ڪارل مارڪس بابت فلمن]] ۾ دستاويزي فلمن کان وٺي افسانوي ڊرامن، آرٽ هائوس فلمن ۽ مزاحيه فلمن تائين مختلف صنفون شامل آهن. 2017ع ۾ رليز ٿيل فلم ''[[دي  ينگ ڪارل مارڪس]]'' کي تاريخي درستگي ۽ فڪري زندگيءَ جي پُرجوش پيشڪش سبب سٺا جائزا مليا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=22 February 2018 |title=Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

چين جي [[چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]]، مارڪس جي پيدائش جي [[ڪارل مارڪس جي پيدائش جي ٻه سؤ سالا تقريب|200هين سالگرهه]] جي موقعي تي، چيني [[ڊونگهوا]] (متحرڪ ويب سيريز) ''[[دي ليڊر (ويب سيريز)|دي ليڊر]]'' تيار ڪرائي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Loveridge, Lynzee |date=December 19, 2018 |title=China's Bilibili Streaming Service Announces Original Karl Marx Web Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118211920/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== چونڊ ببليوگرافي ==
{{See also|مارڪس-اينگلز-گيزامٽائوسگابي|مارڪس/اينگلز گڏيل تصنيفون}}

{{Div col}}
* ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق]]'' (ڊاڪٽري مقالو)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |title = انگريزي ترجمو آن لائين |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420103907/http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |archive-date=20 اپريل 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1841ع
* ''[[تاريخي قانوني اسڪول جو فلسفياتي منشور]]''، 1842ع
* ''[[هيگل جي حق بابت فلسفي تي تنقيد]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[يهودي سوال بابت]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[جيمس مل بابت نوٽس]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[مقدس خاندان (ڪتاب)|مقدس خاندان]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فيئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]''، 1845ع ۾ لکيو ويو، پهريون ڀيرو اينگلز طرفان وفات کان پوءِ 1888ع ۾ شايع ٿيو
* ''[[جرمن نظريو]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[اجرتي محنت ۽ سرمايو]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]''، 1848ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون]]''، 1850ع
* ''[[لوئي نيپولين جو ارڙهون بروميئر]]''، 1852ع
* ''[[گرونڊرِسه]]'' (''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد جا بنياد'')، 1857ع
* ''[[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد ۾ هڪ حصو]]''، 1859ع
* ''[[آمريڪي گهرو جنگ بابت لکڻيون]]''، 1861ع
* ''[[اضافي قدر جا نظريا]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ [[ڪارل ڪائوٽسڪي]] پاران شايع ٿيل)، 3 جلد، 1862ع
* ''[[ابراهام لنڪن ڏانهن بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن جو خطاب]]''، 1864ع
* ''[[قدر، قيمت ۽ منافعو]]''، 1865ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد پهريون|''سرمايو''، جلد پهريون: ''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد: سرمائي جي پيداوار جو عمل'']]'' (''Das Kapital'')، 1867ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو جنگ]]''، 1871ع
* ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]''، 1875ع
* ''[[ايڊولف ويگنر بابت نوٽس]]''، 1883ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٻيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٻيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1885ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٽيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٽيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1894ع
{{Div col end}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{cols|colwidth=30em}}

* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي 200هين جنم ورسي]]
* [[2807 ڪارل مارڪس]] – هڪ ننڍو سيارو
* [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد]]
* [[فلمن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس]]
* {{anl|مارڪس يادگار لائبريري}}
* {{anl|مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل|''مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل''}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طريقو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طبقاتي نظريو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو رياست بابت نظريو}}
* {{anl|ڪارل مارڪس جا رياضياتي مسودا}}
* {{anl|مارڪس کان اڳ جا سوشلسٽ}}
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتيءَ جو وقتنامو]]
  {{colend}}

== حاشيا ۽ حوالا ==
{{notelist}}
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;1883: The death of Karl Marx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |title=1883ع: ڪارل مارڪس جو موت |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=21 ڊسمبر 2009 |archive-date=4 جنوري 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114229/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Allan2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪينيٿ |last=ايلن |title=سماجي عدسو: سماجي ۽ سماجياتي نظريي ڏانهن دعوت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |access-date=25 مارچ 2011 |year=2010 |publisher=پائن فورج پريس |isbn=978-1412978347 |page=68 |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622084122/http://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Balibar1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باليبار |first=ايتيئن |title=مارڪس جو فلسفو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |access-date=8 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[ورسو بڪس]] |isbn=978-1859849514 |page=56 |archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617021319/http://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Beilharz1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=بيلارز |first=پيٽر |title=محنت جا يوٽوپيا: بالشويزم، فابينزم ۽ سماجي جمهوريت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1992 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0415096805 |page=4 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620160709/http://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Bottomore1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باٽومور |first=ٽي. بي. |author-link=ٿامس باٽومور |title=مارڪسسٽ فڪر جي لغت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=1991 |publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]] |isbn=978-0631180821 |pages=108– |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622075208/http://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BrewerMarx1984-15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=بريور |first1=اينٿوني |last2=مارڪس |first2=ڪارل |author2-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جي رهنمائي |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1984 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521257305 |page=15 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722090920/http://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;CGP P1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |year=1875 |chapter=حصو پهريون |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |title-link=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |archive-date=26 ڊسمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226042725/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- اڻ استعمال ٿيل حوالو&lt;ref name=&quot;CapperGiorcelli2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=ڪيپر |first1=چارلس |last2=جيورچيلي |first2=ڪرسٽينا |last3=لٽل |first3=ليسٽر ڪي. |title=مارگريٽ فلر: انقلابي دور ۾ ائٽلانٽڪ پار سفر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LehjT5N5yQwC&amp;pg=PA18 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=[[وسڪانسن يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0299223403 |page=18 |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curtis1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=مائيڪل |last=ڪرٽس |title=مارڪسزم: اندروني مڪالما |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=1997 |publisher=[[ٽرانزيڪشن پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1560009450|page=291 |archive-date=16 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220111/http://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DL-Marx&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر. تعارف. هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون: فيبروري انقلاب کان پئرس ڪميون تائين |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس |isbn=978-1876646196 |page=6 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617100749/http://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Dispatches&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |editor-first=جيمس |editor-last=ليڊبيٽر |title=نيو يارڪ ٽربيون لاءِ رپورٽون: ڪارل مارڪس جي چونڊ صحافت |publisher=[[پينگوئن بڪس]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0141441924}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Elster1985&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=يون ايلسٽر|title=مارڪس کي سمجهڻ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|access-date=23 اپريل 2011|year=1985|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0521297059|page=217|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617012124/http://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Engels1999&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر، هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book|author=فريڊرڪ اينگلز|title=سوشلزم: خيالي ۽ سائنسي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|access-date=7 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس|isbn=978-0909196868|pages=34–36|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617114803/http://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GeorgeScanlan1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=رچرڊ ٽي. ڊي جارج|author2=جيمس پيٽرڪ اسڪينلن|title=اوڀر يورپ ۾ مارڪسزم ۽ مذهب: 4 کان 7 سيپٽمبر 1974ع تائين بئنف بين الاقوامي سلاوي ڪانفرنس ۾ پيش ڪيل مقالا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1975|publisher=اسپرنگر|isbn=978-9027706362|page=20|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617023911/http://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ڊينس گلبرٽ|title=وڌندڙ اڻبرابريءَ واري دور ۾ آمريڪي طبقاتي ڍانچو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=پائن فورج پريس|isbn=978-1412979658|pages=6–|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221658/http://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GouldMcGarr2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|author2=پال ميڪ گار|author3=اسٽيون پيٽر رسل روز|title=زندگيءَ جي شاهوڪاري: اسٽيفن جي گولڊ جون اهم لکڻيون|url=https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul|url-access=registration|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2007|publisher=ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني|isbn=978-0393064988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul/page/167 167]–168}}{{Dead link|date=اپريل 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Harriss2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=فل |last=هيرس |title=لنڊن جون مارڪيٽون |edition=چوٿون |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=[[نيو هالينڊ پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1860113062 |page=20 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190116/http://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hernadi1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=پال هرناڊي|title=تشريح جي خطابت ۽ خطابت جي تشريح|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1989|publisher=[[ڊيوڪ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0822309345|page=137|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215140/http://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hook1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=سڊني هوڪ|title=هيگل کان مارڪس تائين: ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪري ارتقا جو مطالعو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1994|publisher=[[ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0231096652|pages=24–25|archive-date=23 سيپٽمبر 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923164300/http://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;JessopWheatley1999-526&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=باب جيسپ|author2=رسل ويٽلي|title=ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] آمريڪا|isbn=978-0415193276|page=526|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617103720/http://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor1=رونالڊ جان جانسٽن|title=انساني جاگرافيءَ جي لغت|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_w3r7/page/795/mode/1up|edition=چوٿون|year=2000|publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]]|isbn=978-0631205616|pages=795–797|editor2= ڊيرڪ گريگري | editor3= جيرالڊين پراٽ | editor4= مائيڪل واٽس | author= ڊيرڪ گريگري | chapter= ڍانچيوار مارڪسزم | chapter-url-access= registration |via=[[انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|chapter=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد، حصو چوٿون |via=marxists.org| author= ڪارل مارڪس | orig-date= 1875 | title =مارڪس/اينگلز جون چونڊ لکڻيون| volume= 3 | pages= 13–30 | publisher= پروگريس پبلشرز|place= ماسڪو| date= 1970 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702071606/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltsevN.-93&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=مالتسيف|author2=يوري اين.|title=مارڪس لاءِ مرثيو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|publisher=لڊوگ فان ميزس انسٽيٽيوٽ|isbn=978-1610161169|pages=93–94|year=1993|archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083729/http://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Manchester&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm |title=مارڪس گذريل هزار سال جو ”عظيم ترين مفڪر“ |work=بي بي سي نيوز ورلڊ آن لائين |date=1 آڪٽوبر 1999 |access-date=23 نومبر 2010 |archive-date=2 سيپٽمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902192653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/461545.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪارل |last=مارڪس |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=لوئي بوناپارٽ جو ارڙهون بروميئر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=وائلڊسائيڊ پريس ايل ايل سي |isbn=978-1434463746 |page=141 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722084040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxO'Malley1977&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=ڪارل |last1=مارڪس |author1-link=ڪارل مارڪس |first2=جوزف |last2=اومالي |title=هيگل جي ”حق جي فلسفي“ تي تنقيد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=1977 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521292115 |page=131 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004239/http://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehring2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=فرانز مهرنگ|title=ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2003|publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]]|isbn=978-0415313339|pages=19–20|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220242/http://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ollman1973&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=برٽيل اولمين|title=بيگانگي: سرمائيداراڻي سماج ۾ انسان بابت مارڪس جو تصور|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1973|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]]|isbn=978-1001331355|page=81|archive-date=22 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622092831/http://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Rockmore2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ٽام راڪمور|title=مارڪسزم کان پوءِ مارڪس: ڪارل مارڪس جو فلسفو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[جان وائلي اينڊ سنز]] |isbn=978-0631231899|page=128|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233929/http://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Segrest2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ميب سيگريسٽ|title=وابستگيءَ لاءِ ڄاول: روح ۽ انصاف بابت لکڻيون|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[رٽگرز يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0813531014|page=232|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220203/http://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=شرمين |first=هاورڊ جي. |title=مارڪسزم جي نئين جوڙجڪ |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher |url-access=registration |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[جانس هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0801850776 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher/page/5 5]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;SwatosKivisto1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=وليم ايڇ. سواٽوس|author2=پيٽر ڪيوسٽو|title=مذهب ۽ سماج جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1998|publisher=رومين الٽاميرا|isbn=978-0761989561|pages=499–|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620152445/http://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جان بي. ٿامپسن|title=نظريو ۽ جديد ثقافت: عوامي رابطي جي دور ۾ تنقيدي سماجي نظريو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1990|publisher=[[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0804718462|pages=37–38|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620184832/http://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جوناٿن ايڇ. ٽرنر|title=سماجيات|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2005|publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]]|isbn=978-0131134966|pages=17–18|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172806/http://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=پيٽر |last=واٽسن|title=جرمن ڏاهپ: يورپ جي ٽين نئين جاڳرتا، ٻيو سائنسي انقلاب ۽ ويهين صدي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=[[هارپر ڪولنز]]|isbn=978-0060760229|pages=250–|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617094656/http://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]] |isbn=978-0415065580 |page=346 |year=1987 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620212506/http://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا، ٻيو سلسلو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |year=1993 |publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] |isbn=978-0415087117 |page=232 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082303/http://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;et&quot;&gt;ڪيترن ئي ليکڪن مارڪس جي نظرياتي ارتقا ۾ هن ڊگهي عرصي تائين نظرانداز ڪيل اهم تبديليءَ کي واضح ڪيو آهي، جهڙوڪ ارني ٿامسن پنهنجي ڪتاب ''نوجوان ڪارل مارڪس جي لکڻين ۾ تاريخ جي مادي تصور جي دريافت''، [[ليوسٽن، نيو يارڪ]]: [[ايڊون ميلن پريس]]، 2004ع ۾؛ مختصر احوال لاءِ ڏسو [http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html ميڪس شٽنر، هڪ مستقل اختلاف ڪندڙ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518155939/http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html |date=18 مئي 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;k72&quot;&gt;ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرڪ اينگلز، ''گڏيل تصنيفون، جلد 46''، انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز: نيو يارڪ، 1992ع، ص. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;manifesto&quot;&gt;مارڪس، ڪ. ۽ اينگلز، ف. (1848ع). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm ''ڪميونسٽ منشور''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902090238/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm |date=2 سيپٽمبر 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;plato.stanford.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ميڪس ويبر |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=29 نومبر 2009 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 فيبروري 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/64WuU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ڪارل مارڪس |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=28 مئي 2005 |archive-date=8 فيبروري 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208100606/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |url-status=live}}. پهريون ڀيرو اڱارو، 26 آگسٽ 2003ع تي شايع ٿيو؛ بنيادي نظرثاني سومر، 14 جون 2010ع تي ٿي. 4 مارچ 2011ع تي حاصل ڪيل.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;stateless&quot;&gt;ميڪليلن 1973ع، ص. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wh1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=وين |first=فرانسس |author-link=فرانسس وين |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي |publisher=نارٽن |location=نيو يارڪ | year=2002 |pages=تعارف |no-pp=true}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wk&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=بيئرڊ |first1=فارسٽ اي. |last2=ڪائوفمين |first2=والٽر |title=افلاطون کان دريدا تائين |publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]] |year=2008 |location=اپر سيڊل رور، نيو جرسي |isbn=978-0131585911}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

=== ذريعا ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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{{refend}}

== وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاءِ ==
{{refbegin}}

=== سوانح عمريون ===
{{main|ڪارل مارڪس جون سوانح عمريون}}
{{div col}}

* {{cite book |author=[[ميڪس بيئر|بيئر، ميڪس]] |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تعليم |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/37290 |year=1921 |publisher=[[نيشنل ليبر پريس]]}}
* [[آئزيا برلن|برلن، آئزيا]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ماحول'' ([[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1963ع) {{ISBN|0195200527}}
* گيمڪوف، هينرچ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري''. ڊريسڊن: ورلاگ سائيٽ ام بلڊ. 1968ع.
* {{cite ODNB|id=39021|title=مارڪس، ڪارل هينرچ|year=2004|last=هابسبام|first=اي. جي.|ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=لينن |first=ولاديمير |title=ڪارل مارڪس: مارڪسزم جي تشريح سان گڏ هڪ مختصر سوانحي خاڪو |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |year=1967 |orig-year=1913 |publisher=فارين لينگويجز پريس |location=پيڪنگ |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |access-date=19 فيبروري 2011 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702055230/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |url-status=live |via=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}
* ليڊمين، سوين-ايرڪ. ''فتح ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ دنيا: ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تصنيفون.'' [2015ع] جيفري اين. اسڪنر، مترجم. لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2018ع.
* ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ فڪر''، هارپر اينڊ رو، 1973ع {{ISBN|978-0060128296}}
* [[فرانز مهرنگ|مهرنگ، فرانز]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي'' ([[روٽليج]]، 2003ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن (تعليمي ماهر)|ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪسزم کان اڳ مارڪس'' (1980ع)، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0333278826}}
* {{cite book |chapter=استاد: ڪارل مارڪس، جنهن ازدها جا ڏند پوکيا |title=انقلاب جا پيغمبر |first=ميڪس |last=نوماد |author-link=ميڪس نوماد |year=1961 |orig-year=1939 |location=نيو يارڪ |publisher=[[ڪرويل-ڪوليئر پبلشنگ ڪمپني|ڪوليئر بڪس]] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrevolu00noma/page/83/ |lccn=61018566 |oclc=984463383 |pages=83–150}}
* [[ميڪسميلين روبيل|روبيل، ميڪسميلين]]. ''ڏند ڪٿا کان سواءِ مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ڪم جو تاريخوار مطالعو'' (بليڪ ويل، 1975ع) {{ISBN|0631157808}}
* [[اينجلو سيگريلو|سيگريلو، اينجلو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي سوانح عمرين جون ٻه صديون: هڪ جائزو'' (ايل اي اي ورڪنگ پيپر سيريز، شمارو 4، مارچ 2019ع).
* اسپرٻر، جوناٿن. ''ڪارل مارڪس: اڻويهين صديءَ جي هڪ حياتي.'' نيو يارڪ: ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني، 2013ع.
* اسٽيڊمن جونز، گيرٿ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: عظمت ۽ وهم'' (ايلن لين، 2016ع). {{ISBN|978-0713999044}}.
* واڪر، فرينڪ ٿامس. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ ڪتابياتي ۽ سياسي سوانح عمري''. (بي جي پبليڪيشنز)، 2009ع.
* [[فرانسس وين|وين، فرانسس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي''، (فورٿ اسٽيٽ، 1999ع)، {{ISBN|1857026373}}
  {{div col end}}

=== مارڪس بابت تبصرا ===
{{div col}}

* [[لوئي الٿوسر|الٿوسر، لوئي]]. ''[[مارڪس لاءِ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2005ع.
* الٿوسر، لوئي ۽ [[ايتيئن باليبار|باليبار، ايتيئن]]. ''[[سرمايو پڙهڻ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2009ع.
* [[جيڪ اٽالي|اٽالي، جيڪ]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس يا دنيا جو فڪر''. 2005ع.
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر'' (ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس، 1968ع) {{ISBN|0521096197}}
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: فلسفو ۽ انقلاب'' (ييل يونيورسٽي پريس، 2019ع) {{ISBN|978-0300211702}}
* [[ڪوسٽاس ايڪسيلوس|ايڪسيلوس، ڪوسٽاس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪر ۾ بيگانگي، عمل ۽ ٽيڪنيڪي هنر'' (رونالڊ بروزينا جو ترجمو، يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس، 1976ع).
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=جينيٽ |author-last=بيلز ڪائڊانٽزس |title=ڪارل مارڪس (1818ع–1883ع) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Marx.html |encyclopedia=[[اقتصاديات جو مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] |edition=ٻيو |series=[[لائبريري آف اڪنامڪس اينڊ لبرٽي]] |publisher=[[لبرٽي فنڊ]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=ڊيوڊ آر. |editor-last=هينڊرسن |editor-link=ڊيوڊ آر. هينڊرسن |pages=563–564}}
* بليڪليج، پال. ''تاريخ جي مارڪسي نظريي تي ويچار'' (مانچسٽر يونيورسٽي پريس، 2006ع)
* بليڪليج، پال. ''مارڪسزم ۽ اخلاقيات'' (ايس يو اين واءِ پريس، 2012ع)
* باٽومور، ٽام، مرتب. ''مارڪسي فڪر جي لغت''. آڪسفورڊ: بليڪ ويل، 1998ع.
* {{Cite book |last=ڪالينيڪوس |first=ايلڪس |author-link=ايلڪس ڪالينيڪوس |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا انقلابي خيال |year=2010 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=بڪ مارڪس |location=بلومسبري؛ لنڊن |isbn=978-1905192687}}
* [[هيري ڪليور|ڪليور، هيري]]. ''سرمائي کي سياسي نموني پڙهڻ'' (اي ڪي پريس، 2000ع)
* [[جيرالڊ ڪوهن|جي. اي. ڪوهن]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو تاريخ بابت نظريو: هڪ دفاع'' ([[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1978ع) {{ISBN|0691070687}}
* [[اينڊريو ڪوليئر (فلسفي)|ڪوليئر، اينڊريو]]. ''مارڪس'' (ون ورلڊ، 2004ع)
* [[هال ڊريپر|ڊريپر، هال]]، ''ڪارل مارڪس جو انقلاب بابت نظريو'' (4 جلد)، [[منٿلي ريويو]] پريس.
* ڊنڪن، رونالڊ ۽ [[ڪولن ولسن|ولسن، ڪولن]]. (مرتب) ''مارڪس جي ترديد''، (باٿ، برطانيا، 1987ع) {{ISBN|090679871X}}
* [[ٽيري ايگلٽن|ايگلٽن، ٽيري]]. ''مارڪس درست ڇو هو'' (نيو هيون ۽ لنڊن: [[ييل يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 2011ع).
* [[بين فائن|فائن، بين]]. ''مارڪس جو سرمايو.'' پنجون ڇاپو. لنڊن: [[پلوٽو پريس]]، 2010ع.
* [[جان بيلمي فوسٽر|فوسٽر، جان بيلمي]]. ''مارڪس جي ماحوليات: ماديت ۽ فطرت''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2000ع.
* [[اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|گولڊ، اسٽيفن جي]]. ''مارڪس جي جنازي تي هڪ ڊاروني صاحب – اي. ري لنڪيسٽر''، ص. 1، فائنڊ آرٽيڪلز ڊاٽ ڪام{{cbignore}} (1999ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ هاروي|هاروي، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جو ساٿي ڪتاب.'' لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2010ع.
* هاروي، ڊيوڊ. ''سرمائي جون حدون''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2006ع.
  {{Clear}}
* [[مائيڪل هينري|هينري، مائيڪل]]. ''مارڪس پهريون'' ۽ ''مارڪس ٻيون''. 1976ع.
* هولٽ، جسٽن پي. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي فڪر''. سيج، 2015ع.
* ايگرز، جارج جي. ”تاريخ نويسي: سائنسي معروضيت کان بعد جديديت جي چئلينج تائين.“ ([[ويسليئن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1997ع، 2005ع)
* [[ليشڪ ڪولاڪوسڪي|ڪولاڪوسڪي، ليشڪ]]. ''مارڪسزم جا مکيه وهڪرا''، آڪسفورڊ: [[ڪلارنڊن پريس]]، او يو پي، 1978ع.
* [[رابرٽ ڪرٽز (فلسفي)|ڪرٽز، رابرٽ]]. ''مارڪس پڙهو: ايڪويهين صديءَ لاءِ ڪارل مارڪس جا سڀ کان اهم متن'' (2000ع) {{ISBN|3821816449}}
* لٽل، ڊينيئل. ''سائنسي مارڪس''، (يونيورسٽي آف منيسوٽا پريس، 1986ع) {{ISBN|0816615055}}
* [[ارنسٽ منڊل|منڊل، ارنسٽ]]. ''مارڪسي معاشي نظريو''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1970ع.
* منڊل، ارنسٽ. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشي فڪر جي تشڪيل''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1977ع.
* ملر، رچرڊ ڊبليو. ''مارڪس جو تجزيو: اخلاقيات، طاقت ۽ تاريخ''. پرنسٽن، نيو جرسي: [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1984ع.
* [[مري راٿبارڊ|راٿبارڊ، مري]]. ''اقتصادي فڪر جي تاريخ تي آسٽريائي نقطه نظر، جلد ٻيون: ڪلاسيڪي معاشيات'' (ايڊورڊ ايلگر پبلشنگ لميٽيڊ، 1995ع) {{ISBN|094546648X}}
* [[الفريڊو سعد-فلهو|سعد-فلهو، الفريڊو]]. ''مارڪس جو قدر: همعصر سرمائيداريءَ لاءِ سياسي معيشت''. لنڊن: [[روٽليج]]، 2002ع.
* [[ڪوهي سائتو|سائتو، ڪوهي]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو ماحولياتي سوشلزم: سرمايو، فطرت ۽ سياسي معيشت جي اڻپوري تنقيد''، منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2017ع.
* [[الفريڊ شمٽ (فلسفي)|شمٽ، الفريڊ]]. ''مارڪس وٽ فطرت جو تصور''. لنڊن: اين ايل بي، 1971ع.
* {{cite journal |last=سيگل |first=جي. اي. |title=مارڪس جي شروعاتي ارتقا: پيشو، بغاوت ۽ حقيقت پسندي |journal=دي جرنل آف انٽرڊسيپلينري هسٽري |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1973 |pages=475–508 |jstor=202551 |doi=10.2307/202551}}
* [[پال اسٽرادرن|اسٽرادرن، پال]]. ”90 منٽن ۾ مارڪس“، (آئيون آر. ڊي، 2001ع)
* ٿامس، پال. ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ انارڪسٽ''. لنڊن: روٽليج اينڊ ڪيگن پال، 1980ع.
* [[ڪوزو اونو|اونو، ڪوزو]]. ''سياسي معيشت جا اصول: خالص سرمائيداراڻي سماج جو نظريو''، برائٽن، سسڪس: هاروسٽر؛ ائٽلانٽڪ هاءِ لينڊز، نيو جرسي: هيومينيٽيز، 1980ع.
* [[فرنانڊو ويانيلو|ويانيلو]]، ايف. [1989ع]، ”اثرائتي طلب ۽ منافعي جي شرح: مارڪس، [[ميخائو ڪاليڪي|ڪاليڪي]] ۽ [[پيئرو سرافا|سرافا]] بابت ڪجهه ويچار“، سيباستياني، ايم. (مرتب)، ''اڄ جي دور ۾ ڪاليڪي جي اهميت''، لنڊن، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0312024116}}.
* وينڊلنگ، ايمي. ''ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ بيگانگي بابت ڪارل مارڪس'' (پالگريو ميڪملن، 2009ع)
* وين، فرانسس. ''مارڪس جو داس ڪيپيٽل''، (ائٽلانٽڪ بڪس، 2006ع) {{ISBN|1843544008}}
* ولسن، ايڊمنڊ. ''[[فنلينڊ اسٽيشن ڏانهن]]: تاريخ لکڻ ۽ تاريخ ٺاهڻ جو مطالعو''، گارڊن سٽي، نيو يارڪ: ڊبل ڊي، 1940ع.
  {{div col end}}

=== افسانوي تصنيفون ===

* {{cite book |last=بارڪر |first=جيسن |author-link=جيسن بارڪر |title=[[مارڪس موٽي اچي ٿو]] |location=ونچيسٽر، برطانيا |publisher=زيرو بڪس |year=2018 |isbn=978-1785356605}}
  {{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* {{Gutenberg author|id=46|name=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Librivox author|id=2426}}
* {{cite SEP|url-id=marx|title=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{marxists.org|marx|ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels1|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=1|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels2|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=2|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels3|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |volume=3 |year=1973}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedcorrespondencemarxengels |title=چونڊ خط و ڪتابت |author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=ٽيون نظرثاني ٿيل ڇاپو |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/KarlMarxABiography |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري |author=سوويت يونين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جو مارڪسزم-ليننزم انسٽيٽيوٽ |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=چوٿون |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا نسلياتي نوٽ بڪ |editor-last=ڪريڊر |editor-first=لارنس |location=آسن |publisher=وان گورڪم |edition=ٻيو |year=1974 |access-date=3 مارچ 2018 |archive-date=20 آڪٽوبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020025302/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |url-status=live }}
* [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو|بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جي اداري]] وٽ [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 ڪارل مارڪس / فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي ڪاغذن] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608151012/https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 |date=8 جون 2018 }} جو ذخيرو
* مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون ''گڏيل تصنيفون''، انگريزي ترجمي ۾ 50 جلدن تي مشتمل، لنڊن ۾ لارنس اينڊ وشارٽ ۽ نيو يارڪ ۾ انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز طرفان شايع ٿيل آهن. (اهي جلد هڪ وقت [[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] تي آن لائين رکيا ويا هئا، پر اصل ناشرن جي ڪاپي رائيٽ بابت اعتراض کان پوءِ هٽايا ويا: {{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|title=مارڪس/اينگلز جون گڏيل تصنيفون|publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]|access-date=3 مارچ 2018|archive-date=17 آگسٽ 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061207/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|url-status=live}}) اهي آن لائين موجود ۽ ڳولا لائق آهن ۽ خريداري يا رڪنيت رکندڙ لائبريرين وسيلي ''[https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory سماجي نظريي]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164706/https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory |date=3 مارچ 2018 }} جي مجموعي ۾ دستياب آهن، جيڪو [https://alexanderstreet-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/page/history-imprints اليگزينڊر اسٽريٽ پريس] پاران [[شڪاگو يونيورسٽي]] جي سهڪار سان شايع ڪيو ويو آهي.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg ”مارڪس“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405042734/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg |date=5 اپريل 2018 }}، [[بي بي سي ريڊيو 4]] تي اينٿوني گريلنگ، فرانسس وين ۽ گيرٿ اسٽيڊمن جونز سان گفتگو (''[[ان آور ٽائيم (ريڊيو سلسلو)|ان آور ٽائيم]]''، 14 جولاءِ 2005ع)
* [http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk 1887ع ۾ ''نيو يارڪ ٽائمز'' طرفان ''داس ڪيپيٽل'' جو جائزو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506191145/http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk |date=6 مئي 2020 }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011971}}

{{Karl Marx|state=expanded}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:مارڪس، ڪارل}}
[[زمرو:ڪارل مارڪس| ]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ ڄاول]]
[[زمرو:1883ع ۾ وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن صحافي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن سماجي سائنسدان]]
[[زمرو:پروشيا جي بادشاهت جا 19هين صديءَ جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا ملحد]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا سماجياتدان]]
[[زمرو:قوم پرستيءَ جا مخالف]]
[[زمرو:ملحد فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:هاءِ گيٽ قبرستان ۾ دفن ٿيل]]
[[زمرو:تڪرار جو نظريو]]
[[زمرو:يهوديت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:سياسي معيشت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ڪم جا جرمن نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ساهه جي نلين جي سوزش سبب وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:علميات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:رائل سوسائٽي آف آرٽس جا فيلو]]
[[زمرو:اڳوڻا لوٿراني]]
[[زمرو:جرمن الحاد جا ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سرمائيداري مخالف]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سامراجيت مخالف]]
[[زمرو:جرمن غربت مخالف ڪارڪن]]
[[زمرو:جرمن ڪميونسٽ]]
[[زمرو:الحاد بابت جرمن ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:جرمن ڪميونسٽ ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ڏانهن لڏي ويل جرمن]]
[[زمرو:بيلجيم ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ رهندڙ جرمن پرڏيهي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن اڳوڻا عيسائي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مرد صحافي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مارڪسي تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:جرمن راءِ نگار صحافي]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ-يهودي نسل جا جرمن]]
[[زمرو:قانون جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:ذهن جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سياسي فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن انقلابي]]
[[زمرو:جرمن سماجياتدان]]
[[زمرو:هيگل جا جرمن عالم]]
[[زمرو:معاشي فڪر جا تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:برسلز جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:لنڊن جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:پئرس جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي معاشياتدان]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي صحافي]]
[[زمرو:مارڪسي نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:ماديت پسند]]
[[زمرو:بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن جا رڪن]]
[[زمرو:مابعدالطبيعيات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:وجوديات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:پمفليٽ لکندڙ]]
[[زمرو:سوهو جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:لوئر رائن جي گرانڊ ڊچيءَ جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ٽريئر جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ثقافت جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:معاشيات جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تاريخ جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:مذهب جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سائنس جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:فلسفياتي بشريات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:انقلاب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:سماجي فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ معاشياتدان]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ عورت دوست]]
[[زمرو:بي وطن ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:اولهه جي تهذيب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:بون يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:يينا يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:وڪٽورين دور جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪارگذاري ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ بابت ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪولون جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ منسٽر شهر جا ليکڪ]]
{{ابتدائی_ترتیب:مارڪس}}
[[زمرو:1818ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1883ع جون فوتگيون]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:سياست]]
[[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:ڪميونزم]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مرد غير افسانوي ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]]</text>
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      <text bytes="256676" sha1="4enitnokt01yaqmfnkx8eysyf518g8r" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمن فلسفي، سماجي مفڪر، سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ انقلابي سوشلسٽ (1818ع–1883ع)}}


{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = ڪارل مارڪس
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862 |url=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&amp;id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&amp;pos=9 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Royal Society of Arts]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image            = Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png
| alt              = ويٺل مارڪس جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي تصوير
| caption          = مارڪس، 1875ع
| birth_name       = ڪارل مارڪس {{efn|name=name|سندس نالو [[ٽرائر]] جي پيدائش واري رجسٽر ۾ ''Carl Marx'' لکيل هو، ۽ 1840ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين هو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن سرڪاري دستاويزن ۾ به اها ئي صورت استعمال ڪندو هو. سندس مڪمل نالو ڪڏهن ''ڪارل هائنرش مارڪس'' پڻ ڏنو ويندو آهي، پر سرڪاري طور سندس ڪو وچون نالو نه هو. هن رڳو شاگرديءَ جي زماني ۾ ڪجهه ڀيرا ''ڪارل ھنرش'' يا ''ڪارل ھينرش'' (پنهنجي نالي کان پوءِ پيءُ جو پهريون نالو شامل ڪري) استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=34–35}}}}
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|df=y|1818|5|5}}
| birth_place      = [[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|df=y|1883|3|14|1818|5|5}}
| death_place      = [[لنڊن]]، [[انگلينڊ]]
| burial_place     = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، لنڊن
| citizenship      = {{Plainlist|
* [[پروشيا|پروشين]] (1818ع–1845ع)
* [[بي وطن]] (1845ع کان پوءِ)
}}
| alma_mater       = {{Plainlist|
* [[بون يونيورسٽي]]
* [[برلن يونيورسٽي]]
* [[يينا يونيورسٽي]]
}}
| political_party  = {{Plainlist|
* [[ڪميونسٽ رابطي واري ڪاميٽي]]
* [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]]
* [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]
}}
| spouse           = {{Marriage|[[جيني فان ويسٽفالين]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}}
| children         = گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 7،&lt;ref name=PadoverXXV&gt;{{cite book |editor-first=Saul |editor-last=Padover |editor-link=Saul K. Padover |chapter=Introduction: Marx, the Human Side |title=Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |year=1975 |page=xxv}}&lt;/ref&gt; جن ۾ [[جيني لونگي]]، [[لورا مارڪس]] ۽ [[ايلينور مارڪس]] شامل آهن.
| parents          = {{ubl|[[هائنرش مارڪس]]|[[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]]}}
| era              = [[اوڻيهين صديءَ جو فلسفو]]
| region           = [[اولهندي فلسفو]]
| school_tradition = [[سياسي معيشت]]
| thesis_title     = [[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]
| thesis_year      = 1841ع
| doctoral_advisor = [[برونو باؤر]]
| main_interests   = {{Hlist|فلسفو|معاشيات|تاريخ|سياست}}
| notable_ideas    = {{Plainlist|
* [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] ۽ [[محنت جي استحصال]]
* [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]
* [[تاريخي ماديت]]
* [[قدر جي صورت]]
}}
| signature        = Karl Marx Signature.svg
| signature_alt    =
}}

'''ڪارل مارڪس'''{{efn|name=name}} ({{IPA|de|ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks|lang}}؛ 5 مئي 1818ع – 14 مارچ 1883ع) جرمن فلسفي، سماجي ۽ سياسي نظريه دان، معاشيات دان ۽ [[انقلابي سوشلزم|انقلابي سوشلسٽ]] هو. هن [[تاريخي ماديت]] جو نظريو پيش ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] نظام هيٺ [[طبقاتي جدوجھد]] جو تجزيو ڪيو ويو ۽ اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي ته آخرڪار [[پرولتاريه]] سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو ڪري [[ڪميونزم]] قائم ڪندو. مارڪس، [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس ]] سان گڏجي ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' (1848ع) جو گڏيل مصنف هو ۽ پنهنجي مشهور ترين تصنيف ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' (1867ع–1894ع) ۾ ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]] تي تنقيدي جائزو پيش ڪيو. مارڪس جي نظرين ۽ انهن جي پوءِ ٿيندڙ واڌ ويجهه کي گڏيل طور [[مارڪسزم]] چيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن دنيا جي فڪر، سياست، ڪيترين انقلابي تحريڪن ۽ بغاوتن تي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي.
[[ٽرائر]]، [[پروشيا]] ۾ ڄاول مارڪس 1841ع ۾ [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] مان فلسفي ۾ [[ڊاڪٽري جي ڊگري]] حاصل ڪئي. هو جلد ئي انقلابي صحافت سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو ۽ [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] ۽ [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن جي فلسفي کان متاثر ٿيو، جن جي نظرين تي هن بعد ۾ ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' جهڙن ڪتابن ۾ تنقيد ڪئي. [[پيرس]] ۾ رهائش دوران مارڪس ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلس]] سان سندس ويجهو علمي ۽ سياسي تعاون شروع ٿيو. بعد ۾ [[برسلز]] منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ٻئي [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا سرگرم رڪن بڻيا ۽ 1848ع ۾ ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' تحرير ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو ويو. [[1848ع جون جرمن رياستن واريون انقلابي تحريڪون|1848ع جي انقلابن]] کان پوءِ جرمني مان نيڪالي ملڻ سبب مارڪس [[لنڊن]] وڃي رهيو، جتي هن ''[[گرونڊرِسِه]]'' جا مسودا ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]'' جا ٽي جلد تيار ڪيا. هو [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]] (پهرين انٽرنيشنل) جو اهم اڳواڻ بڻيو، جتي هن [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ موجود [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽن]] جي اثر جي مخالفت ڪئي ۽ 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] جي واکاڻ ڪئي. پنهنجي پوئين دور جي مطالعي ۽ ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' (1875ع) ۾ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] ڏانهن منتقلي بابت پنهنجا نظريا وڌيڪ واضح ڪيا. 1883ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي ۽ کيس [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾ دفنايو ويو.

مارڪس جي [[سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج بابت تنقيد]] موجب انساني سماجن جي ترقي طبقاتي جدوجهد وسيلي ٿيندي آهي. [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] ۾ هي جدوجهد [[حاڪم طبقو|حاڪم طبقن]] (يعني [[بورجوازي]])، جيڪي [[وسيلن جي پيداوار]] تي ضابطو رکن ٿا، ۽ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقن]] (پرولتاريه)، جيڪي اجرت عيوض پنهنجي [[محنتي قوت]] وڪڻي پيداوار کي ممڪن بڻائين ٿا، جي وچ ۾ ظاهر ٿئي ٿي. تاريخي ماديت جي بنياد تي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري پنهنجي اندر اهڙا [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ جون اندروني تضادون|اندروني تضاد]] پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيئن اڳين سماجي ۽ معاشي نظامن ۾ ٿيو هو، ۽ اهي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي زوال جو سبب بڻجندا. سندس نظر ۾ سرمائيداري هيٺ طبقاتي تضادن، ان جي بي استحڪامي ۽ بار بار ايندڙ [[معاشي بحران]] سبب پورهيت طبقو [[طبقاتي شعور]] حاصل ڪندو، پوءِ [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت|سياسي اقتدار]] تي قبضو ڪري، هڪ اهڙو سماج قائم ڪندو جيڪو طبقاتي، رياستي ۽ مالي امتيازن کان پاڪ هوندو ۽ [[آزاد پيدا ڪندڙن جي انجمن]] جي بنياد تي منظم هوندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Karl |last=Marx |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |chapter=Index |title=[[Critique of the Gotha Program]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041955/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |archive-date=27 October 2007 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ان نظريي کي عملي جامو پارائڻ جو به حامي هو ۽ دليل ڏيندو هو ته پورهيت طبقي کي منظم [[پرولتاري انقلابي]] جدوجهد وسيلي سرمائيداري جو خاتمو آڻي سماجي ۽ معاشي [[آزادي]] حاصل ڪرڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس کي جديد دور جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثرائتن شخصيتن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو، ۽ سندس فڪر جي هڪ طرف وڏي واکاڻ، ته ٻي طرف سخت [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد|تنقيد]] پڻ ڪئي وئي آهي. [[مارڪسزم]] سوشلسٽ فڪر ۽ سياسي تحريڪن تي انتهائي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو آهي، ۽ [[مارڪسزم–ليننزم]] سميت ان جا ڪيترائي فڪري ڌارا ويهين صديءَ ۾ اهڙين [[ڪميونسٽ انقلاب]]ي تحريڪن جي رهنمائي ڪندا رهيا، جن مختلف ملڪن ۾ [[ڪميونسٽ رياست]]ون قائم ڪيون. معاشيات جي ميدان ۾ به مارڪس جي فڪر جديد [[غير روايتي معاشيات]] ۾ محنت ۽ [[سرمايو (معاشيات)|سرمائي]] بابت نظرين تي نمايان اثر ڇڏيو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Unger |first=Roberto Mangabeira |title=Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics |year=2007 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |author-link=Roberto Mangabeira Unger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=John |author-link=John Hicks |date=May 1974 |title=Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern |journal=[[The American Economic Review]] |volume=64 |page=307 |quote=The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history&amp;nbsp;... |number=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schumpeter |first=Joseph |title=Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes | year=1997 |orig-year=1952 |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |isbn=978-0415110785 |edition=4th |series=Unwin University books |volume=26 |author-link=Joseph Schumpeter}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ کيس جديد [[سماجيات]] جي بنيادي معمارن مان هڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm |title=Marxism and Method |last=Little |first=Daniel |access-date=10 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210095117/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopaedia |encyclopaedia=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |title=Max Weber |last=Kim |first=Sung Ho |year=2017 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |access-date=10 December 2017 |quote=Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101547/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== سوانح عمري ==

=== ننڍپڻ ۽ ابتدائي تعليم: 1818ع–1836ع ===
[[File:Trier BW 2014-06-21 11-11-49.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪارل مارڪس هائوس|مارڪس جي پيدائش جو گهر]]، جيڪو هاڻي ٽرائر جي برڪن شٽراسي 10 تي واقع آهي. مارڪس جو خاندان زميني ماڙ تي ٻن ۽ پهرين ماڙ تي ٽن ڪمرن ۾ رهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=178, Plate 1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1928ع ۾ [[جرمني جي سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] هن عمارت کي خريد ڪيو، جيڪا هاڻي مارڪس جي يادگار عجائب گهر طور ڪم ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=12–13}}]]

ڪارل مارڪس 5 مئي 1818ع تي [[هائنرخ مارڪس]] ۽ [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ]] جي گهر، [[ٽرئير]] جي برڪين گاسي 664 ۾ پيدا ٿيو، جيڪو ان وقت [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جو حصو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=8, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جو خاندان اصل ۾ غير مذهبي يهودي هو، پر سندس پيدائش کان اڳ [[عيسائيت قبول ڪرڻ|عيسائيت اختيار]] ڪري چڪو هو. سندس نانو هالينڊ جو هڪ [[ربي]] هيو، جڏهن ته سندس ڏاڏي جي نسل جا ماڻهو 1723ع کان ٽرئير جا ربي رهيا هئا، ۽ اها ذميواري سندس ڏاڏي ميئر هليوي مارڪس نڀائي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=7–9, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس والد هائنرخ پنهنجي خاندان ۾ پهريون شخص هو جنهن مذهبي بدران جديد سيڪيولر تعليم حاصل ڪئي. هو هڪ ڪامياب وڪيل بڻيو، سٺي آمدني حاصل ڪيائين ۽ وڪالت سان گڏ خاندان وٽ [[موزيل شراب]] جا ڪيترائي انگورن جا باغ پڻ هئا. 1815ع ۾ پروشيا طرفان [[رائين لينڊ]] جي الحاق ۽ پوءِ [[يهودين جي آزادي]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، هائنرخ پنهنجي وڪالت جاري رکڻ لاءِ يهوديت ڇڏي [[پروشيا جي انجيليڪل چرچ]] ۾ شامل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |title=Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History |last=Carroll |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0547348889 |page=419 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924094733/https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&amp;pg=PA419 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–6}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

هائنرخ گهڻو مذهبي نه هو، پر [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي فڪر کان متاثر هو ۽ [[ايمانوئل ڪانٽ]] ۽ [[والٽيئر]] جي خيالن ۾ دلچسپي رکندو هو. هو [[طبقاتي لبرلزم|طبقاتي لبرل]] هو ۽ پروشيا ۾ آئين ۽ سياسي سڌارن جي حمايت ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته ان وقت اتي [[مطلق العنان بادشاهت]] قائم هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=5, 8–12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=11}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=5–6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1815ع ۾ هن وڪيل طور ڪم شروع ڪيو ۽ 1819ع ۾ پنهنجي خاندان کي [[پورٽا نيگرا]] جي ويجهو ڏهن ڪمرن واري گهر ۾ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=10}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; سندس زال هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ هڪ امير ڊچ يهودي واپاري خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي، جنهن مان بعد ۾ [[فلپس ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي. سندس ڀيڻ سوفي پريسبرگ [[ليون فلپس]] سان شادي ڪئي، جيڪا [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ [[آنتون فلپس]] جي ڏاڏي ۽ [[فرٽس فلپس]] جي پڙڏاڏي هئي. ليون فلپس مالدار صنعتڪار ۽ تمباڪو واپاري هو، جنهن کان مارڪس ۽ [[جيني مارڪس]] لنڊن ۾ جلاوطني دوران اڪثر قرض وٺندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|loc=chpt. 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي ننڍپڻ بابت گهڻي معلومات موجود نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو نون ڀائرن ۽ ڀينرن مان ٽيون نمبر هو، پر 1819ع ۾ سندس ڀاءُ مورٽز جي وفات کان پوءِ گهر جو وڏو پٽ بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس ۽ سندس بچيل ڀائر ڀينر 28 آگسٽ 1824ع تي [[لوثري چرچ]] ۾ [[بپتسما]] ورتائون،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turley |first=Justin |date=2020-08-24 |title=The Baptism of Karl Marx, 1824 |url=https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Landmark Events |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712232703/https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته سندس ماءُ نومبر 1825ع ۾ بپتسما ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Karl Marx: Dictionary of National Biography |volume=37 |pages=57–58 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0198613879}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1830ع تائين مارڪس جي تعليم سندس والد پاڻ ڪرائي، ان کان پوءِ هو [[ٽرئير جمنازيم]] ۾ داخل ٿيو، جنهن جو پرنسپال [[هوگو ويٽنباخ]] سندس والد جو دوست هو. ويٽنباخ ڪيترن ئي [[لبرل انسانيت پسندي|لبرل انسانيت پسند]] استادن کي مقرر ڪيو، جنهن سبب قدامت پسند حڪومت ناراض ٿي. 1832ع ۾ پوليس اسڪول تي ڇاپو هنيو ۽ اهڙو ادب هٿ آيو جيڪو سياسي لبرلزم جي تبليغ ڪندو هو. حڪومت ان کي بغاوت انگيز عمل سمجهي ڪيترن ئي استادن کي برطرف ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ اهي تبديليون مارڪس جي تعليم دوران ئي عمل ۾ آيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976 |pp=12–15}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=7–11}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1835ع ۾، صرف سورهن ورهين جي عمر ۾، مارڪس [[بون يونيورسٽي]] ۾ فلسفي ۽ ادب پڙهڻ لاءِ داخل ٿيو، پر سندس والد وڌيڪ عملي پيشو سمجهي کيس قانون پڙهڻ تي زور ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=15–16}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=14}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمزور سيني جي بيماري سبب،{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=15}} ارڙهن ورهين جي عمر تي کيس فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. بون يونيورسٽي ۾ هن [[شاعرن جي ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جنهن ۾ سياسي انقلابي نوجوان شامل هئا ۽ جنهن تي پوليس نظر رکندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=20}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب]] نالي مشروب نوشي واري ادبي تنظيم جو پڻ ميمبر ٿيو ۽ هڪ وقت ان جو گڏيل صدر به رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=16}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Karl Marx: the drinking years|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Rachel |last=Holmes |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 1836ع ۾ هن يونيورسٽي جي [[بوروشيا ڪور]] جي هڪ ميمبر سان تلوارن جي مقابلي (ڊوئل) ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ شروعاتي امتحانن ۾ سندس نتيجا سٺا هئا، پر جلد ئي خراب ٿيڻ لڳا، جنهن تي سندس والد کيس وڌيڪ علمي ماحول واري [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ منتقل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–17}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== هيگليت ۽ ابتدائي صحافت: 1836ع–1843ع ===
{{Main|نوجوان مارڪس}}
[[File:Karl Marx giovane.jpg|left|thumb|1840ع کان اڳ ڪارل مارڪس]]
[[File:Jenny von Westphalen-1.jpg|thumb|upright|1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]]]]

{{multiple image
 | direction =
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 | image1 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.1 raw.jpg
 | caption1 = وائٽ هارس جي سامهون ٽرائر جا شاگرد، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.
 | image2 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.2 cropped.jpg
 | caption2 = ڪارل مارڪس (تفصيل)
 | footer = [[ڊيوڊ ليوي ايلڪان]] جي مشهور لٿوگرافي ''Die Trierer'' ۾ 1836ع دوران وائٽ هارس جي سامهون بيٺل ڪيترائي شاگرد ڏيکاريل آهن، جن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس پڻ شامل آهي.{{efn|2017ع تائين هيءَ مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير سمجهي ويندي هئي، جيتوڻيڪ سندس سڃاڻپ 1890ع ۾ ڪولون جي عدالتي صلاحڪار شنائيڊر ڪئي. بعد ۾ هي تصوير مارڪس جي بيان سان ٺهڪندڙ هئڻ سبب مستند مڃي وئي.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=131–132}} نوجوان مارڪس جون هيلمٽ باخ (1953ع) ۽ آءِ. گرنشٽائن (1961ع) جون تصويرون به هن لٿوگرافي تي ٻڌل آهن، پر اهي اصل تصوير کان وڌيڪ مشهور ٿي ويون.}}
}}

1836ع جي اونهاري ۽ سرءُ جو موسم ٽرائر ۾ گذارڻ دوران مارڪس پنهنجي تعليم ۽ ذاتي زندگيءَ کي وڌيڪ سنجيدگي سان وٺڻ لڳو. هن [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] سان منگني ڪئي، جيڪا هڪ پڙهيل لکيل [[ايڊلر|ننڍي اشرافيه]] خاندان سان تعلق رکندي هئي ۽ ننڍپڻ کان مارڪس جي سڃاڻپ ۾ هئي. جيني پنهنجي هم عمر هڪ نوجوان [[اشرافيه]] سان منگني ٽوڙي مارڪس سان تعلق قائم ڪيو، تنهنڪري سندن مذهبي ۽ سماجي طبقاتي فرق سبب اهو تعلق تڪراري بڻيو. تنهن هوندي به مارڪس جيني جي والد [[لودوگ فون ويسٽفالين]]، جيڪو لبرل خيالن وارو اشرافيه هو، سان گهري دوستي قائم ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي کي به سندس نالي منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=23–30}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–21, 33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=15, 20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; منگني کان ست سال پوءِ، 19 جون 1843ع تي ٻنهي [[ڪروئزناخ]] جي هڪ پروٽيسٽنٽ چرچ ۾ شادي ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=70–71}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=52–53}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=61–62}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 1836ع ۾ برلن پهچڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[برلن يونيورسٽي]] جي قانون واري شعبي ۾ داخلا ورتي ۽ مِٽل شٽراسي ۾ هڪ ڪمرو مسواڙ تي ورتائين.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=31}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; پهرين سيمسٽر دوران هن [[ايڊوارڊ گانس]] جا ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو ترقي پسند هيگلي موقف جو حامي هو ۽ تاريخ ۾ عقلي ارتقا، آزادي ۽ سماجي مسئلن جي اهميت تي زور ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت هن [[ڪارل فون ساويني]] جا به ليڪچر ٻڌا، جيڪو [[قانون جي تاريخي اسڪول]] جو نمائندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ هو قانون پڙهي رهيو هو، پر سندس اصل دلچسپي فلسفي ۾ هئي، ۽ هو سمجهندو هو ته &quot;فلسفي کان سواءِ ڪجهه به حاصل نٿو ڪري سگهجي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس تازو وفات ڪري ويل جرمن فلسفي [[جورج ولهيلم فريڊرش هيگل]] جي نظرين ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جن تي ان وقت يورپ جي فلسفي حلقن ۾ وڏي بحث جاري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=32–34}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=21–22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; اسٽرالائو ۾ بيماريءَ کان صحتيابي دوران هن [[ڊاڪٽرز ڪلب]] ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي، جتي [[هيگليت]] بابت بحث ٿيندا هئا. اتان ئي سندس لاڳاپو [[نوجوان هيگلي]] نالي بنياد پرست مفڪرن سان ٿيو. هي گروهه [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي چوڌاري گڏ ٿيندو هو، جڏهن ته مارڪس خاص طور [[ايڊولف روٽنبرگ]] جو ويجهو دوست بڻيو. نوجوان هيگلي، مارڪس وانگر، هيگل جي مابعدالطبيعي مفروضن تي تنقيد ڪندا هئا، پر سندس [[هيگلي جدليات]] کي استعمال ڪندي سماج، سياست ۽ مذهب تي کاٻي ڌر جي نقطه نظر کان تنقيد ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=34–38}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=25–27}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مئي 1838ع ۾ مارڪس جي والد جي وفات سبب خاندان جي آمدني گهٽجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=44, 69–70}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=17–18}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس پنهنجي والد سان گهرو جذباتي تعلق رکندو هو ۽ سندس وفات کان پوءِ به هميشه سندس ياد کي عزت سان ياد ڪندو رهيو.{{sfn|Sperber|2013|pp=55–56}}

[[File:Gedenktafel Karl Marx im Foyer des Hauptgebäudes der Uni Jena 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ لڳل يادگاري ڪتبو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مارڪس کي عطا ڪيل ڊاڪٽري ڊگري جي ياد ۾ نصب ڪيو ويو آهي.]]
[[File:Karl Marx dissertation certificate.jpg|thumb|left|15 اپريل 1841ع تي [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] طرفان جاري ڪيل ڪارل مارڪس جي ڊاڪٽري سند.]]

1837ع تائين مارڪس هڪ مختصر ناول ''اسڪارپين اينڊ فيلڪس''، هڪ ڊرامو ''اوئلنم'' ۽ پنهنجي منگيتر جي نالي ڪيترائي عشقيه نظم لکي چڪو هو، پر اهي سڀ سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=18–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس عشقيه شاعري بعد ۾ ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي پهرين جلد ۾ شايع ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=531–632}}&lt;/ref&gt; جلد ئي هن ادب ڇڏي انگريزي ۽ اطالوي ٻولين، [[فن جي تاريخ]] ۽ لاطيني ڪلاسيڪي ادب جي ترجمن ڏانهن ڌيان ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=25–26}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 1840ع ۾ هن [[برونو بائر]] سان گڏجي هيگل جي ''[[مذهب جي فلسفي بابت ليڪچر]]'' جي ايڊيٽنگ شروع ڪئي. ساڳئي وقت هن پنهنجي ڊاڪٽري مقالي ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جو فرق]]'' تي ڪم جاري رکيو، جيڪو 1841ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Marx's thesis was posthumously published in {{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=25–107}}.&lt;/ref&gt; هي مقالو [[ڊيموڪريٽس]] ۽ [[ايپيڪورس]] جي فلسفي تي ٻڌل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Volkov |first=Genrikh Nikolaevich |title= The Basics of Marxist-Leninist Theory |year=1982 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Progress Publishers&lt; USSR |url=https://archive.org/details/BasicsMarxistLeninistTheory/page/n1/mode/2up?q=thesis |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کي &quot;جرئت ڀريو ۽ اصلي علمي ڪم&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو، جنهن ۾ مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته فلسفي جي اعليٰ حڪمت اڳيان الٰهيات کي پوئتي هٽڻ گهرجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=32}}.&lt;/ref&gt; برلن يونيورسٽي جي قدامت پسند استادن ان مقالي تي اعتراض ڪيو، تنهنڪري مارڪس اهو [[يينا يونيورسٽي]] ۾ جمع ڪرايو، جتان کيس اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[فلسفي جو ڊاڪٽر]] (PhD) جي ڊگري ملي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=28–29, 33}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مارڪس ۽ بائر ٻئي [[ملحد]] هئا، تنهنڪري مارچ 1841ع ۾ هنن ''آرڪائيو ڊيس اٿيئسمس'' (''ملحدن جا آرڪائيو'') نالي رسالو جاري ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، پر اهو عملي صورت اختيار نه ڪري سگهيو. جولاءِ ۾ ٻئي برلن کان [[بون]] ويا، جتي چرچ اندر کلڻ، شراب نوشي ڪرڻ ۽ گهٽين ۾ گڏهن تي سواري ڪرڻ سبب هو تڪرار جو مرڪز بڻيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=38–45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=32–33, 37}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس علمي دنيا ۾ ڪيريئر ٺاهڻ چاهيو ٿي، پر حڪومت جي وڌندڙ مخالفت سبب، جيڪا طبقاتي لبرلزم ۽ نوجوان هيگلي مفڪرن خلاف هئي، اهو رستو بند ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=49}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=33}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نتيجي ۾ 1842ع ۾ هو [[ڪولون]] منتقل ٿيو، جتي هو انقلابي اخبار ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' (''رائين لينڊ نيوز'') ۾ صحافي بڻيو. هتي هن سوشلسٽ خيالن بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي نظريا ۽ معاشيات ۾ وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي. مارڪس ساڄي ڌر جي يورپي حڪومتن سان گڏوگڏ لبرل ۽ سوشلسٽ اڳواڻن تي به تنقيد ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ اهي غير مؤثر يا نقصانڪار هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=50–51}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=34–36, 42–44}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=35–47}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

اخبار تي پروشيائي [[سنسرشپ]] جا اهلڪار سخت نظر رکندا هئا ۽ هر پرچي کي ڇپجڻ کان اڳ جاچيندا هئا. مارڪس ان تي افسوس ڪندي لکيو: &quot;اسان جي اخبار کي پهرين پوليس وٽ وٺي وڃڻو پوي ٿو، جتي ان کي سونگهيو ويندو آهي، ۽ جيڪڏهن پوليس جي نڪ کي ان ۾ ڪا غير عيسائي يا غير پروشيائي ڳالهه محسوس ٿئي ته اخبار ڇپجڻ جي اجازت نٿي ملي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=57}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=47}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=48–50}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ''رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' روسي بادشاهت تي سخت تنقيد ڪندڙ مضمون شايع ڪيو ته روس جي زار [[نيڪولس پهريون]] ان تي پابندي لڳائڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو، ۽ پروشيائي حڪومت 1843ع ۾ اهو مطالبو قبول ڪندي اخبار بند ڪري ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=60–61}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=47–48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=50–51}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}
=== پيرس: 1843ع–1845ع ===
1843ع ۾ مارڪس پيرس مان نڪرندڙ هڪ نئين بنياد پرست کاٻي ڌر واري اخبار {{lang|de|[[جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا]]}} (''ڊوئچ-فرانزوزِشي ياربوخر''؛ &quot;جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا&quot;) جو گڏيل ايڊيٽر بڻيو. اها اخبار جرمن سياسي ڪارڪن [[آرنولڊ روگه]] جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي بنياد پرستن کي گڏ ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان قائم ڪري رهيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=68–69, 72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=59–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; نئين نوڪريءَ سبب مارڪس ۽ سندس زال آڪٽوبر 1843ع ۾ پيرس منتقل ٿيا. شروعات ۾ هو روگه ۽ سندس زال سان گڏ [[رو وانو]] نمبر 23 ۾ گڏيل رهائش اختيار ڪري رهيا، پر اتي جون رهائشي حالتون ڏکيون هيون؛ تنهنڪري 1844ع ۾ سندن ڌيءَ جيني جي ڄمڻ کان پوءِ هو اتان منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=77–79}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=62–66}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=73–74, 94}}.&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ ''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جو مقصد فرانس ۽ جرمن رياستن ٻنهي مان ليکڪن کي راغب ڪرڻ هو، پر ان تي گهڻو ڪري جرمن ليکڪن جو غلبو رهيو؛ ان جو واحد غير جرمن ليکڪ جلاوطن روسي [[اجتماعيت پسند انارڪزم|اجتماعيت پسند انارڪسٽ]] [[ميخائل باڪونن]] هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=64–65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=71–72}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اخبار لاءِ ٻه مضمون لکيا: &quot;[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد|هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد ۾ حصي جو تعارف]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ &quot;[[يهودي سوال بابت]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=[[On the Jewish Question]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; پوئين مضمون ۾ هن اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته [[پرولتاريه]] هڪ انقلابي قوت آهي، ۽ اهو مضمون سندس ڪميونزم قبول ڪرڻ جي نشاني پڻ بڻيو.{{sfn|McLellan|2006|pp=65–70, 74–80}} [[پال جانسن]]، [[برنارڊ لوئس]]، [[هائيم ميڪوبي]] ۽ [[رابرٽ ايس. وسٽرچ]] جهڙن ليکڪن ''يهودي سوال بابت'' کي مارڪس جي يهودين مخالف خيالن جو ثبوت قرار ڏنو آهي، پر [[وينڊي برائون]]، [[رابرٽ فائن]]، [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن]] ۽ [[فرانسس وين]] سميت ٻين عالمن هن تشريح سان اختلاف ڪيو آهي.

اخبار جو رڳو هڪ پرچو شايع ٿيو، پر اهو نسبتاً ڪامياب رهيو. ان ڪاميابيءَ جو وڏو سبب [[هائنرش هائني]] جا [[باويريا جي لڊوگ پهرئين|باويريا جي بادشاهه لڊوگ]] خلاف طنزيه قصيدا هئا. انهن سبب جرمن رياستن اخبار تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ درآمد ڪيل نسخا ضبط ڪيا. تنهن هوندي به روگه وڌيڪ پرچا شايع ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ مارڪس سان سندس دوستي به ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=72, 75–76}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=88–90}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

''جرمن-فرانسيسي ساليانا'' جي بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس {{lang|de|[[فورورٽس!]]}} (''Vorwärts!''؛ &quot;اڳتي!&quot;) لاءِ لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جيڪا ان وقت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ بچيل واحد بنياد پرست اخبار هئي، جنهن تي سنسرشپ لاڳو نه هئي. پيرس مان شايع ٿيندڙ هيءَ اخبار [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان لاڳاپيل هئي، جيڪا پورهيتن ۽ ڪاريگرن جي هڪ ڳجهي [[خيالي سوشلزم|خيالي سوشلسٽ]] تنظيم هئي. مارڪس ان جي ڪجهه گڏجاڻين ۾ شريڪ ٿيو، پر تنظيم ۾ شامل نه ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=66–67, 112}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=79–80}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فورورٽس!'' ۾ مارڪس هيگلي ۽ فوئرباخي اثرن هيٺ سوشلزم بابت پنهنجن خيالن کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪيو، ۽ ساڳئي وقت يورپ ۾ سرگرم لبرلن ۽ ٻين سوشلسٽن تي تنقيد به ڪئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=90}}

[[File:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|upright|[[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، جنهن سان مارڪس جي ملاقات 1844ع ۾ ٿي؛ ٻئي سڄي عمر دوست ۽ ساٿي رهيا.]]

28 آگسٽ 1844ع تي مارڪس جي [[ڪيفي ڊي لا ريژانس]] ۾ جرمن سوشلسٽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] سان ملاقات ٿي، جنهن سان سندس سڄي عمر جاري رهندڙ دوستي ۽ گڏيل علمي ڪم جي شروعات ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=75}} اينگلز مارڪس کي پنهنجي تازو شايع ٿيل تصنيف ''[[1844ع ۾ انگلينڊ جي پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' ڏيکاري،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |title=Paris Between Empires |page=390 |publisher=[[St. Martins Press]] |location=New York |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |chapter=[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=295–596}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن مارڪس کي ان ڳالهه تي قائل ڪيو ته تاريخ جي آخري انقلاب جو ڪارڻ ۽ اوزار پورهيت طبقو هوندو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=82}} جلد ئي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي مارڪس جي اڳوڻي دوست [[برونو بائر]] جي فلسفي خيالن تي تنقيد لکڻ لڳا. هيءَ تصنيف 1845ع ۾ ''[[پاڪ خاندان]]'' جي نالي سان شايع ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=85–86}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=The Holy Family |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=3–211}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس بائر تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر هو نوجوان هيگلين [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] جي خيالن کان وڌندڙ حد تائين متاثر ٿيو؛ آخرڪار، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز فوئرباخي ماديت کي به ڇڏي ڏنو.

پيرس ۾ رو وانو نمبر 38 تي آڪٽوبر 1843ع کان جنوري 1845ع تائين رهڻ دوران،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 of {{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973}}.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس [[سياسي معيشت]] جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايڊم سمٿ]]، [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]] ۽ [[جيمس مل]] سميت ٻين مفڪرن جون لکڻيون شامل هيون؛{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=63}} هن فرانسيسي سوشلسٽن، خاص طور [[ڪلائوڊ هينري سينٽ سائمن]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريئر]]،{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=90–94}} ۽ فرانس جي تاريخ جو پڻ اڀياس ڪيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}} سياسي معيشت جو مطالعو ۽ تنقيد اهڙو منصوبو هو، جنهن تي مارڪس پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو،&lt;ref&gt;Larisa Miskievich, &quot;Preface&quot; to Volume 28 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. xii.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جنهن جو نتيجو سندس اهم معاشي تصنيف، ٽن جلدن تي ٻڌل ''[[داس ڪيپيٽل]]''، جي صورت ۾ نڪتو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', ''Volume 36'' and ''Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[مارڪسزم]] گهڻي حد تائين ٽن اثرن تي ٻڌل آهي: هيگل جي جدليات، فرانسيسي خيالي سوشلزم ۽ برطانوي سياسي معيشت. هيگل جي جدليات بابت سندس اڳوڻي مطالعي سان گڏ، پيرس ۾ ڪيل هن اڀياس جي نتيجي ۾ 1844ع جي سرءُ تائين مارڪسزم جا سڀ بنيادي جزا ٺهي چڪا هئا.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=35–61}} تنهن هوندي به مارڪس کي سياسي معيشت تي پنهنجي تنقيدي ڪم کان بار بار هٽڻو پوندو هو؛ نه رڳو روزاني زندگيءَ جي عام ذميوارين سبب، پر هڪ بنياد پرست اخبار جي ايڊيٽنگ ۽ پوءِ عوامي انقلابي اڀار جي امڪانن واري دور ۾ سياسي جماعت جي سرگرمين کي منظم ۽ هدايت ڪرڻ سبب پڻ. ان باوجود هو بار بار پنهنجي مطالعي ڏانهن موٽندو هو، جتي سندس مقصد &quot;سرمائيداريءَ جي اندروني ڪارڪردگيءَ کي سمجهڻ&quot; هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}}

1844ع جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين ڪارل مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ &quot;مارڪسزم&quot; جو خاڪو واضح طور ٺهي چڪو هو. حقيقت ۾، مارڪسي عالمي نظرئي جون ڪيتريون ئي خاصيتون تفصيل سان ترتيب وٺي چڪيون هيون، پر سياسي معيشت بابت پنهنجي نئين تنقيد کي وڌيڪ واضح ڪرڻ لاءِ مارڪس کي پنهنجي عالمي نظرئي جا سمورا تفصيل لکڻا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 54 contained on p. 598 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3''.&lt;/ref&gt; ان مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا|معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]'' لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844&quot; ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3'' (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346.&lt;/ref&gt; انهن مسودن ۾ ڪيترن ئي موضوعن تي بحث ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ مارڪس جو [[بيگانگي واري محنت]] جو تصور به تفصيل سان بيان ٿيل هو. 1845ع جي بهار تائين سياسي معيشت، سرمائي ۽ سرمائيداريءَ جي لڳاتار مطالعي مارڪس کي ان نتيجي تي پهچايو ته سندس پيش ڪيل سياسي معيشت جي نئين تنقيد، يعني [[سائنسي سوشلزم]]، کي هڪ مڪمل طور ترقي يافته مادي عالمي نظرئي جي بنياد تي قائم ٿيڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=83}}

''1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا'' اپريل کان آگسٽ 1844ع جي وچ ۾ لکيا ويا هئا، پر جلد ئي مارڪس محسوس ڪيو ته انهن تي لودوگ فوئرباخ جي ڪجهه غير هم آهنگ خيالن جو اثر موجود هو. تنهنڪري هن تاريخي ماديت جي حق ۾ فوئرباخ جي فلسفي کان الڳ ٿيڻ جي ضرورت سمجهي. هڪ سال پوءِ، پيرس مان برسلز منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ اپريل 1845ع ۾، هن پنهنجا يارهن &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; لکيا.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach&quot;, contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14.&lt;/ref&gt; ''فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز'' خاص طور يارهين ٿيسز سبب مشهور آهن، جنهن ۾ لکيل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theses on Feuerbach,&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'', p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[ماديت]] تي ان جي رڳو مشاهدي ۽ فڪري غور تائين محدود رهڻ سبب، [[تصوريت]] تي عملي عمل کي نظريي تائين محدود ڪرڻ سبب، ۽ مجموعي طور فلسفي تي تجريدي حقيقت کي مادي دنيا کان مٿانهون رکڻ سبب تنقيد ڪئي. اهڙي طرح هن ۾ مارڪس جي [[تاريخي ماديت]] جي پهرين واضح صورت سامهون آئي، جنهن موجب دنيا خيالن سان نه، پر حقيقي، جسماني ۽ مادي سرگرمي ۽ عمل سان بدلجي ٿي.

1845ع ۾ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جي درخواست تي فرانسيسي حڪومت ''فورورٽس!'' کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ گهرو معاملن واري وزير [[فرانسوا گيزو]] مارڪس کي فرانس مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}

=== برسلز: 1845ع–1848ع ===

فرانس ۾ رهڻ يا جرمني موٽڻ ناممڪن ٿيڻ سبب، مارڪس فيبروري 1845ع ۾ بيلجيم جي شهر [[برسلز]] ڏانهن هجرت ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. بهرحال، بيلجيم ۾ رهائش جي اجازت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس اهو واعدو ڪرڻو پيو ته هو همعصر سياست بابت ڪا به شيءِ شايع نه ڪندو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}} برسلز ۾ مارڪس يورپ جي مختلف ملڪن مان آيل جلاوطن سوشلسٽن، جهڙوڪ [[موسيس هيس]]، [[ڪارل هائنزن]] ۽ [[جوزف ويڊيمائر]] سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪيا. اپريل 1845ع ۾ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جرمني جي بارمن مان برسلز اچي مارڪس سان مليو ۽ [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي انهن وڌندڙ ميمبرن سان گڏ ٿيو، جيڪي هاڻي برسلز کي پنهنجو مرڪز بڻائي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA90 90]}}&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [&quot;New Book Publishing House&quot;]: Dresden, 1972) p. 101.&lt;/ref&gt; ٿوري ئي عرصي بعد اينگلز جي ڊگهي عرصي واري ساٿي [[ميري برنس]] پڻ انگلينڊ جي مانچسٽر مان برسلز پهتي.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1845ع جي وچ ڌاري مارڪس ۽ اينگلز انگلينڊ روانا ٿيا، جتي هنن برطانيا جي پورهيت تحريڪ [[چارٽسٽ تحريڪ]] جي اڳواڻن سان ملاقات ڪئي. اها مارڪس جي انگلينڊ ڏانهن پهرين سفر هئي، جڏهن ته اينگلز ان سفر لاءِ بهترين رهنما هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو نومبر 1842ع کان آگسٽ 1844ع تائين مانچسٽر ۾ رهي چڪو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [New Book Publishing House]: Dresden, 1972) p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 78.&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز نه رڳو انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ مهارت رکندو هو،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} پر چارٽسٽ اڳواڻن سان سندس ويجها لاڳاپا پڻ قائم ٿي چڪا هئا،{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} ۽ هو ڪيترين ئي چارٽسٽ ۽ سوشلسٽ انگريزي اخبارن لاءِ رپورٽر طور به ڪم ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} مارڪس هن سفر کي لنڊن ۽ مانچسٽر جي مختلف لائبريرين ۾ موجود معاشي مواد جي مطالعي لاءِ استعمال ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=92}}

برسلز موٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز گڏجي ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' لکڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن کي عام طور تاريخي ماديت بابت مارڪس جي سڀ کان جامع وضاحت سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;German Ideology&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 19–539.&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ۾ مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]]، [[برونو بائر]]، [[ميڪس اسٽرنر]] ۽ ٻين نوجوان هيگلين کان نظرياتي طور الڳ ٿي ويو، جڏهن ته [[ڪارل گرون]] ۽ ٻين &quot;حقيقي سوشلسٽن&quot; کان پڻ فاصلو اختيار ڪيو، جن جا فلسفا اڃا تائين ڪنهن حد تائين [[تصوريت]] تي ٻڌل هئا. ''جرمن نظريو'' ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي فلسفي کي مڪمل شڪل ڏني، جيڪو تاريخ ۾ تبديليءَ جي واحد محرڪ طور ماديت تي ٻڌل هو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=96–97}} هي ڪتاب طنزيه انداز ۾ لکيل هو، پر اهو انداز به ان کي سنسرشپ کان بچائي نه سگهيو. مارڪس جي ٻين ڪيترين ئي شروعاتي تصنيفن وانگر، اهو به سندس حياتيءَ ۾ شايع نه ٿي سگهيو ۽ پهريون ڀيرو 1932ع ۾ منظرعام تي آيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=93}}

''جرمن نظريو'' مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس هڪ اهڙي تصنيف لکڻ ڏانهن متوجه ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد واقعي انقلابي پورهيت تحريڪ جي &quot;نظريي ۽ حڪمت عملي&quot; بابت پنهنجو موقف واضح ڪرڻ هو، جيڪا واقعي &quot;سائنسي ماديت&quot; جي فلسفي تي بيٺل هجي.&lt;ref&gt;See Note 71 on p. 672 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976).&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف ذريعي مارڪس خيالي سوشلسٽن ۽ پنهنجي سائنسي سوشلسٽ فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق واضح ڪرڻ گهريو. جتي خيالي سوشلسٽ اهو سمجهندا هئا ته ماڻهن کي هڪ هڪ ڪري قائل ڪري سوشلسٽ تحريڪ ۾ شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، اتي مارڪس جو خيال هو ته ماڻهو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجن معاشي مفادن مطابق عمل ڪندا آهن؛ تنهنڪري هڪ پوري طبقي، يعني پورهيت طبقي، کي ان جي گڏيل مادي مفادن جي بنياد تي متحرڪ ڪرڻ ئي انقلاب ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ جو مؤثر طريقو آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ هن ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]'' (1847ع) لکيو،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Poverty of Philosophy'' contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 105–212.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو فرانسيسي انارڪسٽ سوشلسٽ [[پيئر-جوزف پرودون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[غربت جو فلسفو]]'' (1847ع) جي جواب طور پيش ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=107}}

[[File:Marx+Family and Engels.jpg|thumb|مارڪس (ساڄي پاسي) پنهنجي ڌيئرن ۽ اينگلز سان گڏ]]

انهن ڪتابن مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف، يعني سياسي پمفليٽ ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''، جي نظرياتي بنياد فراهم ڪئي. برسلز ۾ رهائش دوران 1846ع ۾ مارڪس جو [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] سان تعلق برقرار رهيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=124}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته هي تنظيم ئي اها بنياد پرست قوت آهي، جيڪا يورپ جي پورهيت طبقي کي هڪ وڏي عوامي تحريڪ ۾ منظم ڪري پورهيت انقلاب آڻي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 671–672.&lt;/ref&gt; پر سندس نظر ۾ ان مقصد لاءِ ضروري هو ته ليگ پنهنجي ڳجهي يا زيرزمين تنظيم واري صورت ختم ڪري، کليل سياسي جماعت طور ڪم ڪري.&lt;ref&gt;Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'', p. 672.&lt;/ref&gt; آخرڪار ليگ جا ميمبر به ان ڳالهه تي متفق ٿيا، ۽ جون 1847ع ۾ تنظيم کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري هڪ کليل سياسي جماعت ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو نالو [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] رکيو ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=123–125}}{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=125}} مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ٻنهي ان نئين تنظيم جي پروگرام ۽ تنظيمي اصولن جي تياريءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Engels, &quot;Principles of Communism&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers, New York, 1976) pp. 341–357.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Communist-manifesto.png|thumb|left|upright|''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]'' جو پهريون جرمن ڇاپو، 1848ع]]

1847ع جي آخر ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور تصنيف لکڻ شروع ڪئي، جيڪا [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جي عملي پروگرام جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي. ڊسمبر 1847ع کان جنوري 1848ع تائين گڏجي لکيل ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' پهريون ڀيرو 21 فيبروري 1848ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'', pp. 477–519.&lt;/ref&gt; هن منشور ۾ نئين ڪميونسٽ ليگ جا بنيادي عقيدا بيان ڪيا ويا. اڳوڻي [[نيڪن جي ليگ]] جي ابتڙ، جيڪا هڪ ڳجهي تنظيم هئي، ڪميونسٽ ليگ پنهنجا مقصد ۽ ارادا عوام آڏو کليل نموني پيش ڪرڻ گهريا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=115}} منشور جي شروعاتي جملي ۾ مارڪسزم جو بنيادي اصول هن ريت بيان ڪيو ويو آهي: &quot;اڄ تائين موجود سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ShillingMellor2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Shilling |first2=Philip A. |last2=Mellor |title=The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |isbn=978-0761965497 |page=114 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915145130/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&amp;pg=PA114 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; منشور ۾ اڳتي هلي [[بورجوازي]] (سرمائيدار طبقو) ۽ [[پرولتاريه]] (صنعتي پورهيت طبقو) جي وچ ۾ مفادن جي ٽڪراءَ جو جائزو وٺندي اهو دليل ڏنو ويو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ ئي اها تنظيم آهي، جيڪا ٻين سوشلسٽ ۽ لبرل جماعتن جي ابتڙ، حقيقت ۾ پرولتاريه جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪندي سرمائيداري سماج کي ختم ڪري ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ سماج قائم ڪرڻ چاهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Mar48|Marx and Engels 1848]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ساڳئي سال يورپ ۾ احتجاجن، بغاوتن ۽ ڪيترين ئي هنڌن تي پرتشدد اٿل پٿل جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، جيڪو [[1848ع جا انقلاب]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} فرانس ۾ انقلاب جي نتيجي ۾ بادشاهت جو خاتمو ٿيو ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي جمهوريه]] قائم ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} مارڪس انهن انقلابي سرگرمين جو حامي هو. تازو ئي کيس پنهنجي والد جي وراثت مان، جيڪا سندس چاچي [[ليونل فلپس]] وٽ 1838ع کان روڪيل هئي، لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 يا 6,000 فرانڪ مليا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Saul Kussiel |last=Padover |title=Karl Marx, an intimate biography |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=1978 |page=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هن ان رقم جو ٽيون حصو بيلجيم جي انهن مزدورن کي هٿيار خريد ڪري ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو، جيڪي انقلابي ڪارروائيءَ جي تياري ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} جيتوڻيڪ هن الزام جي صداقت بابت اختلاف موجود آهي،&lt;ref&gt;David McLellan 1973 ''Karl Marx: His life and Thought''. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 189–190&lt;/ref&gt; پر بيلجيم جي انصاف واري وزارت مارڪس تي اهڙو الزام لڳايو، کيس گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ هو ٻيهر فرانس ڏانهن هليو ويو، جتي نئين جمهوري حڪومت قائم ٿيڻ سبب هن پاڻ کي وڌيڪ محفوظ سمجهيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Felix |first1=David |year=1982 |title=Heute Deutschland! Marx as Provincial Politician |journal=[[Central European History]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=332–350 |doi=10.1017/S0008938900010621 |jstor=4545968 |s2cid=145405027|issn=0008-9389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڪولون: 1848ع–1849ع ===

عارضي طور پيرس ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو انتظامي مرڪز پڻ اتي منتقل ڪيو ۽ پيرس ۾ رهندڙ مختلف جرمن سوشلسٽن سان گڏجي [[جرمن مزدورن جي انجمن|جرمن مزدورن جو ڪلب]] قائم ڪيو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=128}} جرمنيءَ تائين انقلاب پکڙجڻ جي اميد سان مارڪس 1848ع ۾ ٻيهر [[ڪولون]] موٽي آيو، جتي هن ''جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جا مطالبا'' نالي هڪ پمفليٽ جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;Demands of the Communist Party&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6.&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ هن ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي ڏهن مان رڳو چئن نڪتن جي حمايت ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت جرمنيءَ ۾ پهرين [[بورجوازي]] کي [[جاگيرداري]] بادشاهت ۽ اشرافيه جو خاتمو آڻڻو هو، تنهن کان پوءِ ئي پرولتاريه بورجوازيءَ کي اقتدار تان هٽائي سگهي ٿي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=129}}

1 جون 1848ع تي مارڪس هڪ روزاني اخبار ''[[نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ]]'' (نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ ؛ معنيٰ: &quot;نئين رائن واري اخبار&quot;) جاري ڪئي، جنهن جي مالي سهائتا هن پنهنجي والد کان مليل تازين وراثتي رقم مان ڪئي. اخبار جو مقصد يورپ جي مختلف حصن جون خبرون مارڪس جي واقعن بابت مارڪسي تشريح سان پيش ڪرڻ هو. مارڪس ان جو مک ليکڪ ۽ ايڊيٽوريل پاليسيءَ تي غالب اثر رکندڙ شخص هو. جيتوڻيڪ [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جا ٻيا ميمبر به ان ۾ لکندا هئا، پر [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] موجب اخبار ۾ &quot;مارڪس جي سادي آمريت&quot; قائم هئي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=50}}

اخبار جي ايڊيٽر طور ڪم ڪرڻ دوران مارڪس ۽ ٻين انقلابي سوشلسٽن کي پوليس طرفان لڳاتار هراسان ڪيو ويندو هو. مارڪس کي ڪيترائي ڀيرا عدالت ۾ پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ مٿس مختلف الزام لڳايا ويا، جن ۾ سرڪاري وڪيل جي سربراهه جي توهين، پريس قانون جي ڀڃڪڙي ۽ محصولن جي ادائيگيءَ جي بائيڪاٽ وسيلي هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ ڀڙڪائڻ شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 145 November 1848 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110224/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}; {{harvnb|Splichal|2002|p=115}};&lt;/ref&gt; پر هر ڀيري عدالت کيس بي ڏوهي قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gross |first=David M. |year=2014 |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |pages=76–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان وچ ۾ [[پروشيا]] جي جمهوري پارليامينٽ ختم ٿي وئي ۽ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش ولهيلم چوٿون]] پنهنجي رجعت پسند حامين تي ٻڌل نئين ڪابينا قائم ڪئي، جنهن ملڪ مان کاٻي ڌر ۽ ٻين انقلابي قوتن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ردِانقلابي قدم کنيا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}} نتيجي طور ''نئوئي رائنيشي سائيٽونگ'' جلد بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 16 مئي 1849ع تي مارڪس کي ملڪ ڇڏڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=137–146}}

مارڪس ٻيهر پيرس موٽي آيو، پر ان وقت شهر رجعت پسند ردِانقلاب ۽ [[هيضي]] جي وبا جي گرفت ۾ هو. ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ پيرس جي اختيارين کيس سياسي خطرو سمجهي شهر مان نيڪالي ڏئي ڇڏي. سندس زال جيني چوٿين ٻار جي ڄمڻ واري هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس جرمني يا بيلجيم به واپس نٿي وڃي سگهيو؛ تنهنڪري آگسٽ 1849ع ۾ هن [[لنڊن]] ۾ پناهه ورتي.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=147–148}}

=== لنڊن ڏانهن منتقلي ۽ وڌيڪ لکڻيون: 1850ع–1860ع ===
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| caption1          = مارڪس 1851ع کان 1856ع تائين لنڊن جي [[سوهو]] علائقي ۾ ڊين اسٽريٽ نمبر 28 تي رهندو هو. ٻي ماڙ تي [[انگلش هيريٽيج]] جي [[نيري تختي]] نظر اچي ٿي.
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مارڪس جون 1849ع جي شروعات ۾ لنڊن منتقل ٿيو ۽ پنهنجي باقي سڄي زندگي اتي ئي رهيو. [[ڪميونسٽ ليگ]] جو مرڪزي دفتر پڻ لنڊن منتقل ڪيو ويو. بهرحال، 1849ع–1850ع جي سياري ۾ ليگ جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيو، جڏهن [[آگسٽ وليش]] ۽ [[ڪارل شاپر]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ هڪ ڌڙي فوري بغاوت لاءِ مهم هلائڻ شروع ڪئي. وليش ۽ شاپر جو خيال هو ته جيئن ئي ڪميونسٽ ليگ بغاوت شروع ڪندي، تيئن سڄي يورپ جو پورهيت طبقو پاڻمرادو ان ۾ شامل ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙي طرح يورپ ۾ عام انقلاب برپا ٿي ويندو.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز اعتراض ڪيو ته ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اهڙي اڻ رٿيل بغاوت &quot;مهم جوئي&quot; هوندي ۽ خود ليگ لاءِ خودڪشيءَ برابر ثابت ٿيندي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}} سندن خيال ۾ شاپر ۽ وليش جي تجويز ڪيل اهڙي بغاوت کي يورپ جي رجعت پسند حڪومتن جي پوليس ۽ هٿياربند فوجون آسانيءَ سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏين ها. مارڪس جو موقف هو ته ان سان خود ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي تباهي ٿيندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سماج ۾ تبديليون چند ماڻهن جي ڪوشش ۽ ارادي سان هڪ رات اندر پيدا نٿيون ٿين.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}}

مارڪس موجب سماجي تبديلي معاشري جي معاشي حالتن جي سائنسي تجزيي ۽ سماجي ترقيءَ جي مختلف مرحلن مان گذرندي انقلاب ڏانهن اڳتي وڌڻ سان پيدا ٿيندي آهي. سندس خيال ۾ ان وقت، يعني تقريباً 1850ع ۾، 1848ع جي يورپي بغاوتن جي شڪست کان پوءِ ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي پورهيت طبقي کي اڀرندڙ بورجوازيءَ جي ترقي پسند عنصرن سان اتحاد ڪرڻ جي ترغيب ڏيڻ گهرجي، ته جيئن آئيني جمهوريه، آزاد چونڊيل اسيمبلين ۽ سڀني بالغ مردن لاءِ عام ووٽ جي حق جهڙن حڪومتي سڌارن جي مطالبن تي جاگيردار اشرافيه کي شڪست ڏئي سگهجي. ٻين لفظن ۾، پورهيت طبقي کي پنهنجي مخصوص پروگرام ۽ پورهيت انقلاب تي زور ڏيڻ کان اڳ بورجوا ۽ جمهوري قوتن سان گڏجي بورجوا انقلاب کي ڪامياب پڄاڻيءَ تائين پهچائڻو هو.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

هڪ ڊگهي اندروني جدوجهد کان پوءِ، جنهن ڪميونسٽ ليگ کي ٽٽڻ جي ڪناري تي پهچائي ڇڏيو، مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو ۽ آخرڪار وليش–شاپر ڌڙو ليگ کان ڌار ٿي ويو. ان دوران مارڪس سوشلسٽ [[جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن]] ۾ پڻ گهڻو سرگرم رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 contained on p. 674 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt; انجمن جون گڏجاڻيون وچ لنڊن جي وندر واري علائقي [[سوهو]] ۾ [[گريٽ ونڊمل اسٽريٽ]] تي ٿينديون هيون.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=151–155}}

هيءَ تنظيم پڻ پنهنجي ميمبرن جي اندروني اختلافن جو شڪار ٿي، جن مان ڪجهه مارڪس جي حمايت ڪندا هئا، جڏهن ته ٻيا شاپر–وليش ڌڙي سان گڏ هئا. هن اختلاف جا بنيادي مسئلا اهي ئي هئا، جيڪي ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي اندر پيدا ٿيل ورهاست ۾ سامهون آيا هئا. بهرحال، جرمن مزدورن جي تعليمي انجمن ۾ مارڪس شاپر–وليش ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد هارائي ويو ۽ 17 سيپٽمبر 1850ع تي انجمن تان استعيفا ڏئي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;Note 269 on p. 674 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' ۽ صحافت ===

لنڊن ۾ شروعاتي عرصي دوران مارڪس پاڻ کي لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل طور پنهنجي مطالعي لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سبب سندس ڪٽنب کي سخت غربت کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dussel |first1=Enrique D. |editor1-last=Moseley |editor1-first=Fred Baker |translator-last1=Angulo |translator-first1=Yolanda |title=Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=0415215455 |page=xxxiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;egsbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography/ |title=Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography |publisher=[[يورپي گريجوئيٽ اسڪول]] |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101839/http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography |archive-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس آمدنيءَ جو بنيادي ذريعو اينگلز هو، جنهن جي آمدني وري سندس مالدار صنعتڪار والد کان ايندي هئي.{{r|egsbio}}

پروشيا ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي اخبار جو ايڊيٽر ۽ ساڳئي فڪر وارين ٻين اخبارن جو ليکڪ هو، جنهن ذريعي هو سڌو سنئون پورهيت طبقي تائين پهچي سگهندو هو. پر لنڊن ۾، جتي پنهنجي اخبار هلائڻ لاءِ مالي وسيلا موجود نه هئا، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز بين الاقوامي صحافت ڏانهن رخ ڪيو. هڪ مرحلي تي سندن مضمون انگلينڊ، آمريڪا، [[پروشيا]]، آسٽريا ۽ ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي ڇهن مختلف اخبارن ۾ شايع ٿيندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 295.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي آمدنيءَ جو وڏو حصو 1852ع کان 1862ع تائين ''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' لاءِ يورپي نامي نگار طور ڪم ڪرڻ مان حاصل ٿيندو هو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kluger |first=Richard |title=The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune |url=https://archive.org/details/paperlife00klug |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0394508771}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|17}} جڏهن ته هو ٻين نسبتاً &quot;بورجوا&quot; اخبارن لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکندو هو. مارڪس جا جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ لکيل مضمون [[ولهيلم پيپر]] ترجمو ڪندو هو، جيستائين مارڪس جي انگريزيءَ تي ايتري دسترس نه ٿي وئي جو هو پاڻ سڌو سنئون انگريزيءَ ۾ لکڻ لڳو.

''[[نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون]]'' اپريل 1841ع ۾ [[هوريس گريلي]] قائم ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=274}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل بورڊ ۾ ترقي پسند بورجوا صحافي ۽ پبلشر شامل هئا، جن ۾ [[جارج رپلي]] ۽ ايڊيٽر [[چارلس اينڊرسن ڊينا]] نمايان هئا. ڊينا، جيڪو [[فوريئريت]] ۽ [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ]] جو حامي هو، مارڪس سان رابطي جو اهم ذريعو بڻيو. ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس لاءِ بحرِ اوقيانوس جي ٻنهي ڪنارن تائين پنهنجي خيالن جي پهچائڻ جو ذريعو ثابت ٿي، خاص طور [[هينري چارلس ڪيري]] خلاف سندس &quot;لڪل فڪري جدوجهد&quot; ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |editor1-last=Ryazanskaya |editor1-first=S. W. |translator-last1=Lasker |translator-first1=I. |chapter=Marx to Engels, June 14, 1853 |title=Selected Correspondence |year=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |pages=83–86 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيءَ اخبار شروعات کان ئي پورهيت طبقي ۾ مقبول هئي. ان جي قيمت رڳو ٻه سينٽ هئي،&lt;ref&gt;Taken from a picture on p. 327 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979).&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ هر اشاعت جا لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 نسخا ڇپجڻ سبب اها آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پڙهندڙن واري اخبار بڻجي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|14}} ان جي ايڊيٽوريل پاليسي ترقي پسند هئي ۽ غلاميءَ جي مخالفت ان جي باني گريلي جي فڪر جي عڪاسي ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluger&quot;/&gt;{{rp|82}} مارڪس جو پهريون مضمون، جيڪو برطانيا جي پارلياماني چونڊن بابت هو، 21 آگسٽ 1852ع تي شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–332.&lt;/ref&gt;

21 مارچ 1857ع تي ڊينا مارڪس کي اطلاع ڏنو ته معاشي بحران سبب هاڻي هر هفتي صرف هڪ مضمون جي ادائيگي ڪئي ويندي، پوءِ ڀلي اهو ڇپجي يا نه؛ جڏهن ته وڌيڪ مضمونن جي ادائيگي صرف انهن جي اشاعت جي صورت ۾ ٿيندي. مارڪس هر اڱاري ۽ جمعي تي پنهنجا مضمون موڪليندو هو، پر ساڳئي سال آڪٽوبر ۾ ''ٽربيون'' مارڪس ۽ [[بي. ٽيلر]] کان سواءِ يورپ ۾ موجود پنهنجا سڀ نامي نگار برطرف ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ مارڪس جا مضمون به هفتي ۾ رڳو هڪ تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏيا. سيپٽمبر کان نومبر 1860ع جي وچ ۾ سندس فقط پنج مضمون ڇپيا. ڇهن مهينن جي وقفي کان پوءِ هن سيپٽمبر 1861ع کان مارچ 1862ع تائين ٻيهر لکڻ شروع ڪيو، پر پوءِ ڊينا کيس لکي اطلاع ڏنو ته آمريڪا جي اندروني معاملن سبب لنڊن مان ايندڙ خبرن لاءِ ''ٽربيون'' ۾ هاڻي جاءِ نه رهي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;MECW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx|title=Marx &amp; Engels Collected Works, vol.41|date=15 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1868ع ۾ ڊينا هڪ مقابلي واري اخبار ''نيويارڪ سن'' قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پاڻ ايڊيٽر اعليٰ بڻيو.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Kluger, ''The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune'' (Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, New York, 1986) p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 1857ع ۾ هن مارڪس کي دعوت ڏني ته هو ''[[نيو آمريڪن سائڪلوپيڊيا]]'' لاءِ، خاص طور فوجي تاريخ بابت، مضمون لکي. اهو منصوبو جارج رپلي، جيڪو ''ٽربيون'' جو ادبي ايڊيٽر ۽ ڊينا جو دوست هو، پيش ڪيو هو. مجموعي طور مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا 67 مضمون شايع ٿيا، جن مان 51 اينگلز لکيا، جيتوڻيڪ انهن لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق مارڪس [[برٽش ميوزيم]] ۾ ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=262}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

1850ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين آمريڪي عوام جي يورپي معاملن ۾ دلچسپي گهٽجڻ لڳي، تنهنڪري مارڪس جا مضمون &quot;غلاميءَ جي بحران&quot; ۽ 1861ع ۾ شروع ٿيل [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] ڏانهن منتقل ٿي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Note 1 at p. 367 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 19'' (International Publishers: New York, 1984).&lt;/ref&gt; ڊسمبر 1851ع کان مارچ 1852ع تائين مارڪس [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب|1848ع جي فرانسيسي انقلاب]] بابت پنهنجي نظرياتي تصنيف ''[[لوئي نيپولين جي ارڙهين برومئير]]'' تي ڪم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 99–197.&lt;/ref&gt; هن ڪتاب ۾ هن [[تاريخي ماديت]]، [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]]، [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ بورجوا رياست تي پرولتاريه جي فتح جهڙن تصورن کي واضح ڪيو.

1850ع ۽ 1860ع جا ڏهاڪا عام طور هڪ اهڙي فڪري حد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جيڪا [[نوجوان مارڪس]] جي هيگلي [[مثاليت]] کي [[بالغ مارڪس]] جي [[جوڙجڪياتي مارڪسزم]] سان لاڳاپيل سائنسي نظريي کان الڳ ڪري ٿي. بهرحال، سڀئي عالم هن ورهاست کي قبول نٿا ڪن.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز لاءِ 1848ع ۽ 1849ع جي انقلابن جو تجربو سندن معاشي نظرين ۽ تاريخي ارتقا بابت سوچ جي تشڪيل ۾ بنيادي اهميت رکندڙ هو. 1848ع جي ناڪامين کان پوءِ کين محسوس ٿيو ته انقلابي جوش ختم ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ نئين معاشي بحران کان سواءِ وري پيدا نه ٿيندو. ان دوران مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿين جي وچ ۾ اختلاف به پيدا ٿيا؛ مارڪس انهن کي &quot;مهم جوئي ڪندڙ&quot; قرار ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته صرف مضبوط ارادي سان انقلاب آڻي سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ اهڙي سوچ غير حقيقي هئي، ڇو ته انقلابي حالتون پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ معاشي عنصر بنيادي شرط هو.

1852ع ۾ آمريڪا جي معاشي بحران مارڪس ۽ اينگلز کي اميد ڏني ته شايد انقلابي سرگرميون ٻيهر زور وٺنديون، پر جلد ئي سندن خيال ٿيو ته آمريڪي معيشت اڃا سرمائيداراڻي انقلاب لاءِ ڪافي پختي نه هئي. آمريڪا جي اولهه طرف موجود کليل علائقن سماجي بيچينيءَ جي قوتن کي منتشر ڪري ڇڏيو هو. وڌيڪ اهو ته آمريڪا ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ ڪو به معاشي بحران يورپ جي پراڻين قومي معيشتن ۾، جيڪي پنهنجي قومي سرحدن اندر بند نظام هيون، انقلابي لهر پيدا نه ڪندو. جڏهن 1857ع جو مشهور [[1857ع جو مالي بحران]] آمريڪا مان شروع ٿي عالمي سطح تائين پکڙيو، تڏهن ان معاشيات جي اڳوڻن نظرين کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ اهو جديد تاريخ جو پهريون حقيقي عالمي معاشي بحران ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 320.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== پهرين انٽرنيشنل ۽ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ===
[[File:Karl Marx, May 1861.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|لنڊن ۾ 1861ع دوران ورتل مارڪس جي سڀ کان پراڻي سڃاتل تصوير.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://marx200.org/en/fotografien/index.html |title=All Images of Marx Are Good |website=Marx 200 |access-date=2 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

مارڪس ''نيويارڪ ڊيلي ٽربيون'' لاءِ تيستائين مضمون لکندو رهيو، جيستائين کيس پڪ هئي ته ''ٽربيون'' جي ادارتي پاليسي اڃا ترقي پسند هئي. بهرحال، 1861ع جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ [[چارلس ڊينا]] جي اخبار ڇڏڻ ۽ ان جي نتيجي ۾ ادارتي بورڊ ۾ تبديلي اچڻ سان اخبار نئين ادارتي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 347.&lt;/ref&gt; ''ٽربيون'' هاڻي غلاميءَ جي مڪمل خاتمي ۽ [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين|يونين]] جي مڪمل فتح لاءِ آواز اٿاريندڙ مضبوط [[غلاميءَ جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ|غلامي مخالف]] اخبار نه رهي. نئين ادارتي بورڊ آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه ۾ يونين ۽ [[آمريڪا جون وفاقي رياستون|ڪنفيڊريسي]] جي وچ ۾ فوري صلح جي حمايت ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ ان سان ڪنفيڊريسيءَ ۾ غلامي برقرار رهي ها. مارڪس هن نئين سياسي موقف سان سخت اختلاف ڪيو ۽ 1863ع ۾ ''ٽربيون'' جي ليکڪ جي حيثيت تان دستبردار ٿيڻ تي مجبور ٿيو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=345}}

1864ع ۾ مارڪس [[بين الاقوامي مزدورن جي انجمن]]، جيڪا پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي نالي سان مشهور هئي، سان لاڳاپيل ٿيو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}} 1864ع ۾ تنظيم قائم ٿيڻ وقت کيس ان جي جنرل ڪائونسل جو ميمبر چونڊيو ويو.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616235612/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA269 267]}} هن تنظيم اندر مارڪس [[ميخائل باڪونن]] جي چوڌاري منظم ٿيل انارڪسٽ ڌڙي خلاف جدوجهد ۾ شامل رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} جيتوڻيڪ ان تڪرار ۾ مارڪس جو موقف غالب آيو، پر 1872ع ۾ جنرل ڪائونسل جو مرڪز لنڊن مان نيويارڪ منتقل ڪرڻ، جنهن جي مارڪس پڻ حمايت ڪئي، انٽرنيشنل جي زوال جو سبب بڻيو.

انٽرنيشنل جي وجود دوران سڀ کان اهم سياسي واقعو 1871ع جي [[پيرس ڪميون]] هو، جڏهن پيرس جي شهرين پنهنجي حڪومت خلاف بغاوت ڪري ٻه مهينا شهر تي ڪنٽرول قائم رکيو. ان بغاوت کي رت سان چيڀاٽڻ کان پوءِ مارڪس پنهنجي سڀ کان مشهور پمفليٽن مان هڪ، ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]''، لکيو، جنهن ۾ هن ڪميون جو دفاع ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;The Civil War in France&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 22'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 307–359.&lt;/ref&gt;

پورهيت انقلابن ۽ تحريڪن جي بار بار ناڪامين ۽ مايوسين سبب مارڪس [[مارڪسي نظريي موجب سرمائيداراڻو طرزِ پيداوار|سرمائيداراڻي طرزِ پيداوار]] کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان جي مناسب تنقيد تيار ڪرڻ جي به ڪوشش ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ هن [[برٽش ميوزيم]] جي مطالعي واري ڪمري ۾ گهڻو وقت تحقيق ڪندي گذاريو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=20}} 1857ع تائين مارڪس سرمائي، [[زميني ملڪيت]]، اجرتي محنت، رياست، پرڏيهي واپار ۽ عالمي منڊيءَ بابت 800 کان وڌيڪ صفحن تي ٻڌل نوٽ ۽ مختصر مضمون گڏ ڪري چڪو هو. هي مواد 1939ع تائين شايع نه ٿيو، جڏهن اهو ''[[گرونڊرِسِه|گرونڊرِسِه ڊير ڪريٽڪ ڊير پوليٽشن اوڪونومي]]'' (سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد جا خاڪا) جي عنوان هيٺ شايع ٿيو&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 5–537.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858&quot; contained in the Preparatory Materials section of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'' (International Publishers: New York, 1987) pp. 421–507.&lt;/ref&gt;

1859ع ۾ مارڪس پنهنجي تصنيف ''[[سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو]]'' شايع ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'', pp. 257–417.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا سياسي معيشت بابت سندس پهرين سنجيده تنقيدي تصنيف هئي. هي ڪتاب سندس ٽن جلدن واري ''[[داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' (معنيٰ: ''سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد'') جو رڳو ابتدائي خاڪو هو، جنهن کي هو پوءِ شايع ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکندو هو. ''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' ۾ مارڪس معاشي سوچ جي بنيادي مفروضن ۽ درجابندين جو تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Postone|1993|pp=54–55, 173, 192}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marx |title=Economic Manuscripts: Appendix I: Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |quote=[...] اڪيلو ۽ سماج کان الڳ شڪاري يا مهاڻو، جنهن کي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو پنهنجي بحث جي شروعاتي نقطي طور پيش ڪن ٿا، ارڙهين صديءَ جي رابنسن ڪروسو جهڙن رومانوي قصن جي بي تخيل خيالي تخليقن مان هڪ آهي. سماجي تاريخدانن جي دعوائن جي ابتڙ، اهي ڪردار رڳو حد کان وڌيل تهذيب خلاف ردعمل يا ڪنهن غلط سمجهيل فطري زندگيءَ ڏانهن واپسيءَ جي نمائندگي نٿا ڪن. [...] هي هڪ وهم آهي، ۽ ننڍين توڙي وڏين رابنسوني ڪهاڻين جو رڳو جمالياتي وهم. حقيقت ۾، اهو اهڙي ”بورجوا سماج“ جي اڳڪٿي آهي، جيڪو سورهين صديءَ ۾ اڀرڻ لڳو ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ ۾ پختگيءَ ڏانهن تيزيءَ سان وڌيو.

آزاد مقابلي تي ٻڌل هن سماج ۾ فرد ظاهري طور انهن فطري لاڳاپن کان آزاد نظر اچي ٿو، جيڪي گذريل تاريخي دورن ۾ کيس انسانن جي ڪنهن مخصوص ۽ محدود جماعت جو جزو بڻائيندا هئا. ارڙهين صديءَ جا مفڪر، جن جي فڪر تي ايڊم سمٿ ۽ ريڪارڊو اڃا مڪمل طور بيٺل هئا، هن ارڙهين صديءَ واري فرد کي—جيڪو هڪ پاسي جاگيردار سماج جي ٽٽڻ ۽ ٻئي پاسي سورهين صديءَ کان ترقي ڪندڙ نين پيداواري قوتن جو نتيجو هو—اهڙي مثالي انسان طور پيش ڪندا هئا، جنهن جو وجود ڄڻ ماضيءَ سان تعلق رکندو هو. هنن فرد کي تاريخي عمل جي نتيجي طور نه، پر تاريخ جي شروعاتي نقطي طور ڏٺو.&lt;br /&gt;
[...]&lt;br /&gt;
”محنت“ ظاهري طور هڪ تمام سادي درجي بندي لڳي ٿي. محنت جو تصور هن عام ۽ آفاقي صورت ۾، يعني عام محنت طور، به نهايت پراڻو آهي. تنهن هوندي به معاشي لحاظ کان ”محنت“ پنهنجي هن سادي صورت ۾ اوترو ئي جديد درجو آهي، جيترا اهي سماجي لاڳاپا جديد آهن، جيڪي هن سادي تجريد کي جنم ڏين ٿا.|archive-date=8 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208230946/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Calhoun|2012|p=138|ps=: &quot;Marx used social criticism as his standard form of social analysis. Marx defined criticism as the 'radical negation of social reality.{{'&quot;}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن تصنيف کي وڏي جوش سان قبول ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڇاپو جلد وڪامي ويو.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=318}}

[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[سرمايو: سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد|داس ڪاپيٽال]]'' جو پهريون جلد]]

''سياسي معيشت جي تنقيد ۾ حصو'' جي ڪامياب وڪري مارڪس کي 1860ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڏي ڪم جا ٽي جلد مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ همٿايو. انهن ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' ۽ ''[[فاضل قدر جا نظريا]]'' شامل هئا. پوئين تصنيف ۾ هن سياسي معيشت جي نظريه دانن، خاص طور [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ ريڪارڊو]]، جي نظرين تي بحث ۽ تنقيد ڪئي.{{r|egsbio}} ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' کي اڪثر ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو چوٿون جلد چيو ويندو آهي ۽ اهو [[معاشي فڪر جي تاريخ]] بابت پهرين جامع تصنيفن مان هڪ آهي

1867ع ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو پهريون جلد شايع ٿيو، جنهن ۾ سرمائي جو تنقيدي تجزيو پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' سرمائيداراڻي [[پيداواري طرز]] جي ابتدا کان ان جي امڪاني مستقبل تائين ان جي &quot;حرڪت جي قانونن&quot; جي وضاحت پيش ڪري ٿو. ڪتاب ۾ سرمائي جي گڏجڻ جي حرڪتن، [[اجرتي محنت]] جي واڌ، ڪم جي جڳهه جي تبديلي، [[سرمائي جي گڏجاڻي]]، مقابلي، [[بئنڪنگ]] نظام، [[نفعي جي شرح گهٽجڻ جو لاڙو]]، زميني محصول ۽ ان ڳالهه تي بحث ڪيو ويو آهي ته اجرتي محنت ڪيئن مسلسل سرمائي جي حڪمراني کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27. 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}} مارڪس موجب سرمائي جي محرڪ قوت [[محنت جو استحصال|محنت جي استحصال]] ۾ آهي، ۽ پورهيتن جي بي اجرت محنت [[فاضل قدر]] جو آخري ذريعو آهي.

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي روسي ترجمي جي وڌندڙ گهرج سبب ان جا روسي ٻوليءَ ۾ 3,000 نسخا ڇپيا، جيڪي 27 مارچ 1872ع تي شايع ٿيا. 1871ع جي سرءُ تائين جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ پهرين ڇاپي جا سڀ نسخا وڪامي چڪا هئا، جنهن کان پوءِ ٻيو ڇاپو شايع ڪيو ويو.

[[File:Karl-Marx (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|مارڪس جي 1875ع واري تصوير]]

''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جا ٻيا ۽ ٽيان جلد مارڪس جي حياتيءَ ۾ مسودن جي صورت ۾ رهيا، جن تي هو پنهنجي باقي زندگي ڪم ڪندو رهيو. مارڪس جي وفات کان پوءِ ٻئي جلد اينگلز شايع ڪيا.{{r|egsbio}} ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو جلد اينگلز تيار ڪري 1885ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٻيو: سرمائي جي گردش جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 36'' (International Publishers: New York, 1997).&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيون جلد نَوَ سال پوءِ، آڪٽوبر 1894ع ۾ ''سرمايو، جلد ٽيون: مجموعي طور سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار جو عمل'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole&quot; embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1998).&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' وسيع ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' مان ورتل هو، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٻيو مسودو هئا. اهي مسودا ''مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جا گڏيل ڪم'' جي جلدن 30 کان 34 تائين پکڙيل آهن. خاص طور ''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جلد 30 جي پوئين حصي کان شروع ٿي جلد 32 جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين هلن ٿا؛&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30'' (International Publishers: New York, 1988) pp. 318–451.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 31'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–580.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, &quot;Theories of Surplus Value&quot; contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 32'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–543.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته مڪمل ''1861ع–1863ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جلد 30 جي شروعات کان جلد 34 جي پهرين اڌ تائين پکڙيل آهن. جلد 34 جي پوئين اڌ ۾ ''1863ع–1864ع جا معاشي مسودا'' جا بچيل ٽڪرا شامل آهن، جيڪي ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جو ٽيون مسودو هئا. انهن جو وڏو حصو پينگوئن جي ''داس ڪاپيٽال''، جلد پهرئين، جي ضميمي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |title=Economic Works of Karl Marx 1861–1864 |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716154952/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''فاضل قدر جا نظريا'' جو مختصر جرمن ڇاپو 1905ع ۽ 1910ع ۾ شايع ٿيو. ان مختصر ڇاپي جو انگريزي ترجمو 1951ع ۾ لنڊن مان شايع ڪيو ويو، جڏهن ته مڪمل ۽ غير مختصر ڇاپو 1963ع ۽ 1971ع ۾ ماسڪو مان ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي &quot;چوٿين جلد&quot; طور شايع ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;See note 228 on p. 475 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30''.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{پڻ ڏسو |پوئين دور جو مارڪس}}
[[File:Marx8.jpg|thumb|upright|1882ع ۾ مارڪس]]

پنهنجي زندگيءَ جي آخري ڏهاڪي دوران مارڪس جي صحت مسلسل خراب ٿيندي وئي ۽ هو اڳين دور وانگر ڊگهي عرصي تائين محنت ڪرڻ جي قابل نه رهيو.{{r|egsbio}} تنهن هوندي به هن همعصر سياست، خاص طور جرمني ۽ روس جي معاملن، تي اهم تبصرا ڪيا. سندس ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ هن پنهنجن پوئلڳن [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ [[آگسٽ بيبل]] جي ان رجحان جي مخالفت ڪئي، جنهن تحت هو متحد سوشلسٽ جماعت ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[فرڊيننڊ لاسال]] جي [[رياستي سوشلزم]] وارن خيالن سان ٺاهه ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.{{r|egsbio}} هيءَ تصنيف مارڪس جي مشهور قول، &quot;[[هر ڪنهن کان سندس صلاحيت مطابق، هر ڪنهن کي سندس ضرورت مطابق]]&quot;، سبب پڻ مشهور آهي.

8 مارچ 1881ع تي [[ويرا زاسوليچ]] ڏانهن لکيل خط ۾ مارڪس ان امڪان تي غور ڪيو ته روس سرمائيداراڻي ترقيءَ واري مرحلي کي ٽپي، ڳوٺاڻي ''[[مير (سماج)|مير]]'' ۾ موجود گڏيل زميني ملڪيت جي بنياد تي ڪميونزم قائم ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{r|egsbio}}&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Collected Works Volume 46'' (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 71.&lt;/ref&gt; روس جي ڳوٺاڻي &quot;ڪميون&quot; کي &quot;روس جي سماجي نئين سر جوڙجڪ جو مرڪزي سهارو&quot; قرار ڏيندي مارڪس خبردار ڪيو ته جيڪڏهن مير کي سرمائيداراڻي مرحلي کان سواءِ سڌو سوشلسٽ مرحلي ڏانهن منتقليءَ جو ذريعو بڻائڻو آهي، ته &quot;سڀ کان پهرين انهن نقصانڪار اثرن کي ختم ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو، جيڪي ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون تي هر طرف کان حملو ڪري رهيا آهن&quot;. انهن نقصانڪار اثرن جي خاتمي کان پوءِ مارڪس موجب ڳوٺاڻي ڪميون جي &quot;پاڻمرادو ترقيءَ جون عام حالتون&quot; موجود ٿي سگهن ٿيون.

بهرحال، ساڳئي خط ۾ مارڪس نشاندهي ڪئي ته &quot;سرمائيداراڻي نظام جي بنياد ۾... پيدا ڪندڙ کي پيداوار جي وسيلن کان مڪمل طور جدا ڪرڻ شامل آهي&quot;. هن خط جي هڪ مسودي ۾ مارڪس جي [[بشريات]] ڏانهن وڌندڙ دلچسپي ظاهر ٿئي ٿي، جيڪا سندس ان يقين مان پيدا ٿي ته مستقبل جو ڪميونزم اسان جي قبل از تاريخي ماضيءَ جي اشتراڪيت ڏانهن هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ سطح تي واپسي هوندو. هن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
اسان جي دور جو تاريخي لاڙو اهو اڻٽر بحران آهي، جنهن مان يورپ ۽ آمريڪا جي انهن ملڪن ۾ سرمائيداراڻي پيداوار گذري رهي آهي، جتي اها پنهنجي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي چڪي آهي. هي بحران ان جي تباهيءَ ۽ جديد سماج جي سڀ کان قديم صورت، يعني گڏيل پيداوار ۽ گڏيل ملڪيت، جي هڪ وڌيڪ اعليٰ شڪل ڏانهن واپسيءَ تي ختم ٿيندو.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

هن وڌيڪ لکيو ته &quot;ابتدائي برادرين جي حياتياتي قوت سامي، يوناني، رومي وغيره سماجن کان بي انداز وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ جديد سرمائيداراڻي سماجن کان ته اڃا به وڌيڪ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;K. Marx, First draft of the letter to Vera Zasulich [1881]. In Marx-Engels ''Collected Works'', Volume 24, p. 346.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي وفات کان اڳ مارڪس اينگلز کي اهي خيال مرتب ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. اهي 1884ع ۾ ''[[خاندان، نجي ملڪيت ۽ رياست جو بڻ بنياد]]'' جي عنوان سان شايع ٿيا، جيڪو جزوي طور مارڪس پاران [[ليوس ايڇ. مورگن]] جي ڪتاب ''[[قديم سماج]]'' بابت لکيل نوٽن تي ٻڌل هو.

== ذاتي زندگي ==

=== خاندان ===
[[File:Jenny laura marx.jpg|thumb|upright|جيني ڪيرولائنا ۽ جيني لورا مارڪس (1869ع): مارڪس جي سڀني ڌيئرن جو نالو سندن ماءُ [[جيني فون ويسٽفالين]] جي عزت ۾ جيني رکيو ويو هو.]]

مارڪس ۽ فون ويسٽفالين کي ست ٻار ٿيا، پر لنڊن ۾ رهائش دوران سندن ڏکين معاشي ۽ رهائشي حالتن سبب رڳو ٽي ٻار بالغ عمر تائين زنده رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Singer |author-link=Peter Singer |year=2000 |title=Marx: A very short introduction |page=5 |isbn=0192854054 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندن ٻار هي هئا: [[جيني لونگي|جيني ڪيرولائنا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لونگي؛ 1844ع–1883ع)، [[لورا مارڪس|جيني لورا]] (شاديءَ کان پوءِ لافارگ؛ 1845ع–1911ع)، ايڊگر (1847ع–1855ع)، هينري ايڊورڊ گائي (&quot;گيدو&quot;؛ 1849ع–1850ع)، جيني ايويلين فرانسس (&quot;فرانزسڪا&quot;؛ 1851ع–1852ع)، [[ايلينور مارڪس|جيني جوليا ايلينور]] (1855ع–1898ع)، ۽ هڪ ٻيو ٻار، جيڪو نالو رکڻ کان اڳ ئي جولاءِ 1857ع ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس ناٺي [[پال لافارگ]] موجب مارڪس هڪ پيار ڪندڙ پيءُ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Lafargue |author-link=Paul Lafargue |editor=[[مارڪس–اينگلز–لينن ادارو]] |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1972 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |title=''Reminiscences of Marx'' (September 1890) |quote=هو هڪ پيار ڪندڙ، نرم دل ۽ درگذر ڪندڙ پيءُ هو. [...] پنهنجي ڌيئرن سان سندس لاڳاپن ۾ حڪم هلائيندڙ پيءُ واري روش جو ذري برابر به نشان نه هو، جڏهن ته سندس ڌيئرن جو ساڻس پيار غيرمعمولي هو. هو کين ڪڏهن به حڪم نه ڏيندو هو، پر جيڪو ڪم ڪرائڻ چاهيندو هو، تنهن لاءِ کين مهربانيءَ طور درخواست ڪندو هو، يا اهڙي نموني احساس ڏياريندو هو ته جنهن ڳالهه کان هو کين روڪڻ چاهي ٿو، اها کين نه ڪرڻ گهرجي. تنهن هوندي به شايد ئي ڪنهن پيءُ جا ٻار هن جي ٻارن جيترا فرمانبردار رهيا هجن.|access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133812/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1962ع ۾ اهو الزام سامهون آيو ته مارڪس کي پنهنجي گهر جي ملازمہ [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]] مان شاديءَ کان ٻاهر فريڊي نالي هڪ پٽ ٿيو هو،&lt;ref name=Montefiore&gt;{{cite news|last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |title=The Means of Reproduction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |work=[[نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز]] |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926042626/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=173}} پر دستاويزي ثبوتن جي کوٽ سبب هن دعويٰ تي اختلاف ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carver, 1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |quote=this [claim] is not well founded on the documentary materials available |last=Carver |first=Terrell |title=The Cambridge Companion to Marx |year=1991 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521366946 |page=11 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |editor-last=Carver |editor-first=Terrell |chapter=Reading Marx: Life and Works |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608131100/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيلين ڊيمٿ مارڪس جي ڀروسي جوڳي ساٿي پڻ هئي. [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] پاران لکيل سندس تعزيتي نوٽ ۾ هن جي ڪردار بابت ڄاڻايو ويو آهي ته: &quot;مارڪس هيلينا ڊيمٿ کان نه رڳو پارٽيءَ جي ڏکين ۽ پيچيده معاملن ۾، پر پنهنجي معاشي لکڻين بابت به صلاح وٺندو هو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helene Demuth Obituary |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/family/demuth/obitry.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس اڪثر فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو، خاص طور گهر يا فليٽ مسواڙ تي وٺڻ وقت، شايد ان لاءِ ته سرڪاري اختيارين لاءِ سندس پتو لڳائڻ ڏکيو ٿئي. پيرس ۾ هو &quot;موسيو رامبوز&quot; جو نالو استعمال ڪندو هو، جڏهن ته لنڊن ۾ پنهنجن خطن جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ &quot;اي. وليمز&quot; لکي صحيح ڪندو هو. سندس دوست سندس سانوري رنگ ۽ ڪارن گهنڊيدار وارن سبب کيس &quot;مور&quot; سڏيندا هئا، جڏهن ته هن پنهنجن ٻارن کي پاڻ کي &quot;اولڊ نِڪ&quot; ۽ &quot;چارلي&quot; سڏڻ جي همٿ ڏني.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}} هو پنهنجن دوستن ۽ گهرڀاتين لاءِ پڻ لقب ۽ فرضي نالا استعمال ڪندو هو؛ فريڊرش اينگلز کي &quot;جنرل&quot;، گهر جي ملازمہ هيلين کي &quot;لينچن&quot; يا &quot;نِم&quot;، ڌيءَ جينيچن کي &quot;ڪُئي ڪُئي، [[چين جو شهنشاهه]]&quot;، ۽ لورا کي &quot;[[ڪاڪاٽو|ڪاڪادو]]&quot; يا &quot;[[خوئي خوئي|هوٽنٽوٽ]]&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}}

=== صحت ===
مارڪس 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٽرائر ٽاورن ڪلب نالي شراب نوشي واري تنظيم ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ گهڻي شراب نوشي ڪرڻ لڳو ۽ اهو سلسلو سندس وفات تائين جاري رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;drinking1&quot;/&gt;

مارڪس گهڻي عرصي تائين خراب صحت جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن کي هو پاڻ &quot;وجود جي بدحالي&quot; سڏيندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}} مختلف ليکڪن سندس بيمارين جي نوعيت ۽ سببن جي وضاحت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سندس سوانح نگار ورنر بلومينبرگ موجب انهن جو سبب جگر ۽ پتيءَ جون بيماريون هيون، جيڪي مارڪس کي 1849ع ۾ ٿيون ۽ پوءِ هو انهن مان مڪمل طور صحتياب نه ٿي سگهيو. نامناسب طرزِ زندگيءَ انهن بيمارين کي وڌيڪ شديد بڻايو. بيماريءَ جا دورا اڪثر مٿي جي سور، اکين جي سوزش، مٿي ۾ [[تنتي سور]] ۽ سنڌن جي سور سان گڏ ٿيندا هئا. 1877ع ۾ کيس تنتي نظام جي هڪ سنگين بيماري ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊگهي عرصي تائين [[بي خوابي]] رهيس، جنهن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هو نشي آور دوائون استعمال ڪندو هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}}

رات جو حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ ۽ نامناسب خوراڪ سبب سندس بيماري وڌيڪ بگڙندي رهي. مارڪس تيز مصالحن واري کاڌي، دونهي ۾ سڪايل مڇي، ڪئويار ۽ اچاريل ڪڪڙين جو شوقين هو، جيتوڻيڪ اهي سڀ شيون جگر جي بيمارن لاءِ نقصانڪار هيون. کيس شراب ۽ ليڪور به پسند هئا ۽ هو تمام گهڻا سگار پيئندو هو؛ مالي تنگيءَ سبب اهي اڪثر گهٽ معيار جا هوندا هئا. 1863ع کان مارڪس ڦٽن ۽ ڦرڙين جي گهڻي شڪايت ڪرڻ لڳو. بلومينبرگ موجب &quot;اهي جگر جي مريضن ۾ گهڻو ٿيندا آهن ۽ ممڪن آهي ته انهن جا سبب به ساڳيا هجن.&quot;{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}} اهي ڦرڙا ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو مارڪس نه صحيح نموني ويهي سگهندو هو ۽ نه سڌو بيهي ڪم ڪري سگهندو هو. بلومينبرگ موجب مارڪس ۾ چڙچڙاپڻ جگر جي بيمارن ۾ عام طور ڏسجندڙ ڪيفيت هئي:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
بيماريءَ سندس شخصيت جي ڪجهه خاصيتن کي وڌيڪ نمايان ڪري ڇڏيو. هو بحث ۾ تمام تيز هوندو هو، سندس چڀندڙ طنز توهين کان به نه ڪيٻائيندو هو ۽ سندس اظهار ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بي ادبي ۽ سختيءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو هو. جيتوڻيڪ مجموعي طور مارڪس پنهنجن ويجهن دوستن تي انڌو اعتماد رکندو هو، پر پاڻ به شڪايت ڪندو هو ته ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هو انهن سان به حد کان وڌيڪ شڪي ۽ ناانصاف ٿي ويندو هو. دشمنن ته ڇا، دوستن بابت به سندس فيصلا ڪڏهن ايترا سخت هوندا هئا جو گهٽ حساس ماڻهو به ناراض ٿي پوندا هئا... شايد تمام ٿورا ماڻهو اهڙا هئا، جن تي هن اهڙي تنقيد نه ڪئي هجي... اينگلز به ان کان بچيل نه هو.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|pp=99–100}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي جي تاريخدان [[جيرالڊ سيگل]] موجب، نوجوانيءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ مارڪس کي نمونيا يا پلوريسي ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن جي اثرن سبب کيس پروشيائي فوجي خدمت کان ڇوٽ ملي. پوئين زندگيءَ ۾ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' تي ڪم ڪندي، جنهن کي هو مڪمل نه ڪري سگهيو،{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=494}} مارڪس ٽن اهم بيمارين جو شڪار رهيو. جگر جي بيماري، جيڪا شايد موروثي هئي، حد کان وڌيڪ ڪم، خراب خوراڪ ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ سبب وڌيڪ بگڙي وئي. رات جو گهڻو ڪم ڪرڻ سبب سندس اکين ۾ سوزش ٿيندي هئي. ٽئين بيماري طور کيس ڪاربنڪل يا ڦرڙا ٿيندا هئا، جيڪي &quot;شايد جسماني ڪمزوريءَ جو نتيجو هئا؛ مارڪس جي طرزِ زندگيءَ جون مختلف خاصيتون، جهڙوڪ شراب، تمباڪو، خراب غذا ۽ ننڊ جي کوٽ، انهن سڀني ان ۾ حصو ورتو.&quot; اينگلز اڪثر مارڪس کي پنهنجي خطرناڪ طرزِ زندگي بدلائڻ جي صلاح ڏيندو هو. سيگل موجب مارڪس پاران پنهنجي صحت کي اهڙي سخت نموني نقصان پهچائڻ جي پويان ذاتي مفادن ۽ خودپسنديءَ بابت ڏوهه جو احساس ٿي سگهي ٿو، جيڪو اصل ۾ سندس والد مارڪس جي ذهن ۾ پيدا ڪيو هو.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=495–496}}

2007ع ۾ [[نيوڪاسل يونيورسٽي]] جي چمڙيءَ جي ماهر سام شسٽر مارڪس جي چمڙيءَ جي بيماريءَ جي [[پوئين دور جي تشخيص]] ڪئي. شسٽر موجب وڌيڪ ممڪن وضاحت اها هئي ته مارڪس جگر جي بيماريءَ بدران [[هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا]] جو شڪار هو، جيڪا وار جي ڦوٽن ۾ کلندڙ [[اپوڪرائن]] نالين جي بند ٿيڻ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ورجائيندڙ وچڙندڙ بيماري آهي.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|pp=1–2}} شسٽر بيماريءَ جي امڪاني [[نفسياتي ۽ سماجي]] اثرن تي پڻ غور ڪيو. هن نشاندهي ڪئي ته چمڙي رابطي جو هڪ اهم عضوو آهي، ۽ هائڊراڊينائٽس سپوريٽيوا شديد نفسياتي تڪليف پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ نفرت، بيزاري، ذاتي تصور، مزاج ۽ خوشحاليءَ ۾ گهٽتائي شامل آهن. شسٽر موجب مارڪس جي خطن ۾ اهڙن احساسن جا &quot;گهڻا ثبوت&quot; موجود آهن. هن اهو سوال به اٿاريو ته ڇا بيماريءَ جي ذهني اثرن مارڪس جي لکڻين تي اثر وڌو ۽ شايد سندس [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگيءَ واري نظريي]] جي تشڪيل ۾ پڻ ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Shuster|2008|p=3}}

=== وفات ===
[[File:Grave of Karl Marx Highgate Cemetery in London 2016 (10).jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو]]، اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]]، لنڊن]]

ڊسمبر 1881ع ۾ سندس زال جيني جي وفات کان پوءِ مارڪس کي [[نزلو]] ٿيو، جنهن سندس زندگيءَ جي آخري پندرهن مهينن دوران سندس صحت خراب رکي. آخرڪار ان بيماريءَ مان [[ساھ جي نلين جي سوزش]] ۽ [[ڦڦڙن جي پردي جي سوزش]] پيدا ٿي، جن سبب هو 14 مارچ 1883ع تي لنڊن ۾ 64 ورهين جي عمر ۾ [[بي وطن]] شخص جي حيثيت ۾ فوت ٿي ويو. سندس گهرڀاتين ۽ دوستن 17 مارچ 1883ع تي کيس لنڊن جي اوڀر [[هائي گيٽ قبرستان]] ۾، لاادري ۽ ملحد ماڻهن لاءِ مخصوص حصي ۾ دفن ڪيو. [[فرانسس وين]] موجب سندس جنازي ۾ نَوَ کان يارهن ماڻهو شامل هئا.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&amp;pg=PA382 382]}}همعصر ذريعن جي تحقيق موجب جنازي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ تيرهن سڃاتل ماڻهو موجود هئا: [[فريڊرش اينگلز]]، [[ايلينور مارڪس]]، [[ايڊورڊ ايولنگ]]، [[پال لافارگ]]، [[شارل لونگي]]، [[هيلين ڊيمٿ]]، [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]]، گوٽليب ليمڪي، [[فريڊرڪ ليسنر]]، جي. لوخنر، سر [[ري لينڪيسٽر]]، [[ڪارل شورليمر]] ۽ [[ارنسٽ ريڊفورڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;John Shepperd, 'Who was really at Marx's funeral?', in &quot;Friends of Highgate Cemetery Newsletter &quot;, April (2018), pp. 10–11. https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074940/https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf |date=4 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ همعصر اخبار موجب جنازي ۾ پنجويهن کان ٽيهه مٽن مائٽن ۽ دوستن شرڪت ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx', in ''[[دي سنڊي پيپل|دي پيپل]]'', 25 March 1883, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[دي گرافڪ]]'' جي هڪ ليکڪ لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
هڪ عجيب غلطيءَ سبب... سندس وفات جو اعلان ٻن ڏينهن تائين نه ڪيو ويو، ۽ پوءِ به اهو چيو ويو ته سندس وفات پيرس ۾ ٿي آهي. ٻئي ڏينهن پيرس مان تصحيح آئي؛ ۽ جڏهن سندس دوست ۽ پوئلڳ دفن جي وقت ۽ هنڌ بابت ڄاڻڻ لاءِ [[هيورسٽاڪ هل]] ۾ سندس گهر پهتا، تڏهن کين معلوم ٿيو ته هو اڳ ئي ٿڌي زمين ۾ دفن ٿي چڪو هو. جيڪڏهن اها رازداري ۽ تڪڙ نه ڪئي وڃي ها ته سندس قبر تي يقيناً هڪ وڏو عوامي مظاهرو ٿئي ها.&lt;ref&gt;'Dr Karl Marx' in ''The Graphic'', 31 March 1883, pp. 319, 322.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

سندس ڪيترن ويجهن دوستن جنازي ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن ۾ [[ولهيلم ليبڪنيخت]] ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز شامل هئا. اينگلز جي تقرير ۾ هي لفظ شامل هئا:

{{blockquote|
14 مارچ تي منجهند جو پوڻين ٽين وڳي، زنده انسانن مان سڀ کان وڏو مفڪر سوچڻ ڇڏي ويو. کيس رڳو ٻن منٽن لاءِ اڪيلو ڇڏيو ويو هو، ۽ جڏهن اسين واپس آياسين ته کيس پنهنجي ڪرسيءَ تي سڪون سان سمهيل ڏٺوسين—پر هميشه لاءِ.
}}

مارڪس جون زنده بچيل ڌيئرون [[ايلينور مارڪس|ايلينور]] ۽ [[لورا مارڪس|لورا]]، ۽ سندس ٻه فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ناٺي [[شارل لونگي]] ۽ [[پال لافارگ]] پڻ جنازي ۾ موجود هئا. سندس زال ۽ وڏي ڌيءَ اڳ ئي فوت ٿي چڪيون هيون؛ وڏي ڌيءَ جنوري 1883ع ۾، مارڪس کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ، وفات ڪئي هئي. جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽيءَ جي باني ۽ اڳواڻ ليبڪنيخت جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾ تقرير ڪئي، جڏهن ته فرانسيسي پورهيت تحريڪ جي اهم اڳواڻ لونگي فرانسيسيءَ ۾ مختصر خطاب ڪيو. فرانس ۽ اسپين جي پورهيت جماعتن پاران موڪليل ٻه [[تار]] پڻ پڙهيا ويا; هڪ ميڊرڊ واري شاخ طرفان [[هوسي ميسا اي ليومپارٽ]] موڪليو هو، ۽ ٻيو فرانسيسي مزدورن جي پارٽيءَ جي پيرس شاخ طرفان سيڪريٽري ليپين موڪليو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1883: The death of Karl Marx |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; اينگلز جي تقرير سميت اهو ئي جنازي جو مڪمل پروگرام هو.

جنازي ۾ شامل غير مائٽن ۾ مارڪس جا ٽي ڪميونسٽ ساٿي پڻ هئا: فريڊرڪ ليسنر، جنهن کي 1852ع جي [[ڪولون ڪميونسٽ مقدمو]] کان پوءِ ٽي سال قيد ڪيو ويو هو؛ جي. لوخنر، جنهن کي اينگلز &quot;ڪميونسٽ ليگ جو پراڻو ميمبر&quot; قرار ڏنو؛ ۽ [[ڪارل شورليمر]]، جيڪو مانچسٽر ۾ ڪيميا جو پروفيسر، [[رائل سوسائٽي]] جو ميمبر ۽ 1848ع جي [[باڊن انقلاب]] ۾ شامل ڪميونسٽ ڪارڪن هو. جنازي ۾ [[ري لينڪيسٽر]] نالي برطانوي حيوانيات دان پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو پوءِ هڪ اهم عالم بڻيو.

وصيت جي عدالتي تصديق وقت مارڪس جي ذاتي ملڪيت جي قيمت 250 پائونڊ مقرر ڪئي وئي،&lt;ref name=&quot;probate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk |title=Marx, Karl |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=1883 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807135123/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا 2024ع جي حساب سان لڳ ڀڳ 38,095 پائونڊ جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=£250 in 1883 → 2024 {{!}} UK Inflation Calculator |url=https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=www.in2013dollars.com |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128173620/https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1895ع ۾ پنهنجي وفات وقت اينگلز پنهنجي وڏي ملڪيت جو &quot;نمايان حصو&quot; مارڪس جي ٻن زنده بچيل ڌيئرن لاءِ ڇڏيو، جنهن جي قيمت 2024ع جي حساب سان 68 لک آمريڪي ڊالر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Montefiore&quot;/&gt;

نومبر 1954ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ سندس خاندان جي باقيات کي ويجهو ئي هڪ نئين هنڌ ٻيهر دفن ڪيو ويو. نئين هنڌ تي قائم [[ڪارل مارڪس جو مقبرو|مقبرين]] جو افتتاح 14 مارچ 1956ع تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|title=Marx monument unveiled in Highgate cemetery – archive, 15 March 1956|date=15 March 2016|access-date=7 January 2018|work=The Guardian|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227094820/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان تي ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي آخري سٽ، &quot;[[دنيا جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!|سڀني ملڪن جا پورهيتو، متحد ٿيو!]]&quot;، ۽ اينگلز پاران ترتيب ڏنل يارهين &quot;[[فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز|فوئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]&quot; مان هي قول اُڪريل آهي: &quot;فلسفين دنيا جي رڳو مختلف طريقن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي—پر اصل ڳالهه ان کي بدلائڻ آهي.&quot;  [[برطانيا جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] اهو يادگار تعمير ڪرايو، جنهن تي [[لارنس بريڊشا]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو نيم مجسمو لڳايو ويو؛ جڏهن ته مارڪس جي اصل قبر تي رڳو سادي سينگار هئي.

مارڪسي تاريخدان [[ايرڪ هابسبام]] لکيو ته: &quot;اهو نٿو چئي سگهجي ته مارڪس ناڪام شخص طور فوت ٿيو.&quot; جيتوڻيڪ برطانيا ۾ سندس پوئلڳن جو تعداد وڏو نه هو، پر سندس لکڻيون جرمني ۽ روس جي کاٻي ڌر جي تحريڪن تي اثر وجهڻ شروع ڪري چڪيون هيون. سندس وفات کان پنجويهن سالن اندر براعظمي يورپ جون اهي سوشلسٽ جماعتون، جيڪي پنهنجي سياست تي مارڪس جي اثر کي تسليم ڪنديون هيون، [[نمائنده جمهوريت|نمائنده جمهوري]] چونڊن ۾ نمايان ڪاميابيون حاصل ڪري چڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Hob11|Hobsbawm 2011]]. pp. 3–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== فڪر ==
{{Marxism}}

=== اثر ===
{{Main|ڪارل مارڪس تي اثر}}

مارڪس جي فڪر تي ڪيترن ئي مفڪرن ۽ فڪري روايتن جو اثر هو، جن ۾ هيٺيان خاص طور شامل آهن:

* [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل]] جو فلسفو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
* [[ايڊم سمٿ]] ۽ [[ڊيوڊ رڪارڊو]] جي ڪلاسيڪي [[سياسي معيشت]]، گڏوگڏ [[جان شارل ليونار ڊي سسموندي]] جي آزاد منڊي واري معيشت (''laissez-faire'') تي تنقيد ۽ پرولتاريه جي غيرمحفوظ حالت بابت سندس تجزيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paresh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Paresh |title=Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |pages=39–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[فرانس ۾ کاٻي ڌر جي تاريخ|فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ فڪر]]، خاص طور [[جان جيڪ روسو]]، [[هينري ڊي سينٽ سائمن]]، [[پئير جوزف پرودون]] ۽ [[چارلس فوريي]] جا خيال.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}
* [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] ۽ [[برونو بائر]] جي جرمن ماديت پسند فلسفي، ۽ ارڙهين صديءَ جي آخر واري فرانسيسي ماديت، جنهن ۾ [[ديدرو]]، [[ڪلاڊ ادرين هيلويسيوس]] ۽ [[ڊي هولباخ]] شامل آهن.
* [[فريڊرش اينگلس]] جو پورهيت طبقي بابت تجزيو، ۽ فرانسيسي آزاد خيال مفڪرن ۽ سينٽ سائمنين، جهڙوڪ [[فرانسوا گيزو]] ۽ [[اوگسٽين ٿيري]] پاران طبقن بابت ابتدائي تشريحون.
* مارڪس جي يهودي ورثي کي پڻ سندس اخلاقي نظرئي&lt;ref&gt;Eagleton, Terry. ''[[Why Marx Was Right]]''. Yale University Press, 2011, p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ سندس ماديت پسند فلسفي جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم اثر رکندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=112–119}}

مارڪس جي تاريخ بابت نظرئي، جنهن کي پوءِ [[تاريخي ماديت]] سڏيو ويو (جنهن کي اينگلس ۽ لينن تڪراري طور [[جدلياتي ماديت]] جي فلسفي جي صورت ڏني)، تي هيگل جي ان دعويٰ جو واضح اثر هو ته حقيقت ۽ تاريخ کي [[جدليات]]ي انداز سان سمجهڻ گهرجي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر جتي هيگل [[خيال پرستي]] جي بنياد تي خيالن کي تاريخ جي محرڪ قوت سمجهندو هو، اتي مارڪس جدليات کي [[ماديت]] جي بنياد تي سمجهايو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته خيال تي مادّي حقيقت کي اوليت حاصل آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

هيگل جي نظر ۾ &quot;روح&quot; تاريخ کي اڳتي وڌائيندي هئي، جڏهن ته مارڪس ان کي غيرضروري اسراريت سمجهندو هو، جيڪا انسانن ۽ سندن مادي عملن جي حقيقي ڪردار کي لڪائي ڇڏيندي آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن لکيو ته هيگلي فلسفي حقيقت کي ڄڻ مٿي هيٺ ڪري بيهاريو آهي، تنهنڪري ان کي وري پنهنجي پيرن تي بيهارڻ ضروري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس کي صوفياتي اصطلاحن سان دلچسپي نه هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪيترن ئي ڪتابن ۾ گوٿڪ انداز جون تشبيهون استعمال ڪيون. مثال طور ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' ۾ هو لکي ٿو: «يورپ تي هڪ پاڇو ڇانيل آهي—ڪميونزم جو پاڇو. پراڻي يورپ جون سڀ قوتون ان پاڇي کي ڀڄائڻ لاءِ مقدس اتحاد ۾ گڏ ٿي ويون آهن.» ۽ ''[[داس ڪيپيٽال]]'' ۾ سرمائي کي «محنت جي پيداوارن جي چوڌاري ڦهليل جادوگري» سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |first=Mark |last=Neocleous |title=The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس فرانسيسي سوشلسٽ ۽ سماجياتي فڪر کان متاثر هو، پر هن [[خيالي سوشلسٽ]]ن تي تنقيد ڪئي. سندس خيال هو ته انهن جون ننڍي پيماني واريون سوشلسٽ برادريون آخرڪار سماج جي ڪناري تي رهجي وينديون ۽ غربت جو شڪار ٿينديون، جڏهن ته حقيقي تبديلي صرف [[اقتصادي نظام]] ۾ وڏي پيماني جي تبديلي سان ئي ممڪن آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Leopold |first1=David |title=Marx, Engels, and Some (Non-Foundational) Arguments against Utopian Socialism |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |website=ORA - Oxford University Research Archive |access-date=August 22, 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822025856/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيگلي فلسفي جي مارڪس واري نئين تشريح تي اينگلس جي ڪتاب ''[[انگلينڊ ۾ پورهيت طبقي جي حالت]]'' جو پڻ وڏو اثر پيو، جنهن مارڪس کي تاريخي جدليات کي [[طبقاتي جدوجهد]] جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ ۽ جديد پورهيت طبقي کي انقلابي تبديليءَ جي سڀ کان ترقي پسند قوت طور ڏسڻ ڏانهن مائل ڪيو. ان سان گڏ سماجي جمهوريت پسند [[فريڊرش وِلهم شُلز]] پنهنجي ڪتاب 
'''ڊي بي ويگُنگ ڊيئر پروڊُڪتسيون'''  (پيداواري عمل جي حرڪت) ۾ سماج جي ارتقا کي «پيداواري قوتن ۽ پيداواري لاڳاپن جي وچ ۾ تضاد» جو نتيجو قرار ڏنو، جنهن جو اثر پڻ مارڪس تي ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Norman |title=Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method |year=2006 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |page=223}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated144&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Jonathan |last=Sperber |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته تاريخ ۽ سماج جو سائنسي نموني مطالعو ڪري تاريخي لاڙن کي سمجهي سگهجي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت سماجي ٽڪراءَ جي نتيجن جي اڳڪٿي به ڪري سگهجي ٿي. ان ڪري سندس ڪيترن ئي پوئلڳن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته ڪميونسٽ انقلاب لازمي طور ايندو. پر مارڪس پنهنجي مشهور [[فوئرباخ بابت مقالا|فوئرباخ بابت يارهين مقالي]] ۾ واضح لکيو ته: «فيلسوفن دنيا جي رڳو مختلف نمونن سان تشريح ڪئي آهي؛ اصل ڳالهه ان کي تبديل ڪرڻ آهي.»{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس جي نظرين مان متاثر ٿي ڪيترائي نوان نظريا ۽ علمي شعبا وجود ۾ آيا، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

* [[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد]]
* [[ڪنڊراٽيف لهر]] ۽ [[ڪزنٽس چڪر]]
* [[گهٽ واپرائڻ جو نظريو]]
* [[تخليقي تباهي]]
* [[بحران جو نظريو]]
* [[مقداري معاشي تاريخ]]
* [[ورلڊ سسٽمز ٿيوري]]

=== فلسفو ۽ سماجي فڪر ===

مارڪس کي سماجي علمن ۾ [[تنقيدي طريقو|تنقيدي طريقي]] جو پهريون وڏو استعمال ڪندڙ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. هيءَ راءِ ان ڳالهه مان نڪتي آهي ته هن پنهنجي تحريرن ۾ ٻين مفڪرن جي نظرين تي تنقيدي جائزو وٺڻ لاءِ بار بار [[جدلياتي مناظرو|مناظرن]] ۽ تنقيدي بحثن جو سهارو ورتو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن قياسي فلسفي تي تنقيد ڪندي [[مابعدالطبيعات]] کي نظرياتي تعصب (آئيڊيالاجي) سان هم معنيٰ قرار ڏنو.{{sfn|Bannerji|2001|p=27}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Paolucci |first1=Paul |title=Marx's scientific and political criticism: The internal relation |journal=Capital &amp; Class |year=2015|volume=39 |pages=65–78 |doi=10.1177/0309816814564657 }}&lt;/ref&gt; هن طريقي کي اختيار ڪري مارڪس ڪوشش ڪئي ته بنيادي علمي نتيجن کي نظرياتي تعصب کان الڳ ڪري سگهجي. اهو ئي سبب هو جو هو پنهنجي دور جي ڪيترن ئي فلسفين کان نمايان طور مختلف نظر اچي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

==== انساني فطرت ====
{{Further|مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = G.W.F. Hegel (by Sichling, after Sebbers).jpg
| image2 = Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach.jpg
| footer = فلسفي [[جارج وليم فريڊرش هيگل|جي. ڊبليو. ايف. هيگل]] (کاٻي) ۽ [[لڊوگ فائرباخ]] (ساڄي)، جن جا جدليات بابت خيال مارڪس تي گهرو اثرانداز ٿيا.
}}

جيئن [[اليڪسس ڊي ٽوڪويل]] اهڙي بي چهري ۽ بيوروڪريٽڪ آمريت جو تصور پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن ۾ ڪو هڪ سڃاتل آمر موجود نه هوندو هو،&lt;ref&gt;[[Annelien de Dijn]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C ''French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915142405/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C&amp;dq= |date=15 September 2015 }}, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 152.&lt;/ref&gt; تيئن مارڪس به انهن روايتي مفڪرن کان الڳ ٿيو، جيڪي رڳو هڪ آمر بابت ڳالهائيندا هئا، يا [[مونٽيسڪيو]] وانگر فردي آمريت جي فطرت جو تجزيو ڪندا هئا. ان جي بدران مارڪس «سرمائي جي آمريت» جو تجزيو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx. ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'', vol. 1, trans. [[Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)|Samuel Moore]] and Edward Aveling (New York: Modem Library, 1906), 440.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس جي بنيادي مفروضي موجب انساني تاريخ، [[انساني فطرت]] جي مسلسل تبديليءَ جو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ انسان ۽ مادي شيون ٻئي شامل آهن. انسان پنهنجي اندر موجود حقيقي وجود ۽ امڪاني وجود ٻنهي کان آگاهه هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_labour&quot;&gt;Marx K (1999). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm &quot;The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018135115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm |date=18 October 2010 }} In K Marx, ''Das Kapital'' (Vol. 1, Ch. 7). Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Original work published 1867.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_critique&quot;&gt;See Marx K (1997). &quot;Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general&quot;. In K Marx, ''Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society'' (LD Easton &amp; KH Guddat, Trans.), pp. 314–347. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Original work published 1844.&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس ۽ هيگل ٻنهي جي نظر ۾ ذاتي ارتقا جي شروعات اندروني [[مارڪس جو بيگانگيءَ جو نظريو|بيگانگي]] جي احساس کان ٿيندي آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ انسان اهو محسوس ڪري ٿو ته سندس موجوده وجود، هڪ ذهني فاعل جي حيثيت سان، پنهنجي امڪاني وجود کي هڪ موضوع يا شئي جي صورت ۾ سامهون آڻي ٿو، جنهن کي سمجهي ۽ حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مارڪس وڌيڪ دليل ڏئي ٿو ته جڏهن انسان فطرت کي&lt;ref name=&quot;Lefever&quot;&gt;See also Lefever DM; Lefever JT (1977). &quot;Marxian alienation and economic organisation: An alternate view&quot;. ''The American Economist (21)'' 2, pp. 40–48.&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي مقصدن مطابق ڍالي ٿو،&lt;ref name=&quot;Holland_desire&quot;&gt;See also Holland EW (2005). &quot;Desire&quot;. In CJ Stivale (Ed.), ''Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts'', pp. 53–62. Montreal &amp; Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; تڏهن اهو موضوع ان شئي کي پنهنجو بڻائي ٿو ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح انسان پنهنجي مڪمل انساني صلاحيتن کي عملي صورت ڏئي ٿو. مارڪس جي خيال موجب [[مارڪس جو انساني فطرت بابت نظريو|انساني فطرت]] (جرمن:گاٽونگس ويزن)، يا ''نوعي وجود''، انساني [[محنت]] جي عمل سان وابسته آهي.

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ بامعنيٰ محنت جي بنيادي شرط اها آهي ته انسان پنهنجي بيگانگيءَ واري شئي سان تعلق قائم ڪرڻ لاءِ پهرين پنهنجي چوڌاري موجود حقيقي [[ماديت|مادي شين]] تي اثرانداز ٿئي. مارڪس تسليم ڪري ٿو ته هيگل «محنت جي فطرت کي سمجهي ٿو ۽ حقيقي انسان کي، جيڪو پنهنجي ئي محنت جو نتيجو آهي، صحيح نموني سڃاڻي ٿو»،&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_work&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt; پر ساڳئي وقت هو هيگل جي خود ارتقا واري تصور کي حد کان وڌيڪ «روحاني» ۽ تجريدي قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_spiritual&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 324.&lt;/ref&gt;
انهيءَ ڪري مارڪس هيگل کان اختلاف ڪندي لکي ٿو ته «انسان جو جسماني، حقيقي، احساس رکندڙ ۽ فطري صلاحيتن وارو وجود ان ڳالهه جو تقاضو ڪري ٿو ته سندس زندگيءَ جي اظهار لاءِ حقيقي ۽ محسوس ٿيندڙ شيون موجود هجن؛ انسان پنهنجي زندگيءَ جو اظهار رڳو اهڙين حقيقي محسوس ٿيندڙ شين وسيلي ئي ڪري سگهي ٿو».&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx_objects&quot;&gt;Marx (1997), p. 325, emphasis in original.&lt;/ref&gt;
اهڙيءَ ريت مارڪس، هيگل جي «ڪم» (ورڪ) واري تصور کي مادي «[[محنت]]» (ليبر) ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، ۽ انسان جي فطرت کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت جي حوالي سان [[محنت جي قوت]] (ليبر پاور) جو تصور پيش ڪري ٿو.

==== محنت، طبقاتي جدوجهد ۽ غلط شعور ====
{{further|مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|طبقاتي جدوجهد|سرمائيداراڻو پيداواري ڍانچو (مارڪسزم)}}

{{blockquote|هينئر تائين وجود ۾ آيل سموري سماج جي تاريخ، طبقاتي جدوجهد جي تاريخ آهي.|ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ پڌرنامو|ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxEngels2009pp5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Karl |last1=Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author-link2=Friedrich Engels |title=The Communist Manifesto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |year=2009 |publisher=Echo Library |isbn=978-1406851748 |page=5 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912161744/https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&amp;pg=PA5 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Marx et Engels à Shanghai.jpg|upright|thumb|چين جي شهر [[شنگهائي]] ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي يادگار]]

مارڪس کي خاص دلچسپي ان ڳالهه سان هئي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي [[محنت]] جي قوت سان ڪهڙي ريت لاڳاپو قائم ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} هن ان موضوع تي [[مارڪس موجب بيگانگي|بيگانگي]] جي مسئلي جي حوالي سان وڏي تفصيل سان لکيو.{{sfn|Mészáros|2006|p=96}} جيئن جدليات ۾، تيئن مارڪس به شروعات ۾ هيگل جي بيگانگي واري تصور کان متاثر ٿيو، پر پوءِ ان کي وڌيڪ ماديت پسند بنيادن تي نئين صورت ڏني.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[سرمائيداري]] پيداواري سماجي لاڳاپن (جهڙوڪ مزدورن جي پاڻ ۾ يا مزدورن ۽ سرمائيدارن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن) کي انهن شين (ڪموڊٽي) وسيلي منظم ڪري ٿي، جيڪي مارڪيٽ ۾ خريد ۽ وڪرو ٿين ٿيون، ۽ انهن ۾ محنت پڻ شامل آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} مارڪس مطابق، جڏهن ماڻهو پنهنجي محنت جي قوت، يعني دنيا کي تبديل ڪرڻ جي پنهنجي صلاحيت، تي پنهنجو اختيار وڃائي ويهن ٿا، ته اهو سندن پنهنجي انساني فطرت کان بيگانگيءَ جي برابر آهي، جيڪا هڪ روحاني نقصان پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس هن حالت کي [[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]] (ڪموڊٽي فيٽشئزم) سان بيان ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انسان جي پيدا ڪيل شيون اهڙي نموني ظاهر ٿين ٿيون، ڄڻ انهن کي پنهنجو الڳ وجود، زندگي ۽ حرڪت حاصل هجي، ۽ ماڻهو پنهنجي رويي کي انهن شين جي تابع بڻائي ڇڏين.{{ref|Balibar1995}}

[[سامان جي پوڄا وارو وهم]]، اينگلس جي بيان ڪيل [[غلط شعور]] (فالس ڪانشسنيس) جو هڪ مثال آهي،{{ref|KołakowskiFalla2005}} جيڪو [[نظريو (آئيڊيالاجي)|نظريي]] جي سمجهاڻي سان ويجهو تعلق رکي ٿو. مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جي نظر ۾ &quot;نظريو&quot; انهن خيالن جو مجموعو آهي، جيڪي ڪنهن خاص دور ۾ ڪنهن مخصوص طبقي جي مفادن جي نمائندگي ڪن ٿا، پر انهن کي عام ماڻهو آفاقي ۽ هميشه لاءِ سچا خيال سمجهن ٿا.

مارڪس ۽ اينگلس جو مقصد رڳو اهو ڏيکارڻ نه هو ته اهڙا عقيدا اڌ سچ هوندا آهن، پر اهو پڻ ته اهي اهم سياسي ڪردار ادا ڪندا آهن. سندن خيال موجب، جنهن طبقي وٽ [[پيداواري وسيلا]] هوندا آهن، اهو رڳو خوراڪ يا تيار ڪيل شين جي پيداوار تي ئي ڪنٽرول نٿو رکي، پر خيالن ۽ نظرين جي پيداوار تي به اثرانداز ٿئي ٿو. ان مان اها وضاحت پڻ ملي ٿي ته ڇو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ماتحت طبقي جا ماڻهو به اهڙا خيال اختيار ڪندا آهن، جيڪي سندن پنهنجي مفادن جي ابتڙ هوندا آهن.

مارڪس [[ٻارن جي محنت]] جو سخت مخالف هو.&lt;ref&gt;In ''[[دي ڪميونسٽ مينفيسٽو]]'', Part II: Proletarians and Communists and ''[[ڪيپيٽل, جلد I]]'', Part III&lt;/ref&gt; هن لکيو ته برطانيا جون صنعتون &quot;رڳو رت چوسي زنده رهي سگهيون ٿي، ۽ اهو به ٻارن جي رت تي&quot;، ۽ اهو ته آمريڪي سرمايو &quot;ٻارن جي رت مان گڏ ڪيل سرمائي&quot; تي بيٺل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite speech |author=Karl Marx |title=Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association |year=1864}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== مذهب ====

مارڪس [[لودوگ فوئرباخ]] سان ان ڳالهه تي متفق هو ته مذهب انسان جي پنهنجي تخليق آهي، جيڪو انساني حالتن جو عڪس پيش ڪري ٿو (&quot;انسان مذهب پيدا ڪري ٿو، مذهب انسان کي پيدا نٿو ڪري&quot;)، پر هن ان خيال کي تجريدي انداز بدران تاريخي تناظر ۾ سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس نظر ۾ مذهب هڪ ئي وقت انساني تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ ان تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. 1843ع ۾ لکيل پنهنجي مقالي ''[[هيگل جي حق جي فلسفي تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ مارڪس پاڻ کي [[نوجوان هيگلي]] مفڪرن، خاص طور [[برونو باور]]، کان الڳ ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس خيال ۾ رڳو مذهب تي تنقيد انساني ڏکن جو حل نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين سماج جي بنيادي ڍانچي تي انقلابي تنقيد نه ڪئي وڃي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾، مذهب تي تنقيد ان وقت تائين اثرائتي نه ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيستائين انهن حقيقي سماجي حالتن کي تبديل نه ڪيو وڃي، جن جو مذهب رڳو هڪ اظهار آهي.

[[شلومو اوينيري]] موجب، هن مقالي جي تمهيد ۾ شامل مارڪس جو مشهور اقتباس، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري اڌورو نقل ڪيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ظاهر کان وڌيڪ گهرو ۽ پيچيده آهي. اوينيري جي خيال ۾، مارڪس هتي مذهبي جذبن بابت حقارت نه، پر همدردي جو اظهار ڪري ٿو.

{{blockquote|
مذهبي تڪليف، هڪ ئي وقت، حقيقي تڪليف جو اظهار پڻ آهي ۽ حقيقي تڪليف خلاف احتجاج پڻ. مذهب، ڏاڍ هيٺ آيل مخلوق جي سڏڪي، بي دل دنيا جي دل، ۽ بي روح حالتن جي روح آهي. اهو [[عوام جي آفيم]] آهي.

&lt;p&gt;عوام جي خيالي خوشي طور مذهب جو خاتمو، سندن حقيقي خوشيءَ جو مطالبو آهي. ماڻهن کي پنهنجي حالتن بابت وهمن کي ڇڏڻ لاءِ چوڻ، دراصل انهن حالتن کي ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو آهي، جيڪي اهڙن وهمن کي جنم ڏين ٿيون.
}}

بعد ۾ [[ميڪس ويبر]] جي پيش ڪيل نظرين وانگر، مارڪس به سمجهندو هو ته مذهب حڪمران طبقن لاءِ موجود سماجي ۽ معاشي اڻبرابريءَ کي جائز ثابت ڪرڻ جو ڪم ڪندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو انهن حالتن کي خدائي منظوريءَ جو رنگ ڏئي ٿو. ٻئي طرف، ماتحت طبقن لاءِ مذهب هڪ قسم جو آسرو فراهم ڪري ٿو؛ اهو [[نشي آور دوا]] وانگر سندن ڏک کي عارضي طور گهٽائي ٿو، پر ان جو علاج نٿو ڪري.

مارڪس پنهنجي اسڪولي تعليم دوران [[ٽرائر جمنازيم]] ۾ لکيل سينيئر مقالي ۾ دليل ڏنو هو ته مذهب جو بنيادي سماجي مقصد [[سماجي يڪجهتي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=636–642}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سياسي معيشت، تاريخ ۽ سماج تي تنقيد ====
{{further|سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد|مارڪسي معاشيات}}

{{Quote box
|width=25em
|align=right
|quote=پر اوهين ڪميونسٽ ته عورتن جي گڏيل ملڪيت آڻڻ چاهيو ٿا، سڄي بورجوازي گڏجي رڙ ڪري ٿي. بورجوا پنهنجي زال کي رڳو پيداوار جي هڪ اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. جڏهن هو ٻڌي ٿو ته پيداواري وسيلا گڏيل استعمال هيٺ آندا ويندا، ته هو فطري طور اهو نتيجو ڪڍي ٿو ته عورتون به سڀني جي گڏيل ملڪيت بڻجي وينديون. هن کي اهو اندازو ئي ناهي ته اصل مقصد عورتن کي پيداوار جي محض هڪ اوزار واري حيثيت مان آزاد ڪرائڻ آهي.
|source=—ڪارل مارڪس، ''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]''&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, &quot;The Communist Manifesto&quot;, page 55, translation made by Samuel Moore in 1888&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

محنت ۽ سرمائي جي ٻيهر پيداوار ۾ ان جي ڪردار بابت مارڪس جا خيال، سماجي لاڳاپن کي سماج جي ماضي، حال ۽ مستقبل جي تعين ۾ بنيادي حيثيت ڏيڻ سان ويجهڙائي رکن ٿا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Grundrisse 06 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |quote=the demand that wage labour be continued but capital suspended is self-contradictory, self-dissolving. |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121201428/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس ناقدن هن نقطهٔ نظر کي [[معاشي جبريت]] (ايڪانامڪ ڊٽرمنئزم) جو نالو ڏنو آهي. مارڪس جي نظر ۾ محنت سرمائي جي وجود ۽ [[سرمائي جي گڏ ٿيڻ]] جي بنيادي شرط آهي، ۽ اهي ٻئي سماجي نظام جي شڪل جوڙين ٿا. مارڪس موجب، سماجي تبديلي انهن ڌرين جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي پنهنجي [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي تاريخي حالتن اندر هڪ ٻئي جي ابتڙ مفادن جون نمائندگيون ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}} هن خيال مان پوءِ [[ٽڪراءُ جو نظريو]] (ڪنفلڪٽ ٿيوري) وجود ۾ آيو.

تاريخ بابت پنهنجي ارتقائي نموني ۾، مارڪس دليل ڏنو ته انساني تاريخ جي شروعات آزاد، پيداواري ۽ تخليقي سرگرمين سان ٿي، پر وقت سان گڏ اهي سرگرميون جبر هيٺ اچي غيرانساني بڻجنديون ويون، جنهن جو سڀ کان نمايان مثال سرمائيداري آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} هن وضاحت ڪئي ته اهو ڪنهن فرد جي ارادي جو نتيجو نه، پر موجوده [[پيداواري ڍانچي]] جي اندروني منطق جو تقاضو آهي، جيڪو سرمائي جي سماجي لاڳاپن کي ٻيهر پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ انساني محنت (يعني تجريدي محنت) جي گهرج ڪري ٿو.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27, 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}}

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ سماج جي تنظيم [[پيداواري وسيلن]] تي دارومدار رکي ٿي. پيداواري وسيلن ۾ زمين، قدرتي وسيلا، اوزار ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي شامل آهن، پر انساني محنت پاڻ انهن ۾ شامل ناهي. ان جي ابتڙ، [[پيداواري لاڳاپا]] اهي سماجي لاڳاپا آهن، جيڪي ماڻهو پيداواري وسيلن جي حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال ڪرڻ دوران قائم ڪن ٿا. اهي ٻئي گڏجي [[پيداواري ڍانچو]] (موڊ آف پراڊڪشن) ٺاهين ٿا، ۽ مارڪس تاريخي دورن جي سڃاڻپ به انهن جي بنياد تي ڪندو هو.

مارڪس [[بنياد ۽ مٿاڇري]] (بيس اينڊ سپر اسٽرڪچر) جي وچ ۾ به فرق ڪيو. سندس خيال ۾ ''بنياد'' يا ''هيٺيون ڍانچو'' معاشي نظام آهي، جڏهن ته ''مٿاڇري'' ۾ ثقافتي، قانوني، سياسي ۽ نظرياتي ادارا شامل آهن. هن معاشي بنياد ۽ سماجي مٿاڇري جي وچ ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ تضادن کي سماجي ٽڪراءَ جو اهم سبب قرار ڏنو.

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس پنهنجي لکڻين ۾ سرمائيداري تي سخت تنقيد ڪئي ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي ايندڙ [[ڪميونسٽ سماج]] جو ذڪر ڪيو، پر هن ان سماج جي تفصيلي خاڪي کان گهڻو پاسو ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهو اڳوڻن سماجن، جهڙوڪ غلامي ۽ جاگيرداري، کان وڌيڪ ترقي يافته هوندو. هن اخلاقيات ۽ انصاف بابت به سڌي سنئين نظريي جي صورت ۾ گهڻو نه لکيو، پر ڪيترن محققن جو خيال آهي ته سندس فڪر ۾ اهي تصورات اڻسڌيءَ طرح موجود آهي.

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 =
| caption1 = ماسڪو ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جي يادگار، جنهن تي لکيل آهي: «[[دنيا جا پورهيت، متحد ٿيو!]]»
| image2 = Murales Rivera - Treppenhaus 7 Marx.jpg
| caption2 = ميڪسيڪو سٽي جي [[ميڪسيڪو جي قومي محل|قومي محل]] ۾ [[ڊيگو ريورا]] جو ٺاهيل ڀت-نگار، جنهن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس ڏيکاريل آهي.
}}

مارڪس جو سرمائيداري بابت جائزو ٻن پاسن وارو هو. هڪ طرف هن ان کي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ غيرانساني معاشي نظام طور بيان ڪيو، جنهن جون خاصيتون [[بيگانگي]]، [[محنت جو استحصال]] ۽ بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحران هئا، جيڪي وڏي پيماني تي بيروزگاري پيدا ڪندا هئا. ٻئي طرف هن اهو پڻ مڃيو ته سرمائيداري صنعتڪاري، شهريت، ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ترقي، پيداوار ۾ واڌ، سائنسي ترقي ۽ عقليت کي اڳتي وڌائڻ ۾ انتهائي انقلابي ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو اڳين سماجن ۾ موجود نه هو {{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس جي خيال ۾ سرمائيدار طبقو تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلابي طبقن مان هڪ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پيداواري وسيلن کي لڳاتار بهتر بڻايو، جاگيرداريءَ جو خاتمو آندو ۽ نون پيداواري طريقن کي فروغ ڏنو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} سرمائيداري ۾ منافعي کي نئين ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ اوزارن ۾ ٻيهر لڳائڻ جو لاڙو مسلسل معاشي واڌ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

مارڪس مطابق سرمائيدار ان فرق مان فائدو وٺندا آهن، جيڪو مزدور جي محنت جي قيمت ۽ ان محنت مان پيدا ٿيندڙ شين جي مارڪيٽ قيمت جي وچ ۾ هوندو آهي. هن ان فرق کي [[فاضل قدر]] (سرپلس ويليو) سڏيو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته اهو [[فاضل محنت]] مان پيدا ٿئي ٿو، يعني مزدور جي زندگي هلائڻ لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ سندس حقيقي پيداوار جي وچ ۾ فرق  جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس سرمائيدارن کي مزدورن جو رت چوسيندڙ [[وئمپائر]]ن سان تشبيهه ڏئي ٿو،{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} پر هو ساڳئي وقت اهو به چوي ٿو ته منافعي حاصل ڪرڻ بذاتِ خود اخلاقي ناانصافي ناهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس نظر ۾ اهڙي فيصلي لاءِ ڪو اهڙو آفاقي اخلاقي معيار موجود ناهي، جيڪو سڀني دورن تي لاڳو ٿئي. هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته خود سرمائيدار به انهيءَ نظام جي قيد مان مڪمل طور آزاد ناهن.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اصل مسئلو سرمائي کي ملڪيت يا مشينري طور نه، پر مزدورن ۽ مالڪن جي وچ ۾ قائم سماجي لاڳاپن جي صورت ۾ سمجهڻ آهي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداري فطري طور غيرمستحڪم آهي ۽ وقت بوقت [[بحران جو نظريو|معاشي بحرانن]] جو شڪار ٿيندي رهندي. هن دليل ڏنو ته وقت سان گڏ سرمائيدار نئين ٽيڪنالاجيءَ ۾ وڌيڪ سيڙپ ڪندا ۽ محنت تي گهٽ خرچ ڪندا، جڏهن ته فائدي جو اصل ذريعو مزدورن جي محنت مان حاصل ٿيندڙ فاضل قدر آهي. ان ڪري، سندس خيال ۾، وقت سان گڏ [[نفعي جي شرح]] گهٽجندي ويندي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهڙا بحران وڌيڪ شديد ٿيندا ويندا، جنهن سان هڪ پاسي سرمائيدار وڌيڪ مالدار ٿيندا ۽ ٻئي پاسي مزدور وڌيڪ غريب ٿيندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

''[[ڪميونسٽ منشور]]'' جي پهرين حصي ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداري، سرمائيداري ۽ تاريخي عمل ۾ اندروني سماجي تضادن جي ڪردار کي هن ريت بيان ڪري ٿو:

{{blockquote|
اسان ڏسون ٿا ته اهي پيداواري ۽ واپاري وسيلا، جن جي بنياد تي بورجوازي وجود ۾ آئي، جاگيردار سماج جي اندر پيدا ٿيا. ترقي جي هڪ مرحلي تي جاگيردار ملڪيت جا لاڳاپا وڌيڪ ترقي يافته پيداواري قوتن سان ٺهڪندڙ نه رهيا؛ اهي ترقيءَ لاءِ زنجير بڻجي ويا. تنهنڪري انهن کي ٽوڙڻو پيو، ۽ اهي ٽوڙيا ويا. انهن جي جاءِ تي آزاد مقابلي، ان سان ٺهڪندڙ سياسي ۽ سماجي نظام، ۽ بورجوا طبقي جي معاشي ۽ سياسي بالادستي اچي وئي. ساڳيو عمل هاڻي به جاري آهي. سماج جون پيداواري قوتون هاڻي بورجوا ملڪيت جي لاڳاپن جي واڌ ويجهه لاءِ نه، پر انهن کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ تيار ٿي ويون آهن، ۽ جيئن ئي اهي انهن زنجيرن کان آزاد ٿين ٿيون، سڄي بورجوا سماج کي بحران ۾ وجهي ڇڏين ٿيون.
}}

[[File:MandK Industrial Revolution 1900.jpg|thumb|1900ع ۾ [[اولڊهم]] جي هڪ ڪارخاني ٻاهران مزدور. مارڪس جو خيال هو ته صنعتي مزدور، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، آخرڪار سڄي دنيا ۾ اٿي بيهندا.]]

مارڪس جو خيال هو ته سرمائيداريءَ جي اندر موجود اهي ساختي تضاد آخرڪار ان جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻجندا ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي سوشلسٽ يا [[سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو سماج|سرمائيداريءَ کان پوءِ وارو]] ڪميونسٽ سماج قائم ٿيندو.

{{blockquote|
تنهنڪري جديد صنعت جي ترقي ان بنياد کي ئي ان جي پيرن هيٺان ڪڍي ڇڏي ٿي، جنهن تي بورجوازي پيداوار ڪري ٿي ۽ شين تي قبضو قائم رکي ٿي. ان ڪري، بورجوازي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پنهنجي قبر کوٽيندڙ پاڻ پيدا ڪري ٿي. ان جو زوال ۽ پرولتاريا جي فتح ٻئي هڪجهڙا اڻٽر آهن.
}}

مارڪس موجب، سرمائيداريءَ جي نگراني هيٺ هلندڙ مختلف عملن، جهڙوڪ [[شهريت]] (اربنائيزيشن)، جي نتيجي ۾ مزدور طبقو، يعني [[پرولتاريا]]، تعداد ۾ وڌندو ۽ ان ۾ [[طبقاتي شعور]] پيدا ٿيندو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو سمجهي ويندو ته موجوده نظام کي تبديل ڪرڻ نه رڳو ممڪن پر ضروري پڻ آهي.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} مارڪس جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن پرولتاريا پيداواري وسيلن تي قبضو ڪري وٺندو ته اهڙا سماجي لاڳاپا قائم ٿيندا جيڪي سڀني ماڻهن لاءِ هڪجهڙا فائديمند هوندا، استحصالي طبقي جو خاتمو ٿي ويندو ۽ اهڙو پيداواري نظام وجود ۾ ايندو جيڪو بار بار ايندڙ معاشي بحرانن کان نسبتاً محفوظ هوندو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

مارڪس ''[[جرمن نظريو]]'' (''دي جرمن آئيڊيالاجي'') ۾ دليل ڏنو ته سرمائيداريءَ جو خاتمو عالمي مزدور طبقي جي منظم عمل وسيلي ٿيندو:

{{blockquote|
اسان لاءِ ڪميونزم اهڙي حالت جو نالو ناهي، جيڪا قائم ڪئي وڃي، يا اهڙو مثالي نمونو جنهن سان حقيقت کي هم آهنگ ٿيڻ گهرجي. اسان ڪميونزم کي اهو حقيقي تحرڪ سڏيون ٿا، جيڪو موجوده حالتن جو خاتمو آڻي ٿو. هن تحرڪ جون حالتون موجوده سماجي حالتن مان ئي جنم وٺن ٿيون.
}}

مارڪس جي تصور موجب، اهڙي نئين سماج ۾ [[بيگانگي]] ختم ٿي ويندي ۽ انسان پنهنجي محنت وڪڻڻ جي مجبوري کان آزاد ٿي پنهنجي صلاحيتن موجب عمل ڪري سگهندا.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} اهو هڪ جمهوري سماج هوندو، جنهن ۾ سڄي آبادي سياسي حقن جي مالڪ هوندي.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} اهڙي [[مثالي سماج]] ۾ رياست جي ضرورت به گهڻي نه رهندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اڳ ۾ ان جو بنيادي مقصد بيگانگي ۽ استحصالي لاڳاپن کي برقرار رکڻ هو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}

مارڪس جو نظريو هو ته سرمائيداري ۽ سوشلسٽ/ڪميونسٽ نظام جي قيام جي وچ ۾ هڪ عبوري دور ايندو، جنهن کي هن [[پرولتاريا جي آمريت]] سڏيو. ان مرحلي ۾ مزدور طبقو سياسي اقتدار سنڀاليندو ۽ پيداواري وسيلن کي زبردستي سماجي ملڪيت ۾ تبديل ڪندو.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} جيئن هن ''[[گوتا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
سرمائيدار سماج ۽ ڪميونسٽ سماج جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهڙو دور موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ هڪ سماج ٻئي ۾ انقلابي تبديليءَ وسيلي تبديل ٿئي ٿو. ان سان گڏ هڪ سياسي عبوري دور پڻ هوندو، جنهن دوران رياست پرولتاريا جي انقلابي آمريت کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا شيءِ نه ٿي سگهي.
}}

جيتوڻيڪ مارڪس اهو امڪان به تسليم ڪيو ته ڪجهه ملڪن، جهڙوڪ [[برطانيا]]، [[آمريڪا]] ۽ [[هالينڊ]]، جتي جمهوري ادارا مضبوط هئا، اتي سوشلسٽ تبديلي پرامن ذريعي به ممڪن ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر هن اهو به لکيو ته ٻين ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾، جتي مزدور پنهنجا مقصد &quot;پرامن ذريعن سان حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهن&quot;، اتي &quot;اسان جي انقلاب جو بنيادي وسيلو طاقت هوندي&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm La Liberté Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716015355/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm |date=16 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== حياتيات ====
مارڪس [[چارلس ڊارون]] جي ڪتاب ''[[نسلن جي ابتدا بابت]]'' (''آن دي اوريجن آف اسپيشيز'') جي اشاعت جو آڌرڀاءُ ڪيو ۽ ڊارون جي نظريي کي قدرتي سائنسن ۾ [[غائيت پسندي]] (ٽيليلاجي) لاءِ هڪ اهم چئلينج سمجهيو. بهرحال، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز نظرياتي بنيادن تي ڊارون جي انهن خيالن سان اختلاف ڪيو، جن ۾ هن [[ٿامس رابرٽ مالٿس|مالٿس]] جي آبادي واري نظريي کي فطرت تي لاڳو ڪندي حياتياتي مقابلي ۽ [[قدرتي چونڊ]] کي ارتقا جا بنيادي محرڪ قرار ڏنو هو. ٻنهي جو خيال هو ته ڊارون جي نظريي جا اهي پهلو بورجوا سماج جي عڪاسي ڪن ٿا ۽ انهن سببن ڪري ڊارون ڪجهه غلط نتيجن تي پهتو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارڪس [[پيئر ٽريمو]] (Pierre Trémaux) جي ماحولياتي ارتقائي نظريي کي، جيڪو هن پنهنجي 1865ع جي ڪتاب '''اوريجين اي ٽرانسفارماسيوں دُ لوم اي دي زوتر ايت''' (انسان ۽ ٻين جاندارن جي ابتدا ۽ تبديليون) ۾ پيش ڪيو هو، ڊارون جي نظريي کان وڌيڪ برتر سمجهندو هو. ٽريمو جو خيال هو ته انساني نسلن (ريسز) ۾ موجود فرقن جي وضاحت مٽيءَ جي بناوت ۽ ان جي خاصيتن جي فرق سان ڪري سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ===
[[File:Karl Marx memorial.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارل مارڪس يادگار]]، [[ڪيمنٽس]]، جنهن جو نالو 1953ع کان 1990ع تائين ''ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ'' هو]]

مارڪس جي نظر ۾ [[روس جي زارشاهي]] يورپ جي انقلابي تحريڪن لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو خطرو هئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} [[ڪريميائي جنگ]] دوران مارڪس [[عثماني سلطنت]] ۽ ان جي اتحادين [[برطانيا]] ۽ [[فرانس]] جي حمايت ڪئي، جڏهن ته [[روسي سلطنت]] جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هو [[پين-سلاوزم]] جو سخت مخالف هو ۽ ان کي روسي پرڏيهي پاليسيءَ جو هڪ اوزار سمجهندو هو.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} مارڪس [[پولينڊ وارا|پولينڊين]] کان سواءِ ٻين [[سلاو]] قومن کي ”انقلاب دشمن“ قرار ڏيندو هو. فيبروري 1849ع ۾ مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ''[[نوي رائنيشي سائيتونگ]]'' ۾ لکيو:

{{blockquote|
يورپ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انقلاب دشمن قومن جي نالي تي اسان کي جيڪي ”ڀائيچاري“ جا جذباتي نعرا ڏنا پيا وڃن، تن جي جواب ۾ اسان چئون ٿا ته روسين سان نفرت جرمنن جي بنيادي انقلابي جذبي رهي آهي ۽ اڃا تائين آهي. 1848ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ ان ۾ چيڪن ۽ ڪروئٽن سان نفرت پڻ شامل ٿي وئي آهي، ۽ صرف انهن سلاوي قومن خلاف انتهائي سخت دهشت وسيلي ئي، پولينڊين ۽ مجيارن سان گڏجي، اسان انقلاب جي حفاظت ڪري سگهون ٿا. اسان ڄاڻون ٿا ته انقلاب جا دشمن ڪٿي گڏ ٿيل آهن، يعني روس ۽ آسٽريا جا سلاوي علائقا، ۽ نه ڪو خوبصورت نعرو، نه ئي انهن ملڪن جي ڪنهن غير واضح جمهوري مستقبل جا حوالا، اسان کي پنهنجن دشمنن کي دشمن سمجهڻ کان روڪي سگهن ٿا. پوءِ انهن سلاون خلاف، جيڪي انقلاب سان غداري ڪن ٿا، هڪ ”بي رحم زندگي ۽ موت جي جنگ“، مڪمل تباهي آڻيندڙ جدوجهد ۽ سخت دهشت جاري رهندي؛ نه جرمنيءَ جي مفاد لاءِ، پر انقلاب جي مفاد لاءِ!&lt;ref&gt;Cited in: B. Hepner, &quot;Marx et la puissance russe,&quot; in: K. Marx, ''La Russie et l'Europe'', Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally published in ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'', no. 223, 16 February 1849.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس ۽ اينگلز 1860ع ۽ 1870ع واري ڏهاڪي جي [[نارودنيڪ]] انقلابي تحريڪ سان همدردي رکندا هئا. جڏهن [[نارودنايا ووليا]] جي ڪارڪنن روسي زار [[اليگزينڊر ٻيون]] کي قتل ڪيو، تڏهن مارڪس اميد ظاهر ڪئي ته هي واقعو ”هڪ روسي ڪميون جي قيام“ جو پيش خيمو ثابت ٿيندو.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Selected Correspondence'' (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975).&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس زارشاهي روس خلاف ٿيندڙ [[پولينڊ-روس جنگون|پولينڊي بغاوتن]] جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} هن 1867ع ۾ لنڊن ۾ هڪ تقرير دوران چيو:

{{blockquote|
سڀ کان پهرين ڳالهه ته روس جي پاليسي ڪڏهن به تبديل نه ٿيندي... ان جا طريقا، حڪمت عمليون ۽ چالبازيون بدلجي سگهن ٿيون، پر ان جي پاليسيءَ جو قطبي تارو، يعني دنيا تي غلبو، هميشه قائم رهندو. اسان جي دور ۾ صرف اهڙي ”مهذب“ حڪومت، جيڪا بربر عوام تي حڪمراني ڪري ٿي، اهڙو منصوبو ٺاهي ۽ ان تي عمل ڪري سگهي ٿي... يورپ وٽ رڳو هڪ ئي متبادل آهي: يا ته موسڪوي قيادت هيٺ ايشيائي بربريت برفاني تودن وانگر ان تي ڪڙڪي پوندي، يا وري کيس پولينڊ کي ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻو پوندو، جيئن يورپ ۽ ايشيا جي وچ ۾ ويهه لک بهادر ماڻهن جي ديوار بيهي وڃي ۽ يورپ کي پنهنجي سماجي نئين سر تعمير لاءِ ڪجهه ساهه کڻڻ جو موقعو ملي.&lt;ref&gt;Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867...&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس [[آئرلينڊ جي آزادي]] جي تحريڪ جو به حامي هو. 1867ع ۾ هن اينگلز کي لکيو: ”مان اڳ سمجهندو هوس ته آئرلينڊ جو انگلينڊ کان جدا ٿيڻ ناممڪن آهي، پر هاڻي مون کي يقين آهي ته اهو اڻٽر آهي. انگريز مزدور طبقو ڪڏهن به ڪجهه حاصل نه ڪري سگهندو، جيستائين هو آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ کان پاڻ کي آزاد نه ڪندو... انگلينڊ ۾ رجعت پسنديءَ جون پاڙون آئرلينڊ جي غلاميءَ ۾ آهن.“

مارڪس ڪجهه وقت [[فرانسيسي الجزائر]] ۾ به رهيو، جنهن تي 1830ع ۾ [[فرانس جو الجزائر تي قبضو|فرانس قبضو]] ڪري ان کي پنهنجي نوآبادي بڻايو هو. اتي هن اتر آفريڪا جي نوآبادياتي زندگيءَ جو مشاهدو ڪيو. هن نوآبادياتي عدالتي نظام بابت لکيو ته ”عربن کان اعتراف ڪرائڻ لاءِ تشدد جو هڪ طريقو استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي (۽ اهو ’باقاعدگي سان‘ ٿيندو آهي)؛ يقيناً اهو ڪم (ڀارت ۾ انگريزن وانگر) پوليس ڪندي آهي، جڏهن ته جج کي ظاهري طور ان بابت ڪجهه به خبر نه هوندي.&quot; مارڪس الجزائر ۾ رهندڙ ڪيترن ئي يورپي آبادڪارن جي غرور تي حيران ٿيو ۽ هڪ خط ۾ لکيائين:

{{blockquote|
جڏهن ڪو يورپي آبادڪار ڪنهن ”هيٺين نسل“ جي ماڻهن ۾ رهي ٿو، پوءِ ڀلي هو مستقل آبادڪار هجي يا واپاري، ته هو پاڻ کي پرشيا جي بادشاهه وليم اول کان به وڌيڪ ناقابلِ دسترس سمجهي ٿو. پر جڏهن انهن ”هيٺين نسلن“ آڏو کلي عام غرور ۽ وڏائيءَ جي ڳالهه اچي ٿي ته انگريز ۽ ڊچ، فرينچن کان به اڳتي نڪري وڃن ٿا.
}}

''[[اسٽينفورڊ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف فلاسافي]]'' موجب:

{{blockquote|
مارڪس جو نوآباديات بابت تجزيو، جنهن ۾ هن ان کي پٺتي پيل جاگيردار سماج کي جديد بڻائيندڙ قوت طور ڏٺو، ظاهري طور پرڏيهي قبضي جي جواز جهڙو لڳي سگهي ٿو. پر برطانوي حڪمراني بابت سندس تجزيو ساڳئي ٻٽي روئي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هو يورپ ۾ سرمائيداري بابت به اختيار ڪري ٿو. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ مارڪس جاگيرداريءَ کان بورجوا سماج ڏانهن منتقلي دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ وڏي انساني تڪليف کي تسليم ڪري ٿو، پر ساڳئي وقت ان منتقلي کي ضروري ۽ آخرڪار ترقي پسند به سمجهي ٿو. سندس دليل هو ته پرڏيهي واپار جي نفوذ سان ڀارت ۾ هڪ سماجي انقلاب جنم وٺندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Colonialism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

مارڪس 1853ع ۾ ''[[نيو يارڪ هيرالڊ ٽربيون]]'' ۾ ڀارت تي برطانوي نوآبادياتي حڪمراني بابت لکيو:

{{blockquote|
ان ۾ ڪو به شڪ نه ٿو رهي ته انگريزن هندستان تي جيڪا مصيبت نازل ڪئي، اها پنهنجي نوعيت ۽ شدت ۾ انهن سڀني مصيبتن کان مختلف ۽ بيحد وڌيڪ هئي، جيڪي هندستان اڳ ڪڏهن سٺيون هيون. انگلينڊ هندستاني سماج جي سڄي ڍانچي کي ڊاهي ڇڏيو، جڏهن ته ان جي ٻيهر تعمير جا ڪي به آثار نظر نه ٿا اچن... تنهن هوندي به، اسان کي اهو نه وسارڻ گهرجي ته اهي بظاهر پرامن ڳوٺاڻيون برادريون، جيتوڻيڪ بي ضرر لڳن ٿيون، پر هميشه مشرقي آمريت جو مضبوط بنياد رهيون آهن. انهن انساني ذهن کي انتهائي محدود دائري ۾ قيد رکيو ۽ ان کي وهم پرستيءَ جو بي وس اوزار بڻائي ڇڏيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Marx on India under the British |work=The Hindu |date=13 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== ورثو ==
{{main|مارڪسزم}}

{{See also|ڪارل مارڪس ايونيو (پيٽروزاووڊسڪ، ڪاريليا)}}
[[File:Marx und Engels Denkmal, alter Platz - panoramio.jpg|thumb|جرمني جي [[برلن-ميٽي]] ۾ [[مارڪس-اينگلز فورم]] تي ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرش اينگلز جو يادگار]]
[[File:Stamp Soviet Union 1948 CPA 1246.jpg|thumb|upright|1948ع جي [[سوويت يونين]] جي ٽپال ٽڪيٽ، جنهن تي مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون تصويرون آهن ۽ جيڪا ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي سؤهين سالگرهه جي ياد ۾ جاري ڪئي وئي.]]

مارڪس جي خيالن عالمي سياست ۽ علمي فڪر تي گهرو ۽ ڊگهو اثر ڇڏيو آهي{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |date=17 July 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/17/comment.theobserver1 |title=Why Marx is man of the moment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718233606/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html |archive-date=18 July 2005 |url-status=live |work=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; خاص طور تي 1917ع جي روسي انقلاب کان پوءِ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magness |first1=Phil |last2=Makovi |first2=Michael |year=2022 |title=The Mainstreaming of Marx: Measuring the Effect of the Russian Revolution on Karl Marx's Influence |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1507–1545 |doi=10.1086/722933 |issn=0022-3808 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230081241/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي پوئلڳن ۾ هميشه ان ڳالهه تي بحث رهيو آهي ته سندس لکڻين جي صحيح تشريح ڪيئن ڪجي ۽ سندس نظرين کي جديد دنيا تي ڪيئن لاڳو ڪجي.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} نتيجي طور مارڪس جي فڪر جو ورثو ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڌارن ۾ ورهائجي ويو، جن مان هر هڪ پاڻ کي مارڪس جي خيالن جو وڌيڪ صحيح ترجمان سمجهي ٿي. سياسي ميدان ۾ انهن ڌارن ۾ [[ليننزم]]، [[مارڪسزم-ليننزم]]، [[ٽراٽسڪيزم]]، [[ماؤزم]]، [[لڪسمبرگزم]]، [[آزادي پسند مارڪسزم]]{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} ۽ [[اوپن مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن. علمي دنيا ۾ به مارڪسزم جون مختلف شاخون وجود ۾ آيون، جن ۾ [[ساختياتي مارڪسزم]]، [[تاريخي ماديت]]، مظاهريت پسند مارڪسزم، [[تجزياتي مارڪسزم]] ۽ [[هيگليائي مارڪسزم]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}}

علمي نقطۂ نظر کان، مارڪس جي ڪم جديد سماجيات جي بنيادن جي تشڪيل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. کيس اوڻيهين صديءَ جي ”[[شڪ جي مڪتبِ فڪر]]“ (اسڪول آف سسپيشن) جي ٽن وڏن مفڪرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricoeur |first=Paul |title=Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1970 |page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جديد [[سماجي سائنس]] جي ٽن بنيادي معمارن مان پڻ هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ٻين ڪيترن فلسفين جي ڀيٽ ۾، مارڪس اهڙا نظريا پيش ڪيا، جن کي گهڻي حد تائين [[سائنسي طريقو|سائنسي طريقي]] سان جاچي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

مارڪس ۽ [[اوگسٽ ڪومٽ]] ٻنهي يورپ ۾ [[سيڪيولرزم]] جي واڌ ۽ تاريخ ۽ سائنس بابت نون فلسفن جي پسمنظر ۾ سائنسي بنيادن تي ٻڌل نظرياتي نظام ٺاهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هيگل جي فڪري روايت سان لاڳاپيل هجڻ باوجود، مارڪس ڪومٽ جي [[سماجي اثباتيت]] (سوشلاجيڪل پازيٽوئزم) کي رد ڪيو ۽ سماج جي هڪ نئين ”سائنس“ جو تصور پيش ڪيو.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=19}} [[ڪارل لووٿ]]، مارڪس ۽ [[سورن ڪيئرڪيگارڊ]] کي هيگل جا ٻه وڏا فلسفياتي جانشين قرار ڏنو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Löwith |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Löwith |title=From Hegel to Nietzsche |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1991 |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جديد [[سماجي نظريو|سماجي نظرين]] ۾ [[مارڪس وادي سماجيات]] کي سماجيات جي بنيادي روايتي فڪري ڌارن مان هڪ تسليم ڪيو وڃي ٿو. [[آئزيا برلن]] مارڪس کي جديد سماجيات جو حقيقي باني قرار ڏنو، ”جيستائين ڪو به شخص اهڙي لقب جو حقدار ٿي سگهي“.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|p=130}} سماجي سائنس کان سواءِ، مارڪس فلسفي، ادب، فنون ۽ انسانيات جي مختلف شعبن تي به مستقل اثر ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Singer|1980|p=1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Bridget |last=O'Laughlin |date=October 1975 |title=Marxist Approaches in Anthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=4 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013}}&lt;br /&gt;William Roseberry (1997) ''Marx and Anthropology'' Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 {{doi|10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=S.L. |year=1984 |title=Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience |journal=Critical Studies in Mass Communication |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1080/15295038409360014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Manuel |last1=Alvarado |author1-link=Manuel Alvarado |first2=Robin |last2=Gutch |first3=Tana |last3=Wollen |year=1987 |title=Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Karl-Marx-Statue in Trier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائير]] ۾ ڪارل مارڪس جو مجسمو]]

ويهين ۽ ايڪيهين صديءَ جي سماجي نظرئي جي ماهرن مارڪس جي فڪر جي جواب ۾ ٻه بنيادي حڪمت عمليون اختيار ڪيون آهن. هڪ حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي فڪر کي ان جي تجزياتي مرڪز تائين محدود ڪرڻ هئي، جنهن کي [[تجزياتي مارڪسيت]] چيو وڃي ٿو. ٻي، وڌيڪ عام حڪمت عملي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي جي وضاحتي دعوائن کي نرم ڪرڻ ۽ سماجي توڙي معاشي زندگيءَ جي انهن پهلوئن جي ”نسبي [[خودمختياري]]“ تي زور ڏيڻ هئي، جيڪي ”پيداواري قوتن“ جي ترقي ۽ ”پيداواري طريقن“ جي لڳاتار تبديليءَ جي پاڻ ۾ لاڳاپي بابت مارڪس جي مرڪزي تشريح سان سڌي ريت واسطو نٿا رکن، ۽ جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي سياسي پروگرام سان لاڳاپيل آهن. اهو [[نئون مارڪسيت|نئين مارڪسي]] نظرياتي رخ هو، جنهن کي مارڪس جي سماجي نظريي کان متاثر تاريخدانن، جهڙوڪ [[اي. پي. ٿامپسن]] ۽ [[ايرڪ هابسبام]]، اختيار ڪيو. اهو ئي فڪري رخ [[انتونيو گرامشي]] جهڙن مفڪرن ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن پڻ اڳتي وڌايو، جن مارڪسي سماجي نظريي جي روشنيءَ ۾ سماج کي بدلائيندڙ سياسي عمل جي امڪانن ۽ مشڪلاتن کي سمجهڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P.S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–44.&lt;/ref&gt; مارڪس جي خيالن پوءِ ايندڙ فنڪارن ۽ فن جي تاريخ تي پڻ گهرو اثر وڌو، ۽ ادب، بصري فن، موسيقي، فلم ۽ ناٽڪ ۾ اڳرائي پسند تحريڪون سندس فڪر کان متاثر ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Andrew |title=Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left |publisher=[[پلوٽو پريس]] |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سياسي لحاظ کان مارڪس جو ورثو وڌيڪ پيچيده آهي. ويهين صديءَ دوران ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ ٿيندڙ انقلابن پاڻ کي ”مارڪسي“ سڏيو، جن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[روسي انقلاب]] هو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[سوويت يونين]] قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;April Thesis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lenin |first1=V.I. |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |title=The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution|year=1917 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |website=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109111834/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ولاديمير لينن]]، [[مائو زيڊونگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Glossary of People – Ma |url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060241/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[فيدل ڪاسترو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Savioli |first1=Arminio |title=L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism|year=1961 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907221742/https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[سلواڊور آليندي]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Allende |first1=Salvador |author-link=سلواڊور آليندي |title=First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election |date=1970|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044153/http://marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Broz Tito |first1=Josip |author-link=جوسيپ بروز ٽيٽو |title=Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism|date=1959 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426215819/https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڪوامي نڪروما]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nkrumah |first1=Kwame |author-link=ڪوامي نڪروما |title=African Socialism Revisited|date=1967 |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽ انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212248/https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جواهر لال نهرو]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |title=Nehru's economic philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226013014/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |archive-date=26 December 2019 |work=[[دي هندو]] |date=27 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[نيلسن منڊيلا]]،&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509223406/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ |date=9 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The South African''. 6 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; [[شي جن پنگ]]،&lt;ref name=&quot;euronews&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |last=Churm |first=Philip Andrew |title=Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx |work=[[يورونيوز]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403030931/https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوزف اسٽالن]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marxism and the National Question |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[ٿامس سنڪارا]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Harsch |first=Ernest |date=20 May 2015 |title=Resurrecting Thomas Sankara |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |magazine=[[جيڪوبن]] |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023094513/https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سميت ڪيترن ئي اهم عالمي اڳواڻن مارڪس کي پنهنجي فڪري اثرن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو آهي. انهن ملڪن کان ٻاهر به، جتي مارڪسي انقلاب آيا، مارڪس جي خيالن سڄي دنيا جي سياسي جماعتن کي متاثر ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Why Marxism is on the rise again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |newspaper=[[دي گارجين]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108185759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ڪميونسٽ انقلابين ۽ سياسي ڪارڪنن، جهڙوڪ [[روزا لڪسمبرگ]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History and Class Consciousness Georg Lukacs |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/ch02.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڀڳت سنگهه]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Indian National Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ارنسٽ ٿيلمان]]، [[چي گويرا]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zeitlin |first=Maurice |date=1974-11-01 |title=The Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary WarfareChe: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=715–718 |doi=10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |issn=0018-2168}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[چندر شيکر آزاد]]، [[انتونيو گرامشي]] ۽ [[فريڊ هيمپٽن]]،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The communism of the Black Panther Party {{!}} Red Flag |url=https://redflag.org.au/node/7352 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=redflag.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; تي مارڪسي نظريي جو گهرو اثر پيو.

مارڪسيت سان لاڳاپيل ملڪن ۾ سياسي مخالفن مارڪس کي لکين ماڻهن جي موت جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Tim |title=The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/ |work=[[دي ڊيلي ٽيليگراف]] |date=1 November 2013|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407225246/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ٻين جو دليل آهي ته خود مارڪس جي فڪري ورثي ۽ اثر کي انهن ماڻهن جي ورثي ۽ اثر کان الڳ سمجهڻ گهرجي، جن سندس خيالن کي سياسي مقصدن لاءِ نئين صورت ڏني يا استعمال ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Elbe |first1=Indigo |title=Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory |url=https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |work=Viewpoint Magazine |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108194200/https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |archive-date=8 January 2015 |date=21 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[آرٿر ليپو]] مارڪس ۽ سندس ساٿي [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] کي ”جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جا باني“ قرار ڏئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lipow |first=Arthur |year=1991 |title=Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |page=1 |isbn=978-0520075436 |quote={{'}}&quot;اسان انهن ڪميونسٽن مان نه آهيون، جيڪي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا يا دنيا کي هڪ وڏي فوجي ڇانوڻي يا هڪ عظيم جبري مزدوري خاني ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ گهرن ٿا. بيشڪ ڪي اهڙا ڪميونسٽ موجود آهن، جيڪي بنا ڪنهن هٻڪ جي ذاتي آزاديءَ کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪن ٿا ۽ ان کي دنيا مان ختم ڪرڻ چاهين ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال ۾ اها مڪمل هم آهنگيءَ جي راهه ۾ رڪاوٽ آهي. پر اسان جي ڪا به خواهش ناهي ته آزاديءَ کي برابريءَ سان مٽايو وڃي. اسان کي پڪو يقين آهي ... ته ڪنهن به سماجي نظام ۾ آزاديءَ جي ايتري پڪ نه ٿي ڏئي سگهجي، جيتري گڏيل ملڪيت تي ٻڌل سماج ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&quot;
اهڙي ريت 1847ع ۾ ''ڪميونسٽ ليگ جي جرنل'' جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو، جيڪي جديد انقلابي جمهوري سوشلزم جي باني [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرش اينگلز]] جي سڌي فڪري اثر هيٺ هئا.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

روس جي شهر [[مارڪس، روس|مارڪس]] ۽ جرمني جي شهر [[ڪيمنٽس|ڪارل-مارڪس-شٽاٽ]]، جيڪو هاڻي ڪيمنٽس جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جا نالا مارڪس جي نالي پٺيان رکيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Где находится Екатериненштадт? Города России |url=http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Ижевский новостной сайт |language=ru |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142040/http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf ''Chemnitzer Tourismus-Broschüre'', Herausgeber: City-Management und Tourismus Chemnitz GmbH, 4. Jahrgang • Ausgabe 12 • Sommer 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826225659/http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf|date=26 August 2010}}; [http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/de/stadt_chemnitz/geschichte/stadtarchiv/downloads/q_bildarchiv.pdf O-Ton-Nachweis im Chemnitzer Stadtarchiv]{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 2018ع ۾ سندس ڄمڻ جي ٻه سؤ سالا ياد ملهائڻ لاءِ، مشهور چيني مجسما ساز [[وو ويشان]] جو ٺاهيل مارڪس جو مجسمو، جيڪو چيني حڪومت پاران تحفي طور ڏنو ويو هو، جرمني جي شهر [[ٽرائر]] ۾ سندس جنم ڀوميءَ تي ظاهر ڪيو ويو. ان وقت جي [[يورپي ڪميشن]] جي صدر [[جان ڪلاڊ يونڪر]] مارڪس جي يادگيريءَ جو دفاع ڪندي چيو ته اڄ مارڪس کي ”اهڙين ڳالهين جي علامت بڻايو ويو آهي، جن جو نه هو ذميوار هو ۽ نه ئي اهي هن پيدا ڪيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندس لکيل ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين کي وري اهڙيءَ ريت ترتيب ڏنو ويو، جو انهن جي معنيٰ اصل جي ابتڙ ٿي وئي.“&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=4 May 2018 |title='Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy |work=[[دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005321/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |archive-date=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |title=Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst |work=[[بي بي سي نيوز]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622182403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013ع ۾ [[يونيسڪو]] مارڪس جي هٿ اکرن وارن ٻن دستاويزن کي پنهنجي [[دنيا جي يادگيريءَ جو بين الاقوامي رجسٽر]] ۾ شامل ڪيو. انهن مان هڪ ''داس ڪاپيٽال'' جي پهرئين جلد جو مارڪس جي حاشين ۽ نوٽن وارو پهريون ڇاپو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيو ''ڪميونسٽ منشور'' جي مسودي جو هڪ صفحو آهي. اهي دستاويز، مارڪس جي ٻين ڪاغذن سان گڏ، ايمسٽرڊيم جي [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو]] ۾ محفوظ آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, draft manuscript page and Das Kapital. Erster Band, Karl Marx's personal annotated copy |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/manifest-der-kommunistischen-partei-draft-manuscript-page-and-das-kapital-erster-band-karl-marxs |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ويهين صديءَ جي سئنيما تي اثر وجهڻ کان علاوه، مارڪس جي زندگي، سندس دور ۽ سندس اهم تصنيفون پڻ فلمن جا موضوع رهيون آهن. [[ڪارل مارڪس تي  فلمون|ڪارل مارڪس بابت فلمن]] ۾ دستاويزي فلمن کان وٺي افسانوي ڊرامن، آرٽ هائوس فلمن ۽ مزاحيه فلمن تائين مختلف صنفون شامل آهن. 2017ع ۾ رليز ٿيل فلم ''[[دي  ينگ ڪارل مارڪس]]'' کي تاريخي درستگي ۽ فڪري زندگيءَ جي پُرجوش پيشڪش سبب سٺا جائزا مليا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=22 February 2018 |title=Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

چين جي [[چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]]، مارڪس جي پيدائش جي [[ڪارل مارڪس جي پيدائش جي ٻه سؤ سالا تقريب|200هين سالگرهه]] جي موقعي تي، چيني [[ڊونگهوا]] (متحرڪ ويب سيريز) ''[[دي ليڊر (ويب سيريز)|دي ليڊر]]'' تيار ڪرائي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Loveridge, Lynzee |date=December 19, 2018 |title=China's Bilibili Streaming Service Announces Original Karl Marx Web Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118211920/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-12-19/china-bilibili-streaming-service-announces-original-karl-marx-web-anime/.141045 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== چونڊ ببليوگرافي ==
{{See also|مارڪس-اينگلز-گيزامٽائوسگابي|مارڪس/اينگلز گڏيل تصنيفون}}

{{Div col}}
* ''[[ڊيموڪريٽس ۽ ايپيڪورس جي فطرت بابت فلسفي جي وچ ۾ فرق]]'' (ڊاڪٽري مقالو)،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |title = انگريزي ترجمو آن لائين |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420103907/http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |archive-date=20 اپريل 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1841ع
* ''[[تاريخي قانوني اسڪول جو فلسفياتي منشور]]''، 1842ع
* ''[[هيگل جي حق بابت فلسفي تي تنقيد]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[يهودي سوال بابت]]''، 1843ع
* ''[[جيمس مل بابت نوٽس]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[1844ع جا معاشي ۽ فلسفياتي مسودا]]''، 1844ع
* ''[[مقدس خاندان (ڪتاب)|مقدس خاندان]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فيئرباخ بابت ٿيسز]]''، 1845ع ۾ لکيو ويو، پهريون ڀيرو اينگلز طرفان وفات کان پوءِ 1888ع ۾ شايع ٿيو
* ''[[جرمن نظريو]]''، 1845ع
* ''[[فلسفي جي غربت]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[اجرتي محنت ۽ سرمايو]]''، 1847ع
* ''[[ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو منشور]]''، 1848ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون]]''، 1850ع
* ''[[لوئي نيپولين جو ارڙهون بروميئر]]''، 1852ع
* ''[[گرونڊرِسه]]'' (''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد جا بنياد'')، 1857ع
* ''[[سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد ۾ هڪ حصو]]''، 1859ع
* ''[[آمريڪي گهرو جنگ بابت لکڻيون]]''، 1861ع
* ''[[اضافي قدر جا نظريا]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ [[ڪارل ڪائوٽسڪي]] پاران شايع ٿيل)، 3 جلد، 1862ع
* ''[[ابراهام لنڪن ڏانهن بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن جو خطاب]]''، 1864ع
* ''[[قدر، قيمت ۽ منافعو]]''، 1865ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد پهريون|''سرمايو''، جلد پهريون: ''سياسي معيشت تي تنقيد: سرمائي جي پيداوار جو عمل'']]'' (''Das Kapital'')، 1867ع
* ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو جنگ]]''، 1871ع
* ''[[گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد]]''، 1875ع
* ''[[ايڊولف ويگنر بابت نوٽس]]''، 1883ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٻيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٻيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1885ع
* ''[[سرمايو، جلد ٽيون|''سرمايو''، جلد ٽيون]]'' (وفات کان پوءِ اينگلز پاران شايع ٿيل)، 1894ع
{{Div col end}}

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{cols|colwidth=30em}}

* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي 200هين جنم ورسي]]
* [[2807 ڪارل مارڪس]] – هڪ ننڍو سيارو
* [[مارڪسزم تي تنقيد]]
* [[فلمن ۾ ڪارل مارڪس]]
* {{anl|مارڪس يادگار لائبريري}}
* {{anl|مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل|''مارڪس ٻيهر لوڊ ٿيل''}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طريقو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو طبقاتي نظريو}}
* {{anl|مارڪس جو رياست بابت نظريو}}
* {{anl|ڪارل مارڪس جا رياضياتي مسودا}}
* {{anl|مارڪس کان اڳ جا سوشلسٽ}}
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتيءَ جو وقتنامو]]
  {{colend}}

== حاشيا ۽ حوالا ==
{{notelist}}
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;1883: The death of Karl Marx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |title=1883ع: ڪارل مارڪس جو موت |publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] |access-date=21 ڊسمبر 2009 |archive-date=4 جنوري 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114229/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Allan2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪينيٿ |last=ايلن |title=سماجي عدسو: سماجي ۽ سماجياتي نظريي ڏانهن دعوت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |access-date=25 مارچ 2011 |year=2010 |publisher=پائن فورج پريس |isbn=978-1412978347 |page=68 |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622084122/http://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&amp;pg=PA68 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Balibar1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باليبار |first=ايتيئن |title=مارڪس جو فلسفو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |access-date=8 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[ورسو بڪس]] |isbn=978-1859849514 |page=56 |archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617021319/http://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&amp;pg=PA56 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Beilharz1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=بيلارز |first=پيٽر |title=محنت جا يوٽوپيا: بالشويزم، فابينزم ۽ سماجي جمهوريت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1992 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0415096805 |page=4 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620160709/http://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Bottomore1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=باٽومور |first=ٽي. بي. |author-link=ٿامس باٽومور |title=مارڪسسٽ فڪر جي لغت |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=1991 |publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]] |isbn=978-0631180821 |pages=108– |archive-date=22 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622075208/http://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&amp;pg=PA108 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BrewerMarx1984-15&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=بريور |first1=اينٿوني |last2=مارڪس |first2=ڪارل |author2-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جي رهنمائي |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1984 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521257305 |page=15 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722090920/http://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;CGP P1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |year=1875 |chapter=حصو پهريون |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |title-link=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |archive-date=26 ڊسمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226042725/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- اڻ استعمال ٿيل حوالو&lt;ref name=&quot;CapperGiorcelli2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=ڪيپر |first1=چارلس |last2=جيورچيلي |first2=ڪرسٽينا |last3=لٽل |first3=ليسٽر ڪي. |title=مارگريٽ فلر: انقلابي دور ۾ ائٽلانٽڪ پار سفر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LehjT5N5yQwC&amp;pg=PA18 |access-date=5 مارچ 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=[[وسڪانسن يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0299223403 |page=18 |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curtis1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=مائيڪل |last=ڪرٽس |title=مارڪسزم: اندروني مڪالما |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=1997 |publisher=[[ٽرانزيڪشن پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1560009450|page=291 |archive-date=16 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220111/http://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&amp;pg=PA291 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;DL-Marx&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر. تعارف. هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=فرانس ۾ طبقاتي جدوجهدون: فيبروري انقلاب کان پئرس ڪميون تائين |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس |isbn=978-1876646196 |page=6 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617100749/http://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Dispatches&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=مارڪس |first=ڪارل |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |editor-first=جيمس |editor-last=ليڊبيٽر |title=نيو يارڪ ٽربيون لاءِ رپورٽون: ڪارل مارڪس جي چونڊ صحافت |publisher=[[پينگوئن بڪس]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0141441924}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Elster1985&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=يون ايلسٽر|title=مارڪس کي سمجهڻ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|access-date=23 اپريل 2011|year=1985|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0521297059|page=217|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617012124/http://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&amp;pg=PA217|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Engels1999&quot;&gt;ڊگ لوريمر، هن ڪتاب ۾: {{cite book|author=فريڊرڪ اينگلز|title=سوشلزم: خيالي ۽ سائنسي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|access-date=7 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=ريزسٽنس بڪس|isbn=978-0909196868|pages=34–36|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617114803/http://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&amp;pg=PA34|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GeorgeScanlan1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=رچرڊ ٽي. ڊي جارج|author2=جيمس پيٽرڪ اسڪينلن|title=اوڀر يورپ ۾ مارڪسزم ۽ مذهب: 4 کان 7 سيپٽمبر 1974ع تائين بئنف بين الاقوامي سلاوي ڪانفرنس ۾ پيش ڪيل مقالا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1975|publisher=اسپرنگر|isbn=978-9027706362|page=20|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617023911/http://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&amp;pg=PA20|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilbert2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ڊينس گلبرٽ|title=وڌندڙ اڻبرابريءَ واري دور ۾ آمريڪي طبقاتي ڍانچو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=پائن فورج پريس|isbn=978-1412979658|pages=6–|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221658/http://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&amp;pg=PA6|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;GouldMcGarr2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|author2=پال ميڪ گار|author3=اسٽيون پيٽر رسل روز|title=زندگيءَ جي شاهوڪاري: اسٽيفن جي گولڊ جون اهم لکڻيون|url=https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul|url-access=registration|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2007|publisher=ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني|isbn=978-0393064988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul/page/167 167]–168}}{{Dead link|date=اپريل 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Harriss2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=فل |last=هيرس |title=لنڊن جون مارڪيٽون |edition=چوٿون |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=[[نيو هالينڊ پبلشرز]] |isbn=978-1860113062 |page=20 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190116/http://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&amp;pg=PA20 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hernadi1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=پال هرناڊي|title=تشريح جي خطابت ۽ خطابت جي تشريح|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1989|publisher=[[ڊيوڪ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0822309345|page=137|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215140/http://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&amp;pg=PA137|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hook1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=سڊني هوڪ|title=هيگل کان مارڪس تائين: ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪري ارتقا جو مطالعو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|access-date=16 مارچ 2011|year=1994|publisher=[[ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0231096652|pages=24–25|archive-date=23 سيپٽمبر 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923164300/http://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&amp;pg=PR24|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;JessopWheatley1999-526&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=باب جيسپ|author2=رسل ويٽلي|title=ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=1999|publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] آمريڪا|isbn=978-0415193276|page=526|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617103720/http://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&amp;pg=PA526|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor1=رونالڊ جان جانسٽن|title=انساني جاگرافيءَ جي لغت|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_w3r7/page/795/mode/1up|edition=چوٿون|year=2000|publisher=[[وائلي-بليڪ ويل]]|isbn=978-0631205616|pages=795–797|editor2= ڊيرڪ گريگري | editor3= جيرالڊين پراٽ | editor4= مائيڪل واٽس | author= ڊيرڪ گريگري | chapter= ڍانچيوار مارڪسزم | chapter-url-access= registration |via=[[انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|chapter=گوٿا پروگرام تي تنقيد، حصو چوٿون |via=marxists.org| author= ڪارل مارڪس | orig-date= 1875 | title =مارڪس/اينگلز جون چونڊ لکڻيون| volume= 3 | pages= 13–30 | publisher= پروگريس پبلشرز|place= ماسڪو| date= 1970 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702071606/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltsevN.-93&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=مالتسيف|author2=يوري اين.|title=مارڪس لاءِ مرثيو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|publisher=لڊوگ فان ميزس انسٽيٽيوٽ|isbn=978-1610161169|pages=93–94|year=1993|archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083729/http://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&amp;pg=PA93|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Manchester&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm |title=مارڪس گذريل هزار سال جو ”عظيم ترين مفڪر“ |work=بي بي سي نيوز ورلڊ آن لائين |date=1 آڪٽوبر 1999 |access-date=23 نومبر 2010 |archive-date=2 سيپٽمبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902192653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/461545.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=ڪارل |last=مارڪس |author-link=ڪارل مارڪس |title=لوئي بوناپارٽ جو ارڙهون بروميئر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |access-date=9 مارچ 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=وائلڊسائيڊ پريس ايل ايل سي |isbn=978-1434463746 |page=141 |archive-date=22 جولاءِ 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722084040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&amp;pg=PA141 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MarxO'Malley1977&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=ڪارل |last1=مارڪس |author1-link=ڪارل مارڪس |first2=جوزف |last2=اومالي |title=هيگل جي ”حق جي فلسفي“ تي تنقيد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |access-date=23 اپريل 2011 |year=1977 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]] |isbn=978-0521292115 |page=131 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004239/http://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehring2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=فرانز مهرنگ|title=ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2003|publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]]|isbn=978-0415313339|pages=19–20|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220242/http://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&amp;pg=PR19|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Ollman1973&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=برٽيل اولمين|title=بيگانگي: سرمائيداراڻي سماج ۾ انسان بابت مارڪس جو تصور|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1973|publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس|سي يو پي آرڪائيو]]|isbn=978-1001331355|page=81|archive-date=22 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622092831/http://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA81|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Rockmore2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ٽام راڪمور|title=مارڪسزم کان پوءِ مارڪس: ڪارل مارڪس جو فلسفو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[جان وائلي اينڊ سنز]] |isbn=978-0631231899|page=128|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233929/http://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&amp;pg=PA128|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Segrest2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=ميب سيگريسٽ|title=وابستگيءَ لاءِ ڄاول: روح ۽ انصاف بابت لکڻيون|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[رٽگرز يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0813531014|page=232|archive-date=16 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220203/http://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&amp;pg=PA232|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=شرمين |first=هاورڊ جي. |title=مارڪسزم جي نئين جوڙجڪ |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher |url-access=registration |access-date=7 مارچ 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[جانس هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0801850776 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher/page/5 5]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;SwatosKivisto1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=وليم ايڇ. سواٽوس|author2=پيٽر ڪيوسٽو|title=مذهب ۽ سماج جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1998|publisher=رومين الٽاميرا|isbn=978-0761989561|pages=499–|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620152445/http://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&amp;pg=PA499|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جان بي. ٿامپسن|title=نظريو ۽ جديد ثقافت: عوامي رابطي جي دور ۾ تنقيدي سماجي نظريو|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|access-date=8 مارچ 2011|year=1990|publisher=[[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]|isbn=978-0804718462|pages=37–38|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620184832/http://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&amp;pg=PA37|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=جوناٿن ايڇ. ٽرنر|title=سماجيات|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2005|publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]]|isbn=978-0131134966|pages=17–18|archive-date=20 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172806/http://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=پيٽر |last=واٽسن|title=جرمن ڏاهپ: يورپ جي ٽين نئين جاڳرتا، ٻيو سائنسي انقلاب ۽ ويهين صدي|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|access-date=9 مارچ 2011|year=2010|publisher=[[هارپر ڪولنز]]|isbn=978-0060760229|pages=250–|archive-date=17 جون 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617094656/http://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&amp;pg=PA250|url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |publisher=[[سائڪالاجي پريس]] |isbn=978-0415065580 |page=346 |year=1987 |archive-date=20 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620212506/http://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&amp;pg=PA346 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=جان ڪننگهم |last=ووڊ |author-link=جان ڪننگهم ووڊ |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشيات: تنقيدي جائزا، ٻيو سلسلو |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |access-date=16 مارچ 2011 |year=1993 |publisher=[[ٽيلر اينڊ فرانسس]] |isbn=978-0415087117 |page=232 |archive-date=17 جون 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082303/http://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&amp;pg=PA232 |url-status=live |via=[[گوگل ڪتاب]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;et&quot;&gt;ڪيترن ئي ليکڪن مارڪس جي نظرياتي ارتقا ۾ هن ڊگهي عرصي تائين نظرانداز ڪيل اهم تبديليءَ کي واضح ڪيو آهي، جهڙوڪ ارني ٿامسن پنهنجي ڪتاب ''نوجوان ڪارل مارڪس جي لکڻين ۾ تاريخ جي مادي تصور جي دريافت''، [[ليوسٽن، نيو يارڪ]]: [[ايڊون ميلن پريس]]، 2004ع ۾؛ مختصر احوال لاءِ ڏسو [http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html ميڪس شٽنر، هڪ مستقل اختلاف ڪندڙ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518155939/http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html |date=18 مئي 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;k72&quot;&gt;ڪارل مارڪس ۽ فريڊرڪ اينگلز، ''گڏيل تصنيفون، جلد 46''، انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز: نيو يارڪ، 1992ع، ص. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;manifesto&quot;&gt;مارڪس، ڪ. ۽ اينگلز، ف. (1848ع). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm ''ڪميونسٽ منشور''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902090238/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm |date=2 سيپٽمبر 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;plato.stanford.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ميڪس ويبر |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=29 نومبر 2009 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 فيبروري 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/64WuU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |title=اسٽينفورڊ فلسفي جو انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |chapter=ڪارل مارڪس |publisher=ميتافيزيڪس ريسرچ ليبارٽري، [[اسٽينفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] |year=2017 |access-date=28 مئي 2005 |archive-date=8 فيبروري 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208100606/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |url-status=live}}. پهريون ڀيرو اڱارو، 26 آگسٽ 2003ع تي شايع ٿيو؛ بنيادي نظرثاني سومر، 14 جون 2010ع تي ٿي. 4 مارچ 2011ع تي حاصل ڪيل.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;stateless&quot;&gt;ميڪليلن 1973ع، ص. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wh1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=وين |first=فرانسس |author-link=فرانسس وين |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي |publisher=نارٽن |location=نيو يارڪ | year=2002 |pages=تعارف |no-pp=true}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;wk&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=بيئرڊ |first1=فارسٽ اي. |last2=ڪائوفمين |first2=والٽر |title=افلاطون کان دريدا تائين |publisher=[[پيئرسن پرينٽس هال]] |year=2008 |location=اپر سيڊل رور، نيو جرسي |isbn=978-0131585911}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

=== ذريعا ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Heine |last2=Kaspersen |first2=Lars Bo |title=Classical and modern social theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PeGtsC2Hp4C&amp;pg=PA123 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-0631212881 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617000227/http://books.google.com/books?id=_PeGtsC2Hp4C&amp;pg=PA123 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Kevin B. |date=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxCZCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA239 |title=Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0226345703 |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Bannerji |first=Himani |title=Inventing subjects: studies in hegemony, patriarchy and colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQqos58kEPwC&amp;pg=PA27 |access-date=2 May 2011 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Anthem Press]] |isbn=978-1843310723 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617014040/http://books.google.com/books?id=rQqos58kEPwC&amp;pg=PA27 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Berlin |first=Isaiah |author-link=Isaiah Berlin |title=Karl Marx: His Life and Environment |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London |date=1963}}
* {{cite book |last=Blumenberg |first=Werner |translator-first=Douglas |translator-last=Scott |title=Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London; New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85984-254-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Calhoun |first=Craig J. |author-link=Craig Calhoun |title=Classical Sociological Theory |year=2002 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-631-21348-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912174103/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Calhoun |first=Craig J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlmBgDM-shoC |title=Classical sociological theory |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-65567-2 |edition=3rd |location=Chichester, West Sussex |oclc=794037359 |access-date=5 October 2021 |via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Barry Stewart |title=Political economy: a comparative approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&amp;pg=PA57 |access-date=7 March 2011 |year=1998 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0275963705 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620161105/http://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&amp;pg=PA57 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{cite book |last=Fedoseyev |first=Petr Nikolaevich |year=1973 |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |location=Moscow |oclc=1365346}}
* {{cite book |last=Heinrich |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Heinrich |title=Karl Marx and the Birth of Modern Society: The Life of Marx and the Development of His Work. Volume I: 1818–1841 |location=New York |publisher=Monthly Review P. |year=2019 |isbn=978-1583677353}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |title=How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism |year=2011 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=London |isbn=978-1408702871|ref=Hob11}}
* {{Cite book |last=McLellan |first=David |author-link=David McLellan (political scientist) |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |edition=4th |year=2006 |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |location=Hampshire |isbn=978-1403997302}}
* {{cite book |last=Mészáros |first=István |author-link=István Mészáros (philosopher) |title=Marx's Theory of Alienation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lckAQAAIAAJ |access-date=8 March 2011 |year=2006 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=Merlin Press |isbn=978-0850365542 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233058/http://books.google.com/books?id=5lckAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nicolaievsky |first1=Boris |last2=Maenchen-Helfen |first2=Otto |title=Karl Marx: Man and Fighter |author1-link=Boris Nicolaevsky |author2-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |year=1976 |orig-year=1936 |publisher=Pelican |location=Harmondsworth and New York |isbn=978-1406727036 |translator1-first=Gwenda |translator1-last=David |translator2-first=Eric |translator2-last=Mosbacher |translator2-link=Eric Mosbacher}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nicolaievsky |first1=Boris |last2=Maenchen-Helfen |first2=Otto |title=Karl Marx: Man and Fighter |author1-link=Boris Nicolaevsky |author2-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1406727036 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&amp;pg=PA192 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Pepperell |first=Nicole |date=April 2010 |title=Disassembling Capital |type=PhD |publisher=[[RMIT University]] |url=https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331022416/https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pilling |first=Geoff |title=Marx's Capital, Philosophy and Political Economy |publisher=[[Routledge]] &amp; Keagan Paul |year=1980 |isbn=978-1138874107 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110212321/https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Postone |first=Moishe |author-link=Moishe Postone |title=Time labour and social domination |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0511570926 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570926 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511570926 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051213/https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511570926 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Postone |first=Moishe |author-link=Moishe Postone |title=Time, labor, and social domination: a reinterpretation of Marx's critical theory |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521565400 |oclc=475188205 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schwarzschild |first1=Leopold |author1-link=Leopold Schwarzschild |title=The Red Prussian: Life and Legend of Karl Marx |year=1986 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=Pickwick Books Ltd |isbn=978-0948859007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seigel |first=Jerrold |author-link=Jerrold Seigel |title=Marx's fate: the shape of a life |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=1978 |isbn=0271009357}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shuster |first=Sam |title=The nature and consequence of Karl Marx's skin disease |journal=British Journal of Dermatology |volume=158 |issue=1 |date=January 2008 |pages=071106220718011–– |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08282.x |pmid=17986303 |s2cid=40843002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Singer |title=Marx |year=1980 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0192875105}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sperber |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |year=2013 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]] |isbn=978-0871404671}}
* {{cite book |last=Splichal |first=Slavko |title=Principles of publicity and press freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8fO_b0lxDAC&amp;pg=PA115 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0742516151 |page=115 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617083504/http://books.google.com/books?id=u8fO_b0lxDAC&amp;pg=PA115 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Stedman Jones |first1=Gareth |title=Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion |date=2016 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-0713999044}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Philip |title=Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers |year=2004 |publisher=Index Books |location=Kettering |isbn=978-0572029357}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vygodsky |first=Vitaly |title=The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote 'Capital' |year=1973 |publisher=Verlag Die Wirtschaft |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121940/https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |title=Karl Marx |year=2001 |publisher=Fourth Estate |location=London |isbn=978-1857026375}}
{{refend}}

== وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاءِ ==
{{refbegin}}

=== سوانح عمريون ===
{{main|ڪارل مارڪس جون سوانح عمريون}}
{{div col}}

* {{cite book |author=[[ميڪس بيئر|بيئر، ميڪس]] |title=ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تعليم |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/37290 |year=1921 |publisher=[[نيشنل ليبر پريس]]}}
* [[آئزيا برلن|برلن، آئزيا]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ماحول'' ([[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1963ع) {{ISBN|0195200527}}
* گيمڪوف، هينرچ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري''. ڊريسڊن: ورلاگ سائيٽ ام بلڊ. 1968ع.
* {{cite ODNB|id=39021|title=مارڪس، ڪارل هينرچ|year=2004|last=هابسبام|first=اي. جي.|ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=لينن |first=ولاديمير |title=ڪارل مارڪس: مارڪسزم جي تشريح سان گڏ هڪ مختصر سوانحي خاڪو |author-link=ولاديمير لينن |year=1967 |orig-year=1913 |publisher=فارين لينگويجز پريس |location=پيڪنگ |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |access-date=19 فيبروري 2011 |archive-date=2 جولاءِ 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702055230/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |url-status=live |via=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]}}
* ليڊمين، سوين-ايرڪ. ''فتح ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ دنيا: ڪارل مارڪس جي حياتي ۽ تصنيفون.'' [2015ع] جيفري اين. اسڪنر، مترجم. لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2018ع.
* ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ فڪر''، هارپر اينڊ رو، 1973ع {{ISBN|978-0060128296}}
* [[فرانز مهرنگ|مهرنگ، فرانز]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: سندس حياتيءَ جي ڪهاڻي'' ([[روٽليج]]، 2003ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ ميڪليلن (تعليمي ماهر)|ميڪليلن، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪسزم کان اڳ مارڪس'' (1980ع)، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0333278826}}
* {{cite book |chapter=استاد: ڪارل مارڪس، جنهن ازدها جا ڏند پوکيا |title=انقلاب جا پيغمبر |first=ميڪس |last=نوماد |author-link=ميڪس نوماد |year=1961 |orig-year=1939 |location=نيو يارڪ |publisher=[[ڪرويل-ڪوليئر پبلشنگ ڪمپني|ڪوليئر بڪس]] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrevolu00noma/page/83/ |lccn=61018566 |oclc=984463383 |pages=83–150}}
* [[ميڪسميلين روبيل|روبيل، ميڪسميلين]]. ''ڏند ڪٿا کان سواءِ مارڪس: سندس حياتي ۽ ڪم جو تاريخوار مطالعو'' (بليڪ ويل، 1975ع) {{ISBN|0631157808}}
* [[اينجلو سيگريلو|سيگريلو، اينجلو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي سوانح عمرين جون ٻه صديون: هڪ جائزو'' (ايل اي اي ورڪنگ پيپر سيريز، شمارو 4، مارچ 2019ع).
* اسپرٻر، جوناٿن. ''ڪارل مارڪس: اڻويهين صديءَ جي هڪ حياتي.'' نيو يارڪ: ڊبليو. ڊبليو. نارٽن اينڊ ڪمپني، 2013ع.
* اسٽيڊمن جونز، گيرٿ. ''ڪارل مارڪس: عظمت ۽ وهم'' (ايلن لين، 2016ع). {{ISBN|978-0713999044}}.
* واڪر، فرينڪ ٿامس. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ ڪتابياتي ۽ سياسي سوانح عمري''. (بي جي پبليڪيشنز)، 2009ع.
* [[فرانسس وين|وين، فرانسس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ حياتي''، (فورٿ اسٽيٽ، 1999ع)، {{ISBN|1857026373}}
  {{div col end}}

=== مارڪس بابت تبصرا ===
{{div col}}

* [[لوئي الٿوسر|الٿوسر، لوئي]]. ''[[مارڪس لاءِ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2005ع.
* الٿوسر، لوئي ۽ [[ايتيئن باليبار|باليبار، ايتيئن]]. ''[[سرمايو پڙهڻ]]''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2009ع.
* [[جيڪ اٽالي|اٽالي، جيڪ]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس يا دنيا جو فڪر''. 2005ع.
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي ۽ سياسي فڪر'' (ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس، 1968ع) {{ISBN|0521096197}}
* [[شلومو اوينري|اوينري، شلومو]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس: فلسفو ۽ انقلاب'' (ييل يونيورسٽي پريس، 2019ع) {{ISBN|978-0300211702}}
* [[ڪوسٽاس ايڪسيلوس|ايڪسيلوس، ڪوسٽاس]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي فڪر ۾ بيگانگي، عمل ۽ ٽيڪنيڪي هنر'' (رونالڊ بروزينا جو ترجمو، يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس پريس، 1976ع).
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=جينيٽ |author-last=بيلز ڪائڊانٽزس |title=ڪارل مارڪس (1818ع–1883ع) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Marx.html |encyclopedia=[[اقتصاديات جو مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] |edition=ٻيو |series=[[لائبريري آف اڪنامڪس اينڊ لبرٽي]] |publisher=[[لبرٽي فنڊ]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=ڊيوڊ آر. |editor-last=هينڊرسن |editor-link=ڊيوڊ آر. هينڊرسن |pages=563–564}}
* بليڪليج، پال. ''تاريخ جي مارڪسي نظريي تي ويچار'' (مانچسٽر يونيورسٽي پريس، 2006ع)
* بليڪليج، پال. ''مارڪسزم ۽ اخلاقيات'' (ايس يو اين واءِ پريس، 2012ع)
* باٽومور، ٽام، مرتب. ''مارڪسي فڪر جي لغت''. آڪسفورڊ: بليڪ ويل، 1998ع.
* {{Cite book |last=ڪالينيڪوس |first=ايلڪس |author-link=ايلڪس ڪالينيڪوس |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا انقلابي خيال |year=2010 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=بڪ مارڪس |location=بلومسبري؛ لنڊن |isbn=978-1905192687}}
* [[هيري ڪليور|ڪليور، هيري]]. ''سرمائي کي سياسي نموني پڙهڻ'' (اي ڪي پريس، 2000ع)
* [[جيرالڊ ڪوهن|جي. اي. ڪوهن]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو تاريخ بابت نظريو: هڪ دفاع'' ([[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1978ع) {{ISBN|0691070687}}
* [[اينڊريو ڪوليئر (فلسفي)|ڪوليئر، اينڊريو]]. ''مارڪس'' (ون ورلڊ، 2004ع)
* [[هال ڊريپر|ڊريپر، هال]]، ''ڪارل مارڪس جو انقلاب بابت نظريو'' (4 جلد)، [[منٿلي ريويو]] پريس.
* ڊنڪن، رونالڊ ۽ [[ڪولن ولسن|ولسن، ڪولن]]. (مرتب) ''مارڪس جي ترديد''، (باٿ، برطانيا، 1987ع) {{ISBN|090679871X}}
* [[ٽيري ايگلٽن|ايگلٽن، ٽيري]]. ''مارڪس درست ڇو هو'' (نيو هيون ۽ لنڊن: [[ييل يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 2011ع).
* [[بين فائن|فائن، بين]]. ''مارڪس جو سرمايو.'' پنجون ڇاپو. لنڊن: [[پلوٽو پريس]]، 2010ع.
* [[جان بيلمي فوسٽر|فوسٽر، جان بيلمي]]. ''مارڪس جي ماحوليات: ماديت ۽ فطرت''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2000ع.
* [[اسٽيفن جي گولڊ|گولڊ، اسٽيفن جي]]. ''مارڪس جي جنازي تي هڪ ڊاروني صاحب – اي. ري لنڪيسٽر''، ص. 1، فائنڊ آرٽيڪلز ڊاٽ ڪام{{cbignore}} (1999ع)
* [[ڊيوڊ هاروي|هاروي، ڊيوڊ]]. ''مارڪس جي سرمائيءَ جو ساٿي ڪتاب.'' لنڊن: [[ورسو بڪس]]، 2010ع.
* هاروي، ڊيوڊ. ''سرمائي جون حدون''. لنڊن: ورسو، 2006ع.
  {{Clear}}
* [[مائيڪل هينري|هينري، مائيڪل]]. ''مارڪس پهريون'' ۽ ''مارڪس ٻيون''. 1976ع.
* هولٽ، جسٽن پي. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو سماجي فڪر''. سيج، 2015ع.
* ايگرز، جارج جي. ”تاريخ نويسي: سائنسي معروضيت کان بعد جديديت جي چئلينج تائين.“ ([[ويسليئن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1997ع، 2005ع)
* [[ليشڪ ڪولاڪوسڪي|ڪولاڪوسڪي، ليشڪ]]. ''مارڪسزم جا مکيه وهڪرا''، آڪسفورڊ: [[ڪلارنڊن پريس]]، او يو پي، 1978ع.
* [[رابرٽ ڪرٽز (فلسفي)|ڪرٽز، رابرٽ]]. ''مارڪس پڙهو: ايڪويهين صديءَ لاءِ ڪارل مارڪس جا سڀ کان اهم متن'' (2000ع) {{ISBN|3821816449}}
* لٽل، ڊينيئل. ''سائنسي مارڪس''، (يونيورسٽي آف منيسوٽا پريس، 1986ع) {{ISBN|0816615055}}
* [[ارنسٽ منڊل|منڊل، ارنسٽ]]. ''مارڪسي معاشي نظريو''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1970ع.
* منڊل، ارنسٽ. ''ڪارل مارڪس جي معاشي فڪر جي تشڪيل''. نيو يارڪ: منٿلي ريويو پريس، 1977ع.
* ملر، رچرڊ ڊبليو. ''مارڪس جو تجزيو: اخلاقيات، طاقت ۽ تاريخ''. پرنسٽن، نيو جرسي: [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي پريس]]، 1984ع.
* [[مري راٿبارڊ|راٿبارڊ، مري]]. ''اقتصادي فڪر جي تاريخ تي آسٽريائي نقطه نظر، جلد ٻيون: ڪلاسيڪي معاشيات'' (ايڊورڊ ايلگر پبلشنگ لميٽيڊ، 1995ع) {{ISBN|094546648X}}
* [[الفريڊو سعد-فلهو|سعد-فلهو، الفريڊو]]. ''مارڪس جو قدر: همعصر سرمائيداريءَ لاءِ سياسي معيشت''. لنڊن: [[روٽليج]]، 2002ع.
* [[ڪوهي سائتو|سائتو، ڪوهي]]. ''ڪارل مارڪس جو ماحولياتي سوشلزم: سرمايو، فطرت ۽ سياسي معيشت جي اڻپوري تنقيد''، منٿلي ريويو پريس، 2017ع.
* [[الفريڊ شمٽ (فلسفي)|شمٽ، الفريڊ]]. ''مارڪس وٽ فطرت جو تصور''. لنڊن: اين ايل بي، 1971ع.
* {{cite journal |last=سيگل |first=جي. اي. |title=مارڪس جي شروعاتي ارتقا: پيشو، بغاوت ۽ حقيقت پسندي |journal=دي جرنل آف انٽرڊسيپلينري هسٽري |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1973 |pages=475–508 |jstor=202551 |doi=10.2307/202551}}
* [[پال اسٽرادرن|اسٽرادرن، پال]]. ”90 منٽن ۾ مارڪس“، (آئيون آر. ڊي، 2001ع)
* ٿامس، پال. ''ڪارل مارڪس ۽ انارڪسٽ''. لنڊن: روٽليج اينڊ ڪيگن پال، 1980ع.
* [[ڪوزو اونو|اونو، ڪوزو]]. ''سياسي معيشت جا اصول: خالص سرمائيداراڻي سماج جو نظريو''، برائٽن، سسڪس: هاروسٽر؛ ائٽلانٽڪ هاءِ لينڊز، نيو جرسي: هيومينيٽيز، 1980ع.
* [[فرنانڊو ويانيلو|ويانيلو]]، ايف. [1989ع]، ”اثرائتي طلب ۽ منافعي جي شرح: مارڪس، [[ميخائو ڪاليڪي|ڪاليڪي]] ۽ [[پيئرو سرافا|سرافا]] بابت ڪجهه ويچار“، سيباستياني، ايم. (مرتب)، ''اڄ جي دور ۾ ڪاليڪي جي اهميت''، لنڊن، ميڪملن، {{ISBN|978-0312024116}}.
* وينڊلنگ، ايمي. ''ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ بيگانگي بابت ڪارل مارڪس'' (پالگريو ميڪملن، 2009ع)
* وين، فرانسس. ''مارڪس جو داس ڪيپيٽل''، (ائٽلانٽڪ بڪس، 2006ع) {{ISBN|1843544008}}
* ولسن، ايڊمنڊ. ''[[فنلينڊ اسٽيشن ڏانهن]]: تاريخ لکڻ ۽ تاريخ ٺاهڻ جو مطالعو''، گارڊن سٽي، نيو يارڪ: ڊبل ڊي، 1940ع.
  {{div col end}}

=== افسانوي تصنيفون ===

* {{cite book |last=بارڪر |first=جيسن |author-link=جيسن بارڪر |title=[[مارڪس موٽي اچي ٿو]] |location=ونچيسٽر، برطانيا |publisher=زيرو بڪس |year=2018 |isbn=978-1785356605}}
  {{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==

* {{Gutenberg author|id=46|name=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{Librivox author|id=2426}}
* {{cite SEP|url-id=marx|title=ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{marxists.org|marx|ڪارل مارڪس}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels1|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=1|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels2|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو|publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز|volume=2|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels3|title=چونڊ تصنيفون|author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |volume=3 |year=1973}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedcorrespondencemarxengels |title=چونڊ خط و ڪتابت |author=مارڪس ۽ اينگلز |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=ٽيون نظرثاني ٿيل ڇاپو |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/KarlMarxABiography |title=ڪارل مارڪس: هڪ سوانح عمري |author=سوويت يونين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جو مارڪسزم-ليننزم انسٽيٽيوٽ |location=ماسڪو |publisher=پروگريس پبلشرز |edition=چوٿون |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |title=ڪارل مارڪس جا نسلياتي نوٽ بڪ |editor-last=ڪريڊر |editor-first=لارنس |location=آسن |publisher=وان گورڪم |edition=ٻيو |year=1974 |access-date=3 مارچ 2018 |archive-date=20 آڪٽوبر 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020025302/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |url-status=live }}
* [[بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جو ادارو|بين الاقوامي سماجي تاريخ جي اداري]] وٽ [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 ڪارل مارڪس / فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي ڪاغذن] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608151012/https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 |date=8 جون 2018 }} جو ذخيرو
* مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جون ''گڏيل تصنيفون''، انگريزي ترجمي ۾ 50 جلدن تي مشتمل، لنڊن ۾ لارنس اينڊ وشارٽ ۽ نيو يارڪ ۾ انٽرنيشنل پبلشرز طرفان شايع ٿيل آهن. (اهي جلد هڪ وقت [[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] تي آن لائين رکيا ويا هئا، پر اصل ناشرن جي ڪاپي رائيٽ بابت اعتراض کان پوءِ هٽايا ويا: {{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|title=مارڪس/اينگلز جون گڏيل تصنيفون|publisher=[[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]]|access-date=3 مارچ 2018|archive-date=17 آگسٽ 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061207/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|url-status=live}}) اهي آن لائين موجود ۽ ڳولا لائق آهن ۽ خريداري يا رڪنيت رکندڙ لائبريرين وسيلي ''[https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory سماجي نظريي]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164706/https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory |date=3 مارچ 2018 }} جي مجموعي ۾ دستياب آهن، جيڪو [https://alexanderstreet-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/page/history-imprints اليگزينڊر اسٽريٽ پريس] پاران [[شڪاگو يونيورسٽي]] جي سهڪار سان شايع ڪيو ويو آهي.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg ”مارڪس“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405042734/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg |date=5 اپريل 2018 }}، [[بي بي سي ريڊيو 4]] تي اينٿوني گريلنگ، فرانسس وين ۽ گيرٿ اسٽيڊمن جونز سان گفتگو (''[[ان آور ٽائيم (ريڊيو سلسلو)|ان آور ٽائيم]]''، 14 جولاءِ 2005ع)
* [http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk 1887ع ۾ ''نيو يارڪ ٽائمز'' طرفان ''داس ڪيپيٽل'' جو جائزو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506191145/http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk |date=6 مئي 2020 }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011971}}

{{Karl Marx|state=expanded}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:مارڪس، ڪارل}}
[[زمرو:ڪارل مارڪس| ]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ ڄاول]]
[[زمرو:1883ع ۾ وفاتون]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن تاريخدان]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن صحافي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا جرمن سماجي سائنسدان]]
[[زمرو:پروشيا جي بادشاهت جا 19هين صديءَ جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا ملحد]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا سماجياتدان]]
[[زمرو:قوم پرستيءَ جا مخالف]]
[[زمرو:ملحد فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:هاءِ گيٽ قبرستان ۾ دفن ٿيل]]
[[زمرو:تڪرار جو نظريو]]
[[زمرو:يهوديت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:سياسي معيشت جا نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ڪم جا جرمن نقاد]]
[[زمرو:ساهه جي نلين جي سوزش سبب وفاتون]]
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[[زمرو:اڳوڻا لوٿراني]]
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[[زمرو:جرمن سرمائيداري مخالف]]
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[[زمرو:جرمن ڪميونسٽ]]
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[[زمرو:جرمن مرد صحافي]]
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[[زمرو:جرمن راءِ نگار صحافي]]
[[زمرو:ڊچ-يهودي نسل جا جرمن]]
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[[زمرو:هيگل جا جرمن عالم]]
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[[زمرو:برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:برسلز جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:لنڊن جا صحافي]]
[[زمرو:پئرس جا صحافي]]
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[[زمرو:ماديت پسند]]
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[[زمرو:پمفليٽ لکندڙ]]
[[زمرو:سوهو جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:لوئر رائن جي گرانڊ ڊچيءَ جا ماڻهو]]
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[[زمرو:ثقافت جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:معاشيات جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:تاريخ جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:مذهب جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سائنس جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي جا فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:فلسفياتي بشريات جا ماهر]]
[[زمرو:انقلاب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:سماجي فلسفي]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ معاشياتدان]]
[[زمرو:سوشلسٽ عورت دوست]]
[[زمرو:بي وطن ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:اولهه جي تهذيب جا نظريه دان]]
[[زمرو:بون يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:يينا يونيورسٽي جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]]
[[زمرو:وڪٽورين دور جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪارگذاري ۽ سماجي تبديليءَ بابت ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڪولون جا ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:ويسٽ منسٽر شهر جا ليکڪ]]
{{ابتدائی_ترتیب:مارڪس}}
[[زمرو:1818ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1883ع جون فوتگيون]]
[[زمرو:تعليم جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:سياست]]
[[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:ڪميونزم]]
[[زمرو:جرمن مرد غير افسانوي ليکڪ]]
[[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]]</text>
      <sha1>4enitnokt01yaqmfnkx8eysyf518g8r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ثادق</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="2682" sha1="6o6jr3agtir094a8ry0vk9w7zk2e26y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
[[ثادق]]، [[نجد]] [[سعودي عرب]] جي هڪ شهر جو نالو آهي. هي چار سئو سال پراڻو شهر آهي. هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو.
https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
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        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="4773" sha1="ai7vungkw9h1omyyl13ltj2uccu3x08" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>ai7vungkw9h1omyyl13ltj2uccu3x08</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395323</id>
      <parentid>395322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:43:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5289" sha1="cngdmu67fmwi3j2l8ksri1pmqqb0l4v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>cngdmu67fmwi3j2l8ksri1pmqqb0l4v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395324</id>
      <parentid>395323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:44:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5724" sha1="brohvoixitu2b3f13l9cujm9rqudzqe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافيائي بيهڪ ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمعة گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضافة ۽ الملتهبة، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>brohvoixitu2b3f13l9cujm9rqudzqe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395325</id>
      <parentid>395324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:47:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6781" sha1="g0q4k1l0mhjzss1yhpfx7f5u0uvjsf5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمعة گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضافة ۽ الملتهبة، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خاء ۽ نون تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزة''': (خاء تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[العتك]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>g0q4k1l0mhjzss1yhpfx7f5u0uvjsf5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395326</id>
      <parentid>395325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:49:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6759" sha1="p2h7h3zcxsgjomqkwm0dt6t177hdyht" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمع گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضاف ۽ الملتھب، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خ ۽ ن تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزہ''': (خ تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[عتڪ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>p2h7h3zcxsgjomqkwm0dt6t177hdyht</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395327</id>
      <parentid>395326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:55:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8418" sha1="hh515bfoan4qina57mf27hkctzjvgjt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمع گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضاف ۽ الملتھب، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خ ۽ ن تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزہ''': (خ تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[عتڪ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== ثادق جا نمايان ماڳ ==

ثادق جي اهم تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳن ۾ [[وادي عبيثران]]، مقصورہ، طويلعه العلي، قاره بن عمار، جبل غرابه، بيت الجماعه التراثي، برج مشرف، نفود الساحبه، درب عتيڪ ۾ واقع ثادق جا قديم محل، ۽ بويطنات جي اترين ۽ ڏاکڻي وادي شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ڪيترائي سرڪاري ادارا پڻ قائم آهن.

ثادق ۾ رياض علائقي جون ڪيتريون مشهور سرسبز [[چراگاھ|چراگاھون]] پڻ واقع آهن، جيڪي بهار جي موسم ۽ برساتن دوران قدرتي سائي چادر سان ڍڪجي وڃن ٿيون. انهن ۾  نوره، خفس شمالي چراگاھ، مزيرعه، عتيڪ ۽ حبيل شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|عنوان=محافظة المحمل (ثادق)|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=8 فبراير 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ثادق جي ماتحت انتظامي مرڪزن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:'''

* دبيجه
* [[رغبه]]
* [[رويضه سهول]]
* [[مشاش سهول]]
* خاتله
* [[بير]]
* [[رويغب]]
* [[صفرات]]
* بويرده
* حسي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان آبادياتي علائقا پڻ ثادق سان لاڳاپيل آهن:'''

* ابا الخرفان
* أم سليم
* البدائع
* فيحاء العتش
* الفيضة

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>hh515bfoan4qina57mf27hkctzjvgjt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395328</id>
      <parentid>395327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:57:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13291" sha1="cus7aa8ynwjded5brotpvay5q0batsf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمع گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضاف ۽ الملتھب، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خ ۽ ن تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزہ''': (خ تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[عتڪ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== ثادق جا نمايان ماڳ ==

ثادق جي اهم تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳن ۾ [[وادي عبيثران]]، مقصورہ، طويلعه العلي، قاره بن عمار، جبل غرابه، بيت الجماعه التراثي، برج مشرف، نفود الساحبه، درب عتيڪ ۾ واقع ثادق جا قديم محل، ۽ بويطنات جي اترين ۽ ڏاکڻي وادي شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ڪيترائي سرڪاري ادارا پڻ قائم آهن.

ثادق ۾ رياض علائقي جون ڪيتريون مشهور سرسبز [[چراگاھ|چراگاھون]] پڻ واقع آهن، جيڪي بهار جي موسم ۽ برساتن دوران قدرتي سائي چادر سان ڍڪجي وڃن ٿيون. انهن ۾  نوره، خفس شمالي چراگاھ، مزيرعه، عتيڪ ۽ حبيل شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|عنوان=محافظة المحمل (ثادق)|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=8 فبراير 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ثادق جي ماتحت انتظامي مرڪزن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:'''

* دبيجه
* [[رغبه]]
* [[رويضه سهول]]
* [[مشاش سهول]]
* خاتله
* [[بير]]
* [[رويغب]]
* [[صفرات]]
* بويرده
* حسي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان آبادياتي علائقا پڻ ثادق سان لاڳاپيل آهن:'''

* ابا الخرفان
* أم سليم
* البدائع
* فيحاء العتش
* الفيضة

== ثادق جون مشهور شخصيتون ==

* '''ساري بن يحيى بن سويلم العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' ثادق ۽ محمل علائقي جو امير هو. هن [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|امام محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جو زمانو ڏٺو، ان جي بيعت ڪئي ۽ ثادق ۽ محمل جي ماڻهن سان گڏ سندس حمايت ڪئي. 1170هه ۾ [[عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود|امام عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود]] عارضي طور دخيل بن عبد الله بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري کي 1172هه تائين امير مقرر ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ساري بن يحيى ٻيهر امارت سنڀالي. سندس وفات کان پوءِ سندس پٽ يحيى بن ساري سندس جانشين ٿيو.

* '''يحيى بن ساري بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري''' پنهنجي والد کان پوءِ ثادق جو امير ٿيو ۽ سندس امارت ڊگهي عرصي تائين جاري رهي. هن [[ترڪي بن عبد الله آل سعود|امام ترڪي بن عبد الله]]، جيڪو [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جو باني هو، جي دور تائين حڪومت ڪئي. ابن لعبون پنهنجي تاريخ ۾ لکي ٿو ته 1239هه ۾ امام ترڪي بن عبد الله ثادق پهتو، جتي يحيى بن ساري امير هو، ۽ هن سدير جي ماڻهن کي حڪم ڏنو ته ثادق ۾ گڏ ٿين. پوءِ ثادق کي مرڪز بڻائي ٻين علائقن جي اتحاد ۽ فتح لاءِ مهم شروع ڪئي. يحيى بن ساري، علي بن سويد البدراني الدوسري ۽ محمل ۽ سدير جي ماڻهن امام ترڪي جي شروعاتي مهمن ۾ اهم مدد فراهم ڪئي.

* '''عبد العزيز بن ناصر بن عبد العزيز بن عيسى البدراني الدوسري''' 1344هه ۾ [[جده جو گهيرو]] دوران محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن [[معركة الرغامة]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ جده جي گهيري دوران شهيد ٿيو.

* '''ناصر بن حمد بن ناصر الجرباء البدراني الدوسري'''، امير حمد بن ناصر الجرباء جو پٽ، ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. هو شوال 1347هه ۾ [[جنگ السبلة]] دوران محمل جي بيرق جو امير هو، جتي سخت زخمي ٿيو. اها سندس آخري فوجي مهم ثابت ٿي، ۽ 1402هه ۾ ثادق ۾ وفات ڪيائين.

* '''صالح الجبالي''' پنهنجي بهادري ۽ غيرمعمولي نشانيبازي سبب مشهور هو. هن [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، ۽ الجبالي خاندان محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق کڻڻ لاءِ مشهور هو.

* '''محمد بن عبد العزيز الجرباء البدراني الدوسري''' ملڪ جي اتحاد وارين جنگين ۾ [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1353هه ۾ يمن جي جنگ دوران پنهنجي قبيلي جي فوج جو امير هو. سندس وفات ثادق ۾ ٿي.

* '''عيسى بن علي بن عبد الله العيسى العلي البدراني الدوسري'''، ثادق جي امير علي بن عبد الله جو پٽ، محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن سعودي اتحاد جي اڪثر جنگين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جن ۾ [[جراب جي جنگ]] (1333هه)، عسير جي فتح (1338هه)، حائل جو الحاق (1339هه)، 1351هه واري ادارسه بغاوت، ۽ [[معركة الدبدبة]] ۽ [[أم رضمة]] (1347هه) شامل آهن.

* '''شيخ محمد بن عبد العزيز آل الشيخ العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' [[پهرين سعودي رياست]] جي دور ۾ ثادق، الشعيب، محمل ۽ عمان جو قاضي هو. هو پنهنجي زماني جي مشهور عالمن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سندس پٽ '''شيخ عبد العزيز''' پڻ علمي شخصيت هو، ۽ هن خاندان ۾ علمي روايت چوڏهين هجري صدي جي وچ تائين جاري رهي. هن خاندان مان '''شيخ حمد بن عبد العزيز بن محمد آل الشيخ العوسجي''' پڻ [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جي دور جو هڪ مشهور عالم هو، جيڪو خاص طور [[حنبلي]] فقہ ۾ پنهنجي گهري علم سبب مشهور هو، ۽ سندس فتوائن کي وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي.

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>cus7aa8ynwjded5brotpvay5q0batsf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395329</id>
      <parentid>395328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13274" sha1="6f3xafzuhphbr3yvo78v2eloggucmpl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمع گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضاف ۽ الملتھب، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خ ۽ ن تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزہ''': (خ تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[عتڪ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== ثادق جا نمايان ماڳ ==

ثادق جي اهم تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳن ۾ [[وادي عبيثران]]، مقصورہ، طويلعه العلي، قاره بن عمار، جبل غرابه، بيت الجماعه التراثي، برج مشرف، نفود الساحبه، درب عتيڪ ۾ واقع ثادق جا قديم محل، ۽ بويطنات جي اترين ۽ ڏاکڻي وادي شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ڪيترائي سرڪاري ادارا پڻ قائم آهن.

ثادق ۾ رياض علائقي جون ڪيتريون مشهور سرسبز [[چراگاھ|چراگاھون]] پڻ واقع آهن، جيڪي بهار جي موسم ۽ برساتن دوران قدرتي سائي چادر سان ڍڪجي وڃن ٿيون. انهن ۾  نوره، خفس شمالي چراگاھ، مزيرعه، عتيڪ ۽ حبيل شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|عنوان=محافظة المحمل (ثادق)|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=8 فبراير 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ثادق جي ماتحت انتظامي مرڪزن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:'''

* دبيجه
* [[رغبه]]
* [[رويضه سهول]]
* [[مشاش سهول]]
* خاتله
* [[بير]]
* [[رويغب]]
* [[صفرات]]
* بويرده
* حسي.

'''ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان آبادياتي علائقا پڻ ثادق سان لاڳاپيل آهن:'''

* ابا الخرفان
* أم سليم
* البدائع
* فيحاء العتش
* الفيضة

== ثادق جون مشهور شخصيتون ==

* '''ساري بن يحيى بن سويلم العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' ثادق ۽ محمل علائقي جو امير هو. هن [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|امام محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جو زمانو ڏٺو، ان جي بيعت ڪئي ۽ ثادق ۽ محمل جي ماڻهن سان گڏ سندس حمايت ڪئي. 1170هه ۾ [[عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود|امام عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود]] عارضي طور دخيل بن عبد الله بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري کي 1172هه تائين امير مقرر ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ساري بن يحيى ٻيهر امارت سنڀالي. سندس وفات کان پوءِ سندس پٽ يحيى بن ساري سندس جانشين ٿيو.

* '''يحيى بن ساري بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري''' پنهنجي والد کان پوءِ ثادق جو امير ٿيو ۽ سندس امارت ڊگهي عرصي تائين جاري رهي. هن [[ترڪي بن عبد الله آل سعود|امام ترڪي بن عبد الله]]، جيڪو [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جو باني هو، جي دور تائين حڪومت ڪئي. ابن لعبون پنهنجي تاريخ ۾ لکي ٿو ته 1239هه ۾ امام ترڪي بن عبد الله ثادق پهتو، جتي يحيى بن ساري امير هو، ۽ هن سدير جي ماڻهن کي حڪم ڏنو ته ثادق ۾ گڏ ٿين. پوءِ ثادق کي مرڪز بڻائي ٻين علائقن جي اتحاد ۽ فتح لاءِ مهم شروع ڪئي. يحيى بن ساري، علي بن سويد البدراني الدوسري ۽ محمل ۽ سدير جي ماڻهن امام ترڪي جي شروعاتي مهمن ۾ اهم مدد فراهم ڪئي.

* '''عبد العزيز بن ناصر بن عبد العزيز بن عيسى البدراني الدوسري''' 1344هه ۾ [[جده جو گهيرو]] دوران محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن [[معركة الرغامة]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ جده جي گهيري دوران شهيد ٿيو.

* '''ناصر بن حمد بن ناصر الجرباء البدراني الدوسري'''، امير حمد بن ناصر الجرباء جو پٽ، ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. هو شوال 1347هه ۾ [[جنگ السبلة]] دوران محمل جي بيرق جو امير هو، جتي سخت زخمي ٿيو. اها سندس آخري فوجي مهم ثابت ٿي، ۽ 1402هه ۾ ثادق ۾ وفات ڪيائين.

* '''صالح الجبالي''' پنهنجي بهادري ۽ غيرمعمولي نشانيبازي سبب مشهور هو. هن [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، ۽ الجبالي خاندان محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق کڻڻ لاءِ مشهور هو.

* '''محمد بن عبد العزيز الجرباء البدراني الدوسري''' ملڪ جي اتحاد وارين جنگين ۾ [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1353هه ۾ يمن جي جنگ دوران پنهنجي قبيلي جي فوج جو امير هو. سندس وفات ثادق ۾ ٿي.

* '''عيسى بن علي بن عبد الله العيسى العلي البدراني الدوسري'''، ثادق جي امير علي بن عبد الله جو پٽ، محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن سعودي اتحاد جي اڪثر جنگين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جن ۾ [[جراب جي جنگ]] (1333هه)، عسير جي فتح (1338هه)، حائل جو الحاق (1339هه)، 1351هه واري ادارسه بغاوت، ۽ [[معركة الدبدبة]] ۽ [[أم رضمة]] (1347هه) شامل آهن.

* '''شيخ محمد بن عبد العزيز آل الشيخ العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' [[پهرين سعودي رياست]] جي دور ۾ ثادق، الشعيب، محمل ۽ عمان جو قاضي هو. هو پنهنجي زماني جي مشهور عالمن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سندس پٽ '''شيخ عبد العزيز''' پڻ علمي شخصيت هو، ۽ هن خاندان ۾ علمي روايت چوڏهين هجري صدي جي وچ تائين جاري رهي. هن خاندان مان '''شيخ حمد بن عبد العزيز بن محمد آل الشيخ العوسجي''' پڻ [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جي دور جو هڪ مشهور عالم هو، جيڪو خاص طور [[حنبلي]] فقہ ۾ پنهنجي گهري علم سبب مشهور هو، ۽ سندس فتوائن کي وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي.

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>6f3xafzuhphbr3yvo78v2eloggucmpl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395330</id>
      <parentid>395329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:59:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13718" sha1="mj3tdpvv8m639bdythruq9uktj40z3e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمع گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضاف ۽ الملتھب، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خ ۽ ن تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزہ''': (خ تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[عتڪ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== ثادق جا نمايان ماڳ ==

ثادق جي اهم تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳن ۾ [[وادي عبيثران]]، مقصورہ، طويلعه العلي، قاره بن عمار، جبل غرابه، بيت الجماعه التراثي، برج مشرف، نفود الساحبه، درب عتيڪ ۾ واقع ثادق جا قديم محل، ۽ بويطنات جي اترين ۽ ڏاکڻي وادي شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ڪيترائي سرڪاري ادارا پڻ قائم آهن.

ثادق ۾ رياض علائقي جون ڪيتريون مشهور سرسبز [[چراگاھ|چراگاھون]] پڻ واقع آهن، جيڪي بهار جي موسم ۽ برساتن دوران قدرتي سائي چادر سان ڍڪجي وڃن ٿيون. انهن ۾  نوره، خفس شمالي چراگاھ، مزيرعه، عتيڪ ۽ حبيل شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|عنوان=محافظة المحمل (ثادق)|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=8 فبراير 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ثادق جي ماتحت انتظامي مرڪزن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:'''

* دبيجه
* [[رغبه]]
* [[رويضه سهول]]
* [[مشاش سهول]]
* خاتله
* [[بير]]
* [[رويغب]]
* [[صفرات]]
* بويرده
* حسي.

'''ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان آبادياتي علائقا پڻ ثادق سان لاڳاپيل آهن:'''

* ابا الخرفان
* أم سليم
* البدائع
* فيحاء العتش
* الفيضة

== ثادق جا گورنر ==

* '''فهد بن احمد البهلال''' – ثادق جو پهريون گورنر.
* '''سعد بن سحيم'''.
* '''فيحان بن لبده'''.
* '''سويد بن علي السويد''' – 1420هه ۾ گورنر مقرر ٿيو.
* '''محمد بن عبد الرحمن الوطبان''' – 1 ربيع الاول 1432هه کان گورنر رهيو.
* '''سلمان بن عبد الله العجمي'''.

== ثادق جون مشهور شخصيتون ==

* '''ساري بن يحيى بن سويلم العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' ثادق ۽ محمل علائقي جو امير هو. هن [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|امام محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جو زمانو ڏٺو، ان جي بيعت ڪئي ۽ ثادق ۽ محمل جي ماڻهن سان گڏ سندس حمايت ڪئي. 1170هه ۾ [[عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود|امام عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود]] عارضي طور دخيل بن عبد الله بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري کي 1172هه تائين امير مقرر ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ساري بن يحيى ٻيهر امارت سنڀالي. سندس وفات کان پوءِ سندس پٽ يحيى بن ساري سندس جانشين ٿيو.

* '''يحيى بن ساري بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري''' پنهنجي والد کان پوءِ ثادق جو امير ٿيو ۽ سندس امارت ڊگهي عرصي تائين جاري رهي. هن [[ترڪي بن عبد الله آل سعود|امام ترڪي بن عبد الله]]، جيڪو [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جو باني هو، جي دور تائين حڪومت ڪئي. ابن لعبون پنهنجي تاريخ ۾ لکي ٿو ته 1239هه ۾ امام ترڪي بن عبد الله ثادق پهتو، جتي يحيى بن ساري امير هو، ۽ هن سدير جي ماڻهن کي حڪم ڏنو ته ثادق ۾ گڏ ٿين. پوءِ ثادق کي مرڪز بڻائي ٻين علائقن جي اتحاد ۽ فتح لاءِ مهم شروع ڪئي. يحيى بن ساري، علي بن سويد البدراني الدوسري ۽ محمل ۽ سدير جي ماڻهن امام ترڪي جي شروعاتي مهمن ۾ اهم مدد فراهم ڪئي.

* '''عبد العزيز بن ناصر بن عبد العزيز بن عيسى البدراني الدوسري''' 1344هه ۾ [[جده جو گهيرو]] دوران محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن [[معركة الرغامة]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ جده جي گهيري دوران شهيد ٿيو.

* '''ناصر بن حمد بن ناصر الجرباء البدراني الدوسري'''، امير حمد بن ناصر الجرباء جو پٽ، ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. هو شوال 1347هه ۾ [[جنگ السبلة]] دوران محمل جي بيرق جو امير هو، جتي سخت زخمي ٿيو. اها سندس آخري فوجي مهم ثابت ٿي، ۽ 1402هه ۾ ثادق ۾ وفات ڪيائين.

* '''صالح الجبالي''' پنهنجي بهادري ۽ غيرمعمولي نشانيبازي سبب مشهور هو. هن [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، ۽ الجبالي خاندان محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق کڻڻ لاءِ مشهور هو.

* '''محمد بن عبد العزيز الجرباء البدراني الدوسري''' ملڪ جي اتحاد وارين جنگين ۾ [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1353هه ۾ يمن جي جنگ دوران پنهنجي قبيلي جي فوج جو امير هو. سندس وفات ثادق ۾ ٿي.

* '''عيسى بن علي بن عبد الله العيسى العلي البدراني الدوسري'''، ثادق جي امير علي بن عبد الله جو پٽ، محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن سعودي اتحاد جي اڪثر جنگين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جن ۾ [[جراب جي جنگ]] (1333هه)، عسير جي فتح (1338هه)، حائل جو الحاق (1339هه)، 1351هه واري ادارسه بغاوت، ۽ [[معركة الدبدبة]] ۽ [[أم رضمة]] (1347هه) شامل آهن.

* '''شيخ محمد بن عبد العزيز آل الشيخ العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' [[پهرين سعودي رياست]] جي دور ۾ ثادق، الشعيب، محمل ۽ عمان جو قاضي هو. هو پنهنجي زماني جي مشهور عالمن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سندس پٽ '''شيخ عبد العزيز''' پڻ علمي شخصيت هو، ۽ هن خاندان ۾ علمي روايت چوڏهين هجري صدي جي وچ تائين جاري رهي. هن خاندان مان '''شيخ حمد بن عبد العزيز بن محمد آل الشيخ العوسجي''' پڻ [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جي دور جو هڪ مشهور عالم هو، جيڪو خاص طور [[حنبلي]] فقہ ۾ پنهنجي گهري علم سبب مشهور هو، ۽ سندس فتوائن کي وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي.

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T22:59:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="13628" sha1="pays11r68lprx0aiitro0jlk30clo8o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = ڳوٺ
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمع گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضاف ۽ الملتھب، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خ ۽ ن تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزہ''': (خ تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[عتڪ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== ثادق جا نمايان ماڳ ==

ثادق جي اهم تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳن ۾ [[وادي عبيثران]]، مقصورہ، طويلعه العلي، قاره بن عمار، جبل غرابه، بيت الجماعه التراثي، برج مشرف، نفود الساحبه، درب عتيڪ ۾ واقع ثادق جا قديم محل، ۽ بويطنات جي اترين ۽ ڏاکڻي وادي شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ڪيترائي سرڪاري ادارا پڻ قائم آهن.

ثادق ۾ رياض علائقي جون ڪيتريون مشهور سرسبز [[چراگاھ|چراگاھون]] پڻ واقع آهن، جيڪي بهار جي موسم ۽ برساتن دوران قدرتي سائي چادر سان ڍڪجي وڃن ٿيون. انهن ۾  نوره، خفس شمالي چراگاھ، مزيرعه، عتيڪ ۽ حبيل شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|عنوان=محافظة المحمل (ثادق)|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=8 فبراير 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ثادق جي ماتحت انتظامي مرڪزن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:'''

* دبيجه
* [[رغبه]]
* [[رويضه سهول]]
* [[مشاش سهول]]
* خاتله
* [[بير]]
* [[رويغب]]
* [[صفرات]]
* بويرده
* حسي.

'''ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان آبادياتي علائقا پڻ ثادق سان لاڳاپيل آهن:'''

* ابا الخرفان
* أم سليم
* البدائع
* فيحاء العتش
* الفيضة

== ثادق جا گورنر ==

* '''فهد بن احمد البهلال''' – ثادق جو پهريون گورنر.
* '''سعد بن سحيم'''.
* '''فيحان بن لبده'''.
* '''سويد بن علي السويد''' – 1420هه ۾ گورنر مقرر ٿيو.
* '''محمد بن عبد الرحمن الوطبان''' – 1 ربيع الاول 1432هه کان گورنر رهيو.
* '''سلمان بن عبد الله العجمي'''.

== ثادق جون مشهور شخصيتون ==

* '''ساري بن يحيى بن سويلم العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' ثادق ۽ محمل علائقي جو امير هو. هن [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|امام محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جو زمانو ڏٺو، ان جي بيعت ڪئي ۽ ثادق ۽ محمل جي ماڻهن سان گڏ سندس حمايت ڪئي. 1170هه ۾ [[عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود|امام عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود]] عارضي طور دخيل بن عبد الله بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري کي 1172هه تائين امير مقرر ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ساري بن يحيى ٻيهر امارت سنڀالي. سندس وفات کان پوءِ سندس پٽ يحيى بن ساري سندس جانشين ٿيو.

* '''يحيى بن ساري بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري''' پنهنجي والد کان پوءِ ثادق جو امير ٿيو ۽ سندس امارت ڊگهي عرصي تائين جاري رهي. هن [[ترڪي بن عبد الله آل سعود|امام ترڪي بن عبد الله]]، جيڪو [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جو باني هو، جي دور تائين حڪومت ڪئي. ابن لعبون پنهنجي تاريخ ۾ لکي ٿو ته 1239هه ۾ امام ترڪي بن عبد الله ثادق پهتو، جتي يحيى بن ساري امير هو، ۽ هن سدير جي ماڻهن کي حڪم ڏنو ته ثادق ۾ گڏ ٿين. پوءِ ثادق کي مرڪز بڻائي ٻين علائقن جي اتحاد ۽ فتح لاءِ مهم شروع ڪئي. يحيى بن ساري، علي بن سويد البدراني الدوسري ۽ محمل ۽ سدير جي ماڻهن امام ترڪي جي شروعاتي مهمن ۾ اهم مدد فراهم ڪئي.

* '''عبد العزيز بن ناصر بن عبد العزيز بن عيسى البدراني الدوسري''' 1344هه ۾ [[جده جو گهيرو]] دوران محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن [[معركة الرغامة]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ جده جي گهيري دوران شهيد ٿيو.

* '''ناصر بن حمد بن ناصر الجرباء البدراني الدوسري'''، امير حمد بن ناصر الجرباء جو پٽ، ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. هو شوال 1347هه ۾ [[جنگ السبلة]] دوران محمل جي بيرق جو امير هو، جتي سخت زخمي ٿيو. اها سندس آخري فوجي مهم ثابت ٿي، ۽ 1402هه ۾ ثادق ۾ وفات ڪيائين.

* '''صالح الجبالي''' پنهنجي بهادري ۽ غيرمعمولي نشانيبازي سبب مشهور هو. هن [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، ۽ الجبالي خاندان محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق کڻڻ لاءِ مشهور هو.

* '''محمد بن عبد العزيز الجرباء البدراني الدوسري''' ملڪ جي اتحاد وارين جنگين ۾ [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1353هه ۾ يمن جي جنگ دوران پنهنجي قبيلي جي فوج جو امير هو. سندس وفات ثادق ۾ ٿي.

* '''عيسى بن علي بن عبد الله العيسى العلي البدراني الدوسري'''، ثادق جي امير علي بن عبد الله جو پٽ، محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن سعودي اتحاد جي اڪثر جنگين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جن ۾ [[جراب جي جنگ]] (1333هه)، عسير جي فتح (1338هه)، حائل جو الحاق (1339هه)، 1351هه واري ادارسه بغاوت، ۽ [[معركة الدبدبة]] ۽ [[أم رضمة]] (1347هه) شامل آهن.

* '''شيخ محمد بن عبد العزيز آل الشيخ العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' [[پهرين سعودي رياست]] جي دور ۾ ثادق، الشعيب، محمل ۽ عمان جو قاضي هو. هو پنهنجي زماني جي مشهور عالمن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سندس پٽ '''شيخ عبد العزيز''' پڻ علمي شخصيت هو، ۽ هن خاندان ۾ علمي روايت چوڏهين هجري صدي جي وچ تائين جاري رهي. هن خاندان مان '''شيخ حمد بن عبد العزيز بن محمد آل الشيخ العوسجي''' پڻ [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جي دور جو هڪ مشهور عالم هو، جيڪو خاص طور [[حنبلي]] فقہ ۾ پنهنجي گهري علم سبب مشهور هو، ۽ سندس فتوائن کي وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي.

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
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      <text bytes="13647" sha1="koc40uy4gfx9c2hiqelsfgguyfkisvv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| native_name_lang       = ar
| settlement_type        = شھر ۽ گورنريٽ 
| image_skyline          = الدروازة_الشمالية_سوق_الماجد.png
| image_flag             = Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 3).svg
| image_seal             = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
| pushpin_map            = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates            = {{coord|25|17|N|45|52|E|region:SA_type:city(12,510)_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{Flag|سعودي عرب}}
| subdivision_type1      = صوبو
| subdivision_name1      = [[رياض صوبو]]
| founder                = [[بنو تميم]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone               = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| timezone_DST           = [[عرب معياري وقت|AST]]
| utc_offset_DST         = +3
}}

'''ثادق''' ({{langx|ar|ثادق}}) [[سعودي عرب]] جي [[نجد]] علائقي ۾ واقع هڪ ننڍڙو تاريخي [[شھر]] آهي. هن آباديءَ جي بنياد لڳ ڀڳ چار صديون اڳ وڌي وئي هئي. ثادق [[رياض]] کان اتر طرف لڳ ڀڳ 130 ڪلوميٽر جي مفاصلي تي واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=قرّبوا أهل ثادق | trans-title=They brought the people of Thaqiq closer | website=alriyadh.com | date=2021-05-28 | url=http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051318/http://www.alriyadh.com/834527# | archive-date=2019-05-28 | url-status=dead | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=محافظة المحمل (ثادق) | trans-title=Al-Mahlam Governorate (Thadeq) | website=Al-Jazirah Daily Newspaper صحيفة الجزيرة | date=2019-01-08 | url=http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm | archive-date=2019-02-08 | url-status=live | language=ar | access-date=2025-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:جبال منطقة ثادق بمحافظة الرياض.jpg|thumb|ثادق]]
هن شهر جا رهاڪو گهڻو ڪري العبير، جيڪو رياض شهر جي اُتر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 ڪلوميٽرن جي پنڌ تي آهي مان لڏي اچي هتي آباد ٿيا آهن. هن شهر جا مشهور خاندان الصاحي، الجابرا، السويلم، العيسي ۽ المانع آهن.  ناصر الجابرا، شاهه عبدالعزيز جي دور ۾ ثادق شهر جو 30 سالن تائين گورنر رهيو&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/ثادق
|title=ثادق
|website=اردو وڪيپيڊيا
|language=ur
|access-date=18 جُولاءِ 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== نالي جو سبب ==

[[ابن منظور]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[لسان العرب]]'' ۾ لکي ٿو: «'''ثَدَقَ''' مينهن، يعني ڪڪرن مان تيزيءَ سان نڪتو.» اهڙيءَ طرح '''واديِ ثادق''' مان مراد اهڙو واهه يا ماٿري آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڻي تيزيءَ سان وهي. [[ابن دريد]] پڻ ''جمهرة اللغة'' ۾ بيان ڪري ٿو ته '''ثادق''' نالي جو اشتقاق غالباً ''ثَدَقَ المطر'' مان ٿيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”مينهن جو تيزيءَ سان وسڻ يا وهڻ“.

جزيرة العرب جي محقق [[حمد الجاسر]] جو خيال آهي ته ثادق هڪ قديم آبادي آهي، ۽ اصل ۾ '''ثادق''' نالو واديءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو هو. بعد ۾ جڏهن انهيءَ هنڌ تي شهر آباد ٿيو ته ساڳيو نالو آباديءَ کي ڏنو ويو. هن راءِ جي تائيد هڪ همعصر جاگرافيدان پڻ ڪري ٿو، جنهن موجب اهو هنڌ اتي واقع آهي جتي [[وادي عبيثران]] جو وهڪرو گڏ ٿي هڪ اهڙي مقام تي پهچي ٿو، جتان ٻوڏ جو پاڻي وڏي زور سان اڳتي وهي ٿو.

ثادق کي '''اُمُّ البَنادِق''' (يعني ”بندوقن جي ماءُ“) جي لقب سان پڻ سڃاتو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن [[سعودي عرب جي تاريخ|سعودي رياست]] جي قيام ۽ [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|شيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جي حمايت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

[[فائل:Thadeg.jpg|thumb|378x378بڪ|ثادق گورنري ۽ ان جي آسپاس وارن علائقن جو تفصيلي نقشو]]

== ثادق جون ماتحت آباديون ==

[[ثادق]] [[المحمل (نجد)|محمل علائقي]] جو مرڪز آهي، ۽ انتظامي طور هيٺيون آباديون ان جي ماتحت آهن:

* [[رغبة (ثادق)|رغبة]]
* [[البير (ثادق)|البير]]
* [[الصفرات (ثادق)|الصفرات]]
* الحسي
* [[رويغب (ثادق)|رويغب]]
* [[مشاش السهول (ثادق)|مشاش السهول]]
* [[رويضة السهول (ثادق)|رويضة السهول]]

== جاگرافي ==

[[ثادق]] لڳ ڀڳ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين 150 ڪلوميٽر ۽ اوڀر کان اولهه تائين لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن گورنري جي اتر ۾ [[المجمع گورنري]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[حريملاء گورنري]]، اوڀر ۾ الحضاف ۽ الملتھب، ۽ اولهه ۾ [[شقراء گورنري]] واقع آهن.

* '''الخناصر''': (خ ۽ ن تي زبر) هٿ جي آڱرين جي ڳنڍن جهڙيون نمايان ننڍيون ٽڪريون، جيڪي [[روضة الخفس]] تي مٿاهين هنڌ تي واقع آهن. انهن جي ڀرسان اهو رستو گذري ٿو، جيڪو [[رويغب]]، جيڪو [[محمل]] علائقي جي ڳوٺن مان هڪ آهي، ڏانهن وڃي ٿو.

* '''خزہ''': (خ تي زبر) هڪ نمايان، هموار چوٽيءَ وارو ڪاري رنگ جو جبل، جيڪو [[مجزل جبل]] جي ڏکڻئين ڇيڙي وٽ، [[عتڪ]] جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ابن عويدي لکي ٿو:

{{Poem quote|''يوم أبو ناصر وحنا هل البأس الشديد''&lt;br&gt;
''والصعب يمشي لنا طوع بليا رسنها''

'''ترجمو''':
ابو ناصر واري ڏينهن اسين سخت بهادري وارا ماڻهو هئاسين،
۽ ڏکئي کان ڏکيو ڪم به اسان جي اڳيان بنا ڪنهن رسيءَ جي آسانيءَ سان جهڪي ايندو هو.
}}

== ثادق جا نمايان ماڳ ==

ثادق جي اهم تاريخي ۽ قدرتي ماڳن ۾ [[وادي عبيثران]]، مقصورہ، طويلعه العلي، قاره بن عمار، جبل غرابه، بيت الجماعه التراثي، برج مشرف، نفود الساحبه، درب عتيڪ ۾ واقع ثادق جا قديم محل، ۽ بويطنات جي اترين ۽ ڏاکڻي وادي شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ڪيترائي سرڪاري ادارا پڻ قائم آهن.

ثادق ۾ رياض علائقي جون ڪيتريون مشهور سرسبز [[چراگاھ|چراگاھون]] پڻ واقع آهن، جيڪي بهار جي موسم ۽ برساتن دوران قدرتي سائي چادر سان ڍڪجي وڃن ٿيون. انهن ۾  نوره، خفس شمالي چراگاھ، مزيرعه، عتيڪ ۽ حبيل شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|عنوان=محافظة المحمل (ثادق)|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208171319/http://www.al-jazirah.com:80/2013/20130710/rj2.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=8 فبراير 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ثادق جي ماتحت انتظامي مرڪزن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:'''

* دبيجه
* [[رغبه]]
* [[رويضه سهول]]
* [[مشاش سهول]]
* خاتله
* [[بير]]
* [[رويغب]]
* [[صفرات]]
* بويرده
* حسي.

'''ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان آبادياتي علائقا پڻ ثادق سان لاڳاپيل آهن:'''

* ابا الخرفان
* أم سليم
* البدائع
* فيحاء العتش
* الفيضة

== ثادق جا گورنر ==

* '''فهد بن احمد البهلال''' – ثادق جو پهريون گورنر.
* '''سعد بن سحيم'''.
* '''فيحان بن لبده'''.
* '''سويد بن علي السويد''' – 1420هه ۾ گورنر مقرر ٿيو.
* '''محمد بن عبد الرحمن الوطبان''' – 1 ربيع الاول 1432هه کان گورنر رهيو.
* '''سلمان بن عبد الله العجمي'''.

== ثادق جون مشهور شخصيتون ==

* '''ساري بن يحيى بن سويلم العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' ثادق ۽ محمل علائقي جو امير هو. هن [[محمد بن عبد الوهاب|امام محمد بن عبد الوهاب]] جي اصلاحي دعوت جو زمانو ڏٺو، ان جي بيعت ڪئي ۽ ثادق ۽ محمل جي ماڻهن سان گڏ سندس حمايت ڪئي. 1170هه ۾ [[عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود|امام عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود]] عارضي طور دخيل بن عبد الله بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري کي 1172هه تائين امير مقرر ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ساري بن يحيى ٻيهر امارت سنڀالي. سندس وفات کان پوءِ سندس پٽ يحيى بن ساري سندس جانشين ٿيو.

* '''يحيى بن ساري بن سويلم البدراني الدوسري''' پنهنجي والد کان پوءِ ثادق جو امير ٿيو ۽ سندس امارت ڊگهي عرصي تائين جاري رهي. هن [[ترڪي بن عبد الله آل سعود|امام ترڪي بن عبد الله]]، جيڪو [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جو باني هو، جي دور تائين حڪومت ڪئي. ابن لعبون پنهنجي تاريخ ۾ لکي ٿو ته 1239هه ۾ امام ترڪي بن عبد الله ثادق پهتو، جتي يحيى بن ساري امير هو، ۽ هن سدير جي ماڻهن کي حڪم ڏنو ته ثادق ۾ گڏ ٿين. پوءِ ثادق کي مرڪز بڻائي ٻين علائقن جي اتحاد ۽ فتح لاءِ مهم شروع ڪئي. يحيى بن ساري، علي بن سويد البدراني الدوسري ۽ محمل ۽ سدير جي ماڻهن امام ترڪي جي شروعاتي مهمن ۾ اهم مدد فراهم ڪئي.

* '''عبد العزيز بن ناصر بن عبد العزيز بن عيسى البدراني الدوسري''' 1344هه ۾ [[جده جو گهيرو]] دوران محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن [[معركة الرغامة]] ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ جده جي گهيري دوران شهيد ٿيو.

* '''ناصر بن حمد بن ناصر الجرباء البدراني الدوسري'''، امير حمد بن ناصر الجرباء جو پٽ، ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. هو شوال 1347هه ۾ [[جنگ السبلة]] دوران محمل جي بيرق جو امير هو، جتي سخت زخمي ٿيو. اها سندس آخري فوجي مهم ثابت ٿي، ۽ 1402هه ۾ ثادق ۾ وفات ڪيائين.

* '''صالح الجبالي''' پنهنجي بهادري ۽ غيرمعمولي نشانيبازي سبب مشهور هو. هن [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ ڪيترين ئي فوجي مهمن ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، ۽ الجبالي خاندان محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق کڻڻ لاءِ مشهور هو.

* '''محمد بن عبد العزيز الجرباء البدراني الدوسري''' ملڪ جي اتحاد وارين جنگين ۾ [[عبد العزيز آل سعود|بادشاهه عبد العزيز]] سان گڏ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1353هه ۾ يمن جي جنگ دوران پنهنجي قبيلي جي فوج جو امير هو. سندس وفات ثادق ۾ ٿي.

* '''عيسى بن علي بن عبد الله العيسى العلي البدراني الدوسري'''، ثادق جي امير علي بن عبد الله جو پٽ، محمل ۽ الشعيب جي بيرق جو امير هو. هن سعودي اتحاد جي اڪثر جنگين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جن ۾ [[جراب جي جنگ]] (1333هه)، عسير جي فتح (1338هه)، حائل جو الحاق (1339هه)، 1351هه واري ادارسه بغاوت، ۽ [[معركة الدبدبة]] ۽ [[أم رضمة]] (1347هه) شامل آهن.

* '''شيخ محمد بن عبد العزيز آل الشيخ العوسجي البدراني الدوسري''' [[پهرين سعودي رياست]] جي دور ۾ ثادق، الشعيب، محمل ۽ عمان جو قاضي هو. هو پنهنجي زماني جي مشهور عالمن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سندس پٽ '''شيخ عبد العزيز''' پڻ علمي شخصيت هو، ۽ هن خاندان ۾ علمي روايت چوڏهين هجري صدي جي وچ تائين جاري رهي. هن خاندان مان '''شيخ حمد بن عبد العزيز بن محمد آل الشيخ العوسجي''' پڻ [[ٻي سعودي رياست]] جي دور جو هڪ مشهور عالم هو، جيڪو خاص طور [[حنبلي]] فقہ ۾ پنهنجي گهري علم سبب مشهور هو، ۽ سندس فتوائن کي وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي.

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو: سعودي عرب جا شهر]]</text>
      <sha1>koc40uy4gfx9c2hiqelsfgguyfkisvv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>حسن خيل تعلقو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395259</id>
      <parentid>317655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:40:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2460" sha1="s0xtfbplp7rgjv9as95beklvw5jlpzb" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>s0xtfbplp7rgjv9as95beklvw5jlpzb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395260</id>
      <parentid>395259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:40:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[سرحدي علائقو پشاور]] کي [[حسن خيل تعلقو]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>395259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2460" sha1="s0xtfbplp7rgjv9as95beklvw5jlpzb" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>s0xtfbplp7rgjv9as95beklvw5jlpzb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395262</id>
      <parentid>395260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9240" sha1="6ftlopj4agwrvuc7e0bni56fa7be8td" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' is an administrative subdivision ([[tehsil]]) of [[Peshawar District]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. This subdivision borders [[Nowshera District]] to the east and [[Kohat Subdivision]] to the south.

The main settlement in Peshawar division is Kalakhel.

Prior to 2018, this administrative subdivision was known as '''Peshawar Subdivision''', and formerly also known as '''Frontier Region Peshawar''' was a subdivision of [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] of [[Pakistan]]. The region was named after [[Peshawar District]] which lies to the north and west.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php |title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar |publisher=FATA Secretariat |accessdate=2010-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816210136/http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php |archivedate=August 16, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geography and climate==
The region is hilly, with average heights of over {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

==Demography==
The population in 1998 was {{sigfig|53841|3}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5}} The predominant [[first language]] is [[Pashto]], spoken by 99.2% of the inhabitants of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;/&gt;{{rp|6}}

The main and only tribe of FR Peshawar is the sub-tribe Adam Khel of Afridis. The [[Afridi]] tribe is divided into 8 sub-tribes. Details has given below:-
# Adam Khel 
# Malk Din Khel
# Qamber Khel
# Aqa Khel
# Zakha Khel
# Koki Khel
# Qamer Khel and
# Sipah.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>6ftlopj4agwrvuc7e0bni56fa7be8td</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395264</id>
      <parentid>395262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:53:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* حسن خيل تعلقو */</comment>
      <origin>395264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10141" sha1="j3w4pwai79tq9rlrb5ecl0o6y8bqpkg" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

== جاگرافي ۽ موسم ==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي. 

== آباديات ==
سال 1998ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي 53,800 هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”پشتو“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي 99.2 سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي. * ايف آر پشاور (FR Peshawar) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: آدم خيل ملڪ دين خيل قنبر خيل آقا خيل زخا خيل ڪوڪي خيل قمر خيل ۽ سپاه.

==Geography and climate==
The region is hilly, with average heights of over {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

==Demography==
The population in 1998 was {{sigfig|53841|3}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5}} The predominant [[first language]] is [[Pashto]], spoken by 99.2% of the inhabitants of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;/&gt;{{rp|6}}

The main and only tribe of FR Peshawar is the sub-tribe Adam Khel of Afridis. The [[Afridi]] tribe is divided into 8 sub-tribes. Details has given below:-
# Adam Khel 
# Malk Din Khel
# Qamber Khel
# Aqa Khel
# Zakha Khel
# Koki Khel
# Qamer Khel and
# Sipah.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>j3w4pwai79tq9rlrb5ecl0o6y8bqpkg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395265</id>
      <parentid>395264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>395265</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9998" sha1="gla8ljbsewo39ilo52nroqiy8ijgch3" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

== جاگرافي ۽ موسم ==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي. 

== آباديات ==
سال 1998ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي 53,800 هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”پشتو“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي 99.2 سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي. * ايف آر پشاور (FR Peshawar) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: آدم خيل ملڪ دين خيل قنبر خيل آقا خيل زخا خيل ڪوڪي خيل قمر خيل ۽ سپاه.

==Demography==
The population in 1998 was {{sigfig|53841|3}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5}} The predominant [[first language]] is [[Pashto]], spoken by 99.2% of the inhabitants of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;/&gt;{{rp|6}}

The main and only tribe of FR Peshawar is the sub-tribe Adam Khel of Afridis. The [[Afridi]] tribe is divided into 8 sub-tribes. Details has given below:-
# Adam Khel 
# Malk Din Khel
# Qamber Khel
# Aqa Khel
# Zakha Khel
# Koki Khel
# Qamer Khel and
# Sipah.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>gla8ljbsewo39ilo52nroqiy8ijgch3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395266</id>
      <parentid>395265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:55:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* جاگرافي ۽ موسم */</comment>
      <origin>395266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10017" sha1="b6ompr84yi9xb7mftgcp60xn696731x" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال 1998ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي 53,800 هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”پشتو“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي 99.2 سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي. * ايف آر پشاور (FR Peshawar) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: آدم خيل ملڪ دين خيل قنبر خيل آقا خيل زخا خيل ڪوڪي خيل قمر خيل ۽ سپاه.

==Demography==
The population in 1998 was {{sigfig|53841|3}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5}} The predominant [[first language]] is [[Pashto]], spoken by 99.2% of the inhabitants of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;/&gt;{{rp|6}}

The main and only tribe of FR Peshawar is the sub-tribe Adam Khel of Afridis. The [[Afridi]] tribe is divided into 8 sub-tribes. Details has given below:-
# Adam Khel 
# Malk Din Khel
# Qamber Khel
# Aqa Khel
# Zakha Khel
# Koki Khel
# Qamer Khel and
# Sipah.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>b6ompr84yi9xb7mftgcp60xn696731x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395267</id>
      <parentid>395266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>395267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10003" sha1="sva14a6r0sm9xpdoltw4m12j0tnhso4" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال 1998ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي 53,800 هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”پشتو“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي 99.2 سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي. * ايف آر پشاور (FR Peshawar) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: آدم خيل ملڪ دين خيل قنبر خيل آقا خيل زخا خيل ڪوڪي خيل قمر خيل ۽ سپاه.


The population in 1998 was {{sigfig|53841|3}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5}} The predominant [[first language]] is [[Pashto]], spoken by 99.2% of the inhabitants of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;/&gt;{{rp|6}}

The main and only tribe of FR Peshawar is the sub-tribe Adam Khel of Afridis. The [[Afridi]] tribe is divided into 8 sub-tribes. Details has given below:-
# Adam Khel 
# Malk Din Khel
# Qamber Khel
# Aqa Khel
# Zakha Khel
# Koki Khel
# Qamer Khel and
# Sipah.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>sva14a6r0sm9xpdoltw4m12j0tnhso4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395270</id>
      <parentid>395267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:02:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* آباديات */</comment>
      <origin>395270</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9688" sha1="abwj5dp988zxh553pmnopftetr19q7j" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>abwj5dp988zxh553pmnopftetr19q7j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395271</id>
      <parentid>395270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* حوالا */</comment>
      <origin>395271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9691" sha1="pu9gaaydz3x3oqircdy6pdveloob5cc" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>pu9gaaydz3x3oqircdy6pdveloob5cc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395273</id>
      <parentid>395271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:04:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>395273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9823" sha1="tcpnyo1sz9t29j6pfyq2jy7sfp24mlf" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>tcpnyo1sz9t29j6pfyq2jy7sfp24mlf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395274</id>
      <parentid>395273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:05:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>395274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9208" sha1="g8nysb7u31niqcwrbklvjdc0dwtu7k1" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>g8nysb7u31niqcwrbklvjdc0dwtu7k1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395275</id>
      <parentid>395274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */</comment>
      <origin>395275</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9793" sha1="penk65kcunatkbgm9twsoompj5wfhsf" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقا]]
* [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعو پشاور]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>penk65kcunatkbgm9twsoompj5wfhsf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395276</id>
      <parentid>395275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>395276</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9642" sha1="ex4n9y0n2v03veg6bn8qpcqmz6c1vw6" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>ex4n9y0n2v03veg6bn8qpcqmz6c1vw6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395278</id>
      <parentid>395276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:08:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* پڻ ڏسو */</comment>
      <origin>395278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9685" sha1="iato1xuqakgy3ywz1lue518377yfyxq" xml:space="preserve">[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>iato1xuqakgy3ywz1lue518377yfyxq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395279</id>
      <parentid>395278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:08:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395279</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8588" sha1="5gil61typvlvqg0932hv4cgkrcqwx0z" xml:space="preserve">==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>5gil61typvlvqg0932hv4cgkrcqwx0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395280</id>
      <parentid>395279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* پڻ ڏسو */</comment>
      <origin>395280</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9686" sha1="kkqyrgsdat2swrzz8z75sxrj7zd69dh" xml:space="preserve">==حسن خيل تعلقو==
{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي. 

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>kkqyrgsdat2swrzz8z75sxrj7zd69dh</sha1>
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      <id>395281</id>
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        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <text bytes="9656" sha1="no6o0v53139k3ca8zrr3hv9cbl53nlz" xml:space="preserve">{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hassan Khel Tehsil
| native_name             = {{lang|ur|{{nq|تحصیل حسن خیل}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{lang|ps|{{script/Arabic|حسن خېل تحصیل}}}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = Frontier Region Peshawar
| settlement_type         = Tehsil of Pakistan
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = Kalakhel
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Hassan Khel Tehsil''' i

حسن خيل تعلقو (اردو، پشتو) ، پاڪستان جي صوبي خيبر پختونخوا جي ضلعي پشاور جو هڪ انتظامي ذيلي حصو (تحصيل) آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ نوشهره ضلعو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪوهاٽ ضلعو واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز ”ڪالا خيل“ آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;


هن علائقي جو نالو ضلعي پشاور جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو، جيڪو ان جي اتر ۽ اولهه ۾ واقع آهي.

==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>no6o0v53139k3ca8zrr3hv9cbl53nlz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>395284</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:17:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="9604" sha1="i0bs4fewedy1s5ihczfghfpfxjsk8r3" xml:space="preserve">{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = حسن خيل تعلقو
| native_name             = حسن خېل تحصیل (پشتو)
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = سرحدي علائقو پشاور
| settlement_type         = [[تعلقو]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       =[[پاڪستان جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_name2       =[[پشاور ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_type3       =[[ضلعو]] 
| subdivision_name3       =[[پشاور ضلعو]] 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = ڪالاخيل
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
|official_name=تحصیل حسن خیل}}

'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (اردو، پشتو) ، [[پاڪستان]] جي صوبي [[خيبر پختونخوا]] جي ضلعي [[پشاور ضلعو|پشاور]] جو هڪ [[تعلقو]] آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ [[نوشھرہ ضلعو|نوشهره]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڪوھاٽ ضلعو|ڪوهاٽ]] جا ضلعا واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز &quot;ڪالا خيل&quot; آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;
==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
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        <id>17680</id>
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      <text bytes="9419" sha1="j7hs152qw7ndevkwqnw9j8l3w4bkqr4" xml:space="preserve">{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = حسن خيل تعلقو
| native_name             = حسن خېل تحصیل (پشتو)
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = سرحدي علائقو پشاور
| settlement_type         = [[تعلقو]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       =[[پاڪستان جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_name2       =[[پشاور ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_type3       =[[ضلعو]] 
| subdivision_name3       =[[پشاور ضلعو]] 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = ڪالاخيل
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
|official_name=تحصیل حسن خیل}}

'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (اردو، پشتو) ، [[پاڪستان]] جي صوبي [[خيبر پختونخوا]] جي ضلعي [[پشاور ضلعو|پشاور]] جو هڪ [[تعلقو]] آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ [[نوشھرہ ضلعو|نوشهره]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڪوھاٽ ضلعو|ڪوهاٽ]] جا ضلعا واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز &quot;ڪالا خيل&quot; آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;
==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3, پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132844/http://www.safron.gov.pk/ |date=2022-03-18 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]
*[http://www.safron.gov.pk Pakistani Federal Ministry of States and Frontier Regions]

{{Federally Administered Tribal Areas}}
{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]

[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1970|Frontier]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔</text>
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      <text bytes="9109" sha1="tlorpyqe7c1go75pdiuc62v0hnpa9hi" xml:space="preserve">{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = حسن خيل تعلقو
| native_name             = حسن خېل تحصیل (پشتو)
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = سرحدي علائقو پشاور
| settlement_type         = [[تعلقو]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       =[[پاڪستان جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_name2       =[[پشاور ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_type3       =[[ضلعو]] 
| subdivision_name3       =[[پشاور ضلعو]] 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = ڪالاخيل
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
|official_name=تحصیل حسن خیل}}

'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (اردو، پشتو) ، [[پاڪستان]] جي صوبي [[خيبر پختونخوا]] جي ضلعي [[پشاور ضلعو|پشاور]] جو هڪ [[تعلقو]] آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ [[نوشھرہ ضلعو|نوشهره]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڪوھاٽ ضلعو|ڪوهاٽ]] جا ضلعا واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز &quot;ڪالا خيل&quot; آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;
==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3، پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] 

{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]

== آباديات ==
سرحدي علائقي پشاور جو بنيادي ۽ واحد قبيلو آفريدي جي ذيلي قبيلي آدم خيل آھي۔ آفريدي قبيلو 8 ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي۔ تفصيل ھيٺ ڏنل آھن۔
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قمبر خيل
# اقا خيل
# ذڪا خيل
# ڪوڪي خيل
# قمر خيل ۽
# سپاھ۔</text>
      <sha1>tlorpyqe7c1go75pdiuc62v0hnpa9hi</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:20:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="8696" sha1="33kgly8wbf3g5q74ll68dtv8d7yc7ew" xml:space="preserve">{{about|the administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas|other uses|Peshawar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = حسن خيل تعلقو
| native_name             = حسن خېل تحصیل (پشتو)
| native_name_lang        = 
| other_name              = سرحدي علائقو پشاور
| settlement_type         = [[تعلقو]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = FATA (8).jpg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt;
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2       =[[پاڪستان جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_name2       =[[پشاور ڊويزن]] 
| subdivision_type3       =[[ضلعو]] 
| subdivision_name3       =[[پشاور ضلعو]] 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = ڪالاخيل
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| leader_title1           = 
| leader_name1            = 
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_as_of        = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = 64,691
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             = 
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
|official_name=تحصیل حسن خیل}}

'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (اردو، پشتو) ، [[پاڪستان]] جي صوبي [[خيبر پختونخوا]] جي ضلعي [[پشاور ضلعو|پشاور]] جو هڪ [[تعلقو]] آهي. هن علائقي جي اوڀر ۾ [[نوشھرہ ضلعو|نوشهره]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڪوھاٽ ضلعو|ڪوهاٽ]] جا ضلعا واقع آهن. هن تعلقي ۾ مکيه آبادي وارو مرڪز &quot;ڪالا خيل&quot; آهي. 

سال &lt;small&gt;2018&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، هي انتظامي علائقو ”پشاور سب ڊويزن“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو؛ ان کان اڳ ان کي ”سرحدي علائقو پشاور“ (&lt;small&gt;FR Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) چيو ويندو هو ۽ اهو پاڪستان جي وفاقي طور تي انتظام هيٺ ايندڙ قبائلي علائقن (&lt;small&gt;FATA&lt;/small&gt;) جو هڪ حصو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot; /&gt;
==جاگرافي ۽ موسم==
هي علائقو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي، جتي سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان سراسري اوچائي 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) کان وڌيڪ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;/&gt;

== آباديات ==
سال &lt;small&gt;1998&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هتي جي آبادي &lt;small&gt;53,800&lt;/small&gt; هئي. هتي جي مکيه ٻولي ”[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]]“ آهي، جيڪا ضلعي جي &lt;small&gt;99.2&lt;/small&gt; سيڪڙو رهواسين پاران ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;1998census&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title = 1998 census report of Tribal Area Adjoining Peshawar District| location = Islamabad| publisher = [[Census in Pakistan|Population Census Organization]], [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|Statistics Division]], Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume =  145| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايف آر پشاور (&lt;small&gt;FR&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;Peshawar&lt;/small&gt;) جو مکيه ۽ واحد قبيلو ”آفريدي“ قبيلي جي هڪ شاخ ”آدم خيل“ آهي. آفريدي قبيلي کي اٺ &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt; ذيلي قبيلن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي، جن جا تفصيل هيٺ ڏنل آهن: 
# آدم خيل
# ملڪ دين خيل
# قنبر خيل
# اڪا خيل
# زخا خيل 
# ڪوڪي خيل 
# قمر خيل ۽ 
# سپاه

==پڻ ڏسو==
[[عڪس:FATA_(8).jpg|thumb|سرحدي علائقو پشاور]]
'''حسن خيل تعلقو''' (Frontier Region Peshawar) [[وفاقي منتظم شده قبائلي علائقا|قبائلي علائقن]] ۾ ھڪ ننڍو علائقو آھي. علائقي جو نالي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي نالي تي آھي جيڪو ان جي [[اتر]] ۽ اولھ ۾ واقع آھي۔ ھن جي [[اوڀر]] ۾ [[نوشهره ضلعو|ضلعو نوشھرو]]، [[ڏکڻ]] ۾ سرحدي علائقو ڪوھاٽ واقع آھن۔ &lt;ref name=&quot;peshawar&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/peshawar.php|title=Historical and administrative profile of the FR peshawar|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي [[ضلع پشاور|ضلعي پشاور]] جي ڊسٽرڪٽ ڪوآرڊينيشن آفيسر (ڊي سي او) جي طرفان زير انتظام آھي۔ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/admnsystem.php|title=Administrative System|publisher=FATA Secretariat|accessdate=2010-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[پشاور ضلعو]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch3.html قبائلي علائقن تي آئيني شقون] - باب 3، پاڪستان جي آئين جو حصو ٻارنھن
* [http://www.fata.gov.pk حڪومت قبائلي علائقا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720052328/http://www.fata.gov.pk/ |date=2009-07-20 }}
* [http://www.safron.gov.pk پاڪستاني وفاقي وزارت براءِ رياستون ۽ سرحدي علائقا] 

{{coord|display=title|33|46|37.1|N|71|42|21.8|E|region:PK_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

[[زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:1970ع ۾ ٺھيل ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Frontier Regions]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سيج (ٻوٽو)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-18T05:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="2468" sha1="c3w7x4yaxi9tsumd2sk1pxpxar3stph" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>c3w7x4yaxi9tsumd2sk1pxpxar3stph</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395335</id>
      <parentid>395334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T05:44:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4524" sha1="trv5xpjb6vb2is0bcxyyxtbxbd6iw20" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>trv5xpjb6vb2is0bcxyyxtbxbd6iw20</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395336</id>
      <parentid>395335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T06:01:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7326" sha1="owwecbp0idqepufgmmccxxslz5uzkco" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''Salvia officinalis''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ثنائي نالي''') ۾ ''officinalis'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''Officina'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;officinalis'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''type species'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ثنائي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[officinalis]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=October 2024}}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>owwecbp0idqepufgmmccxxslz5uzkco</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395337</id>
      <parentid>395336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T06:02:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7322" sha1="95z6kseq1lnbuajowfis5i19yskmfwg" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''Salvia officinalis''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ثنائي نالي''') ۾ ''officinalis'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''Officina'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;officinalis'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''type species'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[officinalis]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=October 2024}}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>95z6kseq1lnbuajowfis5i19yskmfwg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395338</id>
      <parentid>395337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T06:11:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395338</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7358" sha1="2oyqglujboq52owej7tsmf972oni8zz" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''Salvia آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[officinalis]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=October 2024}}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>2oyqglujboq52owej7tsmf972oni8zz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395339</id>
      <parentid>395338</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T06:11:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7364" sha1="4wjs5g5f5dc946pxmwim0nt6t5asdh7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[officinalis]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=October 2024}}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>4wjs5g5f5dc946pxmwim0nt6t5asdh7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395340</id>
      <parentid>395339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T06:12:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7371" sha1="r86tpgnl3bj2nirppwl2d01svvih8vw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[آفيشينالس]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;{{Verification needed|date=October 2024}}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>r86tpgnl3bj2nirppwl2d01svvih8vw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395341</id>
      <parentid>395340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T06:13:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7640" sha1="shpo9786hvbcwhagt3bv1ewjzz8ab6j" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[آفيشينالس]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

== ورڇ ۽ رهائش ==
سيج [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر هاڻي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ٿو ۽ اتي مقامي نباتات جو حصو بڻجي ويو آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>shpo9786hvbcwhagt3bv1ewjzz8ab6j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395342</id>
      <parentid>395341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T06:17:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395342</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12982" sha1="4thn4cn8yklqtrohnfsi8vcx34vq5ri" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[آفيشينالس]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

== ورڇ ۽ رهائش ==
سيج [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر هاڻي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ٿو ۽ اتي مقامي نباتات جو حصو بڻجي ويو آهي.

== استعمال ==

=== تاريخي استعمال ===
''سالويا officinalis'' قديم زماني کان مختلف مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي رهي آهي، جن ۾ نانگ جي ڏنگ جو علاج، عورتن جي زرخيزي وڌائڻ ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي استعمال شامل آهن. رومن هن ٻوٽي کي &quot;مقدس جڙي ٻوٽي&quot; سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي مذهبي رسمن ۾ استعمال ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greer |first1=John Michael |title=The Encyclopedia of Natural Magic |date=2017 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |isbn=978-0-7387-0674-0 |edition=First |location=Woodbury, MN |page=185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيوفراسٽس]] سيج جون ٻه مختلف قسمن جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي: هڪ جهنگلي ننڍڙو جهاڙو، جنهن کي هن ''اسفاڪوس'' سڏيو، ۽ ٻيو پوکيل قسم، جنهن کي ''ايليلسفاڪوس'' چيو. [[پليني دي ايلڊر]] لکيو ته رومن هن ٻوٽي کي ''سالويا'' سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي [[پيشاب آور دوا]]، چمڙي لاءِ [[مقامي بيحس ڪندڙ دوا]]، [[رت روڪيندڙ دوا]] ۽ ٻين ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪندا هئا. [[ديوسڪورائڊس]]، پليني ۽ [[گيلن]] سڀني سيج کي پيشاب آور، رت روڪيندڙ، حيض جاري ڪرڻ واري ۽ جسم کي طاقت ڏيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽي طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي کي تمام وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي، ۽ ان جي شفا بخش خاصيتن بابت ڪيترائي مشهور قول رائج هئا.&lt;ref&gt;An Anglo-Saxon manuscript read &quot;Why should man die when he has sage?&quot; Kintzios, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان کي ''ايس. سالواٽرڪس'' (&quot;نجات ڏيندڙ سيج&quot;) پڻ چيو ويندو هو. [[شارليمان]] شروعاتي وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي جي پوک جي سفارش ڪئي، ۽ [[ڪيرولنجين سلطنت]] جي دور ۾ ان کي خانقاهن جي باغن ۾ پوکيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watters 1901&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Watters |first=L. L. |title=An Analytical Investigation of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis, Linne) |publisher=Columbia University |year=1901 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; نائين صديءَ جي راهب [[والافرڊ اسٽرابو]] پنهنجي نظم ''ھارٽيولس'' ۾ ان جي خوشبودار هجڻ ۽ انسانن جي ڪيترين بيمارين ۾ فائديمند هجڻ جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kintzios |first=Spiridon E. |title=Sage: The Genus Salvia |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5823-005-8 |pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tacuin Sauge36.jpg|thumb|[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]] ۾ سيج گڏ ڪندي ڏيکاريل منظر]]

سيج چوڏهين صديءَ ۾ [[ڪاري وبا]] کان بچاءَ لاءِ مشهور جڙي ٻوٽين جي آمیزش &quot;چار چورن جو سرڪو&quot; (''فور ٿيوز ونيگر'') جي ترڪيبن ۾ پڻ شامل هئي. 1393ع جي ڪتاب ''لي مينيجائر ڊي پيرس'' ۾ ٿڌي سيج جي سوپ، مرغي لاءِ سيج جي چٽڻي، ۽ کاڌي کان اڳ سيج جي جوش سان هٿ ڌوئڻ جي صلاح ڏني وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1393 |title=Le Menagier de Paris |url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Menagier/Menagier.html |translator=Hinson, Janet}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته [[جيرواس مارڪھم]] جي ''دي انگلش ھسوائيف'' (1615ع) ۾ سيج ۽ لوڻ مان ڏندن جو پائوڊر ٺاهڻ جي ترڪيب ڏنل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Markham, Gervase |title=The English House-wife |year=1615}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جان جيرارڊ]] پنهنجي ''Herball'' (1597ع) ۾ لکيو آهي ته سيج مٿي ۽ دماغ لاءِ نهايت فائديمند آهي، يادگيري کي تيز ڪري ٿي، اعصاب کي مضبوط بڻائي ٿي ۽ فالج يا عضون جي ڏڪڻي ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Grieve, Maud |title=A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, &amp; Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2 |year=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ماضيءَ ۾ سيج کي وارن جي سنڀال، جيتن ۽ ڀنڀور جي ڏنگ، اعصابي ۽ ذهني تڪليفن، وات، زبان ۽ نڙيءَ جي سوزش، ۽ بخار گهٽائڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

=== خوراڪي استعمال ===
[[File:Salvia officinalis close up.jpg|thumb|سيج جي پن جو مٿيون پاسو؛ ان تي [[ٽرائڪوم]] ڏسي سگهجن ٿا.]]
[[File:Salvia officinalis in vaso.JPG|thumb|گملي ۾ پوکيل ''سالويا officinalis'']]
[[File:Graines sauge.jpg|thumb|سيج جا ٻج ننڍڙا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ گول شڪل جا هوندا آهن.]]

برطانيا ۾ سيج کي نسلن کان [[اجمود]]، [[روزميري]] ۽ [[ٿائم]] سان گڏ بنيادي خوشبودار جڙي ٻوٽين مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جو ذائقو خوشبودار ۽ هلڪو مرچ جهڙو هوندو آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
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      <text bytes="13017" sha1="5fe6k1x6iaus5mstm5r9szc317p60zd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[آفيشينالس]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

== ورڇ ۽ رهائش ==
سيج [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر هاڻي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ٿو ۽ اتي مقامي نباتات جو حصو بڻجي ويو آهي.

== استعمال ==

=== تاريخي استعمال ===
''سالويا آفيشينالس'' قديم زماني کان مختلف مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي رهي آهي، جن ۾ نانگ جي ڏنگ جو علاج، عورتن جي زرخيزي وڌائڻ ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي استعمال شامل آهن. رومن هن ٻوٽي کي &quot;مقدس جڙي ٻوٽي&quot; سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي مذهبي رسمن ۾ استعمال ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greer |first1=John Michael |title=The Encyclopedia of Natural Magic |date=2017 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |isbn=978-0-7387-0674-0 |edition=First |location=Woodbury, MN |page=185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيوفراسٽس]] سيج جون ٻه مختلف قسمن جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي: هڪ جهنگلي ننڍڙو جهاڙو، جنهن کي هن ''اسفاڪوس'' سڏيو، ۽ ٻيو پوکيل قسم، جنهن کي ''ايليلسفاڪوس'' چيو. [[پليني دي ايلڊر]] لکيو ته رومن هن ٻوٽي کي ''سالويا'' سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي [[پيشاب آور دوا]]، چمڙي لاءِ [[مقامي بيحس ڪندڙ دوا]]، [[رت روڪيندڙ دوا]] ۽ ٻين ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪندا هئا. [[ديوسڪورائڊس]]، پليني ۽ [[گيلن]] سڀني سيج کي پيشاب آور، رت روڪيندڙ، حيض جاري ڪرڻ واري ۽ جسم کي طاقت ڏيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽي طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي کي تمام وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي، ۽ ان جي شفا بخش خاصيتن بابت ڪيترائي مشهور قول رائج هئا.&lt;ref&gt;An Anglo-Saxon manuscript read &quot;Why should man die when he has sage?&quot; Kintzios, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان کي ''ايس. سالواٽرڪس'' (&quot;نجات ڏيندڙ سيج&quot;) پڻ چيو ويندو هو. [[شارليمان]] شروعاتي وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي جي پوک جي سفارش ڪئي، ۽ [[ڪيرولنجين سلطنت]] جي دور ۾ ان کي خانقاهن جي باغن ۾ پوکيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watters 1901&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Watters |first=L. L. |title=An Analytical Investigation of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis, Linne) |publisher=Columbia University |year=1901 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; نائين صديءَ جي راهب [[والافرڊ اسٽرابو]] پنهنجي نظم ''ھارٽيولس'' ۾ ان جي خوشبودار هجڻ ۽ انسانن جي ڪيترين بيمارين ۾ فائديمند هجڻ جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kintzios |first=Spiridon E. |title=Sage: The Genus Salvia |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5823-005-8 |pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tacuin Sauge36.jpg|thumb|[[ٽاڪُوئِنَم سانيٽيٽِس]] ۾ سيج گڏ ڪندي ڏيکاريل منظر]]

سيج چوڏهين صديءَ ۾ [[ڪاري وبا]] کان بچاءَ لاءِ مشهور جڙي ٻوٽين جي آمیزش &quot;چار چورن جو سرڪو&quot; (''فور ٿيوز ونيگر'') جي ترڪيبن ۾ پڻ شامل هئي. 1393ع جي ڪتاب ''لي مينيجائر ڊي پيرس'' ۾ ٿڌي سيج جي سوپ، مرغي لاءِ سيج جي چٽڻي، ۽ کاڌي کان اڳ سيج جي جوش سان هٿ ڌوئڻ جي صلاح ڏني وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1393 |title=Le Menagier de Paris |url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Menagier/Menagier.html |translator=Hinson, Janet}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته [[جيرواس مارڪھم]] جي ''دي انگلش ھسوائيف'' (1615ع) ۾ سيج ۽ لوڻ مان ڏندن جو پائوڊر ٺاهڻ جي ترڪيب ڏنل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Markham, Gervase |title=The English House-wife |year=1615}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جان جيرارڊ]] پنهنجي ''Herball'' (1597ع) ۾ لکيو آهي ته سيج مٿي ۽ دماغ لاءِ نهايت فائديمند آهي، يادگيري کي تيز ڪري ٿي، اعصاب کي مضبوط بڻائي ٿي ۽ فالج يا عضون جي ڏڪڻي ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Grieve, Maud |title=A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, &amp; Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2 |year=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ماضيءَ ۾ سيج کي وارن جي سنڀال، جيتن ۽ ڀنڀور جي ڏنگ، اعصابي ۽ ذهني تڪليفن، وات، زبان ۽ نڙيءَ جي سوزش، ۽ بخار گهٽائڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

=== خوراڪي استعمال ===
[[File:Salvia officinalis close up.jpg|thumb|سيج جي پن جو مٿيون پاسو؛ ان تي [[ٽرائڪوم]] ڏسي سگهجن ٿا.]]
[[File:Salvia officinalis in vaso.JPG|thumb|گملي ۾ پوکيل ''سالويا آفيشينالس'']]
[[File:Graines sauge.jpg|thumb|سيج جا ٻج ننڍڙا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ گول شڪل جا هوندا آهن.]]

برطانيا ۾ سيج کي نسلن کان [[اجمود]]، [[روزميري]] ۽ [[ٿائم]] سان گڏ بنيادي خوشبودار جڙي ٻوٽين مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جو ذائقو خوشبودار ۽ هلڪو مرچ جهڙو هوندو آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
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      <id>395357</id>
      <parentid>395343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T08:10:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="13818" sha1="ns94q8o3ychvusnn62ox68pef01qngq" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[آفيشينالس]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

== ورڇ ۽ رهائش ==
سيج [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر هاڻي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ٿو ۽ اتي مقامي نباتات جو حصو بڻجي ويو آهي.

== استعمال ==

=== تاريخي استعمال ===
''سالويا آفيشينالس'' قديم زماني کان مختلف مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي رهي آهي، جن ۾ نانگ جي ڏنگ جو علاج، عورتن جي زرخيزي وڌائڻ ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي استعمال شامل آهن. رومن هن ٻوٽي کي &quot;مقدس جڙي ٻوٽي&quot; سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي مذهبي رسمن ۾ استعمال ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greer |first1=John Michael |title=The Encyclopedia of Natural Magic |date=2017 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |isbn=978-0-7387-0674-0 |edition=First |location=Woodbury, MN |page=185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيوفراسٽس]] سيج جون ٻه مختلف قسمن جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي: هڪ جهنگلي ننڍڙو جهاڙو، جنهن کي هن ''اسفاڪوس'' سڏيو، ۽ ٻيو پوکيل قسم، جنهن کي ''ايليلسفاڪوس'' چيو. [[پليني دي ايلڊر]] لکيو ته رومن هن ٻوٽي کي ''سالويا'' سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي [[پيشاب آور دوا]]، چمڙي لاءِ [[مقامي بيحس ڪندڙ دوا]]، [[رت روڪيندڙ دوا]] ۽ ٻين ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪندا هئا. [[ديوسڪورائڊس]]، پليني ۽ [[گيلن]] سڀني سيج کي پيشاب آور، رت روڪيندڙ، حيض جاري ڪرڻ واري ۽ جسم کي طاقت ڏيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽي طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي کي تمام وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي، ۽ ان جي شفا بخش خاصيتن بابت ڪيترائي مشهور قول رائج هئا.&lt;ref&gt;An Anglo-Saxon manuscript read &quot;Why should man die when he has sage?&quot; Kintzios, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان کي ''ايس. سالواٽرڪس'' (&quot;نجات ڏيندڙ سيج&quot;) پڻ چيو ويندو هو. [[شارليمان]] شروعاتي وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي جي پوک جي سفارش ڪئي، ۽ [[ڪيرولنجين سلطنت]] جي دور ۾ ان کي خانقاهن جي باغن ۾ پوکيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watters 1901&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Watters |first=L. L. |title=An Analytical Investigation of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis, Linne) |publisher=Columbia University |year=1901 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; نائين صديءَ جي راهب [[والافرڊ اسٽرابو]] پنهنجي نظم ''ھارٽيولس'' ۾ ان جي خوشبودار هجڻ ۽ انسانن جي ڪيترين بيمارين ۾ فائديمند هجڻ جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kintzios |first=Spiridon E. |title=Sage: The Genus Salvia |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5823-005-8 |pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tacuin Sauge36.jpg|thumb|[[ٽاڪُوئِنَم سانيٽيٽِس]] ۾ سيج گڏ ڪندي ڏيکاريل منظر]]

سيج چوڏهين صديءَ ۾ [[ڪاري وبا]] کان بچاءَ لاءِ مشهور جڙي ٻوٽين جي آمیزش &quot;چار چورن جو سرڪو&quot; (''فور ٿيوز ونيگر'') جي ترڪيبن ۾ پڻ شامل هئي. 1393ع جي ڪتاب ''لي مينيجائر ڊي پيرس'' ۾ ٿڌي سيج جي سوپ، مرغي لاءِ سيج جي چٽڻي، ۽ کاڌي کان اڳ سيج جي جوش سان هٿ ڌوئڻ جي صلاح ڏني وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1393 |title=Le Menagier de Paris |url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Menagier/Menagier.html |translator=Hinson, Janet}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته [[جيرواس مارڪھم]] جي ''دي انگلش ھسوائيف'' (1615ع) ۾ سيج ۽ لوڻ مان ڏندن جو پائوڊر ٺاهڻ جي ترڪيب ڏنل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Markham, Gervase |title=The English House-wife |year=1615}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جان جيرارڊ]] پنهنجي ''Herball'' (1597ع) ۾ لکيو آهي ته سيج مٿي ۽ دماغ لاءِ نهايت فائديمند آهي، يادگيري کي تيز ڪري ٿي، اعصاب کي مضبوط بڻائي ٿي ۽ فالج يا عضون جي ڏڪڻي ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Grieve, Maud |title=A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, &amp; Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2 |year=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ماضيءَ ۾ سيج کي وارن جي سنڀال، جيتن ۽ ڀنڀور جي ڏنگ، اعصابي ۽ ذهني تڪليفن، وات، زبان ۽ نڙيءَ جي سوزش، ۽ بخار گهٽائڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

=== خوراڪي استعمال ===
[[File:Salvia officinalis close up.jpg|thumb|سيج جي پن جو مٿيون پاسو؛ ان تي [[ٽرائڪوم]] ڏسي سگهجن ٿا.]]
[[File:Salvia officinalis in vaso.JPG|thumb|گملي ۾ پوکيل ''سالويا آفيشينالس'']]
[[File:Graines sauge.jpg|thumb|سيج جا ٻج ننڍڙا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ گول شڪل جا هوندا آهن.]]

برطانيا ۾ سيج کي نسلن کان [[اجمود]]، [[روزميري]] ۽ [[ٿائم]] سان گڏ بنيادي خوشبودار جڙي ٻوٽين مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جو ذائقو خوشبودار ۽ هلڪو مرچ جهڙو هوندو آهي.

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[سالويا جي جنسن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Salvia officinalis}}
* [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-salvia-officinalis-l-folium-revision-1_en.pdf ''Salviae officinalis folium''، يورپي دوائن واري ايجنسي]

{{Herbs &amp; spices}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1111359}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:سالويا]]
[[زمرو:جڙي ٻوٽيون]]
[[زمرو:دوائن وارا ٻوٽا]]
[[زمرو:بحر روم جي خوراڪ]]
[[زمرو:بحر روم واري علائقي جي نباتات]]
[[زمرو:ڪارل لنيئس پاران ناليل حياتياتي درجابندي]]
[[زمرو:1753ع ۾ بيان ڪيل ٻوٽا]]

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

{{سنڌي ريتون رسمون}}</text>
      <sha1>ns94q8o3ychvusnn62ox68pef01qngq</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-18T08:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="13749" sha1="h771qp5enibde1mp50wgt6ttff35dkd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[آفيشينالس]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

== ورڇ ۽ رهائش ==
سيج [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر هاڻي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ٿو ۽ اتي مقامي نباتات جو حصو بڻجي ويو آهي.

== استعمال ==

=== تاريخي استعمال ===
''سالويا آفيشينالس'' قديم زماني کان مختلف مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي رهي آهي، جن ۾ نانگ جي ڏنگ جو علاج، عورتن جي زرخيزي وڌائڻ ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي استعمال شامل آهن. رومن هن ٻوٽي کي &quot;مقدس جڙي ٻوٽي&quot; سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي مذهبي رسمن ۾ استعمال ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greer |first1=John Michael |title=The Encyclopedia of Natural Magic |date=2017 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |isbn=978-0-7387-0674-0 |edition=First |location=Woodbury, MN |page=185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيوفراسٽس]] سيج جون ٻه مختلف قسمن جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي: هڪ جهنگلي ننڍڙو جهاڙو، جنهن کي هن ''اسفاڪوس'' سڏيو، ۽ ٻيو پوکيل قسم، جنهن کي ''ايليلسفاڪوس'' چيو. [[پليني دي ايلڊر]] لکيو ته رومن هن ٻوٽي کي ''سالويا'' سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي [[پيشاب آور دوا]]، چمڙي لاءِ [[مقامي بيحس ڪندڙ دوا]]، [[رت روڪيندڙ دوا]] ۽ ٻين ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪندا هئا. [[ديوسڪورائڊس]]، پليني ۽ [[گيلن]] سڀني سيج کي پيشاب آور، رت روڪيندڙ، حيض جاري ڪرڻ واري ۽ جسم کي طاقت ڏيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽي طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي کي تمام وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي، ۽ ان جي شفا بخش خاصيتن بابت ڪيترائي مشهور قول رائج هئا.&lt;ref&gt;An Anglo-Saxon manuscript read &quot;Why should man die when he has sage?&quot; Kintzios, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان کي ''ايس. سالواٽرڪس'' (&quot;نجات ڏيندڙ سيج&quot;) پڻ چيو ويندو هو. [[شارليمان]] شروعاتي وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي جي پوک جي سفارش ڪئي، ۽ [[ڪيرولنجين سلطنت]] جي دور ۾ ان کي خانقاهن جي باغن ۾ پوکيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watters 1901&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Watters |first=L. L. |title=An Analytical Investigation of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis, Linne) |publisher=Columbia University |year=1901 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; نائين صديءَ جي راهب [[والافرڊ اسٽرابو]] پنهنجي نظم ''ھارٽيولس'' ۾ ان جي خوشبودار هجڻ ۽ انسانن جي ڪيترين بيمارين ۾ فائديمند هجڻ جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kintzios |first=Spiridon E. |title=Sage: The Genus Salvia |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5823-005-8 |pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tacuin Sauge36.jpg|thumb|[[ٽاڪُوئِنَم سانيٽيٽِس]] ۾ سيج گڏ ڪندي ڏيکاريل منظر]]

سيج چوڏهين صديءَ ۾ [[ڪاري وبا]] کان بچاءَ لاءِ مشهور جڙي ٻوٽين جي آمیزش &quot;چار چورن جو سرڪو&quot; (''فور ٿيوز ونيگر'') جي ترڪيبن ۾ پڻ شامل هئي. 1393ع جي ڪتاب ''لي مينيجائر ڊي پيرس'' ۾ ٿڌي سيج جي سوپ، مرغي لاءِ سيج جي چٽڻي، ۽ کاڌي کان اڳ سيج جي جوش سان هٿ ڌوئڻ جي صلاح ڏني وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1393 |title=Le Menagier de Paris |url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Menagier/Menagier.html |translator=Hinson, Janet}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته [[جيرواس مارڪھم]] جي ''دي انگلش ھسوائيف'' (1615ع) ۾ سيج ۽ لوڻ مان ڏندن جو پائوڊر ٺاهڻ جي ترڪيب ڏنل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Markham, Gervase |title=The English House-wife |year=1615}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جان جيرارڊ]] پنهنجي ''Herball'' (1597ع) ۾ لکيو آهي ته سيج مٿي ۽ دماغ لاءِ نهايت فائديمند آهي، يادگيري کي تيز ڪري ٿي، اعصاب کي مضبوط بڻائي ٿي ۽ فالج يا عضون جي ڏڪڻي ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Grieve, Maud |title=A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, &amp; Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2 |year=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ماضيءَ ۾ سيج کي وارن جي سنڀال، جيتن ۽ ڀنڀور جي ڏنگ، اعصابي ۽ ذهني تڪليفن، وات، زبان ۽ نڙيءَ جي سوزش، ۽ بخار گهٽائڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

=== خوراڪي استعمال ===
[[File:Salvia officinalis close up.jpg|thumb|سيج جي پن جو مٿيون پاسو؛ ان تي [[ٽرائڪوم]] ڏسي سگهجن ٿا.]]
[[File:Salvia officinalis in vaso.JPG|thumb|گملي ۾ پوکيل ''سالويا آفيشينالس'']]
[[File:Graines sauge.jpg|thumb|سيج جا ٻج ننڍڙا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ گول شڪل جا هوندا آهن.]]

برطانيا ۾ سيج کي نسلن کان [[اجمود]]، [[روزميري]] ۽ [[ٿائم]] سان گڏ بنيادي خوشبودار جڙي ٻوٽين مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جو ذائقو خوشبودار ۽ هلڪو مرچ جهڙو هوندو آهي.

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[سالويا جي جنسن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Salvia officinalis}}
* [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-salvia-officinalis-l-folium-revision-1_en.pdf ''Salviae officinalis folium''، يورپي دوائن واري ايجنسي]

{{Herbs &amp; spices}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1111359}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:سالويا]]
[[زمرو:جڙي ٻوٽيون]]
[[زمرو:دوائن وارا ٻوٽا]]
[[زمرو:بحر روم جي خوراڪ]]
[[زمرو:بحر روم واري علائقي جي نباتات]]
[[زمرو:ڪارل لنيئس پاران ناليل حياتياتي درجابندي]]
[[زمرو:1753ع ۾ بيان ڪيل ٻوٽا]]</text>
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        <id>8681</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[سيج]] کي [[سيج (ٻوٽو)]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
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      <text bytes="13749" sha1="h771qp5enibde1mp50wgt6ttff35dkd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ٻوٽي جي جنس}}


{{Speciesbox
| image = Salvia officinalis0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Salvia officinalis'' |author=Allen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number= e.T203260A2762648 |date=2014 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T203260A2762648.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = Salvia
| species = officinalis
| authority = [[ڪارل لنيئس|L.]]
}}

'''سيج''' جنھن جو سائنسي نالو  '''سالويا آفيشينالس'''('''''Salvia officinalis''''')، جنهن کي  '''عام سيج''' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ گهڻ‌سالي، هميشه ساوڪ رکندڙ [[نيم جهاڙو]] آهي، جنهن جون ڪاٺ جهڙيون ٽاريون، ڀوري مائل سائي پنن ۽ نيري کان واڱڻائي رنگ جي گلن هوندا آهن. هي [[نعنا خاندان]] (''Lamiaceae''؛ اچار: '''ليميئيسي''') سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي حصن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ويو آهي. هن جو کاڌي ۾ استعمال ٿيڻ جي هڪ ڊگهي تاريخ آهي، ۽ جديد دور ۾ ان کي باغن ۾ سينگار واري ٻوٽي طور پڻ پوکيو ويندو آهي. عام نالو '''سيج''' [[سالويا]] جي ٻين ويجهن جنسن ۽ [[قلمي قسم]]ن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

هيءَ انگريزي ڀاڄي آهي، جنهن کي هندستاني مالهي سِج ڪري سڏيندا آهن. هن جا پن ٻيءَ ڀاڄيءَ ۾ ڪم ايندا آهن. هن جو ٻج سياري ۾ پوکبو آهي. نومبر کان اڳي شروع ڪجي ۽ ڀليءَ زمين ۾ پوکجي. ڀاڻ ججهو ڏجي. اُس ۽ مينهن کان پناهه گهرجيس. جڏهن سلن ۾ چار يا ڇهه پن ٿين تڏهن ڪڍي چئن چئن انچن تي ڇڊا ڪري رکجن. فيبروريءَ ڌاري وري ڪڍي ڪنهن پناهه جهڙيءَ جاءِ تي زمين ۾ رکجن. هن جا پن سڪائي ٻاٽلين ۾ وجهي رکندا آهن..&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ايڊيشن:1960؛پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو
 &lt;/ref&gt;

== بيان ==
[[File:Koeh-126.jpg|thumb|''ڪوئهلر جي دوائن وارن ٻوٽن'' (1887ع) مان هڪ تصوير]]

سيج جا [[قلمي قسم]] جسامت، [[پن]]ن، گلن جي رنگ ۽ پنن جي بناوت جي لحاظ کان ڪافي مختلف هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن ۾ گهڻا رنگين يا گهڻ‌رنگا پنن وارا قسم پڻ شامل آهن. پراڻي دنيا (يورپ، اتر آفريڪا ۽ اولهه ايشيا) وارو اصل قسم لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|2|ft|cm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} اوچو ۽ اوترو ئي ويڪرو ٿيندو آهي. ان جا گل گهڻو ڪري هلڪي بنفشي (ليوينڊر) رنگ جا هوندا آهن، پر اهي اڇا، گلابي يا واڱڻائي رنگ جا پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا. هي ٻوٽو عام طور بهار جي پڇاڙيءَ يا اونهاري ۾ گل ڪندو آهي.

هن جا پن ڊگها بيضوي شڪل جا هوندا آهن، جن جي ڊيگهه وڌ ۾ وڌ {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} ۽ ويڪر {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} تائين هوندي آهي. پنن جو رنگ ڀورو مائل سائو هوندو آهي. مٿيون پاسو گهُنجيل ۽ کڙٻيل ('''رُگوز''') هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته هيٺيون پاسو ننڍڙن، نرم ۽ گهڻن وارن سبب لڳ ڀڳ اڇو نظر ايندو آهي. جديد [[قلمي قسم]]ن ۾ جامني، گلابي، ڪريم ۽ پيلو رنگ رکندڙ، يا انهن رنگن جي مختلف گڏيل نمونن وارا پن پڻ ملن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Clebsch |first=Betsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&amp;pg=PA216 |title=The New Book of Salvias |author2=Carol D. Barner |publisher=Timber Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-560-9 |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عام سيج جي پنن جي مخصوص ڀوري مائل سائي رنگ سبب انگريزي ۾ [[سيج (رنگ)|&quot;سيج&quot; رنگ]] جو نالو پڻ انهيءَ تان پيو آهي.

== درجابندي ==

'''''سالويا آفيشينالس''''' کي [[ڪارل لنيئس]] 1753ع ۾ سائنسي طور بيان ڪيو. هي ٻوٽو صدين کان پراڻي دنيا ۾ پنهنجي خوراڪي ۽ دوائن واريون خاصيتن سبب پوکيو ويندو رهيو آهي، ۽ پراڻن [[جڙي ٻوٽين جا ڪتاب|جڙي ٻوٽين بابت ڪتابن]] ۾ ان سان منسوب ڪيترين ئي غيرمعمولي خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clebsch&quot; /&gt;

هن جي ٻٽي سائنسي نالي ('''ٻٽي نالي''') ۾ ''آفيشينالس'' اهڙن استعمالن ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪي [[روايتي طب]] ۾ رائج هئا. ''آفيشينا'' خانقاهن جي اُن روايتي ڪمري کي چيو ويندو هو، جتي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽيون محفوظ ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |location=United Kingdom |pages=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stearn, William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0hZvTFJUioC&amp;pg=PA456 |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press (OR) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-627-9 |page=456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''S.&amp;nbsp;آفيشينالس'' کي مختلف دورن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ٻين سائنسي نالن هيٺ پڻ درجابند ڪيو ويو، جن مان صرف 1940ع کان پوءِ ئي ڇهه مختلف سائنسي نالا استعمال ٿيا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sutton&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[سالويا]] جنس جي [[نمونائي جنس]] (''ٽائيپ اسپيشيز'') آهي.

=== نالي جي بڻ ===

[[ٻٽي ناليداري]] ۾ مخصوص لقب ''[[آفيشينالس]]'' انهن ٻوٽن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪي يا ته خوراڪ ۾ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل هجن يا روايتي طب ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هجن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

''سيج'' جا ڪيترائي عام نالا آهن. انهن مان مشهور نالن ۾ '''سيج'''، '''عام سيج'''، '''باغيچي وارو سيج'''، '''سونهري سيج'''، '''باورچيخاني وارو سيج'''، '''اصلي سيج'''، '''کاڌي وارو سيج'''، '''ڊلميشيائي سيج''' ۽ '''ويڪرن پنن وارو سيج''' شامل آهن. هن جا پوکيل [[قلمي قسم]] پڻ موجود آهن، جن ۾ '''جامني سيج''' ۽ '''ڳاڙهو سيج''' مشهور آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;RHSLG&quot; /&gt;

== ورڇ ۽ رهائش ==
سيج [[بحر روم وارو علائقو|بحر روم واري علائقي]] جو مقامي ٻوٽو آهي، پر هاڻي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ قدرتي طور به وڌي ٿو ۽ اتي مقامي نباتات جو حصو بڻجي ويو آهي.

== استعمال ==

=== تاريخي استعمال ===
''سالويا آفيشينالس'' قديم زماني کان مختلف مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي رهي آهي، جن ۾ نانگ جي ڏنگ جو علاج، عورتن جي زرخيزي وڌائڻ ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي استعمال شامل آهن. رومن هن ٻوٽي کي &quot;مقدس جڙي ٻوٽي&quot; سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي مذهبي رسمن ۾ استعمال ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greer |first1=John Michael |title=The Encyclopedia of Natural Magic |date=2017 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |isbn=978-0-7387-0674-0 |edition=First |location=Woodbury, MN |page=185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيوفراسٽس]] سيج جون ٻه مختلف قسمن جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي: هڪ جهنگلي ننڍڙو جهاڙو، جنهن کي هن ''اسفاڪوس'' سڏيو، ۽ ٻيو پوکيل قسم، جنهن کي ''ايليلسفاڪوس'' چيو. [[پليني دي ايلڊر]] لکيو ته رومن هن ٻوٽي کي ''سالويا'' سڏيندا هئا ۽ ان کي [[پيشاب آور دوا]]، چمڙي لاءِ [[مقامي بيحس ڪندڙ دوا]]، [[رت روڪيندڙ دوا]] ۽ ٻين ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪندا هئا. [[ديوسڪورائڊس]]، پليني ۽ [[گيلن]] سڀني سيج کي پيشاب آور، رت روڪيندڙ، حيض جاري ڪرڻ واري ۽ جسم کي طاقت ڏيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽي طور بيان ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي کي تمام وڏي اهميت حاصل هئي، ۽ ان جي شفا بخش خاصيتن بابت ڪيترائي مشهور قول رائج هئا.&lt;ref&gt;An Anglo-Saxon manuscript read &quot;Why should man die when he has sage?&quot; Kintzios, p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان کي ''ايس. سالواٽرڪس'' (&quot;نجات ڏيندڙ سيج&quot;) پڻ چيو ويندو هو. [[شارليمان]] شروعاتي وچئين دور ۾ هن ٻوٽي جي پوک جي سفارش ڪئي، ۽ [[ڪيرولنجين سلطنت]] جي دور ۾ ان کي خانقاهن جي باغن ۾ پوکيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watters 1901&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Watters |first=L. L. |title=An Analytical Investigation of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis, Linne) |publisher=Columbia University |year=1901 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; نائين صديءَ جي راهب [[والافرڊ اسٽرابو]] پنهنجي نظم ''ھارٽيولس'' ۾ ان جي خوشبودار هجڻ ۽ انسانن جي ڪيترين بيمارين ۾ فائديمند هجڻ جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kintzios |first=Spiridon E. |title=Sage: The Genus Salvia |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5823-005-8 |pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tacuin Sauge36.jpg|thumb|[[ٽاڪُوئِنَم سانيٽيٽِس]] ۾ سيج گڏ ڪندي ڏيکاريل منظر]]

سيج چوڏهين صديءَ ۾ [[ڪاري وبا]] کان بچاءَ لاءِ مشهور جڙي ٻوٽين جي آمیزش &quot;چار چورن جو سرڪو&quot; (''فور ٿيوز ونيگر'') جي ترڪيبن ۾ پڻ شامل هئي. 1393ع جي ڪتاب ''لي مينيجائر ڊي پيرس'' ۾ ٿڌي سيج جي سوپ، مرغي لاءِ سيج جي چٽڻي، ۽ کاڌي کان اڳ سيج جي جوش سان هٿ ڌوئڻ جي صلاح ڏني وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1393 |title=Le Menagier de Paris |url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Menagier/Menagier.html |translator=Hinson, Janet}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته [[جيرواس مارڪھم]] جي ''دي انگلش ھسوائيف'' (1615ع) ۾ سيج ۽ لوڻ مان ڏندن جو پائوڊر ٺاهڻ جي ترڪيب ڏنل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Markham, Gervase |title=The English House-wife |year=1615}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جان جيرارڊ]] پنهنجي ''Herball'' (1597ع) ۾ لکيو آهي ته سيج مٿي ۽ دماغ لاءِ نهايت فائديمند آهي، يادگيري کي تيز ڪري ٿي، اعصاب کي مضبوط بڻائي ٿي ۽ فالج يا عضون جي ڏڪڻي ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Grieve, Maud |title=A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, &amp; Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 2 |year=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ماضيءَ ۾ سيج کي وارن جي سنڀال، جيتن ۽ ڀنڀور جي ڏنگ، اعصابي ۽ ذهني تڪليفن، وات، زبان ۽ نڙيءَ جي سوزش، ۽ بخار گهٽائڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintzios&quot; /&gt;

=== خوراڪي استعمال ===
[[File:Salvia officinalis close up.jpg|thumb|سيج جي پن جو مٿيون پاسو؛ ان تي [[ٽرائڪوم]] ڏسي سگهجن ٿا.]]
[[File:Salvia officinalis in vaso.JPG|thumb|گملي ۾ پوکيل ''سالويا آفيشينالس'']]
[[File:Graines sauge.jpg|thumb|سيج جا ٻج ننڍڙا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ گول شڪل جا هوندا آهن.]]

برطانيا ۾ سيج کي نسلن کان [[اجمود]]، [[روزميري]] ۽ [[ٿائم]] سان گڏ بنيادي خوشبودار جڙي ٻوٽين مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. ان جو ذائقو خوشبودار ۽ هلڪو مرچ جهڙو هوندو آهي.

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[سالويا جي جنسن جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Salvia officinalis}}
* [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-salvia-officinalis-l-folium-revision-1_en.pdf ''Salviae officinalis folium''، يورپي دوائن واري ايجنسي]

{{Herbs &amp; spices}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1111359}}
{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:سالويا]]
[[زمرو:جڙي ٻوٽيون]]
[[زمرو:دوائن وارا ٻوٽا]]
[[زمرو:بحر روم جي خوراڪ]]
[[زمرو:بحر روم واري علائقي جي نباتات]]
[[زمرو:ڪارل لنيئس پاران ناليل حياتياتي درجابندي]]
[[زمرو:1753ع ۾ بيان ڪيل ٻوٽا]]</text>
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{{ٻين استعمالن لاءِ|ليو پن}}
{{ڏسو پڻ|[[الفالفا]]}}
{{خودڪار ٽيڪسابڪس
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور '''ليو پن'''، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[Fabaceae]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (invasive species) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور '''ليو پن'''، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[Fabaceae]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (invasive species) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور '''ليو پن'''، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] (اچار: **شَرَبز**) جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' (''[[Lupinus jaimehintonianus]]''، اچار: **لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس**) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca، اچار: وَهاڪا) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate''، اچار: پالميٽ) ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;

گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.

هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.

[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7953" sha1="pbyx9s4yhih9cpodtnc2824g6m9vdae" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڦليدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ سنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="12624" sha1="q2zc3czu0tn1ol439k24enakkxtub97" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڦليدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ سنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== درجابندي ==
{{Main|ليو پن جون نوعون}}

[[File:Garbancillo (Lupinus aschenbornii) II.jpg|thumb| [[لوپائنس اشينبورنيئي]] (Lupinus aschenbornii)، [[نيواڊو ڊي ٽولوڪا]] (Nevado de Toluca)، ميڪسيڪو]]

سنف ''لوپائنس'' جو بنيادي درجابندي وارو خاڪو، خاص طور ان جي اتر آمريڪي نوعن بابت، [[سيرينو واٽسن]] 1873ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. هن سنف کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ''لوپائنس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس''  ۽ ''لوپينيلس''. هن درجابندي جو بنياد رهائشگاهن ۽ [[اوويول|اوولي]] (''ovule'') جي تعداد تي رکيو ويو.

واٽسن جي درجابندي موجب آمريڪي کنڊ جون گهڻيون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون ''لوپائنس'' واري ڀاڱي ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. جڏهن ته بيضه داني (اووري) ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج رکندڙ ڪجهه هڪ ساليون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. ڊينسيفلورس'' ۽ ''ايل. مائڪروڪارپس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ رکيا ويا. ''لوپائنيلس'' ۾ صرف هڪ نوع، ''ايل. انسيالس''، شامل ڪئي وئي، جنهن جون گلون پنن جي ڪک ۾ اڪيليون ٿين ٿيون، انهن جو مٿيون پنکڙو ٿورو ئي پٺتي مڙيل هوندو آهي ۽ بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي موجود هوندا آهن.

بعد ۾ [[اشرسن]] ۽ [[گريبنر]] 1907ع ۾ واٽسن جي درجابندي کي وڌيڪ وسيع ڪندي ان کي مشرقي ۽ مغربي اڌ گولي جي سڀني ليو پن نوعن تي لاڳو ڪيو. هنن پڻ بيضه داني ۾ موجود اوولين (۽ نتيجي طور ٻجن) جي تعداد کي بنيادي معيار بڻايو ۽ سنف کي ٻن ذيلي سنفن (سب جينر)، ''يولوپائنس''  ۽ ''پليٽيڪارپوس''، ۾ ورهايو. بيان ڪيل گهڻيون نوعون ''يولوپائنس'' ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ مشرقي اڌ گولي جون اهي هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل ڪيون ويون، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج هوندا آهن.

هاڻوڪي درجابندي هن بنيادي فرق کي برقرار رکي ٿي، پر ذيلي سنفن جا نالا ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۽ ''ليوپنس'' استعمال ڪري ٿي. هن نظام موجب ذيلي سنف ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' (ايس.واٽز.) ڪرل. ۾ مغربي اڌ گولي جون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه يا وڌيڪ اوولي موجود هوندا آهن. ٻئي طرف ذيلي سنف ''ليوپنس'' ۾ آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي جون 12 نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چار اوولي هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot;&gt;Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;

''ليوپنس'' جي درجابندي هميشه کان نباتيات جي ماهرن لاءِ پيچيده رهي آهي. هن سنف ۾ اصل ۾ ڪيتريون الڳ نوعون موجود آهن ۽ انهن کي ڪهڙي نموني منظم ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان بابت اڃا مڪمل اتفاق موجود ناهي. ليو پن جا ٻوٽا بناوت ۾ تمام گهڻي تبديلي ڏيکارين ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ٽيڪسا هڪ ٻئي کان واضح طور جدا ناهن. انهيءَ سبب آمريڪا جي ڪجهه ٽيڪسن کي جدا نوعن بدران [[نوعي مجموعو]] (اسپيشيز ڪامپليڪس) قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=naga&gt;Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae). ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1–4), 147–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جي نوعن جو اندازي مطابق تعداد عام طور 200 کان 500 جي وچ ۾ ڄاڻايو ويندو آهي،&lt;ref name=ainouche/&gt; جڏهن ته هڪ ٻئي مستند ذريعي موجب دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 267 نوعون موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt; موجوده وقت ۾ ''Lupinus'' جون ٻه ذيلي سنفون (سب جينر) تسليم ڪيون وڃن ٿيون.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== درجابندي ==
{{Main|ليو پن جون نوعون}}

[[File:Garbancillo (Lupinus aschenbornii) II.jpg|thumb| [[لوپائنس اشينبورنيئي]] (Lupinus aschenbornii)، [[نيواڊو ڊي ٽولوڪا]] (Nevado de Toluca)، ميڪسيڪو]]

سنف ''لوپائنس'' جو بنيادي درجابندي وارو خاڪو، خاص طور ان جي اتر آمريڪي نوعن بابت، [[سيرينو واٽسن]] 1873ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. هن سنف کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ''لوپائنس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس''  ۽ ''لوپينيلس''. هن درجابندي جو بنياد رهائشگاهن ۽ [[اوويول|اوولي]] (''ovule'') جي تعداد تي رکيو ويو.

واٽسن جي درجابندي موجب آمريڪي کنڊ جون گهڻيون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون ''لوپائنس'' واري ڀاڱي ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. جڏهن ته بيضه داني (اووري) ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج رکندڙ ڪجهه هڪ ساليون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. ڊينسيفلورس'' ۽ ''ايل. مائڪروڪارپس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ رکيا ويا. ''لوپائنيلس'' ۾ صرف هڪ نوع، ''ايل. انسيالس''، شامل ڪئي وئي، جنهن جون گلون پنن جي ڪک ۾ اڪيليون ٿين ٿيون، انهن جو مٿيون پنکڙو ٿورو ئي پٺتي مڙيل هوندو آهي ۽ بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي موجود هوندا آهن.

بعد ۾ [[اشرسن]] ۽ [[گريبنر]] 1907ع ۾ واٽسن جي درجابندي کي وڌيڪ وسيع ڪندي ان کي مشرقي ۽ مغربي اڌ گولي جي سڀني ليو پن نوعن تي لاڳو ڪيو. هنن پڻ بيضه داني ۾ موجود اوولين (۽ نتيجي طور ٻجن) جي تعداد کي بنيادي معيار بڻايو ۽ سنف کي ٻن ذيلي سنفن (سب جينر)، ''يولوپائنس''  ۽ ''پليٽيڪارپوس''، ۾ ورهايو. بيان ڪيل گهڻيون نوعون ''يولوپائنس'' ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ مشرقي اڌ گولي جون اهي هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل ڪيون ويون، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج هوندا آهن.

هاڻوڪي درجابندي هن بنيادي فرق کي برقرار رکي ٿي، پر ذيلي سنفن جا نالا ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۽ ''لوپائنس'' استعمال ڪري ٿي. هن نظام موجب ذيلي سنف ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' (ايس.واٽز.) ڪرل. ۾ مغربي اڌ گولي جون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه يا وڌيڪ اوولي موجود هوندا آهن. ٻئي طرف ذيلي سنف ''لوپائنس'' ۾ آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي جون 12 نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چار اوولي هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot;&gt;Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;

''لوپائنس'' جي درجابندي هميشه کان نباتيات جي ماهرن لاءِ پيچيده رهي آهي. هن سنف ۾ اصل ۾ ڪيتريون الڳ نوعون موجود آهن ۽ انهن کي ڪهڙي نموني منظم ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان بابت اڃا مڪمل اتفاق موجود ناهي. ليو پن جا ٻوٽا بناوت ۾ تمام گهڻي تبديلي ڏيکارين ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ٽيڪسا هڪ ٻئي کان واضح طور جدا ناهن. انهيءَ سبب آمريڪا جي ڪجهه ٽيڪسن کي جدا نوعن بدران [[نوعي مجموعو]] (اسپيشيز ڪامپليڪس) قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=naga&gt;Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae). ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1–4), 147–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جي نوعن جو اندازي مطابق تعداد عام طور 200 کان 500 جي وچ ۾ ڄاڻايو ويندو آهي،&lt;ref name=ainouche/&gt; جڏهن ته هڪ ٻئي مستند ذريعي موجب دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 267 نوعون موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt; موجوده وقت ۾ ''لوپائنس'' جون ٻه ذيلي سنفون (سب جينر) تسليم ڪيون وڃن ٿيون.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== درجابندي ==
{{Main|ليو پن جون نوعون}}

[[File:Garbancillo (Lupinus aschenbornii) II.jpg|thumb| [[لوپائنس اشينبورنيئي]] (Lupinus aschenbornii)، [[نيواڊو ڊي ٽولوڪا]] (Nevado de Toluca)، ميڪسيڪو]]

سنف ''لوپائنس'' جو بنيادي درجابندي وارو خاڪو، خاص طور ان جي اتر آمريڪي نوعن بابت، [[سيرينو واٽسن]] 1873ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. هن سنف کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ''لوپائنس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس''  ۽ ''لوپينيلس''. هن درجابندي جو بنياد رهائشگاهن ۽ [[اوويول|اوولي]] (''ovule'') جي تعداد تي رکيو ويو.

واٽسن جي درجابندي موجب آمريڪي کنڊ جون گهڻيون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون ''لوپائنس'' واري ڀاڱي ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. جڏهن ته بيضه داني (اووري) ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج رکندڙ ڪجهه هڪ ساليون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. ڊينسيفلورس'' ۽ ''ايل. مائڪروڪارپس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ رکيا ويا. ''لوپائنيلس'' ۾ صرف هڪ نوع، ''ايل. انسيالس''، شامل ڪئي وئي، جنهن جون گلون پنن جي ڪک ۾ اڪيليون ٿين ٿيون، انهن جو مٿيون پنکڙو ٿورو ئي پٺتي مڙيل هوندو آهي ۽ بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي موجود هوندا آهن.

بعد ۾ [[اشرسن]] ۽ [[گريبنر]] 1907ع ۾ واٽسن جي درجابندي کي وڌيڪ وسيع ڪندي ان کي مشرقي ۽ مغربي اڌ گولي جي سڀني ليو پن نوعن تي لاڳو ڪيو. هنن پڻ بيضه داني ۾ موجود اوولين (۽ نتيجي طور ٻجن) جي تعداد کي بنيادي معيار بڻايو ۽ سنف کي ٻن ذيلي سنفن (سب جينر)، ''يولوپائنس''  ۽ ''پليٽيڪارپوس''، ۾ ورهايو. بيان ڪيل گهڻيون نوعون ''يولوپائنس'' ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ مشرقي اڌ گولي جون اهي هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل ڪيون ويون، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج هوندا آهن.

هاڻوڪي درجابندي هن بنيادي فرق کي برقرار رکي ٿي، پر ذيلي سنفن جا نالا ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۽ ''لوپائنس'' استعمال ڪري ٿي. هن نظام موجب ذيلي سنف ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' (ايس.واٽز.) ڪرل. ۾ مغربي اڌ گولي جون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه يا وڌيڪ اوولي موجود هوندا آهن. ٻئي طرف ذيلي سنف ''لوپائنس'' ۾ آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي جون 12 نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چار اوولي هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot;&gt;Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;

''لوپائنس'' جي درجابندي هميشه کان نباتيات جي ماهرن لاءِ پيچيده رهي آهي. هن سنف ۾ اصل ۾ ڪيتريون الڳ نوعون موجود آهن ۽ انهن کي ڪهڙي نموني منظم ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان بابت اڃا مڪمل اتفاق موجود ناهي. ليو پن جا ٻوٽا بناوت ۾ تمام گهڻي تبديلي ڏيکارين ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ٽيڪسا هڪ ٻئي کان واضح طور جدا ناهن. انهيءَ سبب آمريڪا جي ڪجهه ٽيڪسن کي جدا نوعن بدران [[نوعي مجموعو]] (اسپيشيز ڪامپليڪس) قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=naga&gt;Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae). ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1–4), 147–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جي نوعن جو اندازي مطابق تعداد عام طور 200 کان 500 جي وچ ۾ ڄاڻايو ويندو آهي،&lt;ref name=ainouche/&gt; جڏهن ته هڪ ٻئي مستند ذريعي موجب دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 267 نوعون موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt; موجوده وقت ۾ ''لوپائنس'' جون ٻه ذيلي سنفون (سب جينر) تسليم ڪيون وڃن ٿيون.

== ماحوليات ==

[[File:Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on Wild Lupine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[پيپيليو ڪينيڊينسِس|ڪينيڊين ٽائيگر سويلي ٽيل]]  [[لوپائنس پيرينس|جهنگلي گهڻ سالي ليو پن]] تي، [[گيٽينو]] (Gatineau)، ڪيوبيڪ]]

ڪجهه نوعون، جهڙوڪ [[پيلو جهنگلي ليو پن]] (''لوپائنس آربوريوس'')، پنهنجي قدرتي ورهاست کان ٻاهر پهچڻ تي [[حمله آور نوع]] (اِنويسِو اسپيشيز) سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون. نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن کي حمله آور ٻوٽو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ ان کي شديد ماحولياتي خطرو پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=3 March 2017 |title=Lupins: A love-hate story – North &amp; South |url=https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421010043/https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/planet-planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Noted}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''  جهنگلي ماحول ۾ پکڙجي ويو آهي ۽ [[ڏکڻ ٻيٽ]] (سائوٿ آئلينڊ) ۾ وڏين شاهراهن ۽ وهڪرن جي ڪنارن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ وڌي ٿو. اهڙي ئي نموني هن غير ملڪي نوع جي پکڙجڻ [[سوئيڊن]]، [[فنلينڊ]] ۽ [[ناروي]] ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جتي ان کي شروعات ۾ شاهراهن جي [[زمين سازي]] (''لينڊ اسڪيپنگ'') لاءِ ڄاڻي واڻي پوکيو ويو هو.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} آسٽريليا جي نسبتاً ٿڌي آبهوا وارن علائقن، خاص طور ٻهراڙيءَ واري [[وڪٽوريا (آسٽريليا)|وڪٽوريا]] ۽ [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ پڻ ليو پن پوکيو ويو آهي.

ليو پن جون نوعون ڪيترين ئي [[پتنگا]]ن ۽ [[تتلي]]ن (رتبو: [[ليپيڊوپٽيرا]] جي [[لاروا]] (''larva'') لاءِ اهم خوراڪ جو ذريعو آهن. انهن ۾ هيٺيون شامل آهن:

* ''[[Mission blue butterfly|آئيڪيريشيا اِڪاريوئيڊيز مِشنيئنسِس]]'' – مشن بليو تتلي؛ هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/endangered-species/mission-blue-butterfly.html Mission Blue Butterfly.] Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪيلوفرِس آئرَس]]''  – فراسٽڊ ايلفن؛ ''ايل. پيرينس'' تي رڪارڊ ڪئي وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/FrostedElfin_e.php ''Callophrys irus''] Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس]]'' – پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm ''Erynnis persius''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''[[زرسيس بليو|گلوڪوپسائيڪي]]''  – زرسيس بليو.

* ''[[گلوڪوپسائيڪي لِگڊيمَس]]'' – سلوري بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm ''Glaucopsyche lygdamus''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪارنر بليو|پليبيجس ميليسا ساميوئلس]]'' – ڪارنر بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Plebejus-melissa ''Plebejus melissa''] Butterflies and Moths of North America.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس پيرسِيئس]] – اوڀر وارو پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-persius-duskywing Eastern persius duskywing], Ontario Species at Risk.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[سڪينيا سوئيٽا]]'' – هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Anweiler, G. G. |date=2007 |title=Species Details ''Schinia suetus'' |url=https://search.museums.ualberta.ca/g/2-6199 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=University of Alberta Museums |publisher=E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="23376" sha1="bk2fu04rgh7pugah9oww0qzugfq05dz" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڦليدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ سنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== درجابندي ==
{{Main|ليو پن جون نوعون}}

[[File:Garbancillo (Lupinus aschenbornii) II.jpg|thumb| [[لوپائنس اشينبورنيئي]] (Lupinus aschenbornii)، [[نيواڊو ڊي ٽولوڪا]] (Nevado de Toluca)، ميڪسيڪو]]

سنف ''لوپائنس'' جو بنيادي درجابندي وارو خاڪو، خاص طور ان جي اتر آمريڪي نوعن بابت، [[سيرينو واٽسن]] 1873ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. هن سنف کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ''لوپائنس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس''  ۽ ''لوپينيلس''. هن درجابندي جو بنياد رهائشگاهن ۽ [[اوويول|اوولي]] (''ovule'') جي تعداد تي رکيو ويو.

واٽسن جي درجابندي موجب آمريڪي کنڊ جون گهڻيون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون ''لوپائنس'' واري ڀاڱي ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. جڏهن ته بيضه داني (اووري) ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج رکندڙ ڪجهه هڪ ساليون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. ڊينسيفلورس'' ۽ ''ايل. مائڪروڪارپس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ رکيا ويا. ''لوپائنيلس'' ۾ صرف هڪ نوع، ''ايل. انسيالس''، شامل ڪئي وئي، جنهن جون گلون پنن جي ڪک ۾ اڪيليون ٿين ٿيون، انهن جو مٿيون پنکڙو ٿورو ئي پٺتي مڙيل هوندو آهي ۽ بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي موجود هوندا آهن.

بعد ۾ [[اشرسن]] ۽ [[گريبنر]] 1907ع ۾ واٽسن جي درجابندي کي وڌيڪ وسيع ڪندي ان کي مشرقي ۽ مغربي اڌ گولي جي سڀني ليو پن نوعن تي لاڳو ڪيو. هنن پڻ بيضه داني ۾ موجود اوولين (۽ نتيجي طور ٻجن) جي تعداد کي بنيادي معيار بڻايو ۽ سنف کي ٻن ذيلي سنفن (سب جينر)، ''يولوپائنس''  ۽ ''پليٽيڪارپوس''، ۾ ورهايو. بيان ڪيل گهڻيون نوعون ''يولوپائنس'' ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ مشرقي اڌ گولي جون اهي هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل ڪيون ويون، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج هوندا آهن.

هاڻوڪي درجابندي هن بنيادي فرق کي برقرار رکي ٿي، پر ذيلي سنفن جا نالا ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۽ ''لوپائنس'' استعمال ڪري ٿي. هن نظام موجب ذيلي سنف ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' (ايس.واٽز.) ڪرل. ۾ مغربي اڌ گولي جون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه يا وڌيڪ اوولي موجود هوندا آهن. ٻئي طرف ذيلي سنف ''لوپائنس'' ۾ آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي جون 12 نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چار اوولي هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot;&gt;Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;

''لوپائنس'' جي درجابندي هميشه کان نباتيات جي ماهرن لاءِ پيچيده رهي آهي. هن سنف ۾ اصل ۾ ڪيتريون الڳ نوعون موجود آهن ۽ انهن کي ڪهڙي نموني منظم ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان بابت اڃا مڪمل اتفاق موجود ناهي. ليو پن جا ٻوٽا بناوت ۾ تمام گهڻي تبديلي ڏيکارين ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ٽيڪسا هڪ ٻئي کان واضح طور جدا ناهن. انهيءَ سبب آمريڪا جي ڪجهه ٽيڪسن کي جدا نوعن بدران [[نوعي مجموعو]] (اسپيشيز ڪامپليڪس) قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=naga&gt;Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae). ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1–4), 147–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جي نوعن جو اندازي مطابق تعداد عام طور 200 کان 500 جي وچ ۾ ڄاڻايو ويندو آهي،&lt;ref name=ainouche/&gt; جڏهن ته هڪ ٻئي مستند ذريعي موجب دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 267 نوعون موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt; موجوده وقت ۾ ''لوپائنس'' جون ٻه ذيلي سنفون (سب جينر) تسليم ڪيون وڃن ٿيون.

== ماحوليات ==

[[File:Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on Wild Lupine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[پيپيليو ڪينيڊينسِس|ڪينيڊين ٽائيگر سويلي ٽيل]]  [[لوپائنس پيرينس|جهنگلي گهڻ سالي ليو پن]] تي، [[گيٽينو]] (Gatineau)، ڪيوبيڪ]]

ڪجهه نوعون، جهڙوڪ [[پيلو جهنگلي ليو پن]] (''لوپائنس آربوريوس'')، پنهنجي قدرتي ورهاست کان ٻاهر پهچڻ تي [[حمله آور نوع]] (اِنويسِو اسپيشيز) سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون. نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن کي حمله آور ٻوٽو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ ان کي شديد ماحولياتي خطرو پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=3 March 2017 |title=Lupins: A love-hate story – North &amp; South |url=https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421010043/https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/planet-planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Noted}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''  جهنگلي ماحول ۾ پکڙجي ويو آهي ۽ [[ڏکڻ ٻيٽ]] (سائوٿ آئلينڊ) ۾ وڏين شاهراهن ۽ وهڪرن جي ڪنارن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ وڌي ٿو. اهڙي ئي نموني هن غير ملڪي نوع جي پکڙجڻ [[سوئيڊن]]، [[فنلينڊ]] ۽ [[ناروي]] ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جتي ان کي شروعات ۾ شاهراهن جي [[زمين سازي]] (''لينڊ اسڪيپنگ'') لاءِ ڄاڻي واڻي پوکيو ويو هو.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} آسٽريليا جي نسبتاً ٿڌي آبهوا وارن علائقن، خاص طور ٻهراڙيءَ واري [[وڪٽوريا (آسٽريليا)|وڪٽوريا]] ۽ [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ پڻ ليو پن پوکيو ويو آهي.

ليو پن جون نوعون ڪيترين ئي [[پتنگا]]ن ۽ [[تتلي]]ن (رتبو: [[ليپيڊوپٽيرا]] جي [[لاروا]] (''larva'') لاءِ اهم خوراڪ جو ذريعو آهن. انهن ۾ هيٺيون شامل آهن:

* ''[[Mission blue butterfly|آئيڪيريشيا اِڪاريوئيڊيز مِشنيئنسِس]]'' – مشن بليو تتلي؛ هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/endangered-species/mission-blue-butterfly.html Mission Blue Butterfly.] Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪيلوفرِس آئرَس]]''  – فراسٽڊ ايلفن؛ ''ايل. پيرينس'' تي رڪارڊ ڪئي وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/FrostedElfin_e.php ''Callophrys irus''] Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس]]'' – پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm ''Erynnis persius''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''[[زرسيس بليو|گلوڪوپسائيڪي]]''  – زرسيس بليو.

* ''[[گلوڪوپسائيڪي لِگڊيمَس]]'' – سلوري بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm ''Glaucopsyche lygdamus''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪارنر بليو|پليبيجس ميليسا ساميوئلس]]'' – ڪارنر بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Plebejus-melissa ''Plebejus melissa''] Butterflies and Moths of North America.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس پيرسِيئس]] – اوڀر وارو پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-persius-duskywing Eastern persius duskywing], Ontario Species at Risk.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[سڪينيا سوئيٽا]]'' – هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Anweiler, G. G. |date=2007 |title=Species Details ''Schinia suetus'' |url=https://search.museums.ualberta.ca/g/2-6199 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=University of Alberta Museums |publisher=E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پوک ۽ سنڀال ==

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]'' جيڪو باغيچي وارو ليو پن سڏجي ٿو، ۽ ''[[لوپائنس آربوريوس]]'' جيڪو وڻ نما ليو پن آهي، باغن ۾ مشهور [[سينگاريل ٻوٽو|سينگاريل ٻوٽا]] آهن. انهن مان مختلف رنگن، جن ۾ ٻه-رنگي (''بائي ڪلر'') گلن وارا به شامل آهن، ڪيترائي [[هائبرڊ]] ۽ [[ڪلٽيوار]] (''cultivar'') تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

[[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن باغن ۾ هڪ بهترين [[ساٿي ٻوٽو]] (''ڪمپينين پلانٽ) آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو زمين ۾ [[نائيٽروجن]] جي مقدار وڌائي ڀاڄين ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن جي واڌ ويجهه ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو. زمين ۾ پوکڻ کان علاوه ليو پن بالڪونين ۽ آڱڻن ۾ رکيل وڏن گملن ۾ پڻ ڪاميابي سان پوکي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;How To Grow Lupins In Pots - The Ultimate Guide&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.plant-garden-secrets.com/blog/how-to-grow-lupins-in-pots |title=How To Grow Lupins In Pots – The Ultimate Guide |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=plant-garden-secrets.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Lupinus Polyphyllus Hybrid 4.png|رسل هائبرڊ ليو پن ''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''، برطانيا
File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, الاسڪا 2009 114.jpg|''لوپائنس''، [[رسبيري آئلينڊ (الاسڪا)|راسپبيري ٻيٽ]]، الاسڪا، آمريڪا
File:Lupinus in Hokkaido 20080630.jpg|[[هوڪائڊو]]، جاپان ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupin Leaf.jpg|ليو پن جو ڪلٽيوار &quot;ماء ڪاسل&quot;
File:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg|سينگاريل ليو پن، [[اوشوايا]]، ارجنٽائن
File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg|[[ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو]]، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupins, Lake Tekapo, NZ.jpg|ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Bluebonnet-8100.jpg|[[ٽيڪساس بلو بونيٽ]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا
File:Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington.png|[[پئسفڪ نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[واشنگٽن (رياست)|واشنگٽن]]، آمريڪا ۾ ليو پن
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== زراعت ===

ٻين [[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن پڻ [[نائيٽروجن تثبيت]] جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=104 |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو [[رائزوبيئم]] بيڪٽيريا سان [[پاڙ جي ڳنڍ]] (روٽ نوڊيول) واري [[هم زيستي]] (سمبايوسِس) ذريعي فضا مان نائيٽروجن کي [[امونيا]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، جنهن سان زمين زرخيز ٿئي ٿي ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن کي به فائدو پهچي ٿو. انهيءَ خاصيت سبب ليو پن گهٽ زرخيز زمينن ۾ به آساني سان وڌي سگهي ٿو ۽ غير آباد يا خراب زمينن ۾ پهريون ٻوٽو بڻجي آباد ٿيڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو. ''لوپائنس'' جون نوعون زميني بيڪٽيريا ''[[بريڊي رائزوبيئم]]'' سان ڳنڍون ٺاهينديون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot; /&gt;

ويهين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن ليو پن جي اهڙي مٺي قسم جي افزائش جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن ۾ ڪوڙي ذائقي وارا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] گهٽ هجن، جيئن اهو انسانن ۽ جانورن ٻنهي لاءِ وڌيڪ موزون خوراڪ بڻجي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding |publisher=Bogouslav Kourlovitch |year=2002 |isbn=586741034X |pages=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون ڪيترائي هڪ ساليون نوعون زراعت ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿيون، جن مان گهڻيون اصل ۾ ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي سان واسطو رکن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Reinhart Langer|Langer, R.H.M.]] &amp; [[George Hill (agronomist)|Hill, G.D.]] 1991. Agricultural Plants, second edition. p. 261. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي دور ۾ انهن کي [[سبز ڀاڻ]] (''گرين مينيوئر'') يا [[چارو]] (''فاريج'') طور پوکيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي انهن جا ٻج پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿا، جيڪي [[سويا بين]] جي متبادل طور استعمال ڪيا وڃن ٿا. گهٽ [[الڪيلائيڊ]] واريون مٺيون ليو پن نوعون [[مالوند جانور]] (''روميننٽس'')، سوئرن، مرغي پالڻ ۽ هاڻي آبي جانورن جي خوراڪ ۾ پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿيون. ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي جون ٽي مشهور نوعون، [[نيرو ليف لوپائن|نيري (سوڙهي پنن واري) ليو پن]]، [[اڇو لوپائن|اڇي ليو پن]] ۽ [[لوپائنس ليوٽيس|پيلي ليو پن]]، چوپائي مال ۽ مرغي جي خوراڪ لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون.
انساني خوراڪ لاءِ ليو پن جي ٻجن جي عالمي منڊي اڃا نسبتاً ننڍي آهي، پر محققن جو خيال آهي ته ان ۾ وڏي واڌ جي گنجائش موجود آهي. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾ ليو پن جا ٻج [[سويا بين]] کان وڌيڪ فائديمند سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ انهن جي صحت بخش خاصيتن بابت ثبوت وڌندا پيا وڃن. انهن ۾ سويا بين جي لڳ ڀڳ برابر [[پروٽين]] هوندي آهي، پر چرٻي گهٽ هوندي آهي. اهي [[گلوٽن کان پاڪ]] خوراڪ آهن ۽ [[غذائي فائبر]]، [[امينو تيزاب]] ۽ [[ضد آڪسيدي مادا]] (''اينٽي آڪسائيڊنٽس'') سان مالا مال هوندا آهن. انهن کي [[پري بايوٽڪ]] خوراڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

دنيا ۾ واپاري مقصد لاءِ پيدا ٿيندڙ ليو پن جي ٻجن مان لڳ ڀڳ 85 سيڪڙو [[مغربي آسٽريليا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ross&quot;&gt;Ross, K. Soy substitute edges its way into European meals. ''New York Times''. 16 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== درجابندي ==
{{Main|ليو پن جون نوعون}}

[[File:Garbancillo (Lupinus aschenbornii) II.jpg|thumb| [[لوپائنس اشينبورنيئي]] (Lupinus aschenbornii)، [[نيواڊو ڊي ٽولوڪا]] (Nevado de Toluca)، ميڪسيڪو]]

سنف ''لوپائنس'' جو بنيادي درجابندي وارو خاڪو، خاص طور ان جي اتر آمريڪي نوعن بابت، [[سيرينو واٽسن]] 1873ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. هن سنف کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ''لوپائنس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس''  ۽ ''لوپينيلس''. هن درجابندي جو بنياد رهائشگاهن ۽ [[اوويول|اوولي]] (''ovule'') جي تعداد تي رکيو ويو.

واٽسن جي درجابندي موجب آمريڪي کنڊ جون گهڻيون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون ''لوپائنس'' واري ڀاڱي ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. جڏهن ته بيضه داني (اووري) ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج رکندڙ ڪجهه هڪ ساليون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. ڊينسيفلورس'' ۽ ''ايل. مائڪروڪارپس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ رکيا ويا. ''لوپائنيلس'' ۾ صرف هڪ نوع، ''ايل. انسيالس''، شامل ڪئي وئي، جنهن جون گلون پنن جي ڪک ۾ اڪيليون ٿين ٿيون، انهن جو مٿيون پنکڙو ٿورو ئي پٺتي مڙيل هوندو آهي ۽ بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي موجود هوندا آهن.

بعد ۾ [[اشرسن]] ۽ [[گريبنر]] 1907ع ۾ واٽسن جي درجابندي کي وڌيڪ وسيع ڪندي ان کي مشرقي ۽ مغربي اڌ گولي جي سڀني ليو پن نوعن تي لاڳو ڪيو. هنن پڻ بيضه داني ۾ موجود اوولين (۽ نتيجي طور ٻجن) جي تعداد کي بنيادي معيار بڻايو ۽ سنف کي ٻن ذيلي سنفن (سب جينر)، ''يولوپائنس''  ۽ ''پليٽيڪارپوس''، ۾ ورهايو. بيان ڪيل گهڻيون نوعون ''يولوپائنس'' ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ مشرقي اڌ گولي جون اهي هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل ڪيون ويون، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج هوندا آهن.

هاڻوڪي درجابندي هن بنيادي فرق کي برقرار رکي ٿي، پر ذيلي سنفن جا نالا ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۽ ''لوپائنس'' استعمال ڪري ٿي. هن نظام موجب ذيلي سنف ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' (ايس.واٽز.) ڪرل. ۾ مغربي اڌ گولي جون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه يا وڌيڪ اوولي موجود هوندا آهن. ٻئي طرف ذيلي سنف ''لوپائنس'' ۾ آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي جون 12 نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چار اوولي هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot;&gt;Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;

''لوپائنس'' جي درجابندي هميشه کان نباتيات جي ماهرن لاءِ پيچيده رهي آهي. هن سنف ۾ اصل ۾ ڪيتريون الڳ نوعون موجود آهن ۽ انهن کي ڪهڙي نموني منظم ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان بابت اڃا مڪمل اتفاق موجود ناهي. ليو پن جا ٻوٽا بناوت ۾ تمام گهڻي تبديلي ڏيکارين ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ٽيڪسا هڪ ٻئي کان واضح طور جدا ناهن. انهيءَ سبب آمريڪا جي ڪجهه ٽيڪسن کي جدا نوعن بدران [[نوعي مجموعو]] (اسپيشيز ڪامپليڪس) قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=naga&gt;Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae). ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1–4), 147–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جي نوعن جو اندازي مطابق تعداد عام طور 200 کان 500 جي وچ ۾ ڄاڻايو ويندو آهي،&lt;ref name=ainouche/&gt; جڏهن ته هڪ ٻئي مستند ذريعي موجب دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 267 نوعون موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt; موجوده وقت ۾ ''لوپائنس'' جون ٻه ذيلي سنفون (سب جينر) تسليم ڪيون وڃن ٿيون.

== ماحوليات ==

[[File:Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on Wild Lupine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[پيپيليو ڪينيڊينسِس|ڪينيڊين ٽائيگر سويلي ٽيل]]  [[لوپائنس پيرينس|جهنگلي گهڻ سالي ليو پن]] تي، [[گيٽينو]] (Gatineau)، ڪيوبيڪ]]

ڪجهه نوعون، جهڙوڪ [[پيلو جهنگلي ليو پن]] (''لوپائنس آربوريوس'')، پنهنجي قدرتي ورهاست کان ٻاهر پهچڻ تي [[حمله آور نوع]] (اِنويسِو اسپيشيز) سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون. نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن کي حمله آور ٻوٽو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ ان کي شديد ماحولياتي خطرو پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=3 March 2017 |title=Lupins: A love-hate story – North &amp; South |url=https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421010043/https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/planet-planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Noted}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''  جهنگلي ماحول ۾ پکڙجي ويو آهي ۽ [[ڏکڻ ٻيٽ]] (سائوٿ آئلينڊ) ۾ وڏين شاهراهن ۽ وهڪرن جي ڪنارن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ وڌي ٿو. اهڙي ئي نموني هن غير ملڪي نوع جي پکڙجڻ [[سوئيڊن]]، [[فنلينڊ]] ۽ [[ناروي]] ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جتي ان کي شروعات ۾ شاهراهن جي [[زمين سازي]] (''لينڊ اسڪيپنگ'') لاءِ ڄاڻي واڻي پوکيو ويو هو.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} آسٽريليا جي نسبتاً ٿڌي آبهوا وارن علائقن، خاص طور ٻهراڙيءَ واري [[وڪٽوريا (آسٽريليا)|وڪٽوريا]] ۽ [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ پڻ ليو پن پوکيو ويو آهي.

ليو پن جون نوعون ڪيترين ئي [[پتنگا]]ن ۽ [[تتلي]]ن (رتبو: [[ليپيڊوپٽيرا]] جي [[لاروا]] (''larva'') لاءِ اهم خوراڪ جو ذريعو آهن. انهن ۾ هيٺيون شامل آهن:

* ''[[Mission blue butterfly|آئيڪيريشيا اِڪاريوئيڊيز مِشنيئنسِس]]'' – مشن بليو تتلي؛ هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/endangered-species/mission-blue-butterfly.html Mission Blue Butterfly.] Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪيلوفرِس آئرَس]]''  – فراسٽڊ ايلفن؛ ''ايل. پيرينس'' تي رڪارڊ ڪئي وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/FrostedElfin_e.php ''Callophrys irus''] Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس]]'' – پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm ''Erynnis persius''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''[[زرسيس بليو|گلوڪوپسائيڪي]]''  – زرسيس بليو.

* ''[[گلوڪوپسائيڪي لِگڊيمَس]]'' – سلوري بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm ''Glaucopsyche lygdamus''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪارنر بليو|پليبيجس ميليسا ساميوئلس]]'' – ڪارنر بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Plebejus-melissa ''Plebejus melissa''] Butterflies and Moths of North America.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس پيرسِيئس]] – اوڀر وارو پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-persius-duskywing Eastern persius duskywing], Ontario Species at Risk.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[سڪينيا سوئيٽا]]'' – هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Anweiler, G. G. |date=2007 |title=Species Details ''Schinia suetus'' |url=https://search.museums.ualberta.ca/g/2-6199 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=University of Alberta Museums |publisher=E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پوک ۽ سنڀال ==

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]'' جيڪو باغيچي وارو ليو پن سڏجي ٿو، ۽ ''[[لوپائنس آربوريوس]]'' جيڪو وڻ نما ليو پن آهي، باغن ۾ مشهور [[سينگاريل ٻوٽو|سينگاريل ٻوٽا]] آهن. انهن مان مختلف رنگن، جن ۾ ٻه-رنگي (''بائي ڪلر'') گلن وارا به شامل آهن، ڪيترائي [[هائبرڊ]] ۽ [[ڪلٽيوار]] (''cultivar'') تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

[[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن باغن ۾ هڪ بهترين [[ساٿي ٻوٽو]] (''ڪمپينين پلانٽ) آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو زمين ۾ [[نائيٽروجن]] جي مقدار وڌائي ڀاڄين ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن جي واڌ ويجهه ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو. زمين ۾ پوکڻ کان علاوه ليو پن بالڪونين ۽ آڱڻن ۾ رکيل وڏن گملن ۾ پڻ ڪاميابي سان پوکي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;How To Grow Lupins In Pots - The Ultimate Guide&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.plant-garden-secrets.com/blog/how-to-grow-lupins-in-pots |title=How To Grow Lupins In Pots – The Ultimate Guide |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=plant-garden-secrets.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Lupinus Polyphyllus Hybrid 4.png|رسل هائبرڊ ليو پن ''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''، برطانيا
File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, الاسڪا 2009 114.jpg|''لوپائنس''، [[رسبيري آئلينڊ (الاسڪا)|راسپبيري ٻيٽ]]، الاسڪا، آمريڪا
File:Lupinus in Hokkaido 20080630.jpg|[[هوڪائڊو]]، جاپان ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupin Leaf.jpg|ليو پن جو ڪلٽيوار &quot;ماء ڪاسل&quot;
File:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg|سينگاريل ليو پن، [[اوشوايا]]، ارجنٽائن
File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg|[[ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو]]، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupins, Lake Tekapo, NZ.jpg|ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Bluebonnet-8100.jpg|[[ٽيڪساس بلو بونيٽ]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا
File:Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington.png|[[پئسفڪ نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[واشنگٽن (رياست)|واشنگٽن]]، آمريڪا ۾ ليو پن
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== زراعت ===

ٻين [[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن پڻ [[نائيٽروجن تثبيت]] جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=104 |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو [[رائزوبيئم]] بيڪٽيريا سان [[پاڙ جي ڳنڍ]] (روٽ نوڊيول) واري [[هم زيستي]] (سمبايوسِس) ذريعي فضا مان نائيٽروجن کي [[امونيا]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، جنهن سان زمين زرخيز ٿئي ٿي ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن کي به فائدو پهچي ٿو. انهيءَ خاصيت سبب ليو پن گهٽ زرخيز زمينن ۾ به آساني سان وڌي سگهي ٿو ۽ غير آباد يا خراب زمينن ۾ پهريون ٻوٽو بڻجي آباد ٿيڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو. ''لوپائنس'' جون نوعون زميني بيڪٽيريا ''[[بريڊي رائزوبيئم]]'' سان ڳنڍون ٺاهينديون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot; /&gt;

ويهين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن ليو پن جي اهڙي مٺي قسم جي افزائش جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن ۾ ڪوڙي ذائقي وارا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] گهٽ هجن، جيئن اهو انسانن ۽ جانورن ٻنهي لاءِ وڌيڪ موزون خوراڪ بڻجي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding |publisher=Bogouslav Kourlovitch |year=2002 |isbn=586741034X |pages=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون ڪيترائي هڪ ساليون نوعون زراعت ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿيون، جن مان گهڻيون اصل ۾ ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي سان واسطو رکن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Reinhart Langer|Langer, R.H.M.]] &amp; [[George Hill (agronomist)|Hill, G.D.]] 1991. Agricultural Plants, second edition. p. 261. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي دور ۾ انهن کي [[سبز ڀاڻ]] (''گرين مينيوئر'') يا [[چارو]] (''فاريج'') طور پوکيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي انهن جا ٻج پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿا، جيڪي [[سويا بين]] جي متبادل طور استعمال ڪيا وڃن ٿا. گهٽ [[الڪيلائيڊ]] واريون مٺيون ليو پن نوعون [[مالوند جانور]] (''روميننٽس'')، سوئرن، مرغي پالڻ ۽ هاڻي آبي جانورن جي خوراڪ ۾ پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿيون. ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي جون ٽي مشهور نوعون، [[نيرو ليف لوپائن|نيري (سوڙهي پنن واري) ليو پن]]، [[اڇو لوپائن|اڇي ليو پن]] ۽ [[لوپائنس ليوٽيس|پيلي ليو پن]]، چوپائي مال ۽ مرغي جي خوراڪ لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون.
انساني خوراڪ لاءِ ليو پن جي ٻجن جي عالمي منڊي اڃا نسبتاً ننڍي آهي، پر محققن جو خيال آهي ته ان ۾ وڏي واڌ جي گنجائش موجود آهي. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾ ليو پن جا ٻج [[سويا بين]] کان وڌيڪ فائديمند سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ انهن جي صحت بخش خاصيتن بابت ثبوت وڌندا پيا وڃن. انهن ۾ سويا بين جي لڳ ڀڳ برابر [[پروٽين]] هوندي آهي، پر چرٻي گهٽ هوندي آهي. اهي [[گلوٽن کان پاڪ]] خوراڪ آهن ۽ [[غذائي فائبر]]، [[امينو تيزاب]] ۽ [[ضد آڪسيدي مادا]] (''اينٽي آڪسائيڊنٽس'') سان مالا مال هوندا آهن. انهن کي [[پري بايوٽڪ]] خوراڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

دنيا ۾ واپاري مقصد لاءِ پيدا ٿيندڙ ليو پن جي ٻجن مان لڳ ڀڳ 85 سيڪڙو [[مغربي آسٽريليا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ross&quot;&gt;Ross, K. Soy substitute edges its way into European meals. ''New York Times''. 16 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== زهريت ==
{{Main|ليو پن جي زهريت}}

ليو پن جي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ [[ثانوي ميٽابولزم]] (سيڪنڊري ميٽابولزم) سان لاڳاپيل ڪجهه مرڪب موجود هوندا آهن، جن ۾ [[آئسو فليوون]] (''آئسوفليوونز'' ۽ زهريلا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; انهن الڪيلائيڊن ۾ [[لوپينين]]، [[ايناجيرين]] ۽ [[اسپارٽين]] شامل آهن. جيڪڏهن انهن جي موجودگي وقت سر معلوم ٿي وڃي ته خوراڪ جي تياري دوران انهن کي گهڻي حد تائين ختم ڪري سگهجي ٿو، تنهن هوندي به اهڙيون نوعون عام طور خوراڪي مقصدن لاءِ چونڊيون ناهن وينديون.

جن ماڻهن کي [[مڱ ڦري]] (''پينٽ'') سان الرجي هوندي آهي، تن ۾ ليو پن سان الرجي ٿيڻ جو به امڪان موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'' 104(4 Pt. 1), 883–88.&lt;/ref&gt; ليو پن سان لاڳاپيل گهڻا الرجي جا واقعا اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ رپورٽ ٿيا آهن، جيڪي اڳ ئي مونگ ڦلي جي الرجي ۾ مبتلا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2006.302 Opinion of the scientific panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the Commission related to the evaluation of lupin for labelling purposes.] ''The European Food Safety Authority Journal'' 302: 1–11. 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; مونگ ڦلي ۽ ليو پن جي وچ ۾ [[ڪراس الرجي|ڪراس ايلرجينيستي]] سبب، [[يورپي ڪميشن]] 2006ع کان خوراڪ جي شين جي ليبلن تي &quot;ليو پن ۽ ان مان ٺهيل شيون&quot; ظاهر ڪرڻ لازمي قرار ڏنو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1536439272158&amp;uri=CELEX:32006L0142 Commission Directive 2006/142/EC of 22 December 2006 amending Annex IIIa of Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council listing the ingredients which must under all circumstances appear on the labeling of foodstuffs.]&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جا ٻوٽا ''[[ڊائپورٿي ٽاڪسيڪا]]''  نالي فنگس سان پڻ متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;Williamson et al. (1994) ''Diaporthe toxica'' sp. nov., The cause of lupinosis in sheep. ''Mycological Research'', 98(12): 1367.&lt;/ref&gt; هي فنگس [[مائيڪوٽاڪسيڪوسس]] پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيڪا [[لوپينوسس]] جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي ۽ چرندڙ جانورن ۾ متاثر ٿيل ٻوٽو کائڻ سان پيدا ٿيندي آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
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      <text bytes="32734" sha1="azgmxg485quhdjq6q4j3e7yj61vdlox" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|ڦليدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ سنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== درجابندي ==
{{Main|ليو پن جون نوعون}}

[[File:Garbancillo (Lupinus aschenbornii) II.jpg|thumb| [[لوپائنس اشينبورنيئي]] (Lupinus aschenbornii)، [[نيواڊو ڊي ٽولوڪا]] (Nevado de Toluca)، ميڪسيڪو]]

سنف ''لوپائنس'' جو بنيادي درجابندي وارو خاڪو، خاص طور ان جي اتر آمريڪي نوعن بابت، [[سيرينو واٽسن]] 1873ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. هن سنف کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ''لوپائنس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس''  ۽ ''لوپينيلس''. هن درجابندي جو بنياد رهائشگاهن ۽ [[اوويول|اوولي]] (''ovule'') جي تعداد تي رکيو ويو.

واٽسن جي درجابندي موجب آمريڪي کنڊ جون گهڻيون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون ''لوپائنس'' واري ڀاڱي ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. جڏهن ته بيضه داني (اووري) ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج رکندڙ ڪجهه هڪ ساليون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. ڊينسيفلورس'' ۽ ''ايل. مائڪروڪارپس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ رکيا ويا. ''لوپائنيلس'' ۾ صرف هڪ نوع، ''ايل. انسيالس''، شامل ڪئي وئي، جنهن جون گلون پنن جي ڪک ۾ اڪيليون ٿين ٿيون، انهن جو مٿيون پنکڙو ٿورو ئي پٺتي مڙيل هوندو آهي ۽ بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي موجود هوندا آهن.

بعد ۾ [[اشرسن]] ۽ [[گريبنر]] 1907ع ۾ واٽسن جي درجابندي کي وڌيڪ وسيع ڪندي ان کي مشرقي ۽ مغربي اڌ گولي جي سڀني ليو پن نوعن تي لاڳو ڪيو. هنن پڻ بيضه داني ۾ موجود اوولين (۽ نتيجي طور ٻجن) جي تعداد کي بنيادي معيار بڻايو ۽ سنف کي ٻن ذيلي سنفن (سب جينر)، ''يولوپائنس''  ۽ ''پليٽيڪارپوس''، ۾ ورهايو. بيان ڪيل گهڻيون نوعون ''يولوپائنس'' ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ مشرقي اڌ گولي جون اهي هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل ڪيون ويون، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج هوندا آهن.

هاڻوڪي درجابندي هن بنيادي فرق کي برقرار رکي ٿي، پر ذيلي سنفن جا نالا ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۽ ''لوپائنس'' استعمال ڪري ٿي. هن نظام موجب ذيلي سنف ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' (ايس.واٽز.) ڪرل. ۾ مغربي اڌ گولي جون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه يا وڌيڪ اوولي موجود هوندا آهن. ٻئي طرف ذيلي سنف ''لوپائنس'' ۾ آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي جون 12 نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چار اوولي هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot;&gt;Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;

''لوپائنس'' جي درجابندي هميشه کان نباتيات جي ماهرن لاءِ پيچيده رهي آهي. هن سنف ۾ اصل ۾ ڪيتريون الڳ نوعون موجود آهن ۽ انهن کي ڪهڙي نموني منظم ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان بابت اڃا مڪمل اتفاق موجود ناهي. ليو پن جا ٻوٽا بناوت ۾ تمام گهڻي تبديلي ڏيکارين ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ٽيڪسا هڪ ٻئي کان واضح طور جدا ناهن. انهيءَ سبب آمريڪا جي ڪجهه ٽيڪسن کي جدا نوعن بدران [[نوعي مجموعو]] (اسپيشيز ڪامپليڪس) قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=naga&gt;Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae). ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1–4), 147–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جي نوعن جو اندازي مطابق تعداد عام طور 200 کان 500 جي وچ ۾ ڄاڻايو ويندو آهي،&lt;ref name=ainouche/&gt; جڏهن ته هڪ ٻئي مستند ذريعي موجب دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 267 نوعون موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt; موجوده وقت ۾ ''لوپائنس'' جون ٻه ذيلي سنفون (سب جينر) تسليم ڪيون وڃن ٿيون.

== ماحوليات ==

[[File:Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on Wild Lupine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[پيپيليو ڪينيڊينسِس|ڪينيڊين ٽائيگر سويلي ٽيل]]  [[لوپائنس پيرينس|جهنگلي گهڻ سالي ليو پن]] تي، [[گيٽينو]] (Gatineau)، ڪيوبيڪ]]

ڪجهه نوعون، جهڙوڪ [[پيلو جهنگلي ليو پن]] (''لوپائنس آربوريوس'')، پنهنجي قدرتي ورهاست کان ٻاهر پهچڻ تي [[حمله آور نوع]] (اِنويسِو اسپيشيز) سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون. نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن کي حمله آور ٻوٽو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ ان کي شديد ماحولياتي خطرو پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=3 March 2017 |title=Lupins: A love-hate story – North &amp; South |url=https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421010043/https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/planet-planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Noted}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''  جهنگلي ماحول ۾ پکڙجي ويو آهي ۽ [[ڏکڻ ٻيٽ]] (سائوٿ آئلينڊ) ۾ وڏين شاهراهن ۽ وهڪرن جي ڪنارن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ وڌي ٿو. اهڙي ئي نموني هن غير ملڪي نوع جي پکڙجڻ [[سوئيڊن]]، [[فنلينڊ]] ۽ [[ناروي]] ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جتي ان کي شروعات ۾ شاهراهن جي [[زمين سازي]] (''لينڊ اسڪيپنگ'') لاءِ ڄاڻي واڻي پوکيو ويو هو.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} آسٽريليا جي نسبتاً ٿڌي آبهوا وارن علائقن، خاص طور ٻهراڙيءَ واري [[وڪٽوريا (آسٽريليا)|وڪٽوريا]] ۽ [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ پڻ ليو پن پوکيو ويو آهي.

ليو پن جون نوعون ڪيترين ئي [[پتنگا]]ن ۽ [[تتلي]]ن (رتبو: [[ليپيڊوپٽيرا]] جي [[لاروا]] (''larva'') لاءِ اهم خوراڪ جو ذريعو آهن. انهن ۾ هيٺيون شامل آهن:

* ''[[Mission blue butterfly|آئيڪيريشيا اِڪاريوئيڊيز مِشنيئنسِس]]'' – مشن بليو تتلي؛ هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/endangered-species/mission-blue-butterfly.html Mission Blue Butterfly.] Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪيلوفرِس آئرَس]]''  – فراسٽڊ ايلفن؛ ''ايل. پيرينس'' تي رڪارڊ ڪئي وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/FrostedElfin_e.php ''Callophrys irus''] Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس]]'' – پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm ''Erynnis persius''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''[[زرسيس بليو|گلوڪوپسائيڪي]]''  – زرسيس بليو.

* ''[[گلوڪوپسائيڪي لِگڊيمَس]]'' – سلوري بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm ''Glaucopsyche lygdamus''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪارنر بليو|پليبيجس ميليسا ساميوئلس]]'' – ڪارنر بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Plebejus-melissa ''Plebejus melissa''] Butterflies and Moths of North America.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس پيرسِيئس]] – اوڀر وارو پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-persius-duskywing Eastern persius duskywing], Ontario Species at Risk.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[سڪينيا سوئيٽا]]'' – هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Anweiler, G. G. |date=2007 |title=Species Details ''Schinia suetus'' |url=https://search.museums.ualberta.ca/g/2-6199 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=University of Alberta Museums |publisher=E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پوک ۽ سنڀال ==

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]'' جيڪو باغيچي وارو ليو پن سڏجي ٿو، ۽ ''[[لوپائنس آربوريوس]]'' جيڪو وڻ نما ليو پن آهي، باغن ۾ مشهور [[سينگاريل ٻوٽو|سينگاريل ٻوٽا]] آهن. انهن مان مختلف رنگن، جن ۾ ٻه-رنگي (''بائي ڪلر'') گلن وارا به شامل آهن، ڪيترائي [[هائبرڊ]] ۽ [[ڪلٽيوار]] (''cultivar'') تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

[[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن باغن ۾ هڪ بهترين [[ساٿي ٻوٽو]] (''ڪمپينين پلانٽ) آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو زمين ۾ [[نائيٽروجن]] جي مقدار وڌائي ڀاڄين ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن جي واڌ ويجهه ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو. زمين ۾ پوکڻ کان علاوه ليو پن بالڪونين ۽ آڱڻن ۾ رکيل وڏن گملن ۾ پڻ ڪاميابي سان پوکي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;How To Grow Lupins In Pots - The Ultimate Guide&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.plant-garden-secrets.com/blog/how-to-grow-lupins-in-pots |title=How To Grow Lupins In Pots – The Ultimate Guide |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=plant-garden-secrets.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Lupinus Polyphyllus Hybrid 4.png|رسل هائبرڊ ليو پن ''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''، برطانيا
File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, الاسڪا 2009 114.jpg|''لوپائنس''، [[رسبيري آئلينڊ (الاسڪا)|راسپبيري ٻيٽ]]، الاسڪا، آمريڪا
File:Lupinus in Hokkaido 20080630.jpg|[[هوڪائڊو]]، جاپان ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupin Leaf.jpg|ليو پن جو ڪلٽيوار &quot;ماء ڪاسل&quot;
File:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg|سينگاريل ليو پن، [[اوشوايا]]، ارجنٽائن
File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg|[[ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو]]، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupins, Lake Tekapo, NZ.jpg|ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Bluebonnet-8100.jpg|[[ٽيڪساس بلو بونيٽ]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا
File:Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington.png|[[پئسفڪ نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[واشنگٽن (رياست)|واشنگٽن]]، آمريڪا ۾ ليو پن
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== زراعت ===

ٻين [[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن پڻ [[نائيٽروجن تثبيت]] جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=104 |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو [[رائزوبيئم]] بيڪٽيريا سان [[پاڙ جي ڳنڍ]] (روٽ نوڊيول) واري [[هم زيستي]] (سمبايوسِس) ذريعي فضا مان نائيٽروجن کي [[امونيا]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، جنهن سان زمين زرخيز ٿئي ٿي ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن کي به فائدو پهچي ٿو. انهيءَ خاصيت سبب ليو پن گهٽ زرخيز زمينن ۾ به آساني سان وڌي سگهي ٿو ۽ غير آباد يا خراب زمينن ۾ پهريون ٻوٽو بڻجي آباد ٿيڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو. ''لوپائنس'' جون نوعون زميني بيڪٽيريا ''[[بريڊي رائزوبيئم]]'' سان ڳنڍون ٺاهينديون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot; /&gt;

ويهين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن ليو پن جي اهڙي مٺي قسم جي افزائش جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن ۾ ڪوڙي ذائقي وارا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] گهٽ هجن، جيئن اهو انسانن ۽ جانورن ٻنهي لاءِ وڌيڪ موزون خوراڪ بڻجي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding |publisher=Bogouslav Kourlovitch |year=2002 |isbn=586741034X |pages=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون ڪيترائي هڪ ساليون نوعون زراعت ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿيون، جن مان گهڻيون اصل ۾ ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي سان واسطو رکن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Reinhart Langer|Langer, R.H.M.]] &amp; [[George Hill (agronomist)|Hill, G.D.]] 1991. Agricultural Plants, second edition. p. 261. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي دور ۾ انهن کي [[سبز ڀاڻ]] (''گرين مينيوئر'') يا [[چارو]] (''فاريج'') طور پوکيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي انهن جا ٻج پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿا، جيڪي [[سويا بين]] جي متبادل طور استعمال ڪيا وڃن ٿا. گهٽ [[الڪيلائيڊ]] واريون مٺيون ليو پن نوعون [[مالوند جانور]] (''روميننٽس'')، سوئرن، مرغي پالڻ ۽ هاڻي آبي جانورن جي خوراڪ ۾ پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿيون. ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي جون ٽي مشهور نوعون، [[نيرو ليف لوپائن|نيري (سوڙهي پنن واري) ليو پن]]، [[اڇو لوپائن|اڇي ليو پن]] ۽ [[لوپائنس ليوٽيس|پيلي ليو پن]]، چوپائي مال ۽ مرغي جي خوراڪ لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون.
انساني خوراڪ لاءِ ليو پن جي ٻجن جي عالمي منڊي اڃا نسبتاً ننڍي آهي، پر محققن جو خيال آهي ته ان ۾ وڏي واڌ جي گنجائش موجود آهي. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾ ليو پن جا ٻج [[سويا بين]] کان وڌيڪ فائديمند سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ انهن جي صحت بخش خاصيتن بابت ثبوت وڌندا پيا وڃن. انهن ۾ سويا بين جي لڳ ڀڳ برابر [[پروٽين]] هوندي آهي، پر چرٻي گهٽ هوندي آهي. اهي [[گلوٽن کان پاڪ]] خوراڪ آهن ۽ [[غذائي فائبر]]، [[امينو تيزاب]] ۽ [[ضد آڪسيدي مادا]] (''اينٽي آڪسائيڊنٽس'') سان مالا مال هوندا آهن. انهن کي [[پري بايوٽڪ]] خوراڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

دنيا ۾ واپاري مقصد لاءِ پيدا ٿيندڙ ليو پن جي ٻجن مان لڳ ڀڳ 85 سيڪڙو [[مغربي آسٽريليا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ross&quot;&gt;Ross, K. Soy substitute edges its way into European meals. ''New York Times''. 16 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== زهريت ==
{{Main|ليو پن جي زهريت}}

ليو پن جي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ [[ثانوي ميٽابولزم]] (سيڪنڊري ميٽابولزم) سان لاڳاپيل ڪجهه مرڪب موجود هوندا آهن، جن ۾ [[آئسو فليوون]] (''آئسوفليوونز'' ۽ زهريلا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; انهن الڪيلائيڊن ۾ [[لوپينين]]، [[ايناجيرين]] ۽ [[اسپارٽين]] شامل آهن. جيڪڏهن انهن جي موجودگي وقت سر معلوم ٿي وڃي ته خوراڪ جي تياري دوران انهن کي گهڻي حد تائين ختم ڪري سگهجي ٿو، تنهن هوندي به اهڙيون نوعون عام طور خوراڪي مقصدن لاءِ چونڊيون ناهن وينديون.

جن ماڻهن کي [[مڱ ڦري]] (''پينٽ'') سان الرجي هوندي آهي، تن ۾ ليو پن سان الرجي ٿيڻ جو به امڪان موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'' 104(4 Pt. 1), 883–88.&lt;/ref&gt; ليو پن سان لاڳاپيل گهڻا الرجي جا واقعا اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ رپورٽ ٿيا آهن، جيڪي اڳ ئي مونگ ڦلي جي الرجي ۾ مبتلا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2006.302 Opinion of the scientific panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the Commission related to the evaluation of lupin for labelling purposes.] ''The European Food Safety Authority Journal'' 302: 1–11. 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; مونگ ڦلي ۽ ليو پن جي وچ ۾ [[ڪراس الرجي|ڪراس ايلرجينيستي]] سبب، [[يورپي ڪميشن]] 2006ع کان خوراڪ جي شين جي ليبلن تي &quot;ليو پن ۽ ان مان ٺهيل شيون&quot; ظاهر ڪرڻ لازمي قرار ڏنو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1536439272158&amp;uri=CELEX:32006L0142 Commission Directive 2006/142/EC of 22 December 2006 amending Annex IIIa of Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council listing the ingredients which must under all circumstances appear on the labeling of foodstuffs.]&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جا ٻوٽا ''[[ڊائپورٿي ٽاڪسيڪا]]''  نالي فنگس سان پڻ متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;Williamson et al. (1994) ''Diaporthe toxica'' sp. nov., The cause of lupinosis in sheep. ''Mycological Research'', 98(12): 1367.&lt;/ref&gt; هي فنگس [[مائيڪوٽاڪسيڪوسس]] پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيڪا [[لوپينوسس]] جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي ۽ چرندڙ جانورن ۾ متاثر ٿيل ٻوٽو کائڻ سان پيدا ٿيندي آهي.

== استعمال ==
{{Main|ليو پن جا ٻج}}

[[File:Lupinus angustifolius (1).jpg|thumb|right|''[[لوپائنس اينگسٽيفوليئس ]]'']]
[[File:Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[لوپائنس پائيلوسس]]''  [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، اسرائيل ۾]]

ليو پن جا [[ڦليدار]] ٻج، جيڪي عام طور '''ليو پن جا ٻج''' (لوپِن بينز) سڏبا آهن، قديم [[رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تمام گهڻا مشهور هئا. رومن ماڻهن هن ٻوٽي کي پنهنجي سلطنت جي مختلف علائقن ۾ پوکيو، ۽ اڄ به موجوده [[رومانوي ٻوليون|رومانوي ٻولين]] ۾ ليو پن کي ليوپني جهڙن نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.

ليو پن جي مختلف نوعن جا ٻج ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 سالن کان خوراڪ طور استعمال ٿيندا رهيا آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;glad&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Gladstone |editor-first1=J. S. |editor-last2=Atkins |editor-first2=C. A. |editor-last3=Hamblin |editor-first3=J. |date=1998 |title=Lupins as Crop Plants: Biology, Production and Utilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCUhAQAAMAAJ |publisher=CAB International |isbn=9780851992242}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته [[اينڊيز]] جبلن واري علائقي ۾ انهن جو استعمال لڳ ڀڳ 6,000 سالن کان جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uauy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Uauy |first1=Ricardo |last2=Gattas |first2=Vivien |last3=Yañez |first3=Enrique |title=Sweet Lupins in Human Nutrition |journal=Plants in Human Nutrition |series=World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics |date=1995 |volume=77 |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1159/000424466 |pmid=7732701 |isbn=978-3-8055-6101-3 |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/424466 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; اتر آمريڪا جي ڪيترن ئي [[آمريڪا جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي آمريڪي]] قبيلن، جهڙوڪ [[ياواپائي ماڻهو|ياواپائي]]، پڻ انهن ٻجن کي خوراڪ طور استعمال ڪندا هئا.

[[لوپائنس ميوٽيبيليس |اينڊيئن ليو پن]] جنهن کي [[ڪيچوا ٻولي]] ۾ تاروي چيو وڃي ٿو، [[انڪا سلطنت]] ۾ هڪ اهم خوراڪي فصل هو. بهرحال، ان کي ڪڏهن به [[سويا بين]]، سڪل مٽر ۽ ٻين ڦليدار فصلن جيتري اهميت حاصل نه ٿي. ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اينڊيز جي بلند علائقن ۾ پوکيل هن قسم کي مقامي طور '''تاروي''' يا هسپانوي ۾ چوچو چيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ٻجن کي کائڻ کان اڳ وهندڙ پاڻيءَ ۾ ڀڄايو ويندو هو ته جيئن انهن مان گهڻو ڪري ڪوڙا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] نڪري وڃن، پوءِ انهن کي ابالي يا ڀڃي کاڌو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;(Hill, 1977; Aguilera and Truer, 1978)&lt;/ref&gt; ڪڏهن وري انهن کي ابالي ۽ سڪائي {{lang|qu|kirku}} (اچار: **ڪرڪو**) نالي خوراڪ تيار ڪئي ويندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uauy&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=López-Bellido |first1=Luis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVGOVkGDouUC&amp;q=kirku&amp;pg=PA241 |title=Lupin crop as an alternative source of protein |last2=Fuentes |first2=M |date=1986 |journal=Advances in Agronomy |volume=40 |pages=239–295 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60284-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هسپانوي دورِ حڪومت کان پوءِ مقامي ماڻهن جي خوراڪي عادتن ۾ تبديلي آئي، ۽ صرف ويهين صديءَ جي آخر کان ليو پن کي ٻيهر خوراڪ طور استعمال ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي وڌڻ لڳي.&lt;ref name=&quot;reflections-future-possibilities&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sweetingham |first1=Mark |last2=Kingwell |first2=Ross |date=2008 |title=LUPINS – REFLECTIONS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268376093 |journal=12th International Lupin Conference; Fremantle, Western Australia.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glad&quot;/&gt;

ليو پن جا ٻج مٺين ۽ کارين ٻنهي قسمن جي خوراڪن ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جن ۾ روزمره جا کاڌا، روايتي خمير ٿيل خوراڪون، بيڪري جون شيون ۽ مختلف چٽڻيون شامل آهن. يورپي اڇي ليو پن (''[[لوپائنس البس]]'' جا ٻج اڪثر زيتون يا اچار وانگر لوڻ واري پاڻيءَ ۾ مرتبانن اندر وڪرو ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي کل سميت يا کل لاهي کائي سگهجي ٿو.

'''لوپيني''' نالي کاڌا خاص طور [[پورچوگال]]، [[اسپين]]، [[يونان]] ۽ [[اٽلي]] ۾ مشهور آهن. اهي [[برازيل]] ۽ [[مصر]] ۾ پڻ عام آهن. مصر ۾ ليو پن کي عربي ۾ ترمس چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ پاڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڀڄائڻ ۽ پوءِ لوڻ واري محلول ۾ رکڻ کان پوءِ اهو هڪ مشهور گهٽيءَ وارو سنئڪ طور وڪرو ڪيو ويندو آهي.

پورچوگال، اسپين ۽ نيويارڪ جي [[اسپيني هارليم]] علائقي ۾ ليو پن جا ٻج اڪثر بيئر يا شراب سان گڏ کائبا آهن. [[شام (خطو)|شام واري علائقي]] (ليونت) ۾ اهي لوڻيل ۽ ٿڌا ٿيل ٻج '''ترمس'''، (תורמוס) جي نالي سان مشهور آهن ۽ [[اشتها وڌائيندڙ خوراڪ]] (اپيريٽيف) يا هلڪي سنئڪ طور پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن.

ليو پن جون ٻيون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. البس'' (اڇي ليو پن)، ''[[لوپائنس انگسٽيفولس|ايل. انگسٽيفولس]]'' (سوڙهي پنن واري ليو پن)&lt;ref&gt;Murcia, J. and I. Hoyos. (1998). ''Características y applicaciones de las plantas: Altramuz Azul (Lupinus angustifolius)''.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ''[[لوپائنس ھرسيوٽس|ايل. ھرسيوٽس|ايل]]'' (نيري ليو پن)&lt;ref&gt;Hedrick, U. P. (ed.) ''Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World''. 1919.&lt;/ref&gt; جا ٻج پڻ کاڌي لائق هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Fionnuala Fallon |date=5 January 2019 |title=Pink dandelions, cucamelons, edible lupins: seeds to plant now for a delicious summer |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/gardens/pink-dandelions-cucamelons-edible-lupins-seeds-to-plant-now-for-a-delicious-summer-1.3745964 |access-date=22 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox 
| name = ليو پن
| image = Lupinus polyphyllus 526960203.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|وڏي پنن وارو ليو پن]]&lt;br&gt;(''L. polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[ڪارل لينياس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = ذيلي سنفون
| subdivision =
* ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) Kurl.
}}

'''ليُو پِن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''Lupinus'''''، جيڪو عام طور، '''لُوپِن''' يا '''لُوپائين''' جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ '''بلو بونيٽ''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، [[ڦليدار]] ([[فَبيسيئي]]) خاندان جي گلدار ٻوٽن جي هڪ [[سنف]] آهي. هن سنف ۾ 199 کان وڌيڪ [[نوع]] شامل آهن، جن جي تنوع جا مکيه مرڪز اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع آهن.&lt;ref name=drum&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=C. S. |display-authors=et al. |date=2012 |title=Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling |url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr126 |pmid=22228799 |pmc=3329764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date=14 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن سنف جا ننڍا تنوعي مرڪز اتر آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي ۾ پڻ موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt;&lt;ref name=ainouche&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aïnouche |first1=A. K. |last2=Bayer |first2=R. J. |date=1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=590–607 |doi=10.2307/2656820 |jstor=2656820 |pmid=10205079}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون مختلف نوعون خوراڪ ۽ سينگاريل ٻوٽن طور وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون، پر ڪجهه علائقن ۾ اهي حمله آور ٻوٽن (انويسو اسپيشيز) جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن. مثال طور، [[آئيس لينڊ]] ۾ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات کان پوءِ ليو پن جي تيز پکڙجڻ سبب مقامي حياتياتي تنوع تي ناڪاري اثر پيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-12-04 |title=How an invasion of purple flowers made Iceland an Instagram paradise – and caused a biodiversity crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/04/invasive-species-flowers-iceland-nootka-lupins-lupines-aoe |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''ليُو پِن''' هيءُ هڪڙي يڪ – سالي ولايتي ذات آهي، جنهن جا تمام گهڻا قسم آهن. انهن ۾ عيب اهو آهي ته تمام جلد ٻج ڪيو وجهن. هنن جو ٻج آڪٽوبر ۾ پوکبو آهي. هي زمين ۾ رکجن، جو ٽپائڻ نه سهندا آهن.

اڇي، گلابي ۽ پيلي رنگ جي گلن وارا ليوپن مشهور آهن. پوکڻ کان اڳي هنن جو ٻج پاڻيءَ ۾ وجهجي. جيڪي ٻج جا داڻا تري بيهن، سي نڪما سمجهي اڇلائي ڇڏجن، باقي ٻيا پوکجن. ٽي ٽي ٻج گڏي، اٺن اٺن انچن تي پوکي وڃجن. هنن کي گهڻو پاڻي نه گهرجي. ٻج جون ڦريون ٻئي سال لاءِ رکي ڇڏجن. ولايت مان آيل ٻج اڪثر ڪين ڦٽندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: [[مرزا قليچ بيگ]]؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== وضاحت ==

ليو پن جون گهڻيون [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[گھڻ سالي ٻوٽو|گهڻ ساليون]] هونديون آهن، جن جي اوچائي عام طور {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} هوندي آهي، پر ڪي [[هڪ سالي ٻوٽو|هڪ ساليون]] به آهن ۽ ڪجهه [[جهنگ]] جي صورت ۾ {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين ڊگها ٿين ٿا. هڪ قابلِ ذڪر استثنا '''چاميس ڊي مونٽي''' [[لوپائنس جائيمي هِنٽونيانَس]] (Lupinus jaimehintonianus) آهي، جيڪو [[اوآخاڪا]] (Oaxaca) ميڪسيڪو ۾ ملندڙ هڪ وڻ آهي، جنهن جي اوچائي {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=villa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Villa-Ruano |first1=N. |display-authors=et al. |year=2012 |title=Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae) |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=1065–71 |doi=10.2298/ABS1203065R}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جا پن نرم سائي يا سرمائي مائل سائي رنگ جا هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر چانديءَ جهڙن نرم وارن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن، ۽ ڪڏهن اهي وار تمام گهڻا هوندا آهن. پنن جون پتيون عام طور [[هٿ نما]] (''palmate'') ترتيب ۾ پنجن کان 28 ننڍين پنڙين ۾ ورهايل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اوڀر وارن ڪجهه قسمن ۾ رڳو هڪ ئي پنڙي هوندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Planchuelo |first1=Ana Maria |last2=Dunn |first2=David B. |year=1984 |title=The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.2307/2399057 |jstor=2399057 |bibcode=1984AnMBG..71...92P}}&lt;/ref&gt;
گلن جا گُڇا سڌي سنئين سنگ جهڙي گلن واري ڊنڊي تي گهاٽن يا ڍرن چڪرن جي صورت ۾ لڳندا آهن. هر گل جي ڊيگهه تقريباً {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} هوندي آهي. مٽر جهڙي شڪل واري هر گل ۾ هڪ مٿيون معياري پنکڙو (''اسٽينڊرڊ بينر'')، ٻه پاسا وارا پنکڙيون (''ونگز'') ۽ هيٺيان ٻه گڏيل [[پنکڙي|پنکڙيون]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي [[ڪيل]] (''keel'') ٺاهيندا آهن. گلن جي هن بناوت سبب هن ٻوٽي جا عام نالا، جهڙوڪ [[بلو بونيٽ (ٻوٽو)|بلو بونيٽ]] (''bluebonnet'') ۽ ''[[لوپائنس پيرينِس]] (Lupinus perennis)'' لاءِ ''quaker bonnet'' (ڪوئيڪر بونيٽ) مشهور ٿيا.
هن جو ڦر هڪ [[ڦلي]] ( پاڊ ''pod'') هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي ٻج هوندا آهن. ٻجن ۾ [[الڪيلائيڊ|الڪيلائڊز]](''alkaloids'') موجود هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي ڪوڙو ذائقو ڏيندا آهن.
[[گل کان ٻاهر رس پيدا ڪندڙ غدود]] (ايڪسٽرافلورل نيڪٽريز :''extrafloral nectaries'') ايريزونا جي هڪ نوع ۾ پڻ ڏٺا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== درجابندي ==
{{Main|ليو پن جون نوعون}}

[[File:Garbancillo (Lupinus aschenbornii) II.jpg|thumb| [[لوپائنس اشينبورنيئي]] (Lupinus aschenbornii)، [[نيواڊو ڊي ٽولوڪا]] (Nevado de Toluca)، ميڪسيڪو]]

سنف ''لوپائنس'' جو بنيادي درجابندي وارو خاڪو، خاص طور ان جي اتر آمريڪي نوعن بابت، [[سيرينو واٽسن]] 1873ع ۾ پيش ڪيو. هن سنف کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ''لوپائنس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس''  ۽ ''لوپينيلس''. هن درجابندي جو بنياد رهائشگاهن ۽ [[اوويول|اوولي]] (''ovule'') جي تعداد تي رکيو ويو.

واٽسن جي درجابندي موجب آمريڪي کنڊ جون گهڻيون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون ''لوپائنس'' واري ڀاڱي ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون. جڏهن ته بيضه داني (اووري) ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج رکندڙ ڪجهه هڪ ساليون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. ڊينسيفلورس'' ۽ ''ايل. مائڪروڪارپس''، ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ رکيا ويا. ''لوپائنيلس'' ۾ صرف هڪ نوع، ''ايل. انسيالس''، شامل ڪئي وئي، جنهن جون گلون پنن جي ڪک ۾ اڪيليون ٿين ٿيون، انهن جو مٿيون پنکڙو ٿورو ئي پٺتي مڙيل هوندو آهي ۽ بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي موجود هوندا آهن.

بعد ۾ [[اشرسن]] ۽ [[گريبنر]] 1907ع ۾ واٽسن جي درجابندي کي وڌيڪ وسيع ڪندي ان کي مشرقي ۽ مغربي اڌ گولي جي سڀني ليو پن نوعن تي لاڳو ڪيو. هنن پڻ بيضه داني ۾ موجود اوولين (۽ نتيجي طور ٻجن) جي تعداد کي بنيادي معيار بڻايو ۽ سنف کي ٻن ذيلي سنفن (سب جينر)، ''يولوپائنس''  ۽ ''پليٽيڪارپوس''، ۾ ورهايو. بيان ڪيل گهڻيون نوعون ''يولوپائنس'' ۾ شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۾ مشرقي اڌ گولي جون اهي هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل ڪيون ويون، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ ٻه اوولي ۽ ڦلي ۾ ٻه ٻج هوندا آهن.

هاڻوڪي درجابندي هن بنيادي فرق کي برقرار رکي ٿي، پر ذيلي سنفن جا نالا ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' ۽ ''لوپائنس'' استعمال ڪري ٿي. هن نظام موجب ذيلي سنف ''پليٽيڪارپوس'' (ايس.واٽز.) ڪرل. ۾ مغربي اڌ گولي جون گهڻ ساليون ۽ هڪ ساليون نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻه يا وڌيڪ اوولي موجود هوندا آهن. ٻئي طرف ذيلي سنف ''لوپائنس'' ۾ آفريڪا ۽ [[ڀونوچ سمنڊ]] جي علائقي جون 12 نوعون شامل آهن، جن جي بيضه داني ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چار اوولي هوندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot;&gt;Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43.&lt;/ref&gt;

''لوپائنس'' جي درجابندي هميشه کان نباتيات جي ماهرن لاءِ پيچيده رهي آهي. هن سنف ۾ اصل ۾ ڪيتريون الڳ نوعون موجود آهن ۽ انهن کي ڪهڙي نموني منظم ڪرڻ گهرجي، ان بابت اڃا مڪمل اتفاق موجود ناهي. ليو پن جا ٻوٽا بناوت ۾ تمام گهڻي تبديلي ڏيکارين ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ٽيڪسا هڪ ٻئي کان واضح طور جدا ناهن. انهيءَ سبب آمريڪا جي ڪجهه ٽيڪسن کي جدا نوعن بدران [[نوعي مجموعو]] (اسپيشيز ڪامپليڪس) قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=naga&gt;Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae). ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1–4), 147–157.&lt;/ref&gt;
ليو پن جي نوعن جو اندازي مطابق تعداد عام طور 200 کان 500 جي وچ ۾ ڄاڻايو ويندو آهي،&lt;ref name=ainouche/&gt; جڏهن ته هڪ ٻئي مستند ذريعي موجب دنيا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 267 نوعون موجود آهن.&lt;ref name=drum/&gt; موجوده وقت ۾ ''لوپائنس'' جون ٻه ذيلي سنفون (سب جينر) تسليم ڪيون وڃن ٿيون.

== ماحوليات ==

[[File:Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on Wild Lupine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[پيپيليو ڪينيڊينسِس|ڪينيڊين ٽائيگر سويلي ٽيل]]  [[لوپائنس پيرينس|جهنگلي گهڻ سالي ليو پن]] تي، [[گيٽينو]] (Gatineau)، ڪيوبيڪ]]

ڪجهه نوعون، جهڙوڪ [[پيلو جهنگلي ليو پن]] (''لوپائنس آربوريوس'')، پنهنجي قدرتي ورهاست کان ٻاهر پهچڻ تي [[حمله آور نوع]] (اِنويسِو اسپيشيز) سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون. نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن کي حمله آور ٻوٽو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ڪجهه علائقن ۾ ان کي شديد ماحولياتي خطرو پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=3 March 2017 |title=Lupins: A love-hate story – North &amp; South |url=https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421010043/https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/planet-planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Noted}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''  جهنگلي ماحول ۾ پکڙجي ويو آهي ۽ [[ڏکڻ ٻيٽ]] (سائوٿ آئلينڊ) ۾ وڏين شاهراهن ۽ وهڪرن جي ڪنارن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ وڌي ٿو. اهڙي ئي نموني هن غير ملڪي نوع جي پکڙجڻ [[سوئيڊن]]، [[فنلينڊ]] ۽ [[ناروي]] ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جتي ان کي شروعات ۾ شاهراهن جي [[زمين سازي]] (''لينڊ اسڪيپنگ'') لاءِ ڄاڻي واڻي پوکيو ويو هو.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} آسٽريليا جي نسبتاً ٿڌي آبهوا وارن علائقن، خاص طور ٻهراڙيءَ واري [[وڪٽوريا (آسٽريليا)|وڪٽوريا]] ۽ [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ پڻ ليو پن پوکيو ويو آهي.

ليو پن جون نوعون ڪيترين ئي [[پتنگا]]ن ۽ [[تتلي]]ن (رتبو: [[ليپيڊوپٽيرا]] جي [[لاروا]] (''larva'') لاءِ اهم خوراڪ جو ذريعو آهن. انهن ۾ هيٺيون شامل آهن:

* ''[[Mission blue butterfly|آئيڪيريشيا اِڪاريوئيڊيز مِشنيئنسِس]]'' – مشن بليو تتلي؛ هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/endangered-species/mission-blue-butterfly.html Mission Blue Butterfly.] Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪيلوفرِس آئرَس]]''  – فراسٽڊ ايلفن؛ ''ايل. پيرينس'' تي رڪارڊ ڪئي وئي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/FrostedElfin_e.php ''Callophrys irus''] Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس]]'' – پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm ''Erynnis persius''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''[[زرسيس بليو|گلوڪوپسائيڪي]]''  – زرسيس بليو.

* ''[[گلوڪوپسائيڪي لِگڊيمَس]]'' – سلوري بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm ''Glaucopsyche lygdamus''] Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ڪارنر بليو|پليبيجس ميليسا ساميوئلس]]'' – ڪارنر بليو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Plebejus-melissa ''Plebejus melissa''] Butterflies and Moths of North America.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[ايرِنِس پيرسِيئس پيرسِيئس]] – اوڀر وارو پرشيس ڊسڪي وِنگ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-persius-duskywing Eastern persius duskywing], Ontario Species at Risk.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[سڪينيا سوئيٽا]]'' – هن جا لاروا صرف ''لوپائنس'' تي پلجن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Anweiler, G. G. |date=2007 |title=Species Details ''Schinia suetus'' |url=https://search.museums.ualberta.ca/g/2-6199 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=University of Alberta Museums |publisher=E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پوک ۽ سنڀال ==

''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]'' جيڪو باغيچي وارو ليو پن سڏجي ٿو، ۽ ''[[لوپائنس آربوريوس]]'' جيڪو وڻ نما ليو پن آهي، باغن ۾ مشهور [[سينگاريل ٻوٽو|سينگاريل ٻوٽا]] آهن. انهن مان مختلف رنگن، جن ۾ ٻه-رنگي (''بائي ڪلر'') گلن وارا به شامل آهن، ڪيترائي [[هائبرڊ]] ۽ [[ڪلٽيوار]] (''cultivar'') تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

[[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن باغن ۾ هڪ بهترين [[ساٿي ٻوٽو]] (''ڪمپينين پلانٽ) آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو زمين ۾ [[نائيٽروجن]] جي مقدار وڌائي ڀاڄين ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن جي واڌ ويجهه ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو. زمين ۾ پوکڻ کان علاوه ليو پن بالڪونين ۽ آڱڻن ۾ رکيل وڏن گملن ۾ پڻ ڪاميابي سان پوکي سگهجي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;How To Grow Lupins In Pots - The Ultimate Guide&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.plant-garden-secrets.com/blog/how-to-grow-lupins-in-pots |title=How To Grow Lupins In Pots – The Ultimate Guide |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=plant-garden-secrets.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Lupinus Polyphyllus Hybrid 4.png|رسل هائبرڊ ليو پن ''[[لوپائنس پولي فيلس]]''، برطانيا
File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, الاسڪا 2009 114.jpg|''لوپائنس''، [[رسبيري آئلينڊ (الاسڪا)|راسپبيري ٻيٽ]]، الاسڪا، آمريڪا
File:Lupinus in Hokkaido 20080630.jpg|[[هوڪائڊو]]، جاپان ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupin Leaf.jpg|ليو پن جو ڪلٽيوار &quot;ماء ڪاسل&quot;
File:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg|سينگاريل ليو پن، [[اوشوايا]]، ارجنٽائن
File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg|[[ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو]]، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Lupins, Lake Tekapo, NZ.jpg|ڍنڍ ٽيڪاپو، نيوزيلينڊ ۾ ليو پن
File:Bluebonnet-8100.jpg|[[ٽيڪساس بلو بونيٽ]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا
File:Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington.png|[[پئسفڪ نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[واشنگٽن (رياست)|واشنگٽن]]، آمريڪا ۾ ليو پن
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== زراعت ===

ٻين [[ڦليدار]] ٻوٽن وانگر ليو پن پڻ [[نائيٽروجن تثبيت]] جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=104 |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو [[رائزوبيئم]] بيڪٽيريا سان [[پاڙ جي ڳنڍ]] (روٽ نوڊيول) واري [[هم زيستي]] (سمبايوسِس) ذريعي فضا مان نائيٽروجن کي [[امونيا]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ٿو، جنهن سان زمين زرخيز ٿئي ٿي ۽ ٻين ٻوٽن کي به فائدو پهچي ٿو. انهيءَ خاصيت سبب ليو پن گهٽ زرخيز زمينن ۾ به آساني سان وڌي سگهي ٿو ۽ غير آباد يا خراب زمينن ۾ پهريون ٻوٽو بڻجي آباد ٿيڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو. ''لوپائنس'' جون نوعون زميني بيڪٽيريا ''[[بريڊي رائزوبيئم]]'' سان ڳنڍون ٺاهينديون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;kurl&quot; /&gt;

ويهين صدي جي شروعات ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن ليو پن جي اهڙي مٺي قسم جي افزائش جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن ۾ ڪوڙي ذائقي وارا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] گهٽ هجن، جيئن اهو انسانن ۽ جانورن ٻنهي لاءِ وڌيڪ موزون خوراڪ بڻجي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding |publisher=Bogouslav Kourlovitch |year=2002 |isbn=586741034X |pages=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جون ڪيترائي هڪ ساليون نوعون زراعت ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿيون، جن مان گهڻيون اصل ۾ ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي سان واسطو رکن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Reinhart Langer|Langer, R.H.M.]] &amp; [[George Hill (agronomist)|Hill, G.D.]] 1991. Agricultural Plants, second edition. p. 261. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; شروعاتي دور ۾ انهن کي [[سبز ڀاڻ]] (''گرين مينيوئر'') يا [[چارو]] (''فاريج'') طور پوکيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي انهن جا ٻج پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿا، جيڪي [[سويا بين]] جي متبادل طور استعمال ڪيا وڃن ٿا. گهٽ [[الڪيلائيڊ]] واريون مٺيون ليو پن نوعون [[مالوند جانور]] (''روميننٽس'')، سوئرن، مرغي پالڻ ۽ هاڻي آبي جانورن جي خوراڪ ۾ پڻ وڏي اهميت رکن ٿيون. ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي جون ٽي مشهور نوعون، [[نيرو ليف لوپائن|نيري (سوڙهي پنن واري) ليو پن]]، [[اڇو لوپائن|اڇي ليو پن]] ۽ [[لوپائنس ليوٽيس|پيلي ليو پن]]، چوپائي مال ۽ مرغي جي خوراڪ لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون.
انساني خوراڪ لاءِ ليو پن جي ٻجن جي عالمي منڊي اڃا نسبتاً ننڍي آهي، پر محققن جو خيال آهي ته ان ۾ وڏي واڌ جي گنجائش موجود آهي. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾ ليو پن جا ٻج [[سويا بين]] کان وڌيڪ فائديمند سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ انهن جي صحت بخش خاصيتن بابت ثبوت وڌندا پيا وڃن. انهن ۾ سويا بين جي لڳ ڀڳ برابر [[پروٽين]] هوندي آهي، پر چرٻي گهٽ هوندي آهي. اهي [[گلوٽن کان پاڪ]] خوراڪ آهن ۽ [[غذائي فائبر]]، [[امينو تيزاب]] ۽ [[ضد آڪسيدي مادا]] (''اينٽي آڪسائيڊنٽس'') سان مالا مال هوندا آهن. انهن کي [[پري بايوٽڪ]] خوراڪ پڻ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

دنيا ۾ واپاري مقصد لاءِ پيدا ٿيندڙ ليو پن جي ٻجن مان لڳ ڀڳ 85 سيڪڙو [[مغربي آسٽريليا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ross&quot;&gt;Ross, K. Soy substitute edges its way into European meals. ''New York Times''. 16 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== زهريت ==
{{Main|ليو پن جي زهريت}}

ليو پن جي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ [[ثانوي ميٽابولزم]] (سيڪنڊري ميٽابولزم) سان لاڳاپيل ڪجهه مرڪب موجود هوندا آهن، جن ۾ [[آئسو فليوون]] (''آئسوفليوونز'' ۽ زهريلا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; انهن الڪيلائيڊن ۾ [[لوپينين]]، [[ايناجيرين]] ۽ [[اسپارٽين]] شامل آهن. جيڪڏهن انهن جي موجودگي وقت سر معلوم ٿي وڃي ته خوراڪ جي تياري دوران انهن کي گهڻي حد تائين ختم ڪري سگهجي ٿو، تنهن هوندي به اهڙيون نوعون عام طور خوراڪي مقصدن لاءِ چونڊيون ناهن وينديون.

جن ماڻهن کي [[مڱ ڦري]] (''پينٽ'') سان الرجي هوندي آهي، تن ۾ ليو پن سان الرجي ٿيڻ جو به امڪان موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'' 104(4 Pt. 1), 883–88.&lt;/ref&gt; ليو پن سان لاڳاپيل گهڻا الرجي جا واقعا اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ رپورٽ ٿيا آهن، جيڪي اڳ ئي مونگ ڦلي جي الرجي ۾ مبتلا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2006.302 Opinion of the scientific panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the Commission related to the evaluation of lupin for labelling purposes.] ''The European Food Safety Authority Journal'' 302: 1–11. 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; مونگ ڦلي ۽ ليو پن جي وچ ۾ [[ڪراس الرجي|ڪراس ايلرجينيستي]] سبب، [[يورپي ڪميشن]] 2006ع کان خوراڪ جي شين جي ليبلن تي &quot;ليو پن ۽ ان مان ٺهيل شيون&quot; ظاهر ڪرڻ لازمي قرار ڏنو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1536439272158&amp;uri=CELEX:32006L0142 Commission Directive 2006/142/EC of 22 December 2006 amending Annex IIIa of Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council listing the ingredients which must under all circumstances appear on the labeling of foodstuffs.]&lt;/ref&gt;

ليو پن جا ٻوٽا ''[[ڊائپورٿي ٽاڪسيڪا]]''  نالي فنگس سان پڻ متاثر ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;Williamson et al. (1994) ''Diaporthe toxica'' sp. nov., The cause of lupinosis in sheep. ''Mycological Research'', 98(12): 1367.&lt;/ref&gt; هي فنگس [[مائيڪوٽاڪسيڪوسس]] پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيڪا [[لوپينوسس]] جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي ۽ چرندڙ جانورن ۾ متاثر ٿيل ٻوٽو کائڻ سان پيدا ٿيندي آهي.

== استعمال ==
{{Main|ليو پن جا ٻج}}

[[File:Lupinus angustifolius (1).jpg|thumb|right|''[[لوپائنس اينگسٽيفوليئس ]]'']]
[[File:Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[لوپائنس پائيلوسس]]''  [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، اسرائيل ۾]]

ليو پن جا [[ڦليدار]] ٻج، جيڪي عام طور '''ليو پن جا ٻج''' (لوپِن بينز) سڏبا آهن، قديم [[رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تمام گهڻا مشهور هئا. رومن ماڻهن هن ٻوٽي کي پنهنجي سلطنت جي مختلف علائقن ۾ پوکيو، ۽ اڄ به موجوده [[رومانوي ٻوليون|رومانوي ٻولين]] ۾ ليو پن کي ليوپني جهڙن نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.

ليو پن جي مختلف نوعن جا ٻج ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 سالن کان خوراڪ طور استعمال ٿيندا رهيا آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;glad&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Gladstone |editor-first1=J. S. |editor-last2=Atkins |editor-first2=C. A. |editor-last3=Hamblin |editor-first3=J. |date=1998 |title=Lupins as Crop Plants: Biology, Production and Utilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCUhAQAAMAAJ |publisher=CAB International |isbn=9780851992242}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته [[اينڊيز]] جبلن واري علائقي ۾ انهن جو استعمال لڳ ڀڳ 6,000 سالن کان جاري آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uauy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Uauy |first1=Ricardo |last2=Gattas |first2=Vivien |last3=Yañez |first3=Enrique |title=Sweet Lupins in Human Nutrition |journal=Plants in Human Nutrition |series=World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics |date=1995 |volume=77 |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1159/000424466 |pmid=7732701 |isbn=978-3-8055-6101-3 |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/424466 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; اتر آمريڪا جي ڪيترن ئي [[آمريڪا جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي آمريڪي]] قبيلن، جهڙوڪ [[ياواپائي ماڻهو|ياواپائي]]، پڻ انهن ٻجن کي خوراڪ طور استعمال ڪندا هئا.

[[لوپائنس ميوٽيبيليس |اينڊيئن ليو پن]] جنهن کي [[ڪيچوا ٻولي]] ۾ تاروي چيو وڃي ٿو، [[انڪا سلطنت]] ۾ هڪ اهم خوراڪي فصل هو. بهرحال، ان کي ڪڏهن به [[سويا بين]]، سڪل مٽر ۽ ٻين ڦليدار فصلن جيتري اهميت حاصل نه ٿي. ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي اينڊيز جي بلند علائقن ۾ پوکيل هن قسم کي مقامي طور '''تاروي''' يا هسپانوي ۾ چوچو چيو ويندو آهي. ان جي ٻجن کي کائڻ کان اڳ وهندڙ پاڻيءَ ۾ ڀڄايو ويندو هو ته جيئن انهن مان گهڻو ڪري ڪوڙا [[الڪيلائيڊ]] نڪري وڃن، پوءِ انهن کي ابالي يا ڀڃي کاڌو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;(Hill, 1977; Aguilera and Truer, 1978)&lt;/ref&gt; ڪڏهن وري انهن کي ابالي ۽ سڪائي {{lang|qu|kirku}} (اچار: **ڪرڪو**) نالي خوراڪ تيار ڪئي ويندي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uauy&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=López-Bellido |first1=Luis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVGOVkGDouUC&amp;q=kirku&amp;pg=PA241 |title=Lupin crop as an alternative source of protein |last2=Fuentes |first2=M |date=1986 |journal=Advances in Agronomy |volume=40 |pages=239–295 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60284-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هسپانوي دورِ حڪومت کان پوءِ مقامي ماڻهن جي خوراڪي عادتن ۾ تبديلي آئي، ۽ صرف ويهين صديءَ جي آخر کان ليو پن کي ٻيهر خوراڪ طور استعمال ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي وڌڻ لڳي.&lt;ref name=&quot;reflections-future-possibilities&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sweetingham |first1=Mark |last2=Kingwell |first2=Ross |date=2008 |title=LUPINS – REFLECTIONS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268376093 |journal=12th International Lupin Conference; Fremantle, Western Australia.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glad&quot;/&gt;

ليو پن جا ٻج مٺين ۽ کارين ٻنهي قسمن جي خوراڪن ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جن ۾ روزمره جا کاڌا، روايتي خمير ٿيل خوراڪون، بيڪري جون شيون ۽ مختلف چٽڻيون شامل آهن. يورپي اڇي ليو پن (''[[لوپائنس البس]]'' جا ٻج اڪثر زيتون يا اچار وانگر لوڻ واري پاڻيءَ ۾ مرتبانن اندر وڪرو ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي کل سميت يا کل لاهي کائي سگهجي ٿو.

'''لوپيني''' نالي کاڌا خاص طور [[پورچوگال]]، [[اسپين]]، [[يونان]] ۽ [[اٽلي]] ۾ مشهور آهن. اهي [[برازيل]] ۽ [[مصر]] ۾ پڻ عام آهن. مصر ۾ ليو پن کي عربي ۾ ترمس چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ پاڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڀڄائڻ ۽ پوءِ لوڻ واري محلول ۾ رکڻ کان پوءِ اهو هڪ مشهور گهٽيءَ وارو سنئڪ طور وڪرو ڪيو ويندو آهي.

پورچوگال، اسپين ۽ نيويارڪ جي [[اسپيني هارليم]] علائقي ۾ ليو پن جا ٻج اڪثر بيئر يا شراب سان گڏ کائبا آهن. [[شام (خطو)|شام واري علائقي]] (ليونت) ۾ اهي لوڻيل ۽ ٿڌا ٿيل ٻج '''ترمس'''، (תורמוס) جي نالي سان مشهور آهن ۽ [[اشتها وڌائيندڙ خوراڪ]] (اپيريٽيف) يا هلڪي سنئڪ طور پيش ڪيا ويندا آهن.

ليو پن جون ٻيون نوعون، جهڙوڪ ''ايل. البس'' (اڇي ليو پن)، ''[[لوپائنس انگسٽيفولس|ايل. انگسٽيفولس]]'' (سوڙهي پنن واري ليو پن)&lt;ref&gt;Murcia, J. and I. Hoyos. (1998). ''Características y applicaciones de las plantas: Altramuz Azul (Lupinus angustifolius)''.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ''[[لوپائنس ھرسيوٽس|ايل. ھرسيوٽس|ايل]]'' (نيري ليو پن)&lt;ref&gt;Hedrick, U. P. (ed.) ''Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World''. 1919.&lt;/ref&gt; جا ٻج پڻ کاڌي لائق هوندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Fionnuala Fallon |date=5 January 2019 |title=Pink dandelions, cucamelons, edible lupins: seeds to plant now for a delicious summer |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/gardens/pink-dandelions-cucamelons-edible-lupins-seeds-to-plant-now-for-a-delicious-summer-1.3745964 |access-date=22 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ثقافت ==

ليو پن جا ٻج ڀونوچ سمنڊ واري علائقي ۽ [[اينڊيز]] جبلن ۾ وڏي عرصي کان استعمال ٿيندا رهيا آهن. قديم [[مصر]] جي ماڻهن ۽ انڪا سلطنت کان اڳ واري تهذيبن جا ماڻهو پڻ انهن کي خوراڪ طور استعمال ڪندا هئا، جڏهن ته رومي زرعي ماهر ليو پن کي زمين جي [[زمين جي زرخيزي|زرخيزي]] وڌائڻ واري صلاحيت سبب چڱيءَ طرح سڃاڻندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lupine|volume=17|page=127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ارڙهين صديءَ جي آخر ڌاري ليو پن کي زمين جي [[زمين جي زرخيزي|زرخيزي]] ۽ معيار کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ اتر يورپ ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. 1860ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين باغيچي وارو پيلو ليو پن بالٽڪ سمنڊي ڪناري واري ميداني علائقي جي وارياسي زمينن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي ڏٺو ويندو هو.

ليو پن جون اهڙيون قسمون، جن ۾ ضروري '''مٺو جين''' (سويٽ جين) موجود هو، ڪاميابي سان تيار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ يورپ ۽ پوءِ آسٽريليا ۾ ليو پن جي پوک کي وڏي هٿي ملي.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

1950ع ۽ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[مغربي آسٽريليا]] جي زراعت ۽ خوراڪ واري کاتي طرفان ڪيل وڌيڪ تحقيق ۽ افزائشي ڪم جي نتيجي ۾ مغربي آسٽريليا ۾ دنيا جي ڪنهن به ٻئي علائقي کان وڌيڪ مٺي ليو پن جون فصلون پيدا ٿيڻ لڳيون.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

[[Bluebonnet (plant)|بلو بونيٽ]] گلن، جن ۾ [[لوپائنس ٽيڪسينسِس|ٽيڪساس بلو بونيٽ]] پڻ شامل آهي، آمريڪي رياست [[ٽيڪساس]] جو سرڪاري [[آمريڪي رياستن جا سرڪاري گل|رياستي گل]] آهن.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:وڻ]]
[[زمرو:ڀاڄيون]]</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327181-2#distributions |title=''Bauhinia'' Plum. ex L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[Fabaceae]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (Mountain ebony) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[Phanera]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[Bauhinia lunarioides]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''B. purpurea'' ۽ ''B. malabarica'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''alinbánban'' يا ''alinbángbang'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Bauhinia × blakeana|''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'']] [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو CR Airways) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;Bauhinia&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327181-2#distributions |title=''Bauhinia'' Plum. ex L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[Fabaceae]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (Mountain ebony) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[Phanera]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[Bauhinia lunarioides]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''B. purpurea'' ۽ ''B. malabarica'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''alinbánban'' يا ''alinbángbang'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
      <sha1>izq6osjmyn6e7zdlfzgfwksdiiopn0l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395297</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:38:36Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="8808" sha1="no776moaodxk3joljl61sjomwz4794n" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|گلدار ٻوٽن جي سَنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327181-2#distributions |title=''Bauhinia'' Plum. ex L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[Fabaceae]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (Mountain ebony) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[Phanera]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[Bauhinia lunarioides]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''B. purpurea'' ۽ ''B. malabarica'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''alinbánban'' يا ''alinbángbang'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
      <sha1>no776moaodxk3joljl61sjomwz4794n</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>395298</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="10194" sha1="o06653icifl1tl6ybu8n3352p9ppdg5" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|گلدار ٻوٽن جي سَنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327181-2#distributions |title=''Bauhinia'' Plum. ex L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[Fabaceae]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (Mountain ebony) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[Phanera]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[Bauhinia lunarioides]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''B. purpurea'' ۽ ''B. malabarica'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''alinbánban'' يا ''alinbángbang'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[Plants of the World Online]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="16312" sha1="nyn339nmakbkfjl16v54qcby9oxe9wh" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|گلدار ٻوٽن جي سَنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327181-2#distributions |title=''Bauhinia'' Plum. ex L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[Fabaceae]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (Mountain ebony) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[Phanera]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[Bauhinia lunarioides]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''B. purpurea'' ۽ ''B. malabarica'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''alinbánban'' يا ''alinbángbang'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[Plants of the World Online]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

* [[Extinction|†]]''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=Leaves and fruits of ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) from the Oligocene Ningming Formation of Guangxi, South China and their biogeographic implications |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=Upper Cretaceous Floras of the Dunvegan, Bad Heart, and Milk River Formations of Western Canada |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=A tropical forest of the middle Miocene of Fujian (SE China) reveals Sino-Indian biogeographic affinities |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Vancouver Island |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=The Evolution of the Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic floras in China |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii'', a fossil legume from Guangxi, China |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;
* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=Fossil plants from Bolivia and their bearing upon the age of uplift of the eastern Andes |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' &lt;small&gt;Y. Gao et T. Su&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;
* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=Equidae of the Albertine rift valley, Uganda |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=Bilobate leaves of ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) from the middle Miocene of Fujian Province, southeastern China and their biogeographic implications |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=New biogeographic insight into ''Bauhinia s.l.'' (Leguminosae): Integration from fossil records and molecular analyses |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=Fossil flora of the Yellowstone National Park |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=Late Paleocene–early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="16942" sha1="itbju1tvxsli1kenf0vkvep9vggns2a" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|گلدار ٻوٽن جي سَنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327181-2#distributions |title=''Bauhinia'' Plum. ex L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[Fabaceae]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (Mountain ebony) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[Phanera]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[Bauhinia lunarioides]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''B. purpurea'' ۽ ''B. malabarica'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''alinbánban'' يا ''alinbángbang'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[پلانٽس آف دي ورلڊ آن لائن]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
* †''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=ڏکڻ چين جي گوانگشي صوبي جي نِنگمِنگ بناوٽ مان ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) جا پن ۽ ڦر، ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=مغربي ڪينيڊا جي ڊنويگن، بيڊ هارٽ ۽ ملڪ ريور بناوٽن جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جون نباتاتي باقيات |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان واري وچ مائيوسين دور جي هڪ گرم علائقي واري ٻيلي مان چين–هند حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپن جا ثبوت |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=وينڪوور ٻيٽ جي نانائيمو گروپ جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جي نباتات |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=چين ۾ پوئين ڪريٽيشيئس کان سينوزوئڪ دور تائين نباتات جي ارتقا |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii''، چين جي گوانگشي مان مليل ڦليدار ٻوٽن جو هڪ فوسل |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=بوليويا مان مليل فوسل ٻوٽا ۽ اوڀر اينڊيز جي اُڀار جي عمر بابت انهن جي اهميت |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' &lt;small&gt;Y. Gao et T. Su&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=يوگانڊا جي البرٽائن رفٽ وادي جا ايڪوئيڊي |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان صوبي جي وچ مائيوسين دور مان ''Bauhinia'' جا ٻه-لوبي پن ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=''Bauhinia s.l.'' بابت حياتياتي جاگرافيائي نئين ڄاڻ: فوسل رڪارڊ ۽ ماليڪيولي تجزين جو گڏيل جائزو |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=يلو اسٽون قومي پارڪ جي فوسل نباتات |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=ڏکڻ اولهه وائيومنگ ۾ پوئين پيلوسين–شروعاتي ايوسين دور جون آبهوايي تبديليون: نباتاتي فوسلن تي ٻڌل تجزيو |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327181-2#distributions |title=''Bauhinia'' Plum. ex L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[فيبيسيئي]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (مائونٽين ايبوني) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[فانيرا]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[باھينيا لونيري اوئيڊيز]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''بي. پرپيوريا'' ۽ ''بي. ملاباريڪا'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''ايلنبالبن'' يا ''ايلنبئنگبئنگ'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[پلانٽس آف دي ورلڊ آن لائن]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
* †''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=ڏکڻ چين جي گوانگشي صوبي جي نِنگمِنگ بناوٽ مان ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) جا پن ۽ ڦر، ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=مغربي ڪينيڊا جي ڊنويگن، بيڊ هارٽ ۽ ملڪ ريور بناوٽن جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جون نباتاتي باقيات |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان واري وچ مائيوسين دور جي هڪ گرم علائقي واري ٻيلي مان چين–هند حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپن جا ثبوت |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=وينڪوور ٻيٽ جي نانائيمو گروپ جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جي نباتات |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=چين ۾ پوئين ڪريٽيشيئس کان سينوزوئڪ دور تائين نباتات جي ارتقا |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii''، چين جي گوانگشي مان مليل ڦليدار ٻوٽن جو هڪ فوسل |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=بوليويا مان مليل فوسل ٻوٽا ۽ اوڀر اينڊيز جي اُڀار جي عمر بابت انهن جي اهميت |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' &lt;small&gt;Y. Gao et T. Su&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=يوگانڊا جي البرٽائن رفٽ وادي جا ايڪوئيڊي |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان صوبي جي وچ مائيوسين دور مان ''Bauhinia'' جا ٻه-لوبي پن ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=''Bauhinia s.l.'' بابت حياتياتي جاگرافيائي نئين ڄاڻ: فوسل رڪارڊ ۽ ماليڪيولي تجزين جو گڏيل جائزو |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=يلو اسٽون قومي پارڪ جي فوسل نباتات |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=ڏکڻ اولهه وائيومنگ ۾ پوئين پيلوسين–شروعاتي ايوسين دور جون آبهوايي تبديليون: نباتاتي فوسلن تي ٻڌل تجزيو |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[فيبيسيئي]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (مائونٽين ايبوني) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[فانيرا]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[باھينيا لونيري اوئيڊيز]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''بي. پرپيوريا'' ۽ ''بي. ملاباريڪا'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''ايلنبالبن'' يا ''ايلنبئنگبئنگ'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[پلانٽس آف دي ورلڊ آن لائن]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
* †''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=ڏکڻ چين جي گوانگشي صوبي جي نِنگمِنگ بناوٽ مان ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) جا پن ۽ ڦر، ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=مغربي ڪينيڊا جي ڊنويگن، بيڊ هارٽ ۽ ملڪ ريور بناوٽن جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جون نباتاتي باقيات |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان واري وچ مائيوسين دور جي هڪ گرم علائقي واري ٻيلي مان چين–هند حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپن جا ثبوت |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=وينڪوور ٻيٽ جي نانائيمو گروپ جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جي نباتات |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=چين ۾ پوئين ڪريٽيشيئس کان سينوزوئڪ دور تائين نباتات جي ارتقا |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii''، چين جي گوانگشي مان مليل ڦليدار ٻوٽن جو هڪ فوسل |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=بوليويا مان مليل فوسل ٻوٽا ۽ اوڀر اينڊيز جي اُڀار جي عمر بابت انهن جي اهميت |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' &lt;small&gt;Y. Gao et T. Su&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=يوگانڊا جي البرٽائن رفٽ وادي جا ايڪوئيڊي |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان صوبي جي وچ مائيوسين دور مان ''Bauhinia'' جا ٻه-لوبي پن ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=''Bauhinia s.l.'' بابت حياتياتي جاگرافيائي نئين ڄاڻ: فوسل رڪارڊ ۽ ماليڪيولي تجزين جو گڏيل جائزو |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=يلو اسٽون قومي پارڪ جي فوسل نباتات |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=ڏکڻ اولهه وائيومنگ ۾ پوئين پيلوسين–شروعاتي ايوسين دور جون آبهوايي تبديليون: نباتاتي فوسلن تي ٻڌل تجزيو |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = 
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[فيبيسيئي]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (مائونٽين ايبوني) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[فانيرا]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[باھينيا لونيري اوئيڊيز]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''بي. پرپيوريا'' ۽ ''بي. ملاباريڪا'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''ايلنبالبن'' يا ''ايلنبئنگبئنگ'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[پلانٽس آف دي ورلڊ آن لائن]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
* †''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=ڏکڻ چين جي گوانگشي صوبي جي نِنگمِنگ بناوٽ مان ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) جا پن ۽ ڦر، ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=مغربي ڪينيڊا جي ڊنويگن، بيڊ هارٽ ۽ ملڪ ريور بناوٽن جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جون نباتاتي باقيات |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان واري وچ مائيوسين دور جي هڪ گرم علائقي واري ٻيلي مان چين–هند حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپن جا ثبوت |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=وينڪوور ٻيٽ جي نانائيمو گروپ جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جي نباتات |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=چين ۾ پوئين ڪريٽيشيئس کان سينوزوئڪ دور تائين نباتات جي ارتقا |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii''، چين جي گوانگشي مان مليل ڦليدار ٻوٽن جو هڪ فوسل |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=بوليويا مان مليل فوسل ٻوٽا ۽ اوڀر اينڊيز جي اُڀار جي عمر بابت انهن جي اهميت |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' &lt;small&gt;Y. Gao et T. Su&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=يوگانڊا جي البرٽائن رفٽ وادي جا ايڪوئيڊي |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان صوبي جي وچ مائيوسين دور مان ''Bauhinia'' جا ٻه-لوبي پن ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=''Bauhinia s.l.'' بابت حياتياتي جاگرافيائي نئين ڄاڻ: فوسل رڪارڊ ۽ ماليڪيولي تجزين جو گڏيل جائزو |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=يلو اسٽون قومي پارڪ جي فوسل نباتات |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=ڏکڻ اولهه وائيومنگ ۾ پوئين پيلوسين–شروعاتي ايوسين دور جون آبهوايي تبديليون: نباتاتي فوسلن تي ٻڌل تجزيو |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="16711" sha1="gestwyimpvrdcofbuoa7e8mulvqz6ev" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|گلدار ٻوٽن جي سَنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = 
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[فيبيسيئي]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (مائونٽين ايبوني) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[فانيرا]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[باھينيا لونيري اوئيڊيز]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''بي. پرپيوريا'' ۽ ''بي. ملاباريڪا'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''ايلنبالبن'' يا ''ايلنبئنگبئنگ'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[پلانٽس آف دي ورلڊ آن لائن]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
* †''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=ڏکڻ چين جي گوانگشي صوبي جي نِنگمِنگ بناوٽ مان ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) جا پن ۽ ڦر، ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=مغربي ڪينيڊا جي ڊنويگن، بيڊ هارٽ ۽ ملڪ ريور بناوٽن جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جون نباتاتي باقيات |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان واري وچ مائيوسين دور جي هڪ گرم علائقي واري ٻيلي مان چين–هند حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپن جا ثبوت |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=وينڪوور ٻيٽ جي نانائيمو گروپ جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جي نباتات |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=چين ۾ پوئين ڪريٽيشيئس کان سينوزوئڪ دور تائين نباتات جي ارتقا |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii''، چين جي گوانگشي مان مليل ڦليدار ٻوٽن جو هڪ فوسل |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=بوليويا مان مليل فوسل ٻوٽا ۽ اوڀر اينڊيز جي اُڀار جي عمر بابت انهن جي اهميت |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' &lt;small&gt;Y. Gao et T. Su&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=يوگانڊا جي البرٽائن رفٽ وادي جا ايڪوئيڊي |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان صوبي جي وچ مائيوسين دور مان ''Bauhinia'' جا ٻه-لوبي پن ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=''Bauhinia s.l.'' بابت حياتياتي جاگرافيائي نئين ڄاڻ: فوسل رڪارڊ ۽ ماليڪيولي تجزين جو گڏيل جائزو |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=يلو اسٽون قومي پارڪ جي فوسل نباتات |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=ڏکڻ اولهه وائيومنگ ۾ پوئين پيلوسين–شروعاتي ايوسين دور جون آبهوايي تبديليون: نباتاتي فوسلن تي ٻڌل تجزيو |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="16696" sha1="ki3ujior0wgmfuwklsjhi3x04x2dbrr" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|گلدار ٻوٽن جي سَنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = 
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[فيبيسيئي]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (مائونٽين ايبوني) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[فانيرا]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[باھينيا لونيري اوئيڊيز]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''بي. پرپيوريا'' ۽ ''بي. ملاباريڪا'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''ايلنبالبن'' يا ''ايلنبئنگبئنگ'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[پلانٽس آف دي ورلڊ آن لائن]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
* †''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=ڏکڻ چين جي گوانگشي صوبي جي نِنگمِنگ بناوٽ مان ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) جا پن ۽ ڦر، ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=مغربي ڪينيڊا جي ڊنويگن، بيڊ هارٽ ۽ ملڪ ريور بناوٽن جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جون نباتاتي باقيات |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان واري وچ مائيوسين دور جي هڪ گرم علائقي واري ٻيلي مان چين–هند حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپن جا ثبوت |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=وينڪوور ٻيٽ جي نانائيمو گروپ جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جي نباتات |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=چين ۾ پوئين ڪريٽيشيئس کان سينوزوئڪ دور تائين نباتات جي ارتقا |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii''، چين جي گوانگشي مان مليل ڦليدار ٻوٽن جو هڪ فوسل |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=بوليويا مان مليل فوسل ٻوٽا ۽ اوڀر اينڊيز جي اُڀار جي عمر بابت انهن جي اهميت |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' &lt;small&gt;Y. Gao et T. Su&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=Gao/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=يوگانڊا جي البرٽائن رفٽ وادي جا ايڪوئيڊي |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان صوبي جي وچ مائيوسين دور مان ''Bauhinia'' جا ٻه-لوبي پن ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=''Bauhinia s.l.'' بابت حياتياتي جاگرافيائي نئين ڄاڻ: فوسل رڪارڊ ۽ ماليڪيولي تجزين جو گڏيل جائزو |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=يلو اسٽون قومي پارڪ جي فوسل نباتات |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=ڏکڻ اولهه وائيومنگ ۾ پوئين پيلوسين–شروعاتي ايوسين دور جون آبهوايي تبديليون: نباتاتي فوسلن تي ٻڌل تجزيو |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="16651" sha1="05si62slucp4t8hqm9ie6at4k478qlc" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|گلدار ٻوٽن جي سَنف}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|57|0|[[پوئين پيلوسين]] کان موجوده دور تائين&lt;ref name=Gao&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications |author1=Yi Gao |author2=Ai Song |author3=Wei-Yu-Dong Deng |author4=Lin-Lin Chen |author5=Jia Liu |author6=Wei-Cheng Li |author7=Gaurav Srivastava |author8=Robert A. Spicer |author9=Zhe-Kun Zhou|author10=Tao Su |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2023 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=2244495 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495 |bibcode=2023JSPal..2144495G}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| image = Bauhinia divaricata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]'' جا گل
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Bauhinia
| authority = [[ڪارل لينيس|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Bauhinia divaricata]]''
| type_species_authority = Plum. ex L.
| subdivision_ranks = جنسون
| subdivision = 187 – متن ڏسو
| synonyms_ref = 
| synonyms =
* ''Alvesia'' &lt;small&gt;Welw.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Amaria'' &lt;small&gt;Mutis ex Caldas&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ariaria'' &lt;small&gt;Cuervo&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bracteolanthus'' {{small|de Wit}}
* ''Cansenia'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Caspareopsis'' &lt;small&gt;Britton &amp; Rose&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Casparia'' &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mandarus'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Monoteles'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Pauletia'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Perlebia'' &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''ديو ڪنچن''' انگريزي ۾ '''''باهينيا''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|i|ə}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607; ''[[OED]]:'' &quot;Bauhinia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلدار ٻوٽو|گلدار ٻوٽن]] جي وڏي [[سنف]] آهي، جيڪا [[سيراڊوئڊي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; جي ذيلي خاندان ۽ [[باهينيائي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The genus ''Bauhinia'' s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid ''trnL''–''trnF'' region |year=2009 |vauthors=Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=947–960 |doi=10.1139/B09-065 |bibcode=2009Botan..87..947S}}&lt;/ref&gt; هي [[ڀاڄيون خاندان|ڀاڄين جي خاندان]] ([[فيبيسيئي]]) جي هڪ وڏي سنف آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي گرم علائقن ۾ پکڙيل آهي. هن سنف جو نالو سوئس-فرانسيسي [[نباتيات|نباتيات دانن]] [[گاسپار باهين]] ۽ [[يوهان باهين]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي.

باهينيا جون ڪيترين ئي جنسون گرم علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پوکيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ انهن کي عام طور '''آرڪڊ وڻ''' سڏيو وڃي ٿو، خاص طور [[ڀارت]]، [[سري لنڪا]]، [[ويٽنام]]، [[نيپال]] ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر [[چين]] ۾. هن سنف جا ٻيا عام نالا '''جابلو اُبنوس''' (مائونٽين ايبوني) ۽ '''ڪچنار''' پڻ آهن. خاندان جي نئين درجيبندي کان اڳ&lt;ref name=&quot;6subfamilies&quot;/&gt; ڪيترين ئي ٻين سنفن، جهڙوڪ [[ليانا]] قسم جي ''[[فانيرا]]'' کي پڻ هن سنف ۾ شامل ڪيو ويندو هو (ڏسو [[#جدا ڪيل سنفون|لاڳاپيل سنفون]]).

[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ باهينيا جا وڻ [[هوائي]]، سامونڊي [[ڪيليفورنيا]]، [[ايريزونا]]، [[ٽيڪساس]]، [[لوزيانا]] ۽ [[فلوريڊا]] ۾ پوکيا وڃن ٿا. ڪجهه مقامي جنسون، جهڙوڪ ''[[باھينيا لونيري اوئيڊيز]]''، ڏکڻ اولهه آمريڪا ۾ آرائشي ٻوٽي طور وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿين ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |title=SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212100502/https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?tid=17161&amp;taxauthid=1&amp;clid=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

باهينيا جي ڪجهه جنسن، جهڙوڪ ''بي. پرپيوريا'' ۽ ''بي. ملاباريڪا'' جا مختلف حصا [[فلپائني کاڌو|فلپائني کاڌن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي انهن کي گڏيل طور ''ايلنبالبن'' يا ''ايلنبئنگبئنگ'' (تتر جهڙو گل) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Merrill |first1=Elmer Drew |title=A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands |date=1903 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of The Interior]] |page=128 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |via=University of Michigan Digital Collections |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802155141/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AGJ6434.0001.001/130 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Seidemann |first1=Johannes |title=World Spice Plants |date=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783540279082 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''باھينيا''  [[هانگ ڪانگ]] جو گلن وارو قومي نشان آهي، جنهن جو سادي نموني ٺهيل آرڪڊ وڻ جو گل [[هانگ ڪانگ جو جهنڊو|هانگ ڪانگ جي جهنڊي]] تي پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي. [[هانگ ڪانگ ايئرلائنز]] (اڳوڻو سي آر ايئرويز) هوائي رابطن ۾ پنهنجو ريڊيو سڏ (ريڊيو ڪال سائين) پڻ &quot;باھينيا&quot; استعمال ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ان جي علامت (لوگو) ۾ به شامل آهي.

'''ديو ڪنچن''' هڪڙو جابلو اُبنوس جي قسم جو وڻ آهي. هي وڏي قد جو مضبوط درخت ٿو ٿئي. نومبر جي مهيني ۾ گل ڪندو آهي، جي تمام وڏا ۽ ڳُوڙهي گلابي رنگ جا ٿيندا آهن. ڪچنال جنهن جو اشارو اسان مٿي ڪنهن باب ۾ ڏنو آهي، سو به باهينيا جي جماعت مان آهي. رڳو نالا ٻيا اٿن. باهينيا جا ٻيا به گهڻا قسم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: باغ ۽ باغباني؛ ليکڪ: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛ ايڊيشن:1960ع؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي ادبي بورڊ]]، ڄامشورو.&lt;/ref&gt;

==وصف==
''باهينيا'' جا وڻ عام طور 6 کان 12 ميٽر اوچا ٿيندا آهن، جڏهن ته انهن جون ٽاريون 3 کان 6 ميٽرن تائين پکڙجي وينديون آهن. انهن جا پن عام طور ٻه-ڀاڱا (لوبيدار) هوندا آهن ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 کان 15 سينٽي ميٽر ويڪرا ٿيندا آهن.
هن سنف جا گل پنج پنکڙين وارا هوندا آهن، جن جو قطر 7.5 کان 12.5 سينٽي ميٽر تائين هوندو آهي. گل عام طور ڳاڙهي، گلابي، واڱڻائي، نارنگي يا پيلي رنگ جي مختلف ڇانورن ۾ ٿيندا آهن ۽ گهڻو ڪري خوشبودار هوندا آهن. هي وڻ سياري جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ گل ڏيڻ شروع ڪندو آهي ۽ اڪثر اونهاري جي شروعات تائين گل ڏيندو رهندو آهي.

==پوک ۽ سنڀال==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

''باهينيا'' جي جنسن جي واڌ ويجه عام طور ٻجن يا قلم (ڪٽنگس) ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. اهي ٻوٽا الڪلي خاصيت رکندڙ زمينن ۾ چڱيءَ طرح وڌندا ويجهندا آهن، پر لوڻياٺ واري مٽي يا حالتن کي برداشت نٿا ڪن. انهن جي واڌ لاءِ مڪمل سج جي روشني وڌيڪ موزون هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ جزوي سج ۾ به پوکي سگهجن ٿا. اونهاري ۾ کين مناسب مقدار ۾ پاڻي ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته سياري ۾ وچولي نمي برقرار رکڻ ڪافي هوندي آهي.

==نوعون==

[[File:Bauhinia acuminata 18072014 (3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia corifolia L. P. Queiroz sp. nov. ined. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia corifolia]]'' جو ڦر]]
[[File:Bauhinia monandra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia monandra]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia natalensis 2c.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia phoenicea - Scarlet Bauhinia flowers at Makutta.jpg|thumb|right|''Bauhinia phoenicea'']]
[[File:Bauhinia purpurea (2744986882).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia racemosa (5447902634).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'']]
[[File:Bauhinia tomentosa (8606310758).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'']]
[[File:Flor de Bauhinia x blakeana.jpg|thumb|''Bauhinia × blakeana'' جو گل]]
[[File:洋紫荊 Bauhinia variegata 20220313093543 04.jpg|thumb|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' گلن جي موسم دوران لڳ ڀڳ پنن کان خالي هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' ۽ ''[[Bauhinia × blakeana]]''، جيڪي اڪثر ''B. variegata'' سان گڏي سمجهيا ويندا آهن، گلجڻ دوران پنن سان ڍڪيل هوندا آهن.]]

{{جون 2025ع مطابق}}، [[پلانٽس آف دي ورلڊ آن لائن]] باهينيا جون 187 قبوليل نوعون تسليم ڪري ٿو.

===فوسل===
باهينيا جي قديم ترين معلوم نوع ''B. tibetensis'' آهي، جيڪا [[پوئين پيلوسين]] دور جي [[تبتي پليٽو]] مان هٿ آيل فوسل پنن جي بنياد تي سڃاتي وئي آهي. ان دور ۾ هي ٻوٽو [[ڪوهستان-لداخ آرڪ]] ۾ وڌندو هو، جيڪو ان وقت هن علائقي ۾ موجود هڪ ٻيٽ جهڙو آتش فشاني قوس (island arc) هو. تحقيق موجب، باهينيا جو ايشيائي شاخو شايد [[شروعاتي پيلوسين]] ۾ وجود ۾ آيو، جڏهن هي سنف پنهنجي اصلي علائقي [[آفريڪا]] مان پکڙجي ايشيا تائين پهتي.

باهينيا جي ڪيترين ئي فوسل نوعن جي سڃاڻپ ٿي چڪي آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
* †''Bauhinia cheniae'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z |year=2014 |title=ڏکڻ چين جي گوانگشي صوبي جي نِنگمِنگ بناوٽ مان ''Bauhinia'' (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) جا پن ۽ ڦر، ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-88 |pmid=24758153 |pmc=4101841 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...88W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia cretacea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1963 |title=مغربي ڪينيڊا جي ڊنويگن، بيڊ هارٽ ۽ ملڪ ريور بناوٽن جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جون نباتاتي باقيات |edition=94th |location=Canada |publisher=Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia fotana'' &lt;small&gt;F.M.B. Jacques ''et al''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان واري وچ مائيوسين دور جي هڪ گرم علائقي واري ٻيلي مان چين–هند حياتياتي جاگرافيائي لاڳاپن جا ثبوت |journal=Rev Palaeobot Palynol |volume=216 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.216...76J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gigantea'' &lt;small&gt;Newberry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Bell W-A. |year=1957 |title=وينڪوور ٻيٽ جي نانائيمو گروپ جي مٿئين ڪريٽيشيئس دور جي نباتات |location=British Columbia |publisher=E. Cloutier |pages=1–84 |url=http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |doi=10.4095/101457 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050452/http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/11368bff-ed80-556e-929c-3b5d14d75bb2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia gracilis'' &lt;small&gt;J.R. Tao&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS |year=2000 |title=چين ۾ پوئين ڪريٽيشيئس کان سينوزوئڪ دور تائين نباتات جي ارتقا |publisher=Science Press |location=Beijing |url=https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212093526/https://www.chinascientificbooks.com/the-evolution-of-the-late-cretaceouscenozoic-floras-in-china-p-656/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia larsenii'' &lt;small&gt;D.X. Zhang &amp; Y. F. Chen&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen YF, Zhang DX |year=2005 |title=''Bauhinia larsenii''، چين جي گوانگشي مان مليل ڦليدار ٻوٽن جو هڪ فوسل |journal=Bot J Linn Soc |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=437–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ningmingensis'' &lt;small&gt;Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen &amp; Z. Y. Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;/&gt;

* †''Bauhinia potosiana'' &lt;small&gt;Berry&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berry E-W. |year=1917 |title=بوليويا مان مليل فوسل ٻوٽا ۽ اوڀر اينڊيز جي اُڀار جي عمر بابت انهن جي اهميت |journal=Proc US Natl Mus |volume=54 |issue=2229 |pages=103–164 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103 |hdl=10088/15029 |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103002/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14674/1/USNMP-54_2229_1917.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia tibetensis'' 

* †''Bauhinia thonningii'' &lt;small&gt;Schum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Eisenmann V. |year=1994 |title=يوگانڊا جي البرٽائن رفٽ وادي جا ايڪوئيڊي |journal=Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire |volume=2 |pages=289–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia ungulatoides'' &lt;small&gt;Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen &amp; Z.Y.Li&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY |year=2015 |title=ڏکڻ اوڀر چين جي فوجيان صوبي جي وچ مائيوسين دور مان ''Bauhinia'' جا ٻه-لوبي پن ۽ انهن جا حياتياتي جاگرافيائي اثر |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=252 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9 |pmid=26572133 |pmc=4647482 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..252L}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wenshanensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.H. Meng &amp; Z.K. Zhou&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK |year=2014 |title=''Bauhinia s.l.'' بابت حياتياتي جاگرافيائي نئين ڄاڻ: فوسل رڪارڊ ۽ ماليڪيولي تجزين جو گڏيل جائزو |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=181 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4 |pmid=25288346 |pmc=4360257 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..181M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* †''Bauhinia wyomingiana'' &lt;small&gt;Brown&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Knowlton F-H. |year=1899 |title=يلو اسٽون قومي پارڪ جي فوسل نباتات |journal=US Geol Surv Mon |volume=32 |pages=651–791}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wilf P. |year=2000 |title=ڏکڻ اولهه وائيومنگ ۾ پوئين پيلوسين–شروعاتي ايوسين دور جون آبهوايي تبديليون: نباتاتي فوسلن تي ٻڌل تجزيو |journal=Geol Soc Am Bull |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112&lt;292:LPECCI&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}
{{Redirect2|Euphoric|Euforia||Euphoria (disambiguation)|and|Euphoric (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Euphorbia{{!}}''Euphorbia''}}
{{Pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Emotion}}


'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot; /&gt; تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot; /&gt;

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'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot; /&gt; تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot; /&gt;

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== حوالا ==
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      <text bytes="27046" sha1="do04zktxva7brbpjmouvkkonnx8mhac" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot; /&gt; تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot; /&gt;

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=Not unfrequently, indeed, the appearance of the patient is more diagnostic than his feelings. This is the case in some very grave diseases, in which that portion of the nervous system which subserves to the feeling of bodily well-being,—termed, in psychological phrase, euphoria—is morbidly modified as to function.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=The morbid hopefulness of phthisis, physiologically termed euphoria, is seen more particularly in this class of patients. I have often called attention to it at the bedside, and shown that it ushers in the last stage. It is really a disease of the nervous system of a low type, a sort of insanity, and is of the worst significance.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=Something was said before about &quot;organic states&quot;, under the general head of tendencies to reaction. Fatigue was an example. Now we could include fatigue under the term, &quot;stirred-up state of the organism&quot;; at least, if not precisely &quot;stirred-up&quot;, it is uneasy. It is a deviation from the normal or neutral state. Also, it is often a conscious state, as when we speak of the &quot;tired feeling&quot;; not a purely cognitive state, either not simply a recognition of the fact that we are fatigued but a state of disinclination to work any longer. Though fatigue is thus so much like an emotion that it fits under our definition, it is not called an emotion, but a sensation or complex of sensations....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}Many other organic states are akin to emotion in the same way. The opposite of fatigue, the &quot;warmed-up&quot; condition, brought on by a certain amount of activity after rest, is a case in point. It is a deviation from the average or neutral condition, in the direction of greater readiness for activity. The warmed-up person ''feels'' ready for business, full of &quot;ginger&quot; or &quot;pep&quot; in short, full of life. The name &quot;euphoria&quot;, which means about the same as &quot;feeling good&quot;, is given to this condition. Drowsiness is another of these emotion-like states; but hunger and thirst are as typical examples as any.|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=Euphoria is a term aptly denoting the state of general well being, and while it involves a relatively enduring and pleasantly toned feeling, its psychological significance derives primarily from its being a semi-emotional attitude of considerable determining power.}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[Footnote 3] Since matters of some interest hang upon the definition of 'euphoria', direct enquiry of Dr. Isbell brought the following comment (letter of November 1, 1951). 'I think it would be wise to exercise a certain degree of care in our use of the term &quot;euphoria&quot;. We use it here in the sense of a train of effects similar to those seen after the administration of morphine. These effects include changes in behavior and objective signs, such as constriction of the pupil, depression of the respiratory rate and volume, drop in rectal temperature, etc. We do not use it in the sense of &quot;feeling of well-being&quot;, as this is something that I have been utterly unable to evaluate.' The present authors prefer to limit the definition of euphoria to 'a sense of well-being'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=Not all of these effects can be regarded as undesirable. Drowsiness, euphoria, sleep, and 'detachment,' for instance, are effects which enhance the value of a major analgesic.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote=A mood of contentment and wellbeing. Euphoria in psychiatric terms always has a pathological connotation and is often an important early sign of organic cerebral disease. It differs from elation in subtle but important ways. It has no infectious quality and no element of gaiety, for its bland contentment is based on lack of awareness and inability to experience sadness or anxiety rather than on anything positive.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}It may be seen in any condition involving extensive cerebral damage, particularly if the frontal lobes are involved. It occurs sooner or later in senile and arteriosclerotic dementias (q.v.), in disseminated sclerosis and in Huntington's chorea (q.v.) and is often seen also after severe head injury and old-fashioned forms of leucotomy (q.v.). Euphoria is sometimes seen in Addison's disease (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=Refers to a persistent and unrealistic sense of well-being, without the increased mental or motor rate of mania. &lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}Exaggerated feeling of well-being that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and alcohol.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. a feeling or state of well-being or elation.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}2. an exaggerated or abnormal sense of physical and emotional well-being not based on reality or truth, disproportionate to its cause, and inappropriate to the situation, as commonly seen in the manic stage of bipolar disorder, some forms of schizophrenia, organic mental disorders, and toxic and drug-induced states|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
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'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot; /&gt; تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot; /&gt;

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
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      <text bytes="31473" sha1="ggx1e2f68e1xyyn4u6sfnzwcaubg591" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
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      <text bytes="31390" sha1="20e4l67k91efnp95vpfyw38u20w5wgz" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
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      <text bytes="35301" sha1="68tnj8z0gt8b69f2rdqbe6d4cwywjdf" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==عصبي نفسيات {{anchor|Neural substrates}}==
{{Main|انعامي نظام#لذت جا مرڪز}}

[[لذتي مرڪز]] (''ھيڊونڪ ھاٽ اسپاٽس'') پاڻ ۾ فعلي طور لاڳاپيل [[عصبي بنياد|عصبي بنياد/ساختون]] آهن، جيڪي اندروني يا بيروني تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ [[لذت]] جا احساس پيدا ڪن ٿيون. هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي سرگرمي ٻين لذتي مرڪزن کي به متحرڪ ڪري ٿي، جڏهن⁠تہ هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي روڪجڻ سان ٻين مرڪزن جي سرگرمي پڻ گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure systems in the brain |url= |journal=Neuron |type=Review |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=DC |last2=Berridge |first2=KC |date=24 October 2017 |title=Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=Research article |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=E9125–E9134 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705753114 |pmc=5664503 |pmid=29073109 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9125C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، امڪان آهي ته انعامي نظام جي سڀني لذتي مرڪزن جي هڪ ئي وقت گڏيل سرگرمي ''خوش سروري'' جي احساس جي پيدائش لاءِ ضروري هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC |date=2012 |title=The Joyful Mind |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&amp;labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&amp;%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Scientific American |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=2012SciAm.307b..40K |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40 |pmid=22844850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=تنهنڪري اهو سمجهڻ مناسب آهي ته دماغ جا حقيقي لذت جا مرڪز—جيڪي سڌيءَ طرح خوشگوار احساس پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن—اصل ۾ انهن ئي ساختن جي اندر موجود آهن، جن کي اڳ انعامي سرشتي جو حصو سڃاتو ويو هو. انهن مان هڪ نام نهاد لذتي مرڪز ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ''ميڊيل شيل'' نالي ذيلي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ٻيو ''وينٽرل پيليڊم'' ۾ موجود آهي، جيڪو اڳئين دماغ جي هيٺئين حصي جي ويجهو هڪ گهري ساخت آهي ۽ پنهنجي گهڻائي عصبي سگنلن کي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کان حاصل ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ٻئي طرف، شديد خوش سروري عام روزمرهه جي لذتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي. ان جو سبب شايد اهو آهي ته لذت ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ—جهڙي طرح اسان ليبارٽري جي جانورن ۾ ڪيميائي ذريعي پيدا ڪئي—سڄي نيٽ ورڪ جي هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ جي تقاضا ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن هن سرشتي جو ڪو به هڪ جزو غيرفعال ٿي وڃي ته شديد خوش سروري جو احساس گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ڇا لذت جو هي سرشتو، خاص طور ''وينٽرل پيليڊم''، انسانن ۾ به ساڳئي طريقي سان ڪم ڪري ٿو يا نه، اهو اڃا واضح نه ٿي سگهيو آهي.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
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      <text bytes="53956" sha1="82y5daam5xmmxgesnsvdbpajur06gku" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==عصبي نفسيات {{anchor|Neural substrates}}==
{{Main|انعامي نظام#لذت جا مرڪز}}

[[لذتي مرڪز]] (''ھيڊونڪ ھاٽ اسپاٽس'') پاڻ ۾ فعلي طور لاڳاپيل [[عصبي بنياد|عصبي بنياد/ساختون]] آهن، جيڪي اندروني يا بيروني تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ [[لذت]] جا احساس پيدا ڪن ٿيون. هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي سرگرمي ٻين لذتي مرڪزن کي به متحرڪ ڪري ٿي، جڏهن⁠تہ هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي روڪجڻ سان ٻين مرڪزن جي سرگرمي پڻ گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure systems in the brain |url= |journal=Neuron |type=Review |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=DC |last2=Berridge |first2=KC |date=24 October 2017 |title=Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=Research article |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=E9125–E9134 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705753114 |pmc=5664503 |pmid=29073109 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9125C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، امڪان آهي ته انعامي نظام جي سڀني لذتي مرڪزن جي هڪ ئي وقت گڏيل سرگرمي ''خوش سروري'' جي احساس جي پيدائش لاءِ ضروري هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC |date=2012 |title=The Joyful Mind |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&amp;labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&amp;%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Scientific American |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=2012SciAm.307b..40K |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40 |pmid=22844850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=تنهنڪري اهو سمجهڻ مناسب آهي ته دماغ جا حقيقي لذت جا مرڪز—جيڪي سڌيءَ طرح خوشگوار احساس پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن—اصل ۾ انهن ئي ساختن جي اندر موجود آهن، جن کي اڳ انعامي سرشتي جو حصو سڃاتو ويو هو. انهن مان هڪ نام نهاد لذتي مرڪز ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ''ميڊيل شيل'' نالي ذيلي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ٻيو ''وينٽرل پيليڊم'' ۾ موجود آهي، جيڪو اڳئين دماغ جي هيٺئين حصي جي ويجهو هڪ گهري ساخت آهي ۽ پنهنجي گهڻائي عصبي سگنلن کي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کان حاصل ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ٻئي طرف، شديد خوش سروري عام روزمرهه جي لذتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي. ان جو سبب شايد اهو آهي ته لذت ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ—جهڙي طرح اسان ليبارٽري جي جانورن ۾ ڪيميائي ذريعي پيدا ڪئي—سڄي نيٽ ورڪ جي هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ جي تقاضا ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن هن سرشتي جو ڪو به هڪ جزو غيرفعال ٿي وڃي ته شديد خوش سروري جو احساس گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ڇا لذت جو هي سرشتو، خاص طور ''وينٽرل پيليڊم''، انسانن ۾ به ساڳئي طريقي سان ڪم ڪري ٿو يا نه، اهو اڃا واضح نه ٿي سگهيو آهي.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قسمون==
ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا محرڪ [[خوش سروري]] پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا|نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوائون]]، [[قدرتي انعام]]، ۽ سماجي سرگرميون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schultz euphoria&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |year=2015 |title=Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data |pmid=26109341 |pmc=4491543 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |quote=ڊوڙڻ يا ترڻ دوران رانديگرن پاران محسوس ڪيل سرشاري، ميلاپ لاءِ تيار ساٿيءَ سان ملاقات وقت پيدا ٿيندڙ جنسي خواهش، جنسي عروج، منشيات استعمال ڪندڙن پاران بيان ڪيل خوش سروري، ۽ ٻارن ڏانهن والدين جي شفقت، لذت جا مختلف درجا يا مقدار نه، بلڪه ان جون جدا جدا صورتون يا ڪيفيتون آهن.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[مزاجي خرابي]]ون، جهڙوڪ يڪ قطبي [[شيدائيت]] يا [[ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي]]، پڻ پنهنجي علامتن مان هڪ طور خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

===ورزش سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===
{{Excerpt|جسماني ورزش جا حياتياتي عصبي اثر#ورزش سان پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروري}}

===موسيقي سان پيدا ٿيندڙ {{Anchor|Music euphoria}}===
{{Further|فرِيسن}}

خوش سروري ناچ ڪرڻ، موسيقي وڄائڻ، يا اهڙي موسيقي ٻڌڻ سان به پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا شديد جذباتي اثر پيدا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ |title=Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–262 |year=2011 |pmid=21217764 |doi=10.1038/nn.2726 |s2cid=205433454 |quote=موسيقي، جيڪا هڪ تجريدي محرڪ آهي، اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ... موسيقيءَ جي توقع يا انتظار دوران ''ڪاڊيٽ'' (caudate) وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. ... خاص طور تي، ڪنهن تجريدي انعام جي توقع به اهڙي عصبي رستي ۾ ڊوپامين جي خارج ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي، جيڪو اُن رستي کان مختلف هوندو آهي، جيڪو خود لذت جي بلند ترين احساس سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mavridis IN |title=Music and the nucleus accumbens |journal=Surg Radiol Anat |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25102783 |doi=10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0 |s2cid=25768771 |quote=انعام، خودمختيار عصبي نظام ۽ ادراڪي عملن کي منظم ڪندڙ دماغي علائقن جي وچ ۾ موجود فعلي رابطي مان اهو سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي ته موسيقي ٻڌڻ انساني زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انعام ڏيندڙ ۽ لطف اندوز ڪندڙ تجربن مان هڪ ڇو آهي. موسيقي جا محرڪ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' (NA) ۾ خلين کان ٻاهر موجود [[ڊوپامين]] (DA) جي سطح کي نمايان طور وڌائي سگهن ٿا. موسيقيءَ جي سامهون آيل جانورن ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۾ ڊوپامين ۽ [[سيروٽونن]] جون سطحون به نمايان طور وڌيڪ ڏٺيون ويون. آخرڪار، اهڙي موسيقي کي خاموشيءَ سان ٻڌڻ، جيڪا اڳ اڻڄاتل هجي پر پسند اچي، پڻ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کي سرگرم ڪري ٿي. ... موسيقي اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جو اندازو ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي سرگرميءَ مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو سمعي ۽ پيشانيءَ وارن دماغي علائقن سان فعلي رابطو موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعام جي واڌ سان گڏ وڌندو وڃي ٿو. ... خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ ''وينٽرل ٽيگمينٽل ايريا'' (VTA) جي وسيلي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۽ [[هائيپوٿيلمس]]، [[انسولا]] ۽ [[اوربيٽوفرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي وچ ۾ ٿيندڙ رابطي کي نمايان طور سرگرم ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;
'''نتيجا'''&lt;br /&gt;
موسيقي ٻڌڻ، ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سميت، انعامي عمل ۾ شامل ميزولمبڪ دماغي جوڙجڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ جي سرگرميءَ تي نمايان اثر وجهي ٿو. مثبت ۽ خوشگوار جذباتي محرڪ طور موسيقي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڊوپاميني سرگرميءَ ۾ واڌ آڻي ٿي. خاص طور تي، موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جي اڳڪٿي سمعي ڪارٽيڪس، [[اميگڊالا]] ۽ [[وينٽروميڊيل پري فرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سان وڌندڙ فعلي رابطي جي بنياد تي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. موسيقي اسان جي زندگيءَ تي ڪيئن اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي، ان ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڪردار کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح سمجهڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ تحقيق جي ضرورت آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته [[انعامي نظام]] موسيقي مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt; جذباتي طور خوشگوار موسيقي [[ڊوپامين]] جي عصبي ترسيل کي [[ڊوپاميني رستن]] ۾ نمايان طور وڌائي ٿي، جيڪي [[اسٽرائٽم]] (يعني [[ميزولمبڪ رستو]] ۽ [[نائيگروسٽرائٽل رستو]]) ڏانهن سگنل موڪلين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zatorre RJ |title=Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1337 |issue=1 |pages=202–211 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25773636 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12677 |quote=گهڻا ماڻهو موسيقيءَ مان لذت حاصل ڪن ٿا. عصبي تصويرنگ (Neuroimaging) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته انساني دماغ جو [[انعامي نظام]] هن تجربي ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران ڊورسل ۽ وينٽرل [[اسٽرائٽم]] مان [[ڊوپامين]] خارج ٿئي ٿو، ۽ انهن دماغي ساختن جي سرگرمي موسيقيءَ جي حصن جي انعامي قدر کي پڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ان کان علاوه، اسٽرائٽم انهن دماغي ڪارٽيڪسي عملن سان به لاڳاپو رکي ٿو، جيڪي موسيقيءَ جي محرڪن جي ادراڪ ۽ انهن جي قدرن جي تشخيص ۾ حصو وٺن ٿا. ... موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي تجربن کي ماپڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيل هڪ سوالنامي جي ذريعي موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل لذت جا ڪيترائي الڳ عنصر سڃاتا ويا، جن ۾ موسيقيءَ ڏانهن لاڙو، جذبات جي اُڀار، مزاج جي ضابطي، حسي-حرڪتي (sensorimotor) عملن، ۽ سماجي عنصرن کي شامل ڪيو ويو. هن سوالنامي کي وڏي آباديءَ تي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان معلوم ٿيو ته تقريباً 5 سيڪڙو ماڻهن ۾، عام انهدونيا (لذت محسوس نه ڪرڻ) يا ڊپريشن جي غير موجودگيءَ باوجود، موسيقيءَ مان انعام حاصل ڪرڻ جي حساسيت گهٽ هوندي آهي. هن گروهه تي وڌيڪ تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿيو ته اهڙا ماڻهو موسيقي کان سواءِ ٻين انعامن (مثال طور مالي انعام) تي رويي ۽ نفسي-جسماني (psychophysiological) لحاظ کان عام ردِعمل ڏيکارين ٿا، پر موسيقيءَ کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان ۾ موجود ارادي وارن جذبن کي سڃاڻڻ جي صلاحيت برقرار هجڻ باوجود، اهي موسيقيءَ مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.. |bibcode=2015NYASA1337..202Z |s2cid=22212386 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3456475 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019131011/https://zenodo.org/record/3456475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تقريباً 5٪ ماڻهن ۾ هڪ حالت ڏٺي ويندي آهي، جنهن کي [[موسيقيءَ جي انهدونيا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان منتقل ٿيندڙ جذبات کي سمجهڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي، پر اهي جذباتي طور اثرائتي موسيقي ٻڌڻ باوجود ان مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt;

جنوري 2019ع ۾ ٿيل هڪ ڪلينيڪي مطالعي ۾ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي احساس تي ڊوپامين جي اڳواٽ جزو ([[ليووڊوپا]])، ڊوپامين مخالف دوا ([[رسپيريڊون]])، ۽ پليسيبو جي اثرن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. هن مطالعي ۾ موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران محسوس ٿيندڙ لذت، [[ميوزيڪل چلز]] (Musical chills)، [[اليڪٽروڊرمل سرگرمي]] ۾ تبديلي، ۽ ذاتي درجابندي کي ماپيو ويو. نتيجن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته ڊوپامين جي عصبي ترسيل ۾ واڌ يا گهٽتائي موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت کي ٻنهي رخن ۾ ضابطو آڻي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot; /&gt; هن تحقيق مان اهو پڻ ظاهر ٿيو ته انسانن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان خوشگوار لذت پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ ڊوپامين جي وڌيل عصبي ترسيل هڪ لازمي شرط (''[[sine qua non]]'') آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A |title=Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2019 |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3793–3798 |pmid=30670642 |pmc=6397525 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811878116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3793F |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ |title=Musical pleasure and musical emotions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3364–3366 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30770455 |pmc=6397567 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1900369116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3364G |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===جنسي عمل سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===

جنسي ملاپ جا مختلف مرحلا به ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا. ڪيترن ئي محققن موجب يا ته سڄو جنسي عمل، يا جنسي عروج ([[اورگازم]]) کان اڳ جا لمحا، يا خود اورگازم، انساني لذت يا خوش سروريءَ جي بلند ترين صورتن مان شمار ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Hansteen RW |year=1977 |title=Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1179–1180 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006 |pmid=199128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ{{anchor|Euphoriant|Euphoriants}}===
[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ميٿامفيٽامين]] جي وڏي مقدار دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروري جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html |title=Methamphetamine {{!}} InfoFacts {{!}} The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035539/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/methamphetamine.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوا''' (''Euphoriant'') [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جو لاڙو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |title=Merrian-Webster definition |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |archive-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻيون اهڙيون دوائون [[نشي آور دوا|نشو پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون]] هونديون آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن ۾ [[تقويت]] پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ دماغ جي [[انعامي نظام]] کي سرگرم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

====محرڪ دوائون====

[[ڊوپاميني]] محرڪ دوائون، جهڙوڪ [[ايمفيٽامين]]، [[ميٿامفيٽامين]]، [[ڪوڪين]]، ۽ [[ميٿائل فينيڊيٽ]]، خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 |pages=191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نڪوٽين]] هڪ [[پيراسمپيٿيٽڪ محرڪ دوا]] آهي، جيڪا ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ هلڪي درجي جي خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; اهڙيءَ طرح [[زانٿين]] مرڪب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪيفين]] ۽ [[ٿيئوبرومين]]، کي پڻ ڪجهه محقق هلڪي درجي جا خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ مادا سمجهن ٿا.{{medical citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[اريڪا کجي]] (''[[Areca catechu]]'') جي ٻج، يعني [[ڇاليو]]، کي بجريل چون ([[ڪيلشيم هائيڊرو آڪسائيڊ]]) سان چٻائڻ—جيڪو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ عام رواج آهي—محرڪ اثرن سان گڏ خوش سروري پڻ پيدا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA791 |title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions |vauthors=Cox S, Ullah M, Zoellner H |veditors=Preedy VR |publisher=Academic Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-12-800677-1 |pages=791 |language=en |chapter=Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 2014 |title=A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |vauthors=Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.133702|pmid=25006276|pmc=4080659 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 2012 |title=Association of Betel Nut with Carcinogenesis: Revisit with a Clinical Perspective |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |article-number=e42759 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042759 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3418282 |pmid=22912735 |vauthors=Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742759S |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان جا بنيادي نفسي اثر رکندڙ جزا—[[اريڪولين]] (مسڪارينڪ ريڪپٽر جو جزوي متحرڪ ڪندڙ) ۽ [[اريڪائيڊين]] (GABA جي ٻيهر جذب کي روڪيندڙ)—خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFC6BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |title=Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions |vauthors=Arif A, Westermeyer J |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4615-9516-8 |location=New York |pages=159–160 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibxfK1l6oXoC&amp;pg=PA53 |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines |last=Aronson |first=J. K. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-53269-5 |pages=53 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="53787" sha1="70fhmp8wimtfw0c0bg3wy22a338tou9" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==عصبي نفسيات {{anchor|Neural substrates}}==
{{Main|انعامي نظام#لذت جا مرڪز}}

[[لذتي مرڪز]] (''ھيڊونڪ ھاٽ اسپاٽس'') پاڻ ۾ فعلي طور لاڳاپيل [[عصبي بنياد|عصبي بنياد/ساختون]] آهن، جيڪي اندروني يا بيروني تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ [[لذت]] جا احساس پيدا ڪن ٿيون. هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي سرگرمي ٻين لذتي مرڪزن کي به متحرڪ ڪري ٿي، جڏهن⁠تہ هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي روڪجڻ سان ٻين مرڪزن جي سرگرمي پڻ گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure systems in the brain |url= |journal=Neuron |type=Review |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=DC |last2=Berridge |first2=KC |date=24 October 2017 |title=Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=Research article |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=E9125–E9134 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705753114 |pmc=5664503 |pmid=29073109 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9125C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، امڪان آهي ته انعامي نظام جي سڀني لذتي مرڪزن جي هڪ ئي وقت گڏيل سرگرمي ''خوش سروري'' جي احساس جي پيدائش لاءِ ضروري هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC |date=2012 |title=The Joyful Mind |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&amp;labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&amp;%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Scientific American |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=2012SciAm.307b..40K |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40 |pmid=22844850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=تنهنڪري اهو سمجهڻ مناسب آهي ته دماغ جا حقيقي لذت جا مرڪز—جيڪي سڌيءَ طرح خوشگوار احساس پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن—اصل ۾ انهن ئي ساختن جي اندر موجود آهن، جن کي اڳ انعامي سرشتي جو حصو سڃاتو ويو هو. انهن مان هڪ نام نهاد لذتي مرڪز ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ''ميڊيل شيل'' نالي ذيلي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ٻيو ''وينٽرل پيليڊم'' ۾ موجود آهي، جيڪو اڳئين دماغ جي هيٺئين حصي جي ويجهو هڪ گهري ساخت آهي ۽ پنهنجي گهڻائي عصبي سگنلن کي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کان حاصل ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ٻئي طرف، شديد خوش سروري عام روزمرهه جي لذتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي. ان جو سبب شايد اهو آهي ته لذت ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ—جهڙي طرح اسان ليبارٽري جي جانورن ۾ ڪيميائي ذريعي پيدا ڪئي—سڄي نيٽ ورڪ جي هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ جي تقاضا ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن هن سرشتي جو ڪو به هڪ جزو غيرفعال ٿي وڃي ته شديد خوش سروري جو احساس گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ڇا لذت جو هي سرشتو، خاص طور ''وينٽرل پيليڊم''، انسانن ۾ به ساڳئي طريقي سان ڪم ڪري ٿو يا نه، اهو اڃا واضح نه ٿي سگهيو آهي.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قسمون==
ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا محرڪ [[خوش سروري]] پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا|نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوائون]]، [[قدرتي انعام]]، ۽ سماجي سرگرميون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schultz euphoria&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |year=2015 |title=Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data |pmid=26109341 |pmc=4491543 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |quote=ڊوڙڻ يا ترڻ دوران رانديگرن پاران محسوس ڪيل سرشاري، ميلاپ لاءِ تيار ساٿيءَ سان ملاقات وقت پيدا ٿيندڙ جنسي خواهش، جنسي عروج، منشيات استعمال ڪندڙن پاران بيان ڪيل خوش سروري، ۽ ٻارن ڏانهن والدين جي شفقت، لذت جا مختلف درجا يا مقدار نه، بلڪه ان جون جدا جدا صورتون يا ڪيفيتون آهن.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[مزاجي خرابي]]ون، جهڙوڪ يڪ قطبي [[شيدائيت]] يا [[ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي]]، پڻ پنهنجي علامتن مان هڪ طور خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

===موسيقي سان پيدا ٿيندڙ {{Anchor|Music euphoria}}===
{{Further|فرِيسن}}

خوش سروري ناچ ڪرڻ، موسيقي وڄائڻ، يا اهڙي موسيقي ٻڌڻ سان به پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا شديد جذباتي اثر پيدا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ |title=Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–262 |year=2011 |pmid=21217764 |doi=10.1038/nn.2726 |s2cid=205433454 |quote=موسيقي، جيڪا هڪ تجريدي محرڪ آهي، اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ... موسيقيءَ جي توقع يا انتظار دوران ''ڪاڊيٽ'' (caudate) وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. ... خاص طور تي، ڪنهن تجريدي انعام جي توقع به اهڙي عصبي رستي ۾ ڊوپامين جي خارج ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي، جيڪو اُن رستي کان مختلف هوندو آهي، جيڪو خود لذت جي بلند ترين احساس سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mavridis IN |title=Music and the nucleus accumbens |journal=Surg Radiol Anat |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25102783 |doi=10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0 |s2cid=25768771 |quote=انعام، خودمختيار عصبي نظام ۽ ادراڪي عملن کي منظم ڪندڙ دماغي علائقن جي وچ ۾ موجود فعلي رابطي مان اهو سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي ته موسيقي ٻڌڻ انساني زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انعام ڏيندڙ ۽ لطف اندوز ڪندڙ تجربن مان هڪ ڇو آهي. موسيقي جا محرڪ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' (NA) ۾ خلين کان ٻاهر موجود [[ڊوپامين]] (DA) جي سطح کي نمايان طور وڌائي سگهن ٿا. موسيقيءَ جي سامهون آيل جانورن ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۾ ڊوپامين ۽ [[سيروٽونن]] جون سطحون به نمايان طور وڌيڪ ڏٺيون ويون. آخرڪار، اهڙي موسيقي کي خاموشيءَ سان ٻڌڻ، جيڪا اڳ اڻڄاتل هجي پر پسند اچي، پڻ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کي سرگرم ڪري ٿي. ... موسيقي اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جو اندازو ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي سرگرميءَ مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو سمعي ۽ پيشانيءَ وارن دماغي علائقن سان فعلي رابطو موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعام جي واڌ سان گڏ وڌندو وڃي ٿو. ... خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ ''وينٽرل ٽيگمينٽل ايريا'' (VTA) جي وسيلي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۽ [[هائيپوٿيلمس]]، [[انسولا]] ۽ [[اوربيٽوفرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي وچ ۾ ٿيندڙ رابطي کي نمايان طور سرگرم ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;
'''نتيجا'''&lt;br /&gt;
موسيقي ٻڌڻ، ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سميت، انعامي عمل ۾ شامل ميزولمبڪ دماغي جوڙجڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ جي سرگرميءَ تي نمايان اثر وجهي ٿو. مثبت ۽ خوشگوار جذباتي محرڪ طور موسيقي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڊوپاميني سرگرميءَ ۾ واڌ آڻي ٿي. خاص طور تي، موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جي اڳڪٿي سمعي ڪارٽيڪس، [[اميگڊالا]] ۽ [[وينٽروميڊيل پري فرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سان وڌندڙ فعلي رابطي جي بنياد تي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. موسيقي اسان جي زندگيءَ تي ڪيئن اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي، ان ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڪردار کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح سمجهڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ تحقيق جي ضرورت آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته [[انعامي نظام]] موسيقي مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt; جذباتي طور خوشگوار موسيقي [[ڊوپامين]] جي عصبي ترسيل کي [[ڊوپاميني رستن]] ۾ نمايان طور وڌائي ٿي، جيڪي [[اسٽرائٽم]] (يعني [[ميزولمبڪ رستو]] ۽ [[نائيگروسٽرائٽل رستو]]) ڏانهن سگنل موڪلين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zatorre RJ |title=Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1337 |issue=1 |pages=202–211 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25773636 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12677 |quote=گهڻا ماڻهو موسيقيءَ مان لذت حاصل ڪن ٿا. عصبي تصويرنگ (Neuroimaging) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته انساني دماغ جو [[انعامي نظام]] هن تجربي ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران ڊورسل ۽ وينٽرل [[اسٽرائٽم]] مان [[ڊوپامين]] خارج ٿئي ٿو، ۽ انهن دماغي ساختن جي سرگرمي موسيقيءَ جي حصن جي انعامي قدر کي پڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ان کان علاوه، اسٽرائٽم انهن دماغي ڪارٽيڪسي عملن سان به لاڳاپو رکي ٿو، جيڪي موسيقيءَ جي محرڪن جي ادراڪ ۽ انهن جي قدرن جي تشخيص ۾ حصو وٺن ٿا. ... موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي تجربن کي ماپڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيل هڪ سوالنامي جي ذريعي موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل لذت جا ڪيترائي الڳ عنصر سڃاتا ويا، جن ۾ موسيقيءَ ڏانهن لاڙو، جذبات جي اُڀار، مزاج جي ضابطي، حسي-حرڪتي (sensorimotor) عملن، ۽ سماجي عنصرن کي شامل ڪيو ويو. هن سوالنامي کي وڏي آباديءَ تي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان معلوم ٿيو ته تقريباً 5 سيڪڙو ماڻهن ۾، عام انهدونيا (لذت محسوس نه ڪرڻ) يا ڊپريشن جي غير موجودگيءَ باوجود، موسيقيءَ مان انعام حاصل ڪرڻ جي حساسيت گهٽ هوندي آهي. هن گروهه تي وڌيڪ تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿيو ته اهڙا ماڻهو موسيقي کان سواءِ ٻين انعامن (مثال طور مالي انعام) تي رويي ۽ نفسي-جسماني (psychophysiological) لحاظ کان عام ردِعمل ڏيکارين ٿا، پر موسيقيءَ کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان ۾ موجود ارادي وارن جذبن کي سڃاڻڻ جي صلاحيت برقرار هجڻ باوجود، اهي موسيقيءَ مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.. |bibcode=2015NYASA1337..202Z |s2cid=22212386 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3456475 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019131011/https://zenodo.org/record/3456475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تقريباً 5٪ ماڻهن ۾ هڪ حالت ڏٺي ويندي آهي، جنهن کي [[موسيقيءَ جي انهدونيا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان منتقل ٿيندڙ جذبات کي سمجهڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي، پر اهي جذباتي طور اثرائتي موسيقي ٻڌڻ باوجود ان مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt;

جنوري 2019ع ۾ ٿيل هڪ ڪلينيڪي مطالعي ۾ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي احساس تي ڊوپامين جي اڳواٽ جزو ([[ليووڊوپا]])، ڊوپامين مخالف دوا ([[رسپيريڊون]])، ۽ پليسيبو جي اثرن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. هن مطالعي ۾ موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران محسوس ٿيندڙ لذت، [[ميوزيڪل چلز]] (Musical chills)، [[اليڪٽروڊرمل سرگرمي]] ۾ تبديلي، ۽ ذاتي درجابندي کي ماپيو ويو. نتيجن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته ڊوپامين جي عصبي ترسيل ۾ واڌ يا گهٽتائي موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت کي ٻنهي رخن ۾ ضابطو آڻي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot; /&gt; هن تحقيق مان اهو پڻ ظاهر ٿيو ته انسانن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان خوشگوار لذت پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ ڊوپامين جي وڌيل عصبي ترسيل هڪ لازمي شرط (''[[sine qua non]]'') آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A |title=Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2019 |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3793–3798 |pmid=30670642 |pmc=6397525 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811878116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3793F |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ |title=Musical pleasure and musical emotions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3364–3366 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30770455 |pmc=6397567 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1900369116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3364G |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===جنسي عمل سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===

جنسي ملاپ جا مختلف مرحلا به ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا. ڪيترن ئي محققن موجب يا ته سڄو جنسي عمل، يا جنسي عروج ([[اورگازم]]) کان اڳ جا لمحا، يا خود اورگازم، انساني لذت يا خوش سروريءَ جي بلند ترين صورتن مان شمار ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Hansteen RW |year=1977 |title=Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1179–1180 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006 |pmid=199128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ{{anchor|Euphoriant|Euphoriants}}===
[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ميٿامفيٽامين]] جي وڏي مقدار دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروري جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html |title=Methamphetamine {{!}} InfoFacts {{!}} The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035539/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/methamphetamine.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوا''' (''Euphoriant'') [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جو لاڙو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |title=Merrian-Webster definition |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |archive-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻيون اهڙيون دوائون [[نشي آور دوا|نشو پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون]] هونديون آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن ۾ [[تقويت]] پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ دماغ جي [[انعامي نظام]] کي سرگرم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

====محرڪ دوائون====

[[ڊوپاميني]] محرڪ دوائون، جهڙوڪ [[ايمفيٽامين]]، [[ميٿامفيٽامين]]، [[ڪوڪين]]، ۽ [[ميٿائل فينيڊيٽ]]، خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 |pages=191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نڪوٽين]] هڪ [[پيراسمپيٿيٽڪ محرڪ دوا]] آهي، جيڪا ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ هلڪي درجي جي خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; اهڙيءَ طرح [[زانٿين]] مرڪب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪيفين]] ۽ [[ٿيئوبرومين]]، کي پڻ ڪجهه محقق هلڪي درجي جا خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ مادا سمجهن ٿا.{{medical citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[اريڪا کجي]] (''[[Areca catechu]]'') جي ٻج، يعني [[ڇاليو]]، کي بجريل چون ([[ڪيلشيم هائيڊرو آڪسائيڊ]]) سان چٻائڻ—جيڪو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ عام رواج آهي—محرڪ اثرن سان گڏ خوش سروري پڻ پيدا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA791 |title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions |vauthors=Cox S, Ullah M, Zoellner H |veditors=Preedy VR |publisher=Academic Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-12-800677-1 |pages=791 |language=en |chapter=Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 2014 |title=A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |vauthors=Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.133702|pmid=25006276|pmc=4080659 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 2012 |title=Association of Betel Nut with Carcinogenesis: Revisit with a Clinical Perspective |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |article-number=e42759 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042759 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3418282 |pmid=22912735 |vauthors=Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742759S |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان جا بنيادي نفسي اثر رکندڙ جزا—[[اريڪولين]] (مسڪارينڪ ريڪپٽر جو جزوي متحرڪ ڪندڙ) ۽ [[اريڪائيڊين]] (GABA جي ٻيهر جذب کي روڪيندڙ)—خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFC6BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |title=Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions |vauthors=Arif A, Westermeyer J |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4615-9516-8 |location=New York |pages=159–160 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibxfK1l6oXoC&amp;pg=PA53 |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines |last=Aronson |first=J. K. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-53269-5 |pages=53 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="53754" sha1="moi4uz0n4nw7vchc9ogt5a18ursndh2" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==عصبي نفسيات {{anchor|Neural substrates}}==
{{Main|انعامي نظام#لذت جا مرڪز}}

[[لذتي مرڪز]] (''ھيڊونڪ ھاٽ اسپاٽس'') پاڻ ۾ فعلي طور لاڳاپيل [[عصبي بنياد|عصبي بنياد/ساختون]] آهن، جيڪي اندروني يا بيروني تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ [[لذت]] جا احساس پيدا ڪن ٿيون. هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي سرگرمي ٻين لذتي مرڪزن کي به متحرڪ ڪري ٿي، جڏهن⁠تہ هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي روڪجڻ سان ٻين مرڪزن جي سرگرمي پڻ گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure systems in the brain |url= |journal=Neuron |type=Review |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=DC |last2=Berridge |first2=KC |date=24 October 2017 |title=Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=Research article |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=E9125–E9134 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705753114 |pmc=5664503 |pmid=29073109 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9125C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، امڪان آهي ته انعامي نظام جي سڀني لذتي مرڪزن جي هڪ ئي وقت گڏيل سرگرمي ''خوش سروري'' جي احساس جي پيدائش لاءِ ضروري هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC |date=2012 |title=The Joyful Mind |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&amp;labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&amp;%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Scientific American |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=2012SciAm.307b..40K |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40 |pmid=22844850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=تنهنڪري اهو سمجهڻ مناسب آهي ته دماغ جا حقيقي لذت جا مرڪز—جيڪي سڌيءَ طرح خوشگوار احساس پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن—اصل ۾ انهن ئي ساختن جي اندر موجود آهن، جن کي اڳ انعامي سرشتي جو حصو سڃاتو ويو هو. انهن مان هڪ نام نهاد لذتي مرڪز ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ''ميڊيل شيل'' نالي ذيلي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ٻيو ''وينٽرل پيليڊم'' ۾ موجود آهي، جيڪو اڳئين دماغ جي هيٺئين حصي جي ويجهو هڪ گهري ساخت آهي ۽ پنهنجي گهڻائي عصبي سگنلن کي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کان حاصل ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ٻئي طرف، شديد خوش سروري عام روزمرهه جي لذتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي. ان جو سبب شايد اهو آهي ته لذت ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ—جهڙي طرح اسان ليبارٽري جي جانورن ۾ ڪيميائي ذريعي پيدا ڪئي—سڄي نيٽ ورڪ جي هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ جي تقاضا ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن هن سرشتي جو ڪو به هڪ جزو غيرفعال ٿي وڃي ته شديد خوش سروري جو احساس گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ڇا لذت جو هي سرشتو، خاص طور ''وينٽرل پيليڊم''، انسانن ۾ به ساڳئي طريقي سان ڪم ڪري ٿو يا نه، اهو اڃا واضح نه ٿي سگهيو آهي.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قسمون==
ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا محرڪ [[خوش سروري]] پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا|نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوائون]]، [[قدرتي انعام]]، ۽ سماجي سرگرميون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schultz euphoria&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |year=2015 |title=Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data |pmid=26109341 |pmc=4491543 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |quote=ڊوڙڻ يا ترڻ دوران رانديگرن پاران محسوس ڪيل سرشاري، ميلاپ لاءِ تيار ساٿيءَ سان ملاقات وقت پيدا ٿيندڙ جنسي خواهش، جنسي عروج، منشيات استعمال ڪندڙن پاران بيان ڪيل خوش سروري، ۽ ٻارن ڏانهن والدين جي شفقت، لذت جا مختلف درجا يا مقدار نه، بلڪه ان جون جدا جدا صورتون يا ڪيفيتون آهن.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[مزاجي خرابي]]ون، جهڙوڪ يڪ قطبي [[شيدائيت]] يا [[ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي]]، پڻ پنهنجي علامتن مان هڪ طور خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

===موسيقي سان پيدا ٿيندڙ {{Anchor|Music euphoria}}===
{{Further|فرِيسن}}

خوش سروري ناچ ڪرڻ، موسيقي وڄائڻ، يا اهڙي موسيقي ٻڌڻ سان به پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا شديد جذباتي اثر پيدا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ |title=Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–262 |year=2011 |pmid=21217764 |doi=10.1038/nn.2726 |s2cid=205433454 |quote=موسيقي، جيڪا هڪ تجريدي محرڪ آهي، اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ... موسيقيءَ جي توقع يا انتظار دوران ''ڪاڊيٽ'' (caudate) وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. ... خاص طور تي، ڪنهن تجريدي انعام جي توقع به اهڙي عصبي رستي ۾ ڊوپامين جي خارج ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي، جيڪو اُن رستي کان مختلف هوندو آهي، جيڪو خود لذت جي بلند ترين احساس سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mavridis IN |title=Music and the nucleus accumbens |journal=Surg Radiol Anat |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25102783 |doi=10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0 |s2cid=25768771 |quote=انعام، خودمختيار عصبي نظام ۽ ادراڪي عملن کي منظم ڪندڙ دماغي علائقن جي وچ ۾ موجود فعلي رابطي مان اهو سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي ته موسيقي ٻڌڻ انساني زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انعام ڏيندڙ ۽ لطف اندوز ڪندڙ تجربن مان هڪ ڇو آهي. موسيقي جا محرڪ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' (NA) ۾ خلين کان ٻاهر موجود [[ڊوپامين]] (DA) جي سطح کي نمايان طور وڌائي سگهن ٿا. موسيقيءَ جي سامهون آيل جانورن ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۾ ڊوپامين ۽ [[سيروٽونن]] جون سطحون به نمايان طور وڌيڪ ڏٺيون ويون. آخرڪار، اهڙي موسيقي کي خاموشيءَ سان ٻڌڻ، جيڪا اڳ اڻڄاتل هجي پر پسند اچي، پڻ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کي سرگرم ڪري ٿي. ... موسيقي اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جو اندازو ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي سرگرميءَ مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو سمعي ۽ پيشانيءَ وارن دماغي علائقن سان فعلي رابطو موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعام جي واڌ سان گڏ وڌندو وڃي ٿو. ... خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ ''وينٽرل ٽيگمينٽل ايريا'' (VTA) جي وسيلي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۽ [[هائيپوٿيلمس]]، [[انسولا]] ۽ [[اوربيٽوفرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي وچ ۾ ٿيندڙ رابطي کي نمايان طور سرگرم ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;
'''نتيجا'''&lt;br /&gt;
موسيقي ٻڌڻ، ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سميت، انعامي عمل ۾ شامل ميزولمبڪ دماغي جوڙجڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ جي سرگرميءَ تي نمايان اثر وجهي ٿو. مثبت ۽ خوشگوار جذباتي محرڪ طور موسيقي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڊوپاميني سرگرميءَ ۾ واڌ آڻي ٿي. خاص طور تي، موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جي اڳڪٿي سمعي ڪارٽيڪس، [[اميگڊالا]] ۽ [[وينٽروميڊيل پري فرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سان وڌندڙ فعلي رابطي جي بنياد تي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. موسيقي اسان جي زندگيءَ تي ڪيئن اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي، ان ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڪردار کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح سمجهڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ تحقيق جي ضرورت آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته [[انعامي نظام]] موسيقي مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt; جذباتي طور خوشگوار موسيقي [[ڊوپامين]] جي عصبي ترسيل کي [[ڊوپاميني رستن]] ۾ نمايان طور وڌائي ٿي، جيڪي [[اسٽرائٽم]] (يعني [[ميزولمبڪ رستو]] ۽ [[نائيگروسٽرائٽل رستو]]) ڏانهن سگنل موڪلين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zatorre RJ |title=Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1337 |issue=1 |pages=202–211 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25773636 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12677 |quote=گهڻا ماڻهو موسيقيءَ مان لذت حاصل ڪن ٿا. عصبي تصويرنگ (Neuroimaging) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته انساني دماغ جو [[انعامي نظام]] هن تجربي ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران ڊورسل ۽ وينٽرل [[اسٽرائٽم]] مان [[ڊوپامين]] خارج ٿئي ٿو، ۽ انهن دماغي ساختن جي سرگرمي موسيقيءَ جي حصن جي انعامي قدر کي پڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ان کان علاوه، اسٽرائٽم انهن دماغي ڪارٽيڪسي عملن سان به لاڳاپو رکي ٿو، جيڪي موسيقيءَ جي محرڪن جي ادراڪ ۽ انهن جي قدرن جي تشخيص ۾ حصو وٺن ٿا. ... موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي تجربن کي ماپڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيل هڪ سوالنامي جي ذريعي موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل لذت جا ڪيترائي الڳ عنصر سڃاتا ويا، جن ۾ موسيقيءَ ڏانهن لاڙو، جذبات جي اُڀار، مزاج جي ضابطي، حسي-حرڪتي (sensorimotor) عملن، ۽ سماجي عنصرن کي شامل ڪيو ويو. هن سوالنامي کي وڏي آباديءَ تي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان معلوم ٿيو ته تقريباً 5 سيڪڙو ماڻهن ۾، عام انهدونيا (لذت محسوس نه ڪرڻ) يا ڊپريشن جي غير موجودگيءَ باوجود، موسيقيءَ مان انعام حاصل ڪرڻ جي حساسيت گهٽ هوندي آهي. هن گروهه تي وڌيڪ تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿيو ته اهڙا ماڻهو موسيقي کان سواءِ ٻين انعامن (مثال طور مالي انعام) تي رويي ۽ نفسي-جسماني (psychophysiological) لحاظ کان عام ردِعمل ڏيکارين ٿا، پر موسيقيءَ کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان ۾ موجود ارادي وارن جذبن کي سڃاڻڻ جي صلاحيت برقرار هجڻ باوجود، اهي موسيقيءَ مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.. |bibcode=2015NYASA1337..202Z |s2cid=22212386 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3456475 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019131011/https://zenodo.org/record/3456475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تقريباً 5٪ ماڻهن ۾ هڪ حالت ڏٺي ويندي آهي، جنهن کي [[موسيقيءَ جي انهدونيا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان منتقل ٿيندڙ جذبات کي سمجهڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي، پر اهي جذباتي طور اثرائتي موسيقي ٻڌڻ باوجود ان مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt;

جنوري 2019ع ۾ ٿيل هڪ ڪلينيڪي مطالعي ۾ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي احساس تي ڊوپامين جي اڳواٽ جزو ([[ليووڊوپا]])، ڊوپامين مخالف دوا ([[رسپيريڊون]])، ۽ پليسيبو جي اثرن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. هن مطالعي ۾ موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران محسوس ٿيندڙ لذت، [[ميوزيڪل چلز]] (Musical chills)، [[اليڪٽروڊرمل سرگرمي]] ۾ تبديلي، ۽ ذاتي درجابندي کي ماپيو ويو. نتيجن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته ڊوپامين جي عصبي ترسيل ۾ واڌ يا گهٽتائي موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت کي ٻنهي رخن ۾ ضابطو آڻي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot; /&gt; هن تحقيق مان اهو پڻ ظاهر ٿيو ته انسانن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان خوشگوار لذت پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ ڊوپامين جي وڌيل عصبي ترسيل هڪ لازمي شرط (''[[sine qua non]]'') آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A |title=Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2019 |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3793–3798 |pmid=30670642 |pmc=6397525 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811878116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3793F |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ |title=Musical pleasure and musical emotions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3364–3366 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30770455 |pmc=6397567 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1900369116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3364G |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===جنسي عمل سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===

جنسي ملاپ جا مختلف مرحلا به ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا. ڪيترن ئي محققن موجب يا ته سڄو جنسي عمل، يا جنسي عروج ([[اورگازم]]) کان اڳ جا لمحا، يا خود اورگازم، انساني لذت يا خوش سروريءَ جي بلند ترين صورتن مان شمار ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Hansteen RW |year=1977 |title=Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1179–1180 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006 |pmid=199128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ{{anchor|Euphoriant|Euphoriants}}===
[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ميٿامفيٽامين]] جي وڏي مقدار دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروري جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html |title=Methamphetamine {{!}} InfoFacts {{!}} The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035539/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/methamphetamine.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوا''' (''Euphoriant'') [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جو لاڙو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |title=Merrian-Webster definition |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |archive-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻيون اهڙيون دوائون [[نشي آور دوا|نشو پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون]] هونديون آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن ۾ [[تقويت]] پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ دماغ جي [[انعامي نظام]] کي سرگرم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

====محرڪ دوائون====

[[ڊوپاميني]] محرڪ دوائون، جهڙوڪ [[ايمفيٽامين]]، [[ميٿامفيٽامين]]، [[ڪوڪين]]، ۽ [[ميٿائل فينيڊيٽ]]، خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 |pages=191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نڪوٽين]] هڪ [[پيراسمپيٿيٽڪ محرڪ دوا]] آهي، جيڪا ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ هلڪي درجي جي خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; اهڙيءَ طرح [[زانٿين]] مرڪب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪيفين]] ۽ [[ٿيئوبرومين]]، کي پڻ ڪجهه محقق هلڪي درجي جا خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ مادا سمجهن ٿا.

[[اريڪا کجي]] (''[[اريڪا ڪيٽيچو]]'') جي ٻج، يعني [[ڇاليو]]، کي بجريل چون ([[ڪيلشيم هائيڊرو آڪسائيڊ]]) سان چٻائڻ—جيڪو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ عام رواج آهي—محرڪ اثرن سان گڏ خوش سروري پڻ پيدا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA791 |title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions |vauthors=Cox S, Ullah M, Zoellner H |veditors=Preedy VR |publisher=Academic Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-12-800677-1 |pages=791 |language=en |chapter=Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 2014 |title=A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |vauthors=Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.133702|pmid=25006276|pmc=4080659 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 2012 |title=Association of Betel Nut with Carcinogenesis: Revisit with a Clinical Perspective |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |article-number=e42759 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042759 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3418282 |pmid=22912735 |vauthors=Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742759S |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان جا بنيادي نفسي اثر رکندڙ جزا—[[اريڪولين]] (مسڪارينڪ ريڪپٽر جو جزوي متحرڪ ڪندڙ) ۽ [[اريڪائيڊين]] (GABA جي ٻيهر جذب کي روڪيندڙ)—خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFC6BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |title=Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions |vauthors=Arif A, Westermeyer J |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4615-9516-8 |location=New York |pages=159–160 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibxfK1l6oXoC&amp;pg=PA53 |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines |last=Aronson |first=J. K. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-53269-5 |pages=53 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="53707" sha1="kd48ymrnpqoita6pkzohi19j32eq43u" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==عصبي نفسيات {{anchor|Neural substrates}}==
{{Main|انعامي نظام#لذت جا مرڪز}}

[[لذتي مرڪز]] (''ھيڊونڪ ھاٽ اسپاٽس'') پاڻ ۾ فعلي طور لاڳاپيل [[عصبي بنياد|عصبي بنياد/ساختون]] آهن، جيڪي اندروني يا بيروني تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ [[لذت]] جا احساس پيدا ڪن ٿيون. هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي سرگرمي ٻين لذتي مرڪزن کي به متحرڪ ڪري ٿي، جڏهن⁠تہ هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي روڪجڻ سان ٻين مرڪزن جي سرگرمي پڻ گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure systems in the brain |url= |journal=Neuron |type=Review |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=DC |last2=Berridge |first2=KC |date=24 October 2017 |title=Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=Research article |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=E9125–E9134 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705753114 |pmc=5664503 |pmid=29073109 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9125C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، امڪان آهي ته انعامي نظام جي سڀني لذتي مرڪزن جي هڪ ئي وقت گڏيل سرگرمي ''خوش سروري'' جي احساس جي پيدائش لاءِ ضروري هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC |date=2012 |title=The Joyful Mind |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&amp;labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&amp;%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Scientific American |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=2012SciAm.307b..40K |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40 |pmid=22844850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=تنهنڪري اهو سمجهڻ مناسب آهي ته دماغ جا حقيقي لذت جا مرڪز—جيڪي سڌيءَ طرح خوشگوار احساس پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن—اصل ۾ انهن ئي ساختن جي اندر موجود آهن، جن کي اڳ انعامي سرشتي جو حصو سڃاتو ويو هو. انهن مان هڪ نام نهاد لذتي مرڪز ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ''ميڊيل شيل'' نالي ذيلي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ٻيو ''وينٽرل پيليڊم'' ۾ موجود آهي، جيڪو اڳئين دماغ جي هيٺئين حصي جي ويجهو هڪ گهري ساخت آهي ۽ پنهنجي گهڻائي عصبي سگنلن کي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کان حاصل ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ٻئي طرف، شديد خوش سروري عام روزمرهه جي لذتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي. ان جو سبب شايد اهو آهي ته لذت ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ—جهڙي طرح اسان ليبارٽري جي جانورن ۾ ڪيميائي ذريعي پيدا ڪئي—سڄي نيٽ ورڪ جي هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ جي تقاضا ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن هن سرشتي جو ڪو به هڪ جزو غيرفعال ٿي وڃي ته شديد خوش سروري جو احساس گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ڇا لذت جو هي سرشتو، خاص طور ''وينٽرل پيليڊم''، انسانن ۾ به ساڳئي طريقي سان ڪم ڪري ٿو يا نه، اهو اڃا واضح نه ٿي سگهيو آهي.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قسم==
ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا محرڪ [[خوش سروري]] پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا|نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوائون]]، [[قدرتي انعام]]، ۽ سماجي سرگرميون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schultz euphoria&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |year=2015 |title=Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data |pmid=26109341 |pmc=4491543 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |quote=ڊوڙڻ يا ترڻ دوران رانديگرن پاران محسوس ڪيل سرشاري، ميلاپ لاءِ تيار ساٿيءَ سان ملاقات وقت پيدا ٿيندڙ جنسي خواهش، جنسي عروج، منشيات استعمال ڪندڙن پاران بيان ڪيل خوش سروري، ۽ ٻارن ڏانهن والدين جي شفقت، لذت جا مختلف درجا يا مقدار نه، بلڪه ان جون جدا جدا صورتون يا ڪيفيتون آهن.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[مزاجي خرابي]]ون، جهڙوڪ يڪ قطبي [[شيدائيت]] يا [[ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي]]، پڻ پنهنجي علامتن مان هڪ طور خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

===موسيقي سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ===
{{Further|فرِيسن}}

خوش سروري ناچ ڪرڻ، موسيقي وڄائڻ، يا اهڙي موسيقي ٻڌڻ سان به پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا شديد جذباتي اثر پيدا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ |title=Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–262 |year=2011 |pmid=21217764 |doi=10.1038/nn.2726 |s2cid=205433454 |quote=موسيقي، جيڪا هڪ تجريدي محرڪ آهي، اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ... موسيقيءَ جي توقع يا انتظار دوران ''ڪاڊيٽ''  وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. ... خاص طور تي، ڪنهن تجريدي انعام جي توقع به اهڙي عصبي رستي ۾ ڊوپامين جي خارج ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي، جيڪو اُن رستي کان مختلف هوندو آهي، جيڪو خود لذت جي بلند ترين احساس سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mavridis IN |title=Music and the nucleus accumbens |journal=Surg Radiol Anat |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25102783 |doi=10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0 |s2cid=25768771 |quote=انعام، خودمختيار عصبي نظام ۽ ادراڪي عملن کي منظم ڪندڙ دماغي علائقن جي وچ ۾ موجود فعلي رابطي مان اهو سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي ته موسيقي ٻڌڻ انساني زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انعام ڏيندڙ ۽ لطف اندوز ڪندڙ تجربن مان هڪ ڇو آهي. موسيقي جا محرڪ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' (NA) ۾ خلين کان ٻاهر موجود [[ڊوپامين]] (DA) جي سطح کي نمايان طور وڌائي سگهن ٿا. موسيقيءَ جي سامهون آيل جانورن ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۾ ڊوپامين ۽ [[سيروٽونن]] جون سطحون به نمايان طور وڌيڪ ڏٺيون ويون. آخرڪار، اهڙي موسيقي کي خاموشيءَ سان ٻڌڻ، جيڪا اڳ اڻڄاتل هجي پر پسند اچي، پڻ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کي سرگرم ڪري ٿي. ... موسيقي اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جو اندازو ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي سرگرميءَ مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو سمعي ۽ پيشانيءَ وارن دماغي علائقن سان فعلي رابطو موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعام جي واڌ سان گڏ وڌندو وڃي ٿو. ... خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ ''وينٽرل ٽيگمينٽل ايريا'' (VTA) جي وسيلي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۽ [[هائيپوٿيلمس]]، [[انسولا]] ۽ [[اوربيٽوفرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي وچ ۾ ٿيندڙ رابطي کي نمايان طور سرگرم ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;
'''نتيجا'''&lt;br /&gt;
موسيقي ٻڌڻ، ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سميت، انعامي عمل ۾ شامل ميزولمبڪ دماغي جوڙجڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ جي سرگرميءَ تي نمايان اثر وجهي ٿو. مثبت ۽ خوشگوار جذباتي محرڪ طور موسيقي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڊوپاميني سرگرميءَ ۾ واڌ آڻي ٿي. خاص طور تي، موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جي اڳڪٿي سمعي ڪارٽيڪس، [[اميگڊالا]] ۽ [[وينٽروميڊيل پري فرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سان وڌندڙ فعلي رابطي جي بنياد تي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. موسيقي اسان جي زندگيءَ تي ڪيئن اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي، ان ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڪردار کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح سمجهڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ تحقيق جي ضرورت آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته [[انعامي نظام]] موسيقي مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt; جذباتي طور خوشگوار موسيقي [[ڊوپامين]] جي عصبي ترسيل کي [[ڊوپاميني رستن]] ۾ نمايان طور وڌائي ٿي، جيڪي [[اسٽرائٽم]] (يعني [[ميزولمبڪ رستو]] ۽ [[نائيگروسٽرائٽل رستو]]) ڏانهن سگنل موڪلين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zatorre RJ |title=Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1337 |issue=1 |pages=202–211 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25773636 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12677 |quote=گهڻا ماڻهو موسيقيءَ مان لذت حاصل ڪن ٿا. عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته انساني دماغ جو [[انعامي نظام]] هن تجربي ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران ڊورسل ۽ وينٽرل [[اسٽرائٽم]] مان [[ڊوپامين]] خارج ٿئي ٿو، ۽ انهن دماغي ساختن جي سرگرمي موسيقيءَ جي حصن جي انعامي قدر کي پڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ان کان علاوه، اسٽرائٽم انهن دماغي ڪارٽيڪسي عملن سان به لاڳاپو رکي ٿو، جيڪي موسيقيءَ جي محرڪن جي ادراڪ ۽ انهن جي قدرن جي تشخيص ۾ حصو وٺن ٿا. ... موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي تجربن کي ماپڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيل هڪ سوالنامي جي ذريعي موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل لذت جا ڪيترائي الڳ عنصر سڃاتا ويا، جن ۾ موسيقيءَ ڏانهن لاڙو، جذبات جي اُڀار، مزاج جي ضابطي، حسي-حرڪتي (سينسري موٽر) عملن، ۽ سماجي عنصرن کي شامل ڪيو ويو. هن سوالنامي کي وڏي آباديءَ تي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان معلوم ٿيو ته تقريباً 5 سيڪڙو ماڻهن ۾، عام انهدونيا (لذت محسوس نه ڪرڻ) يا ڊپريشن جي غير موجودگيءَ باوجود، موسيقيءَ مان انعام حاصل ڪرڻ جي حساسيت گهٽ هوندي آهي. هن گروهه تي وڌيڪ تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿيو ته اهڙا ماڻهو موسيقي کان سواءِ ٻين انعامن (مثال طور مالي انعام) تي رويي ۽ نفسي-جسماني (سائيڪوفزيولاجيڪل) لحاظ کان عام ردِعمل ڏيکارين ٿا، پر موسيقيءَ کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان ۾ موجود ارادي وارن جذبن کي سڃاڻڻ جي صلاحيت برقرار هجڻ باوجود، اهي موسيقيءَ مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.. |bibcode=2015NYASA1337..202Z |s2cid=22212386 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3456475 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019131011/https://zenodo.org/record/3456475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تقريباً 5٪ ماڻهن ۾ هڪ حالت ڏٺي ويندي آهي، جنهن کي [[موسيقيءَ جي انهدونيا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان منتقل ٿيندڙ جذبات کي سمجهڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي، پر اهي جذباتي طور اثرائتي موسيقي ٻڌڻ باوجود ان مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt;

جنوري 2019ع ۾ ٿيل هڪ ڪلينيڪي مطالعي ۾ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي احساس تي ڊوپامين جي اڳواٽ جزو ([[ليووڊوپا]])، ڊوپامين مخالف دوا ([[رسپيريڊون]])، ۽ پليسيبو جي اثرن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. هن مطالعي ۾ موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران محسوس ٿيندڙ لذت، [[ميوزيڪل چلز]]، [[اليڪٽروڊرمل سرگرمي]] ۾ تبديلي، ۽ ذاتي درجابندي کي ماپيو ويو. نتيجن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته ڊوپامين جي عصبي ترسيل ۾ واڌ يا گهٽتائي موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت کي ٻنهي رخن ۾ ضابطو آڻي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot; /&gt; هن تحقيق مان اهو پڻ ظاهر ٿيو ته انسانن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان خوشگوار لذت پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ ڊوپامين جي وڌيل عصبي ترسيل هڪ لازمي شرط (''[[sine qua non]]'') آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A |title=Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2019 |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3793–3798 |pmid=30670642 |pmc=6397525 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811878116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3793F |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ |title=Musical pleasure and musical emotions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3364–3366 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30770455 |pmc=6397567 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1900369116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3364G |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===جنسي عمل سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===

جنسي ملاپ جا مختلف مرحلا به ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا. ڪيترن ئي محققن موجب يا ته سڄو جنسي عمل، يا جنسي عروج ([[اورگازم]]) کان اڳ جا لمحا، يا خود اورگازم، انساني لذت يا خوش سروريءَ جي بلند ترين صورتن مان شمار ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Hansteen RW |year=1977 |title=Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1179–1180 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006 |pmid=199128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===
[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ميٿامفيٽامين]] جي وڏي مقدار دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروري جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html |title=Methamphetamine {{!}} InfoFacts {{!}} The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035539/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/methamphetamine.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوا''' (''يوفوريئنٽ'') [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جو لاڙو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |title=Merrian-Webster definition |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |archive-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻيون اهڙيون دوائون [[نشي آور دوا|نشو پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون]] هونديون آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن ۾ [[تقويت]] پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ دماغ جي [[انعامي نظام]] کي سرگرم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

====محرڪ دوائون====

[[ڊوپاميني]] محرڪ دوائون، جهڙوڪ [[ايمفيٽامين]]، [[ميٿامفيٽامين]]، [[ڪوڪين]]، ۽ [[ميٿائل فينيڊيٽ]]، خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 |pages=191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نڪوٽين]] هڪ [[پيراسمپيٿيٽڪ محرڪ دوا]] آهي، جيڪا ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ هلڪي درجي جي خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; اهڙيءَ طرح [[زانٿين]] مرڪب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪيفين]] ۽ [[ٿيئوبرومين]]، کي پڻ ڪجهه محقق هلڪي درجي جا خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ مادا سمجهن ٿا.

[[اريڪا کجي]] (''[[اريڪا ڪيٽيچو]]'') جي ٻج، يعني [[ڇاليو]]، کي بجريل چون ([[ڪيلشيم هائيڊرو آڪسائيڊ]]) سان چٻائڻ—جيڪو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ عام رواج آهي—محرڪ اثرن سان گڏ خوش سروري پڻ پيدا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA791 |title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions |vauthors=Cox S, Ullah M, Zoellner H |veditors=Preedy VR |publisher=Academic Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-12-800677-1 |pages=791 |language=en |chapter=Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 2014 |title=A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |vauthors=Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.133702|pmid=25006276|pmc=4080659 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 2012 |title=Association of Betel Nut with Carcinogenesis: Revisit with a Clinical Perspective |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |article-number=e42759 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042759 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3418282 |pmid=22912735 |vauthors=Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742759S |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان جا بنيادي نفسي اثر رکندڙ جزا—[[اريڪولين]] (مسڪارينڪ ريڪپٽر جو جزوي متحرڪ ڪندڙ) ۽ [[اريڪائيڊين]] (GABA جي ٻيهر جذب کي روڪيندڙ)—خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFC6BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |title=Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions |vauthors=Arif A, Westermeyer J |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4615-9516-8 |location=New York |pages=159–160 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibxfK1l6oXoC&amp;pg=PA53 |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines |last=Aronson |first=J. K. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-53269-5 |pages=53 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="54130" sha1="k11izl015e05ibe2j1smnf9u34z5lbd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==عصبي نفسيات {{anchor|Neural substrates}}==
{{Main|انعامي نظام#لذت جا مرڪز}}

[[لذتي مرڪز]] (''ھيڊونڪ ھاٽ اسپاٽس'') پاڻ ۾ فعلي طور لاڳاپيل [[عصبي بنياد|عصبي بنياد/ساختون]] آهن، جيڪي اندروني يا بيروني تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ [[لذت]] جا احساس پيدا ڪن ٿيون. هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي سرگرمي ٻين لذتي مرڪزن کي به متحرڪ ڪري ٿي، جڏهن⁠تہ هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي روڪجڻ سان ٻين مرڪزن جي سرگرمي پڻ گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure systems in the brain |url= |journal=Neuron |type=Review |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=DC |last2=Berridge |first2=KC |date=24 October 2017 |title=Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=Research article |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=E9125–E9134 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705753114 |pmc=5664503 |pmid=29073109 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9125C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، امڪان آهي ته انعامي نظام جي سڀني لذتي مرڪزن جي هڪ ئي وقت گڏيل سرگرمي ''خوش سروري'' جي احساس جي پيدائش لاءِ ضروري هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC |date=2012 |title=The Joyful Mind |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&amp;labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&amp;%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Scientific American |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=2012SciAm.307b..40K |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40 |pmid=22844850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=تنهنڪري اهو سمجهڻ مناسب آهي ته دماغ جا حقيقي لذت جا مرڪز—جيڪي سڌيءَ طرح خوشگوار احساس پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن—اصل ۾ انهن ئي ساختن جي اندر موجود آهن، جن کي اڳ انعامي سرشتي جو حصو سڃاتو ويو هو. انهن مان هڪ نام نهاد لذتي مرڪز ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ''ميڊيل شيل'' نالي ذيلي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ٻيو ''وينٽرل پيليڊم'' ۾ موجود آهي، جيڪو اڳئين دماغ جي هيٺئين حصي جي ويجهو هڪ گهري ساخت آهي ۽ پنهنجي گهڻائي عصبي سگنلن کي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کان حاصل ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ٻئي طرف، شديد خوش سروري عام روزمرهه جي لذتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي. ان جو سبب شايد اهو آهي ته لذت ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ—جهڙي طرح اسان ليبارٽري جي جانورن ۾ ڪيميائي ذريعي پيدا ڪئي—سڄي نيٽ ورڪ جي هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ جي تقاضا ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن هن سرشتي جو ڪو به هڪ جزو غيرفعال ٿي وڃي ته شديد خوش سروري جو احساس گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ڇا لذت جو هي سرشتو، خاص طور ''وينٽرل پيليڊم''، انسانن ۾ به ساڳئي طريقي سان ڪم ڪري ٿو يا نه، اهو اڃا واضح نه ٿي سگهيو آهي.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قسم==
ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا محرڪ [[خوش سروري]] پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا|نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوائون]]، [[قدرتي انعام]]، ۽ سماجي سرگرميون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schultz euphoria&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |year=2015 |title=Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data |pmid=26109341 |pmc=4491543 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |quote=ڊوڙڻ يا ترڻ دوران رانديگرن پاران محسوس ڪيل سرشاري، ميلاپ لاءِ تيار ساٿيءَ سان ملاقات وقت پيدا ٿيندڙ جنسي خواهش، جنسي عروج، منشيات استعمال ڪندڙن پاران بيان ڪيل خوش سروري، ۽ ٻارن ڏانهن والدين جي شفقت، لذت جا مختلف درجا يا مقدار نه، بلڪه ان جون جدا جدا صورتون يا ڪيفيتون آهن.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[مزاجي خرابي]]ون، جهڙوڪ يڪ قطبي [[شيدائيت]] يا [[ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي]]، پڻ پنهنجي علامتن مان هڪ طور خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

===موسيقي سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ===
{{Further|فرِيسن}}

خوش سروري ناچ ڪرڻ، موسيقي وڄائڻ، يا اهڙي موسيقي ٻڌڻ سان به پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا شديد جذباتي اثر پيدا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ |title=Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–262 |year=2011 |pmid=21217764 |doi=10.1038/nn.2726 |s2cid=205433454 |quote=موسيقي، جيڪا هڪ تجريدي محرڪ آهي، اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ... موسيقيءَ جي توقع يا انتظار دوران ''ڪاڊيٽ''  وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. ... خاص طور تي، ڪنهن تجريدي انعام جي توقع به اهڙي عصبي رستي ۾ ڊوپامين جي خارج ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي، جيڪو اُن رستي کان مختلف هوندو آهي، جيڪو خود لذت جي بلند ترين احساس سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mavridis IN |title=Music and the nucleus accumbens |journal=Surg Radiol Anat |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25102783 |doi=10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0 |s2cid=25768771 |quote=انعام، خودمختيار عصبي نظام ۽ ادراڪي عملن کي منظم ڪندڙ دماغي علائقن جي وچ ۾ موجود فعلي رابطي مان اهو سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي ته موسيقي ٻڌڻ انساني زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انعام ڏيندڙ ۽ لطف اندوز ڪندڙ تجربن مان هڪ ڇو آهي. موسيقي جا محرڪ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' (NA) ۾ خلين کان ٻاهر موجود [[ڊوپامين]] (DA) جي سطح کي نمايان طور وڌائي سگهن ٿا. موسيقيءَ جي سامهون آيل جانورن ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۾ ڊوپامين ۽ [[سيروٽونن]] جون سطحون به نمايان طور وڌيڪ ڏٺيون ويون. آخرڪار، اهڙي موسيقي کي خاموشيءَ سان ٻڌڻ، جيڪا اڳ اڻڄاتل هجي پر پسند اچي، پڻ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کي سرگرم ڪري ٿي. ... موسيقي اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جو اندازو ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي سرگرميءَ مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو سمعي ۽ پيشانيءَ وارن دماغي علائقن سان فعلي رابطو موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعام جي واڌ سان گڏ وڌندو وڃي ٿو. ... خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ ''وينٽرل ٽيگمينٽل ايريا'' (VTA) جي وسيلي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۽ [[هائيپوٿيلمس]]، [[انسولا]] ۽ [[اوربيٽوفرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي وچ ۾ ٿيندڙ رابطي کي نمايان طور سرگرم ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;
'''نتيجا'''&lt;br /&gt;
موسيقي ٻڌڻ، ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سميت، انعامي عمل ۾ شامل ميزولمبڪ دماغي جوڙجڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ جي سرگرميءَ تي نمايان اثر وجهي ٿو. مثبت ۽ خوشگوار جذباتي محرڪ طور موسيقي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڊوپاميني سرگرميءَ ۾ واڌ آڻي ٿي. خاص طور تي، موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جي اڳڪٿي سمعي ڪارٽيڪس، [[اميگڊالا]] ۽ [[وينٽروميڊيل پري فرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سان وڌندڙ فعلي رابطي جي بنياد تي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. موسيقي اسان جي زندگيءَ تي ڪيئن اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي، ان ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڪردار کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح سمجهڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ تحقيق جي ضرورت آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته [[انعامي نظام]] موسيقي مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt; جذباتي طور خوشگوار موسيقي [[ڊوپامين]] جي عصبي ترسيل کي [[ڊوپاميني رستن]] ۾ نمايان طور وڌائي ٿي، جيڪي [[اسٽرائٽم]] (يعني [[ميزولمبڪ رستو]] ۽ [[نائيگروسٽرائٽل رستو]]) ڏانهن سگنل موڪلين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zatorre RJ |title=Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1337 |issue=1 |pages=202–211 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25773636 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12677 |quote=گهڻا ماڻهو موسيقيءَ مان لذت حاصل ڪن ٿا. عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته انساني دماغ جو [[انعامي نظام]] هن تجربي ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران ڊورسل ۽ وينٽرل [[اسٽرائٽم]] مان [[ڊوپامين]] خارج ٿئي ٿو، ۽ انهن دماغي ساختن جي سرگرمي موسيقيءَ جي حصن جي انعامي قدر کي پڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ان کان علاوه، اسٽرائٽم انهن دماغي ڪارٽيڪسي عملن سان به لاڳاپو رکي ٿو، جيڪي موسيقيءَ جي محرڪن جي ادراڪ ۽ انهن جي قدرن جي تشخيص ۾ حصو وٺن ٿا. ... موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي تجربن کي ماپڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيل هڪ سوالنامي جي ذريعي موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل لذت جا ڪيترائي الڳ عنصر سڃاتا ويا، جن ۾ موسيقيءَ ڏانهن لاڙو، جذبات جي اُڀار، مزاج جي ضابطي، حسي-حرڪتي (سينسري موٽر) عملن، ۽ سماجي عنصرن کي شامل ڪيو ويو. هن سوالنامي کي وڏي آباديءَ تي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان معلوم ٿيو ته تقريباً 5 سيڪڙو ماڻهن ۾، عام انهدونيا (لذت محسوس نه ڪرڻ) يا ڊپريشن جي غير موجودگيءَ باوجود، موسيقيءَ مان انعام حاصل ڪرڻ جي حساسيت گهٽ هوندي آهي. هن گروهه تي وڌيڪ تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿيو ته اهڙا ماڻهو موسيقي کان سواءِ ٻين انعامن (مثال طور مالي انعام) تي رويي ۽ نفسي-جسماني (سائيڪوفزيولاجيڪل) لحاظ کان عام ردِعمل ڏيکارين ٿا، پر موسيقيءَ کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان ۾ موجود ارادي وارن جذبن کي سڃاڻڻ جي صلاحيت برقرار هجڻ باوجود، اهي موسيقيءَ مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.. |bibcode=2015NYASA1337..202Z |s2cid=22212386 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3456475 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019131011/https://zenodo.org/record/3456475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تقريباً 5٪ ماڻهن ۾ هڪ حالت ڏٺي ويندي آهي، جنهن کي [[موسيقيءَ جي انهدونيا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان منتقل ٿيندڙ جذبات کي سمجهڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي، پر اهي جذباتي طور اثرائتي موسيقي ٻڌڻ باوجود ان مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt;

جنوري 2019ع ۾ ٿيل هڪ ڪلينيڪي مطالعي ۾ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي احساس تي ڊوپامين جي اڳواٽ جزو ([[ليووڊوپا]])، ڊوپامين مخالف دوا ([[رسپيريڊون]])، ۽ پليسيبو جي اثرن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. هن مطالعي ۾ موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران محسوس ٿيندڙ لذت، [[ميوزيڪل چلز]]، [[اليڪٽروڊرمل سرگرمي]] ۾ تبديلي، ۽ ذاتي درجابندي کي ماپيو ويو. نتيجن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته ڊوپامين جي عصبي ترسيل ۾ واڌ يا گهٽتائي موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت کي ٻنهي رخن ۾ ضابطو آڻي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot; /&gt; هن تحقيق مان اهو پڻ ظاهر ٿيو ته انسانن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان خوشگوار لذت پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ ڊوپامين جي وڌيل عصبي ترسيل هڪ لازمي شرط (''[[sine qua non]]'') آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A |title=Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2019 |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3793–3798 |pmid=30670642 |pmc=6397525 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811878116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3793F |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ |title=Musical pleasure and musical emotions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3364–3366 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30770455 |pmc=6397567 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1900369116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3364G |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===جنسي عمل سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===

جنسي ملاپ جا مختلف مرحلا به ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا. ڪيترن ئي محققن موجب يا ته سڄو جنسي عمل، يا جنسي عروج ([[اورگازم]]) کان اڳ جا لمحا، يا خود اورگازم، انساني لذت يا خوش سروريءَ جي بلند ترين صورتن مان شمار ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Hansteen RW |year=1977 |title=Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1179–1180 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006 |pmid=199128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===
[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ميٿامفيٽامين]] جي وڏي مقدار دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروري جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html |title=Methamphetamine {{!}} InfoFacts {{!}} The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035539/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/methamphetamine.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوا''' (''يوفوريئنٽ'') [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جو لاڙو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |title=Merrian-Webster definition |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |archive-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻيون اهڙيون دوائون [[نشي آور دوا|نشو پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون]] هونديون آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن ۾ [[تقويت]] پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ دماغ جي [[انعامي نظام]] کي سرگرم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

====محرڪ دوائون====

[[ڊوپاميني]] محرڪ دوائون، جهڙوڪ [[ايمفيٽامين]]، [[ميٿامفيٽامين]]، [[ڪوڪين]]، ۽ [[ميٿائل فينيڊيٽ]]، خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 |pages=191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نڪوٽين]] هڪ [[پيراسمپيٿيٽڪ محرڪ دوا]] آهي، جيڪا ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ هلڪي درجي جي خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; اهڙيءَ طرح [[زانٿين]] مرڪب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪيفين]] ۽ [[ٿيئوبرومين]]، کي پڻ ڪجهه محقق هلڪي درجي جا خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ مادا سمجهن ٿا.

[[اريڪا کجي]] (''[[اريڪا ڪيٽيچو]]'') جي ٻج، يعني [[ڇاليو]]، کي بجريل چون ([[ڪيلشيم هائيڊرو آڪسائيڊ]]) سان چٻائڻ—جيڪو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ عام رواج آهي—محرڪ اثرن سان گڏ خوش سروري پڻ پيدا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA791 |title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions |vauthors=Cox S, Ullah M, Zoellner H |veditors=Preedy VR |publisher=Academic Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-12-800677-1 |pages=791 |language=en |chapter=Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 2014 |title=A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |vauthors=Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.133702|pmid=25006276|pmc=4080659 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 2012 |title=Association of Betel Nut with Carcinogenesis: Revisit with a Clinical Perspective |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |article-number=e42759 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042759 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3418282 |pmid=22912735 |vauthors=Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742759S |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان جا بنيادي نفسي اثر رکندڙ جزا—[[اريڪولين]] (مسڪارينڪ ريڪپٽر جو جزوي متحرڪ ڪندڙ) ۽ [[اريڪائيڊين]] (GABA جي ٻيهر جذب کي روڪيندڙ)—خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFC6BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |title=Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions |vauthors=Arif A, Westermeyer J |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4615-9516-8 |location=New York |pages=159–160 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibxfK1l6oXoC&amp;pg=PA53 |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines |last=Aronson |first=J. K. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-53269-5 |pages=53 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[عروج وارو تجربو]]

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
'''نفسياتي'''

* [[ڊسفوريا]]
* [[يوٿائيميا]]
* [[هائپرٿائيميا]]
* [[حيرت جو احساس]]

{{Col-break}}
'''دوائن بابت'''

* [[پريشاني گهٽائيندڙ دوا]]
* [[ترتيب ڏنل منشيات]]
* [[تفريحي مقصد لاءِ منشيات جو استعمال]]

{{col-end}}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <text bytes="54075" sha1="lv154q30zqec7ehcxy9giaei7x1lmdn" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|شديد خوشي ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس}}

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Supreme happiness.jpg|thumb]]

'''خام خيالي''' (Euphoria) خوشفھميءَ واري ڪيفيت، حالت تہ سڀ ڪجهہ ٺيڪ آهي. ليکڪ زندگيءَ جي حقيقتن کي ڏسڻ بجاءِ تصوراتي طور فراريت حاصل ڪري ذهني آسودگي ڳوليندا آهن ۽ خوشفھميءَ جو شڪار ٿيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;ڪتاب: ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''خوش سروري'''  شديد [[خوشي]]، جوش، گهري [[ڀلائي]] ۽ [[مسرت]] جي احساس يا ([[نفسيات]] ۾ [[اثر (نفسيات)|اثر]]) کي چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0074774215000082 |title=The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse |veditors=Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K |series=International Review of Neurobiology |vauthors=Bearn J, O'Brien M |chapter=Chapter Ten - &quot;Addicted to Euphoria&quot;: The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse |publisher=Academic Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802978-7 |volume=120 |pages=205–33 |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 |pmid=26070759 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21396397&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Alcaro A, Panksepp J |year=2011 |title=The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763411000455 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1805–1820 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002 |pmid=21396397 |url-access=subscription |s2cid=6613696}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه [[قدرتي انعام]] ۽ سماجي سرگرميون، جهڙوڪ [[ايروبڪ ورزش]]، [[کل]]، موسيقي ٻڌڻ يا ٺاهڻ، ۽ ناچ ڪرڻ، خوش سروري جي حالت پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM4phrases&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases |url=http://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061611/https://www.gatewaypsychiatric.com/key-dsm-iv-mental-status-exam-phrases |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Gateway Psychiatric Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI |year=2010 |title=Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds |journal=Biol. Lett. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=106–8 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 |pmc=2817271 |pmid=19755532 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوش سروري ڪجهه [[اعصابي بيماري]]ن يا [[اعصابي نفسياتي بيماري]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[مينيا]]، جي هڪ علامت پڻ آهي. [[رومانوي محبت]] ۽ [[انساني جنسي ردعمل جو چڪر]] جا ڪجهه مرحلا پڻ خوش سروري جي پيدا ٿيڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sex cycle&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML |date=July 2012 |title=The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures |url=http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–81 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004 |pmid=22609047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813081909/http://www.kringelbach.org/papers/PN_Georgiadis2012.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |via=Hedonia |s2cid=3793929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ΔFosB reward&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M |title=Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–55 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22641964 |pmc=4040958 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.662112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Intimacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jankowiak |first1=William |last2=Paladino |first2=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC |title=Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50876-6 |editor-last=Jankowiak |editor-first=William R. |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ap573MxWwC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه دوائون، جن مان گهڻيون [[لت]] پيدا ڪندڙ هونديون آهن، خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور انهن جي وندر لاءِ استعمال ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC |title=Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice |vauthors=Roache JD |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0338-9 |veditors=Johnson BA |page=133 |chapter=Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&amp;pg=PA129 |url-access=limited |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽ]]، يعني دماغ جا خوشي پيدا ڪندڙ مرڪز، فعالي طور هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. هڪ مرڪز جي چالو ٿيڻ سان ٻيا مرڪز پڻ سرگرم ٿي ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڪنهن هڪ مرڪز جي روڪ ٻين مرڪزن جي اثر کي به گهٽائي ڇڏيندي آهي. تنهن ڪري اهو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته [[انعامي نظام]] جي سڀني هيڊونڪ هاٽ اسپاٽن جو هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ شديد خوش سروري جي احساس پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ضروري هوندو آهي.

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== تاريخ  ==

انگريزي لفظ '''يوفوريا''' قديم يوناني اصطلاحن اِيوفوريا مان نڪتل آهي: اِيو جي معنيٰ ”سٺو“ ۽ فيرو جي معنيٰ ”کڻڻ“ يا ”برداشت ڪرڻ“ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |vauthors=[[هينري لڊل]], [[رابرٽ اسڪاٽ (لسانيات دان)]] |publisher=Clarendon Press |others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[هينري اسٽيورٽ جونز]], with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. |year=1940 |isbn= |location=Oxford |at=Perseus |via=Tufts University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221185537/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=euphoria&amp;searchmode=none |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; معنوي لحاظ کان اهو [[ابتڙ (معنيات)|ڊسفوريا]] جو ابتڙ آهي.

[[انگريزي لفظن جي نئين دنيا|1706ع جي هڪ انگريزي لغت]] ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي وصف هن ريت ڏني وئي: ”ڪنهن دوا جي اثر کي چڱيءَ ريت برداشت ڪرڻ، يعني جڏهن مريض ان جي استعمال کان پوءِ پاڻ کي آرام يافته يا سڪون ۾ محسوس ڪري.“&lt;ref name=&quot;:1706Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHBUAAAAYAAJ |title=The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary. |vauthors=Kersey J, Phillips E |publisher=Printed for J. Phillips |year=1706 |location=London |pages=EU |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1860ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران انگريز طبيب [[ٿامس ليڪاڪ (فعليات دان)|ٿامس ليڪاڪ]] خوش سروريءَ کي جسماني ڀلائي ۽ [[اميد]] جي احساس طور بيان ڪيو. هن ڪجهه [[لاعلاج بيماري]]ن جي آخري مرحلي ۾ ان جي غيرمناسب ظاهر ٿيڻ جو ذڪر ڪندي اهڙي خوش سروريءَ کي اعصابي نظام جي خرابيءَ سان منسوب ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;1862-64Laycock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=4 January 1862 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n11 1] |language=en |quote=بيشڪ، گهڻين حالتن ۾ مريض جي ظاهري حالت سندس اندروني احساسن کان وڌيڪ تشخيصي اهميت رکي ٿي. ائين ڪجهه انتهائي سنگين بيمارين ۾ ٿيندو آهي، جتي اعصابي نظام جو اهو حصو، جيڪو جسماني ڀلائيءَ جي احساس جو ذميوار هوندو آهي ۽ جنهن کي نفسيات جي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، پنهنجي ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ بيماراڻي تبديليءَ جو شڪار ٿي ويندو آهي.}}&lt;br /&gt;
 '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog |title=The Medical Times &amp; Gazette |vauthors=Laycock T |date=17 May 1864 |publisher=John Churchill |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltimesand00churgoog/page/n510 500] |language=en |quote=تپِ دق (Phthisis) ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ اها بيماراڻي اميد، جنهن کي فعلياتي اصطلاح ۾ ''خوش سروري'' چيو ويندو آهي، خاص طور هن قسم جي مريضن ۾ نمايان هوندي آهي. مون ڪيترائي ڀيرا مريض جي بستري وٽ هن حالت ڏانهن ڌيان ڇڪايو آهي ۽ واضح ڪيو آهي ته اها بيماريءَ جي آخري مرحلي جي شروعات جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي. حقيقت ۾ اها اعصابي نظام جي هڪ گهٽ درجي واري بيماري، يعني جنون جي هڪ قسم، جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي ۽ انتهائي خراب اڳڪٿيءَ واري علامت سمجهي وڃي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[زگمنڊ فرائيڊ]] جي 1884ع واري تحقيقي مقالي ''اوبر ڪوڪا'' ۾ سندس پنهنجي [[ڪوڪين]] جي استعمال سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ”هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروري“ جو ذڪر ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1884Freud&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Über Coca |vauthors=Freud S |year=1884}}, cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 {{Cite book |chapter-url=http://digisrv-2.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8081/docportal/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/DocPortal_derivate_00003764/013.pdf#page=130 |title=NIDA Research Monograph #13 |vauthors=Siegel RK |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1977 |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |page=130 |chapter=Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication |quote=ڪوڪين جو نفسي اثر سرشاري ۽ ڊگهي رهندڙ خوش سروريءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جيڪا ڪنهن به لحاظ کان ''هڪ صحتمند ماڻهوءَ جي معمولي خوش سروريءَ'' کان مختلف نه هوندي آهي.... ماڻهو پاڻ تي ضابطي ۾ واڌ محسوس ڪري ٿو ۽ پاڻ کي وڌيڪ سگهارو ۽ ڪم ڪرڻ جي وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکندڙ سمجهي ٿو؛ پر ٻئي پاسي، ڪم ڪرڻ دوران ذهني صلاحيتن ۾ اها واڌ محسوس نٿي ٿئي، جيڪا شراب، چانهه يا ڪافي پيدا ڪن ٿا. ماڻهو رڳو پاڻ کي معمولي حالت ۾ محسوس ڪري ٿو، ۽ جلد ئي کيس اهو مڃڻ ڏکيو لڳي ٿو ته هو ڪنهن دوا جي اثر هيٺ آهي.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; لڳ ڀڳ 1890ع ۾ جرمن [[اعصابي نفسيات|اعصابي نفسيات دان]] [[ڪارل ورنيڪي]] مينيا ۾ مبتلا مريضن جي ”غيرمعمولي خوش سروري“ بابت ليڪچر ڏنا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1890Wernicke&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1N1CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216 |title=An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke |vauthors=Miller R, Dennison J |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-18051-9 |pages=216 |language=en |chapter=Lecture 31 |quote=صلاحيت بابت عقلي فيصلو ڪرڻ جي قوت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي ۽ پنهنجي قابليت ۾ واڌ جو احساس پيدا ٿئي ٿو... اهو خوشيءَ جا اهڙا احساس پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيڪي وڌندي وڌندي غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ تائين پهچي وڃن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، جيڪڏهن نفسياتي صلاحيت جو ڪجهه درجو برقرار هجي ته ماڻهو پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ آيل تبديليءَ کان آگاهه ٿي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي مٿين مفهوم موجب ''آٽو سائيڪڪ پيريستيزيا'' چيو وڃي ٿو. نتيجي طور، غيرمعمولي خوش سروريءَ جي اها جذباتي حالت، جيڪا بيماريءَ جي ڪلينيڪي تصوير جو تعين ڪري ٿي، اڪثر ''آٽو سائيڪڪ بي ترتيبي'' ڏانهن منتقليءَ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. |via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1903ع ۾ ''[[دي بوسٽن گلوب|دي بوسٽن ڊيلي گلوب]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مضمون خوش سروريءَ کي ”خوشگوار جوش“ ۽ ”آرام ۽ ڀلائيءَ جو احساس“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1903BostonGlobe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Paris Doctors Say That Scorching is Like Effects of Drugs |newspaper=Paris Herald |year=1903}} reprinted in [https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/robert-thomas/clipnumber/65981/ The Boston Daily Globe], 13 May 1903. p. 6 {{free access}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1920ع ۾ ''[[پاپولر سائنس]]'' رسالي خوش سروريءَ کي ”هڪ ڳرو ۽ علمي لڳندڙ نالو“ سڏيندي ان جي معنيٰ ”پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ“ ٻڌائي. رسالي موجب معمولي حالت ۾ اها زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو بڻائيندي آهي، منشيات جي استعمال کي اُتساهيندي آهي ۽ ڪجهه ذهني بيمارين ۾ بگڙيل صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1920PopScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 1920 |title=Have You Euphoria? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ikDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA79 |journal=Popular Science |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=79 |quote=ڪنهن مشهور ۽ چڱيءَ طرح سڃاتل مظهري کي وڏو علمي نالو ڏيڻ لاءِ ڊاڪٽر جي ضرورت پوندي آهي. &quot;خوش سروري&quot; جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;پاڻ کي چڱو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot;. اها جسماني فعليات جي لحاظ کان اوتري ئي حقيقي حقيقت آهي، جيتري ڳاڙهي بخار (اسڪارليٽ فيور).&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}قدرت زندگيءَ کي جيئڻ جوڳو رڳو خوش سروريءَ جي ذريعي بڻائي ٿي. ٽينس ۾ سٺو شاٽ هڻڻ جي خوشي، ٻيلي ۾ کليل هوا مان ڪاٺ ڪٽيندڙ جي مسرت، يا ڪنهن فنڪار جي وجداني سرشاري—اهي سڀ خوش سروريءَ جا نتيجا آهن. اسان شراب ڇو پيئون ٿا، جڏهن اهو دستياب هجي، يا تمباڪو ڇو استعمال ڪريون ٿا؟ خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ. جڏهن ڪو ذهني مريض پاڻ کي نيپولين سمجهي ٿو ۽ شهنشاهه جهڙي عزت جو مطالبو ڪري ٿو، تڏهن اها خوش سروريءَ جي بدترين صورت هوندي آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}خوش سروريءَ بابت اڃا تمام ٿوري ڄاڻ موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن دوائن ۽ ڪيميائي مادن جي ذريعي ان تي اثر انداز ٿي سگهجي ٿو، ته ڪير ڄاڻي شايد ان جو مرڪز جسم جي ڪنهن غدود ۾ هجي.|via=Google books}}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[رابرٽ ايس ووڊورٿ]] جي 1921ع واري درسي ڪتاب ''سائڪالاجي: ذهني زندگيءَ جو مطالعو'' ۾ خوش سروريءَ کي هڪ جسماني حالت طور بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ ”سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ“ جي برابر آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologystudyo00wooduoft#page/118/mode/2up |title=Psychology, a study of mental life |vauthors=Woodworth, RS |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=1921 |location=New York |pages=119–120 |chapter=Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them |quote=اڳ ۾ &quot;عضوي حالتن&quot; بابت، ردِعمل جي لاڙن جي عام عنوان هيٺ، ڪجهه ذڪر ڪيو ويو هو. ٿڪاوٽ ان جو هڪ مثال هئي. هاڻي اسين ٿڪاوٽ کي &quot;جسم جي اُڀاريل حالت&quot; (stirred-up state of the organism) جي اصطلاح هيٺ شامل ڪري سگهون ٿا؛ جيڪڏهن ان کي مڪمل طور اُڀاريل حالت نه به چئجي، تڏهن به اها بي آرام حالت ضرور آهي. اها جسم جي معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان هڪ انحراف آهي. اها اڪثر هڪ شعوري حالت پڻ هوندي آهي، جيئن اسين &quot;ٿڪ محسوس ٿيڻ&quot; جي ڳالهه ڪندا آهيون. اها رڳو ادراڪي حالت نه هوندي آهي، يعني صرف اهو ڄاڻڻ نه ته اسين ٿڪجي پيا آهيون، پر اها اهڙي حالت هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ماڻهو وڌيڪ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هوندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ ٿڪاوٽ ڪيترين ئي ڳالهين ۾ جذبي سان ملي ٿي ۽ اسان جي تعريف ۾ اچي ٿي، پر ان کي جذبو نه، بلڪه هڪ احساس يا احساسن جو مجموعو چيو ويندو آهي....&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ساڳئي نموني ٻيون به ڪيتريون عضوي حالتون آهن، جيڪي جذبن سان ويجهي مشابهت رکن ٿيون. ٿڪاوٽ جي ابتڙ، آرام کان پوءِ ٿوري سرگرميءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ &quot;گرم ٿيل&quot; يا &quot;تيار ٿيل&quot; حالت ان جو هڪ واضح مثال آهي. اها به معمولي يا غيرجانبدار حالت کان انحراف آهي، پر اهڙي رخ ۾، جيڪو ماڻهوءَ کي وڌيڪ سرگرميءَ لاءِ تيار ڪري ٿو. اهڙي حالت وارو ماڻهو پاڻ کي ڪم لاءِ تيار محسوس ڪري ٿو، منجهس جوش، توانائي ۽ زندگيءَ جي تازگي ڀريل هوندي آهي. هن حالت کي ''خوش سروري'' (Euphoria) چيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ لڳ ڀڳ &quot;پاڻ کي سٺو محسوس ڪرڻ&quot; آهي. اوٻاسي يا ننڊاڻي حالت به اهڙين جذبن جهڙين عضوي حالتن مان هڪ آهي، پر بک ۽ اڃ به انهن جا ايترا ئي نمايان مثال آهن..|access-date=16 April 2017|via=Internet archive}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1940ع ۾ ''[[دي جرنل آف سائڪالاجي]]'' خوش سروريءَ جي وصف ”عام ڀلائيءَ جي حالت ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت واري احساس“ طور ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1940Psychology&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bousfield WA |date=1940 |title=The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707 |quote=''خوش سروري'' هڪ اهڙو اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو عام ڀلائي ۽ سٺي حالت جي احساس کي مناسب نموني ظاهر ڪري ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ ان ۾ نسبتاً پائيدار ۽ خوشگوار نوعيت جو احساس شامل هوندو آهي، پر نفسياتي لحاظ کان ان جي اهميت بنيادي طور ان ڳالهه مان پيدا ٿئي ٿي ته اها هڪ نيم جذباتي (semi-emotional) ڪيفيت آهي، جيڪا انسان جي روين ۽ نفسياتي عملن تي نمايان اثر وجهڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿي..}}&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ڏهاڪي پوءِ، معمولي ڀلائيءَ جي احساسن کي ماپڻ ڏکيو سمجهندي، آمريڪي لت بابت محقق [[هيرس ازبيل]] خوش سروريءَ جي نئين وصف مورفين سان لاڳاپيل روين ۾ تبديلين ۽ معروضي نشانين جي صورت ۾ ڏني.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1950Isbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keats AS, Beecher HK |date=1952 |title=Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=210–215 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3 |issn=0022-3565 |pmid=14928223 |access-date=17 September 2016 |quote=[[حاشيو 3]] ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ''خوش سروري'' جي تعريف سان ڪجهه اهم معاملا لاڳاپيل آهن، تنهنڪري ڊاڪٽر ازبيل کان سڌي پڇا ڳاڇا ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي جواب ۾ هن (1 نومبر 1951ع جي خط ۾) لکيو:
&quot;منهنجي خيال ۾ ''خوش سروري'' جي اصطلاح کي استعمال ڪرڻ وقت ڪجهه احتياط ڪرڻ مناسب هوندو. هتي اسان ان کي اهڙن اثرن جي سلسلي جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ڪريون ٿا، جيڪي مورفين ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿا. انهن اثرن ۾ رويي ۾ تبديليون ۽ معروضي (objective) نشانيون شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ اک جي پتليءَ جو سوڙهو ٿي وڃڻ، ساهه کڻڻ جي رفتار ۽ مقدار ۾ گهٽتائي، مقعد جي گرمي پد ۾ گهٽتائي وغيره. اسان هن اصطلاح کي 'ڀلائيءَ جي احساس' جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال نٿا ڪريون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهڙي احساس جو جائزو وٺڻ مون لاءِ مڪمل طور ناممڪن رهيو آهي.&quot;
هن مقالي جا ليکڪ خوش سروريءَ جي تعريف کي ''ڀلائيءَ جي احساس'' تائين محدود رکڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا.'. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922093443/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/105/2/210.extract |archive-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite journal |vauthors=Isbell H, Vogel VH |date=1949 |title=The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1949-06_105_12/page/908 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=909–914 |doi=10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=18127077}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |vauthors=Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK |publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse |year=1989 |veditors=Fischman MW, Mello NK |series=National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series |volume=92 |location=Rockville, MD |chapter=4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، 1957ع ۾ برطانوي دواشناسي ماهر ڊي. اي. ڪاهل اوپيئڊ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروريءَ کي [[ضمني اثر|طبي لحاظ کان اڻ وڻندڙ اثر]] نه سمجهيو، پر ان کي اهڙو اثر قرار ڏنو، جيڪو ”هڪ اهم سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا جي قدر وڌائي ٿو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1957Cahal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cahal DA |date=1957 |title=Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x |issn=0366-0826 |pmc=1509651 |pmid=13413158 |quote=انهن سڀني اثرن کي اڻ وڻندڙ نٿو سمجهي سگهجي. مثال طور، غنودگي، خوش سروري، ننڊ، ۽ ''الڳائپ جو احساس'' (ڊٽيچمينٽ) اهڙا اثر آهن، جيڪي هڪ طاقتور سور گهٽائيندڙ دوا (اينلجيزڪ) جي طبي افاديت ۽ اهميت کي وڌائين ٿا..}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1977ع واري ''سائڪياٽري جي مختصر انسائيڪلوپيڊيا'' خوش سروريءَ کي ”[[اطمينان]] ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي مزاجي حالت“ قرار ڏنو، جڏهن ته نفسياتي حوالي سان ان جي استعمال کي بيماراڻي لاڳاپن سان وابسته ڪيو ويو. دماغي بيماريءَ جي نشاني طور ان کي اهڙي ڦڪي ۽ موقعي سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ حالت بيان ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ناڪاري جذبو|ناڪاري جذبن]] کي محسوس ڪرڻ جي نااهليءَ جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1977Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-bzCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA152 |title=A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry |vauthors=Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J |date=1977 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5913-5 |page=152 |language=en |quote= اطمينان ۽ ڀلائيءَ جي احساس واري مزاجي ڪيفيت. نفسياتي طب ۾ ''خوش سروري'' هميشه هڪ مرضي علامت (پيٿالاجيڪل ڪنوٽيشن) رکي ٿي ۽ گهڻو ڪري دماغ جي عضوي بيماريءَ جي شروعاتي اهم نشانين مان هڪ هوندي آهي. اها ''سرشاري'' (elation) کان نفيس پر اهم پهلوئن ۾ مختلف هوندي آهي. ان ۾ اهڙي خوشي يا سرور جي متعدي ڪيفيت نه هوندي آهي، جيڪا ٻين تائين منتقل ٿئي، ۽ نه ئي ان ۾ شوخي يا بي فڪريءَ جو عنصر هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جو پرسڪون اطمينان ڪنهن مثبت احساس تي ٻڌل نه هوندو آهي، بلڪه اداسي يا پريشاني محسوس ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ گهٽتائي يا انهن کان بي خبريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
اها حالت هر اهڙي بيماريءَ ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي، جنهن ۾ دماغ کي وڏي پيماني تي عضوي نقصان پهتو هجي، خاص طور جيڪڏهن دماغ جا اڳيان وارا حصا (فرنٽل لوبز) متاثر ٿيل هجن. اها جلد يا دير سان پوڙهائپ واري ڊيمينشيا ۽ شريانن جي سختيءَ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ ڊيمينشيا (ڏسو)، منتشر اسڪليروسس (ڏسو)، ۽ هنٽنگٽن جي ڪوريا (ڏسو) ۾ ظاهر ٿيندي آهي. ان کان سواءِ سخت مٿي جي زخمن ۽ پراڻي طرز جي ليوڪوٽومي (ڏسو) کان پوءِ به اها گهڻو ڪري مشاهدو ڪئي ويندي آهي. ''خوش سروري'' ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ايڊيسن جي بيماري ۾ پڻ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي. (q.v.).|via=Google books}}&lt;/ref&gt;
21هين صديءَ ۾ خوش سروريءَ جي عام وصف وڏي خوشي، ڀلائي ۽ جوش جي حالت طور ڏني وڃي ٿي. اها حالت معمولي به ٿي سگهي ٿي، پر نفسي اثر ڪندڙ دوائن، مينيا، دماغي بيماري يا دماغي زخم سان لاڳاپيل هجي ته غيرمعمولي ۽ صورتحال سان اڻ ٺهڪندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728064542/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/euphoria |archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria |title=definition of euphoria |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=16 December 2016 |quote=a state of intense happiness and self-confidence&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171012/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/euphoria|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |title=Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Sadock B, Sadock V |year=2009 |edition=9th |pages=411–412, 923 |quote=اهڙي مسلسل ۽ غيرحقيقي ڀلائيءَ جي احساس ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيڪو شيدائيت (mania) ۾ ڏسجندڙ ذهني يا حرڪتي سرگرميءَ جي واڌ کان سواءِ موجود هوندو آهي.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}

ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل احساس، جيڪو حقيقي حالتن يا واقعن سان مناسبت نه رکندو هجي. اها حالت آفيمي دوائن (opiates)، ايمفيٽامينز (amphetamines)، ۽ شراب جي استعمال سان پڻ پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي.}}&lt;br /&gt; '''•''' {{Cite book |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/euphoria |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |year=2009 |edition=8th |quote=1. ڀلائي يا سرشاريءَ جي احساس يا ڪيفيت.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}
2. جسماني ۽ جذباتي ڀلائيءَ جو وڌايل يا غيرمعمولي احساس، جيڪو حقيقت يا سچائيءَ تي ٻڌل نه هجي، پنهنجي سبب جي ڀيٽ ۾ غيرمتناسب هجي ۽ حالتن سان به مناسبت نه رکي. اهڙي حالت عام طور ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي (بائي پولر ڊس آرڊر) جي شيدائيت واري مرحلي، شيزوفرينيا جي ڪجهه قسمن، عضوي ذهني بيمارين، ۽ زهريلي يا دوائن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندڙ حالتن ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندي آهي.|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702151838/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euphoria|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==عصبي نفسيات {{anchor|Neural substrates}}==
{{Main|انعامي نظام#لذت جا مرڪز}}

[[لذتي مرڪز]] (''ھيڊونڪ ھاٽ اسپاٽس'') پاڻ ۾ فعلي طور لاڳاپيل [[عصبي بنياد|عصبي بنياد/ساختون]] آهن، جيڪي اندروني يا بيروني تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ [[لذت]] جا احساس پيدا ڪن ٿيون. هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي سرگرمي ٻين لذتي مرڪزن کي به متحرڪ ڪري ٿي، جڏهن⁠تہ هڪ لذتي مرڪز جي روڪجڻ سان ٻين مرڪزن جي سرگرمي پڻ گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pleasure system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML |date=May 2015 |title=Pleasure systems in the brain |url= |journal=Neuron |type=Review |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=646–664 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 |pmc=4425246 |pmid=25950633 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFC and Insula&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=DC |last2=Berridge |first2=KC |date=24 October 2017 |title=Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |type=Research article |volume=114 |issue=43 |pages=E9125–E9134 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1705753114 |pmc=5664503 |pmid=29073109 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9125C |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن ڪري، امڪان آهي ته انعامي نظام جي سڀني لذتي مرڪزن جي هڪ ئي وقت گڏيل سرگرمي ''خوش سروري'' جي احساس جي پيدائش لاءِ ضروري هجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria + pleasure circuitry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC |date=2012 |title=The Joyful Mind |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research&amp;labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20&amp;%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Scientific American |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=2012SciAm.307b..40K |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40 |pmid=22844850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329211647/http://lsa.umich.edu/psych/research%26labs/berridge/publications/Kringelbach%20%26%20Berridge%202012%20Joyful%20mind%20Sci%20Am.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=تنهنڪري اهو سمجهڻ مناسب آهي ته دماغ جا حقيقي لذت جا مرڪز—جيڪي سڌيءَ طرح خوشگوار احساس پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن—اصل ۾ انهن ئي ساختن جي اندر موجود آهن، جن کي اڳ انعامي سرشتي جو حصو سڃاتو ويو هو. انهن مان هڪ نام نهاد لذتي مرڪز ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ''ميڊيل شيل'' نالي ذيلي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ٻيو ''وينٽرل پيليڊم'' ۾ موجود آهي، جيڪو اڳئين دماغ جي هيٺئين حصي جي ويجهو هڪ گهري ساخت آهي ۽ پنهنجي گهڻائي عصبي سگنلن کي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کان حاصل ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ٻئي طرف، شديد خوش سروري عام روزمرهه جي لذتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي. ان جو سبب شايد اهو آهي ته لذت ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ—جهڙي طرح اسان ليبارٽري جي جانورن ۾ ڪيميائي ذريعي پيدا ڪئي—سڄي نيٽ ورڪ جي هڪ ئي وقت سرگرم ٿيڻ جي تقاضا ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن هن سرشتي جو ڪو به هڪ جزو غيرفعال ٿي وڃي ته شديد خوش سروري جو احساس گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;{{in5}}ڇا لذت جو هي سرشتو، خاص طور ''وينٽرل پيليڊم''، انسانن ۾ به ساڳئي طريقي سان ڪم ڪري ٿو يا نه، اهو اڃا واضح نه ٿي سگهيو آهي.|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قسم==
ڪيترن ئي قسمن جا محرڪ [[خوش سروري]] پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جن ۾ [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا|نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوائون]]، [[قدرتي انعام]]، ۽ سماجي سرگرميون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schultz euphoria&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schultz W |year=2015 |title=Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data |pmid=26109341 |pmc=4491543 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=853–951 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 |quote=ڊوڙڻ يا ترڻ دوران رانديگرن پاران محسوس ڪيل سرشاري، ميلاپ لاءِ تيار ساٿيءَ سان ملاقات وقت پيدا ٿيندڙ جنسي خواهش، جنسي عروج، منشيات استعمال ڪندڙن پاران بيان ڪيل خوش سروري، ۽ ٻارن ڏانهن والدين جي شفقت، لذت جا مختلف درجا يا مقدار نه، بلڪه ان جون جدا جدا صورتون يا ڪيفيتون آهن.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; [[مزاجي خرابي]]ون، جهڙوڪ يڪ قطبي [[شيدائيت]] يا [[ٻن قطبي عارضي مزاجي خرابي]]، پڻ پنهنجي علامتن مان هڪ طور خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

===موسيقي سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ===
{{Further|فرِيسن}}

خوش سروري ناچ ڪرڻ، موسيقي وڄائڻ، يا اهڙي موسيقي ٻڌڻ سان به پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا شديد جذباتي اثر پيدا ڪري.&lt;ref name=&quot;Primary-Rower's high definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ |title=Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music |journal=Nat. Neurosci. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–262 |year=2011 |pmid=21217764 |doi=10.1038/nn.2726 |s2cid=205433454 |quote=موسيقي، جيڪا هڪ تجريدي محرڪ آهي، اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ... موسيقيءَ جي توقع يا انتظار دوران ''ڪاڊيٽ''  وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. ... خاص طور تي، ڪنهن تجريدي انعام جي توقع به اهڙي عصبي رستي ۾ ڊوپامين جي خارج ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي، جيڪو اُن رستي کان مختلف هوندو آهي، جيڪو خود لذت جي بلند ترين احساس سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mavridis IN |title=Music and the nucleus accumbens |journal=Surg Radiol Anat |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25102783 |doi=10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0 |s2cid=25768771 |quote=انعام، خودمختيار عصبي نظام ۽ ادراڪي عملن کي منظم ڪندڙ دماغي علائقن جي وچ ۾ موجود فعلي رابطي مان اهو سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي ته موسيقي ٻڌڻ انساني زندگيءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ انعام ڏيندڙ ۽ لطف اندوز ڪندڙ تجربن مان هڪ ڇو آهي. موسيقي جا محرڪ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' (NA) ۾ خلين کان ٻاهر موجود [[ڊوپامين]] (DA) جي سطح کي نمايان طور وڌائي سگهن ٿا. موسيقيءَ جي سامهون آيل جانورن ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۾ ڊوپامين ۽ [[سيروٽونن]] جون سطحون به نمايان طور وڌيڪ ڏٺيون ويون. آخرڪار، اهڙي موسيقي کي خاموشيءَ سان ٻڌڻ، جيڪا اڳ اڻڄاتل هجي پر پسند اچي، پڻ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' کي سرگرم ڪري ٿي. ... موسيقي اهڙي خوش سروري ۽ شديد خواهش جا احساس پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي، جيڪي انهن محسوس ٿيندڙ انعامن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جن ۾ اسٽرائٽل ڊوپاميني نظام شامل هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جو اندازو ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي سرگرميءَ مان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو سمعي ۽ پيشانيءَ وارن دماغي علائقن سان فعلي رابطو موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعام جي واڌ سان گڏ وڌندو وڃي ٿو. ... خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ ''وينٽرل ٽيگمينٽل ايريا'' (VTA) جي وسيلي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' ۽ [[هائيپوٿيلمس]]، [[انسولا]] ۽ [[اوربيٽوفرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي وچ ۾ ٿيندڙ رابطي کي نمايان طور سرگرم ڪري ٿو.&lt;br /&gt;
'''نتيجا'''&lt;br /&gt;
موسيقي ٻڌڻ، ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سميت، انعامي عمل ۾ شامل ميزولمبڪ دماغي جوڙجڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ جي سرگرميءَ تي نمايان اثر وجهي ٿو. مثبت ۽ خوشگوار جذباتي محرڪ طور موسيقي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڊوپاميني سرگرميءَ ۾ واڌ آڻي ٿي. خاص طور تي، موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل انتهائي جذباتي ردِعمل جي تجربي دوران ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' وڌيڪ سرگرم هوندو آهي. موسيقيءَ جي انعامي قدر جي اڳڪٿي سمعي ڪارٽيڪس، [[اميگڊالا]] ۽ [[وينٽروميڊيل پري فرنٽل ڪارٽيڪس]] جي ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' سان وڌندڙ فعلي رابطي جي بنياد تي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. موسيقي اسان جي زندگيءَ تي ڪيئن اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي، ان ۾ ''نيوڪليس اڪيومبينس'' جي ڪردار کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح سمجهڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ تحقيق جي ضرورت آهي..}}&lt;/ref&gt;
عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته [[انعامي نظام]] موسيقي مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt; جذباتي طور خوشگوار موسيقي [[ڊوپامين]] جي عصبي ترسيل کي [[ڊوپاميني رستن]] ۾ نمايان طور وڌائي ٿي، جيڪي [[اسٽرائٽم]] (يعني [[ميزولمبڪ رستو]] ۽ [[نائيگروسٽرائٽل رستو]]) ڏانهن سگنل موڪلين ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21217764&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - NAcc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zatorre RJ |title=Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1337 |issue=1 |pages=202–211 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25773636 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12677 |quote=گهڻا ماڻهو موسيقيءَ مان لذت حاصل ڪن ٿا. عصبي تصويرنگ (نيورو اميجنگ) بابت ٿيل مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته انساني دماغ جو [[انعامي نظام]] هن تجربي ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. خاص طور تي، خوشگوار موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران ڊورسل ۽ وينٽرل [[اسٽرائٽم]] مان [[ڊوپامين]] خارج ٿئي ٿو، ۽ انهن دماغي ساختن جي سرگرمي موسيقيءَ جي حصن جي انعامي قدر کي پڻ ظاهر ڪري ٿي. ان کان علاوه، اسٽرائٽم انهن دماغي ڪارٽيڪسي عملن سان به لاڳاپو رکي ٿو، جيڪي موسيقيءَ جي محرڪن جي ادراڪ ۽ انهن جي قدرن جي تشخيص ۾ حصو وٺن ٿا. ... موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي تجربن کي ماپڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيل هڪ سوالنامي جي ذريعي موسيقيءَ سان لاڳاپيل لذت جا ڪيترائي الڳ عنصر سڃاتا ويا، جن ۾ موسيقيءَ ڏانهن لاڙو، جذبات جي اُڀار، مزاج جي ضابطي، حسي-حرڪتي (سينسري موٽر) عملن، ۽ سماجي عنصرن کي شامل ڪيو ويو. هن سوالنامي کي وڏي آباديءَ تي لاڳو ڪرڻ سان معلوم ٿيو ته تقريباً 5 سيڪڙو ماڻهن ۾، عام انهدونيا (لذت محسوس نه ڪرڻ) يا ڊپريشن جي غير موجودگيءَ باوجود، موسيقيءَ مان انعام حاصل ڪرڻ جي حساسيت گهٽ هوندي آهي. هن گروهه تي وڌيڪ تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿيو ته اهڙا ماڻهو موسيقي کان سواءِ ٻين انعامن (مثال طور مالي انعام) تي رويي ۽ نفسي-جسماني (سائيڪوفزيولاجيڪل) لحاظ کان عام ردِعمل ڏيکارين ٿا، پر موسيقيءَ کي سمجهڻ ۽ ان ۾ موجود ارادي وارن جذبن کي سڃاڻڻ جي صلاحيت برقرار هجڻ باوجود، اهي موسيقيءَ مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.. |bibcode=2015NYASA1337..202Z |s2cid=22212386 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3456475 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019131011/https://zenodo.org/record/3456475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تقريباً 5٪ ماڻهن ۾ هڪ حالت ڏٺي ويندي آهي، جنهن کي [[موسيقيءَ جي انهدونيا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. اهڙن ماڻهن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان منتقل ٿيندڙ جذبات کي سمجهڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي، پر اهي جذباتي طور اثرائتي موسيقي ٻڌڻ باوجود ان مان لذت محسوس نٿا ڪن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music - reward system&quot; /&gt;

جنوري 2019ع ۾ ٿيل هڪ ڪلينيڪي مطالعي ۾ موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ انعامي احساس تي ڊوپامين جي اڳواٽ جزو ([[ليووڊوپا]])، ڊوپامين مخالف دوا ([[رسپيريڊون]])، ۽ پليسيبو جي اثرن جو جائزو ورتو ويو. هن مطالعي ۾ موسيقي ٻڌڻ دوران محسوس ٿيندڙ لذت، [[ميوزيڪل چلز]]، [[اليڪٽروڊرمل سرگرمي]] ۾ تبديلي، ۽ ذاتي درجابندي کي ماپيو ويو. نتيجن مان ظاهر ٿيو ته ڊوپامين جي عصبي ترسيل ۾ واڌ يا گهٽتائي موسيقيءَ مان حاصل ٿيندڙ لذت کي ٻنهي رخن ۾ ضابطو آڻي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot; /&gt; هن تحقيق مان اهو پڻ ظاهر ٿيو ته انسانن ۾ موسيقيءَ مان خوشگوار لذت پيدا ٿيڻ لاءِ ڊوپامين جي وڌيل عصبي ترسيل هڪ لازمي شرط (''[[sine qua non]]'') آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A |title=Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 2019 |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3793–3798 |pmid=30670642 |pmc=6397525 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1811878116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3793F |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Secondary source for 'Dopaminergic control of hedonic impact'&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ |title=Musical pleasure and musical emotions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=9 |pages=3364–3366 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30770455 |pmc=6397567 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1900369116 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3364G |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===جنسي عمل سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===

جنسي ملاپ جا مختلف مرحلا به ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا. ڪيترن ئي محققن موجب يا ته سڄو جنسي عمل، يا جنسي عروج ([[اورگازم]]) کان اڳ جا لمحا، يا خود اورگازم، انساني لذت يا خوش سروريءَ جي بلند ترين صورتن مان شمار ٿين ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Hansteen RW |year=1977 |title=Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1179–1180 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006 |pmid=199128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ===
[[File:Blue Crystal Meth.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ميٿامفيٽامين]] جي وڏي مقدار دوائن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ خوش سروري جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html |title=Methamphetamine {{!}} InfoFacts {{!}} The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035539/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/methamphetamine.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوا''' (''يوفوريئنٽ'') [[نفس تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ دوا]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جو لاڙو رکي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |title=Merrian-Webster definition |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euphoriant |archive-date=7 January 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻيون اهڙيون دوائون [[نشي آور دوا|نشو پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون]] هونديون آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن ۾ [[تقويت]] پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ دماغ جي [[انعامي نظام]] کي سرگرم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت موجود هوندي آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt;

====محرڪ دوائون====

[[ڊوپاميني]] محرڪ دوائون، جهڙوڪ [[ايمفيٽامين]]، [[ميٿامفيٽامين]]، [[ڪوڪين]]، ۽ [[ميٿائل فينيڊيٽ]]، خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ دوائون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Euphoria definition&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 |pages=191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375 |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نڪوٽين]] هڪ [[پيراسمپيٿيٽڪ محرڪ دوا]] آهي، جيڪا ڪجهه ماڻهن ۾ هلڪي درجي جي خوش سروري پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-DA stims, opioids, nicotine, cannabinoids, inhalants, corticoids&quot; /&gt; اهڙيءَ طرح [[زانٿين]] مرڪب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪيفين]] ۽ [[ٿيئوبرومين]]، کي پڻ ڪجهه محقق هلڪي درجي جا خوش سروري پيدا ڪندڙ مادا سمجهن ٿا.

[[اريڪا کجي]] (''[[اريڪا ڪيٽيچو]]'') جي ٻج، يعني [[ڇاليو]]، کي بجريل چون ([[ڪيلشيم هائيڊرو آڪسائيڊ]]) سان چٻائڻ—جيڪو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ عام رواج آهي—محرڪ اثرن سان گڏ خوش سروري پڻ پيدا ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA791 |title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions |vauthors=Cox S, Ullah M, Zoellner H |veditors=Preedy VR |publisher=Academic Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-12-800677-1 |pages=791 |language=en |chapter=Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 2014 |title=A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |vauthors=Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC|doi=10.4103/0971-5851.133702|pmid=25006276|pmc=4080659 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=August 2012 |title=Association of Betel Nut with Carcinogenesis: Revisit with a Clinical Perspective |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=8 |article-number=e42759 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042759 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3418282 |pmid=22912735 |vauthors=Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K |bibcode=2012PLoSO...742759S |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان جا بنيادي نفسي اثر رکندڙ جزا—[[اريڪولين]] (مسڪارينڪ ريڪپٽر جو جزوي متحرڪ ڪندڙ) ۽ [[اريڪائيڊين]] (GABA جي ٻيهر جذب کي روڪيندڙ)—خوش سروري پيدا ڪرڻ جا ذميوار آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFC6BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |title=Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions |vauthors=Arif A, Westermeyer J |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4615-9516-8 |location=New York |pages=159–160 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibxfK1l6oXoC&amp;pg=PA53 |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines |last=Aronson |first=J. K. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-53269-5 |pages=53 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[عروج وارو تجربو]]
'''نفسياتي'''

* [[ڊسفوريا]]
* [[يوٿائيميا]]
* [[هائپرٿائيميا]]
* [[حيرت جو احساس]]


'''دوائن بابت'''

* [[پريشاني گهٽائيندڙ دوا]]
* [[ترتيب ڏنل منشيات]]
* [[تفريحي مقصد لاءِ منشيات جو استعمال]]

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
      <sha1>lv154q30zqec7ehcxy9giaei7x1lmdn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سلوڪ (ادب)</title>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
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'''سلوڪ''' (Salok) سنڌي ۽ سنسڪرت شاعري جي هڪ صنف آهي، جيڪا [[سنسڪرت]] جي لفظ ''شلوڪ'' (Śloka) مان نڪتل آهي. ''شلوڪ'' جي لغوي معنيٰ ”گڏ ڪرڻ“ يا ”ترتيب ڏيڻ“ بيان ڪئي وڃي ٿي. ادبي اصطلاح ۾ سلوڪ اهڙي شاعري کي چيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا چئن هم وزن سٽن (يا فقرن) تي مشتمل هجي. هر سلوڪ ۾ چارئي سٽون وزن ۽ ترتيب جي لحاظ کان هڪٻئي سان هم آهنگ هونديون آهن.

سنڌي ادب ۾ '''[[سامي (شاعر)|ڀائي چين راءِ سامي]]''' (1743–1850ع) جي شاعري خاص طور ”سلوڪن“ جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. شاهه عبداللطيف ڀٽائي، [[سچل سرمست]] ۽ سامي کي سنڌي شاعري جي ٽن وڏن ڪلاسيڪي شاعرن طور شمار ڪيو ويندو آهي.

روايت موجب، سامي پنهنجا سلوڪ ننڍين چٽڪين تي لکي هڪ مٽ ۾ محفوظ ڪندو رهندو هو. سندس وفات کان پوءِ اهي چٽڪيون سندس پٽ '''گهنشام داس''' گڏ ڪري گرمکي رسم الخط ۾ لکرائي محفوظ ڪيون. بعد ۾ راءِ بهادر '''ڪوڙي مل کلناڻي''' (1844–1916ع) انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1873ع ۾ سنڌي صورتخطي ۾ شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;ادبي اصطلاحن جي تشريحي لغت؛ مرتب: مختيار احمد ملاح؛ پبلشر: [[سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]]، حيدرآباد، سنڌ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== مثال ==

&lt;blockquote&gt;
وڌا سڀ ڪيري، مايا جيءَ محل مون،&lt;br&gt;
ڇڏيائين ڇل ول سان، حرص منجهہ هيري،&lt;br&gt;
ويٺا منھن ڦيري،&lt;br&gt;
سامي چئي سروپ کون.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== حوالا ==
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روان سال ۾ اڄ جي تاريخ يعني '''{{#time:d F|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}}}''' تي ڄمڻ (پيدا ٿيڻ وارن ماڻهن جي فهرست هيٺ درج آهي، پَڪ سان (يقيناً) ان ۾ ڪيترائي ماڻهو اڃا به جيئرا (زندهه) حيات هوندا.

آخري نئين سر شروعات: &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{#time: Y-m-d H:i|{{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}}}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;


== فهرست ==
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! پيشو
! position held
! شهريت
! ذاتي نالو
|-
| [[فائل:Priyanka Chopra at Bulgary launch, 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|125px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-07-18
| [[پريانڪا چوپڙا]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q18581305|beauty pageant contestant]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10800557|film actor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3357567|fashion model]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q177220|singer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3282637|film producer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4610556|model]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[اداڪار]]
| ''[[:d:Q19969187|UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]]''
| [[ڀارت]]
| ''[[:d:Q62976254|Priyanka]]''
|-
| [[فائل:Vin Diesel 2013.jpg|center|125px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-07-18
| [[ون ڊيزل]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q10800557|film actor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2526255|film director]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3282637|film producer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q28389|screenwriter]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2405480|voice actor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2259451|stage actor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q465501|stunt performer]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[اداڪار]]
| 
| [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]
| ''[[:d:Q13610143|Mark]]''
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}

[[زمرو:اڄ جي تاريخ ڄمڻ وارا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:مارچ جون پيدائشون]]</text>
      <sha1>p6n1oteo2jbu7e1399q82jno4tzw1cl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Infobox German place</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>47769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395201</id>
      <parentid>157388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T16:20:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو جرمن ھنڌ]] کي [[سانچو:Infobox German place]] ڏانھن چوريو: مناسب عنوان ڏنو ويو</comment>
      <origin>157388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15545" sha1="reqhwrb10sy7e5ornqz3fw5fk3vmfyq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = {{#if:{{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}}|&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;{{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}}&lt;/span&gt;}}
| native_name             = {{{German_name|}}}
| settlement_type         =  {{#if: {{شھر|}}} {{{Town|}}{{{Municipality|}}} | {{{Art|{{{type|شھر}}} }}} {{#if:{{{شھر|}}} | {{Link if exists|{{{شھر}}} }} | {{#if:{{{Town|}}} | {{Link if exists|{{{Town}}} }} | {{#if:{{{Municipality|}}} | {{Link if exists|{{{Municipality}}} }} }} }} }} }}
| image_skyline           = {{{image_photo|}}}
| imagesize               = {{{imagesize|}}}
| image_caption           = {{{image_caption|}}}
| image_flag              = {{{image_flag|}}}
| flag_link               = {{#ifexist: Banner o {{{Name|{{{name}}} }}} | Banner o {{{Name|{{{name}}} }}} | {{#ifexist: Banner o {{PAGENAME}} | Banner o {{PAGENAME}} }} }}
| image_shield            = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{Wappen|{{{ نشان}}}}}}}}
  | none | kein | führt kein wappen.png
  | führt kein wappen.svg | führt_kein_wappen.png
  | führt_kein_wappen.svg = 
  | #default = {{{Wappen|{{{ image_coa |}}} }}}
  }}
| shield_size             = 80x80px
| pushpin_map             = {{#if: {{{coordinates|}}} {{{lat_deg|}}} {{{Breitengrad|}}} | Germany }}
| pushpin_mapsize         = 170px
| pushpin_map_caption     = &lt;!-- Wedge district map in box after pushpin map --&gt;
{{#if: {{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}} | &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;&gt;
&lt;td colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;{{hidden begin |titlestyle=height:auto; padding:0.2em; padding-left:0.6em; padding-right:2em; |border=line |title = {{#if: {{{Lageplanbeschreibung|{{{plantext|}}} }}} | {{{Lageplanbeschreibung|{{{plantext}}} }}} | Location o {{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} {{#if: {{{City|{{{Town|}}} }}} | athin {{{City|{{{Town|}}} }}} | {{#if: {{{Kreis|{{{Landkreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} | athin {{#switch: {{ucfirst:{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} }} | Kreisfreie Stadt | [[Kreisfreie Stadt|Stadt]] | Urban | Urban district = {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}} | #default = {{{Kreis|{{{Landkreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} destrict }} }} }} }} }}
{{#ifexist: Template:Imagemap Germany district {{{Kfz|{{{licence|}}} }}} | {{#ifexist: Media:{{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}} | {{Imagemap Germany district {{{Kfz|{{{licence|}}} }}} | {{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}} }} }} | [[File:{{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}}|250px]] }}&lt;/div&gt; {{hidden end}} }}
| coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
| latd  = {{#if: {{{lat_deg|}}} | {{{lat_deg|}}} | {{#titleparts: {{{Breitengrad|}}} | 1 | 1 }} }}
| latm  = {{#if: {{{lat_min|}}} | {{{lat_min|}}} | {{#titleparts: {{{Breitengrad|}}} | 1 | 2 }} }}
| lats  = {{#if: {{{lat_sec|}}} | {{{lat_sec|}}} | {{#titleparts: {{{Breitengrad|}}} | 1 | 3 }} }}
| latNS = 
| longd = {{#if: {{{lon_deg|}}} | {{{lon_deg|}}} | {{#titleparts: {{{Längengrad|}}} | 1 | 1 }} }}
| longm = {{#if: {{{lon_min|}}} | {{{lon_min|}}} | {{#titleparts: {{{Längengrad|}}} | 1 | 2 }} }}
| longs = {{#if: {{{lon_sec|}}} | {{{lon_sec|}}} | {{#titleparts: {{{Längengrad|}}} | 1 | 3 }} }}
| longEW= 
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| coordinates_format      = dms
| subdivision_type        =  ملڪ
| subdivision_name        = [[جرمني]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[جرمني جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{#switch:{{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}}
  | Bayern | Bavarie = [[Bavarie]]
  | Baden-Wuerttemberg | Baden-Württemberg = [[Baden-Württemberg]]
  | Berlin  = [[Berlin]]
  | Brandenburg = [[Brandenburg]]
  | Bremen = [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]]
  | Hamburg = [[Hamburg]]
  | Hessen | Hesse = [[Hesse]]
  | Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | MVP | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern = [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]
  | Niedersachsen | Lawer Saxony = [[Lawer Saxony]]
  | Nordrhein-Westfalen  | NRW | North Rhine-Westphalie | North Rhine-Westfalia = [[North Rhine-Westphalie]]
 | Rheinland-Pfalz | Rhineland-Palatinate = [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]
  | Saarland = [[Saarland]]
  | Sachsen | Saxony = [[Saxony]]
  | Sachsen-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt = [[Saxony-Anhalt]]
  | Schleswig-Holstein = [[Schleswig-Holstein]]
  | Thüringen | Thueringen | Thuringia = [[Thuringie]]
  | #default: {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}}
  }}
| subdivision_type2       = [[انتظامي علائقو ]]
| subdivision_name2       = {{#if:{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region|}}} }}} }}} 
  | {{#ifexist: {{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}} (region) 
    | [[{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}} (region)|{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}}]]
    | {{#ifexist: {{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}} 
      | [[{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}}]] 
      | {{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}}
      }} 
    }}
  }}
| subdivision_type3       = [[ جرمني جا ضلعا|ضلعو]]
| subdivision_name3       = {{Link if exists|{{#switch: {{{state|{{{Bundesland|}}} }}} | Hamburg | [[Hamburg]] | Bremen | [[Bremen]] | Berlin | [[Berlin]] = &lt;!-- no districts --&gt; |
  {{#switch:{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}
  | [[Kreisfreie Stadt|Stadt]] | Kreisfreie Stadt | urban = [[Urban destricts o Germany|Urban destrict]] 
  | #default = {{#ifexist: {{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} (district)
    |&lt;!--wlink ending in &quot;(district)&quot;--&gt; [[{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} (district)|{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}]]
    |&lt;!--else--&gt; {{#ifexist: {{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}
      |&lt;!--wlink not ending in &quot;(district)&quot;--&gt; [[{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}|{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}]]
      |&lt;!--else--&gt; {{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}
    }} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_type4       = [[جرمني جون ميونسپلٽيون|ميونسپلٽي]] {{#if: {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband|}}} | [[Gemeindeverwaltungsverband|Municipal assoc.]] |
  {{#if: {{{Samtgemeinde|}}} | [[Samtgemeinde|Municipal assoc.]] |
  {{#if: {{{Verbandsgemeinde|}}} | [[Verbandsgemeinde|Municipal assoc.]] |
  {{#if: {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft|}}} | [[Verwaltungsgemeinschaft|Municipal assoc.]] |
  {{#if: {{{Amt|}}} | [[Amt (kintra subdiveesion)|Municipal assoc.]] |
  {{#if: {{{Verwaltungsverband|}}} | [[Verwaltungsverband|Municipal assoc.]]
  }} }} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_name4       = {{Link if exists|{{#if: {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}} (Gemeindeverwaltungsverband) | [[{{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}} (Gemeindeverwaltungsverband){{!}}{{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}}]] | {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}} }} |
  {{#if: {{{Samtgemeinde|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Samtgemeinde}}} (Samtgemeinde) | [[{{{Samtgemeinde}}} (Samtgemeinde){{!}}{{{Samtgemeinde}}}]] | {{{Samtgemeinde}}} }} |
  {{#if: {{{Verbandsgemeinde|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Verbandsgemeinde}}} (Verbandsgemeinde) | [[{{{Verbandsgemeinde}}} (Verbandsgemeinde){{!}}{{{Verbandsgemeinde}}}]] | {{{Verbandsgemeinde}}} }} |
  {{#if: {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}} (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) | [[{{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}} (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft){{!}}{{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}}]] | {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}} }} |
  {{#if: {{{Amt|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Amt}}} (Amt) | [[{{{Amt}}} (Amt){{!}}{{{Amt}}}]] | {{{Amt}}} }} |
  {{#if: {{{Verwaltungsverband|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Verwaltungsverband}}} (Verwaltungsverband) | [[{{{Verwaltungsverband}}} (Verwaltungsverband){{!}}{{{Verwaltungsverband}}}]] | {{{Verwaltungsverband}}} }}
  }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_type5       = شھر
{{#if: {{{شھر |}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}} |
  {{#
if: {{{شھر|}}} |شھر| {{#if: {{{Town|}}} | Town |
  {{#if: {{{Municipality|}}} | ميونسپلٽي
  }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_name5       = {{Link if exists|{{#if: {{{شھر |}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}} |
  {{# if: {{شھر |}}} | {{{شھر  }}} |
  {{#if: {{{Town|}}} | {{{Town}}} |
  {{#if: {{{Municipality|}}} | {{{Municipality}}}
  }} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_type6       = [[بورو]]
{{#if: {{{borough|}}} | Borough }}
| subdivision_name6       = {{Link if exists|{{#if: {{{borough|}}} | {{{borough}}} }} }}
| established_title       = Foondit
| established_date        = {{{year|}}}{{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{year}}} &lt; 100 }} | 1 | &amp;nbsp;AD }}
| established_title1      = پھريون ذڪر
| established_date1       = {{{year_of_first_mention|}}}
| parts_type              =  سب ڊويزن
| parts                   = {{{Gliederung|}}}
| leader_party            = {{{Partei|{{{party|}}} }}}
| leader_title            = {{#switch: {{{Bürgermeistertitel}}}
  | Mayor | Bürgermeister | [[Bürgermeister]] | Bürgermeisterin | [[Bürgermeisterin]] | Ortsbürgermeister | Ortsbürgermeisterin = [[Burgomaster|Mayor]]
  | Lord Mayor | Oberbürgermeister | [[Oberbürgermeister]] | Oberbürgermeisterin | [[Oberbürgermeisterin]] = [[لارڊ ميئر]]
  | Ortsvorsteher | [[Ortsvorsteher]] | Ortsvorsteherin | [[Ortsvorsteherin]] = Local representative
  | Samtgemeindebürgermeister = [[Bürgermeister|Samtgemeinde-&lt;br /&gt;bürgermeister]]
  | Samtgemeindebürgermeisterin = [[Bürgermeister|Samtgemeinde-&lt;br /&gt;bürgermeisterin]]
  | #default = {{#ifexist: {{{Bürgermeistertitel}}} | [[{{{Bürgermeistertitel}}}]] | {{#if: {{{Bürgermeistertitel|}}} | {{{Bürgermeistertitel}}} | [[Burgomaster|Mayor]] }} }}
  }}
| leader_name             = {{{Bürgermeister|{{{mayor|}}} }}}
| leader_title1           = {{#if: {{{ruling_party1|}}} |  حڪومتي پارٽي }}
| leader_name1            = {{Polparty|DE|{{{ruling_party1|}}} }} {{#if: {{{ruling_party2|}}} | / {{Polparty|DE|{{{ruling_party2|}}} }} }} {{#if: {{{ruling_party3|}}} | / {{Polparty|DE|{{{ruling_party3|}}} }} }}
| area_footnotes          = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = {{{Fläche|{{{area|}}} }}}
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = {{{area_metro|}}}
| elevation_footnotes     = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| elevation_m             = {{{Höhe|}}}
| population_footnotes    = {{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{Schlüsselconverter|{{{key|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}}}}}} }} +1 }} | | {{#tag:ref | {{Population Germany|key={{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}|datref=QUELLE}} }} }}
| population_total        = {{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{Schlüsselconverter|{{{key|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}}}}}} }} +1 }} | {{{Einwohner|{{{population|}}} }}} | {{Population Germany|key={{Schlüsselconverter|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}} }} }} }}
| population_as_of        = {{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{Schlüsselconverter|{{{key|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}}}}}} }} +1 }} | {{{population_as_of|{{{Stand}}} }}} | {{Population Germany|key={{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}|datref=STAND}} }}
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_urban               = {{{pop_urban|}}}
| population_metro               = {{{pop_metro|}}}
| population_demonym             = {{{pop_demonym|{{{demonym|}}}}}}
| timezone1               = [[سينٽرل يورپين ٽائيم]]
| postal_code_type        = [[جرمني جا پوسٽل ڪوڊ|پوسٽل ڪوڊ ]]
| postal_code             = {{{PLZ|{{{پوسٽل_ڪوڊ|}}} }}}
| area_code_type          = [[جرمني جا ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ]]
| area_code               = {{{Vorwahl|{{{ايريا_ڪوڊ|}}} }}}
 | registration_plate      = {{{Kfz|{{{گاڏي جو لائسنس |}}} }}}
| website                 = {{{ويب سائيٽ|}}}
}}&lt;!-- error tracking categories
--&gt;{{#if: {{both|{{{lat_deg|}}} | {{{lon_deg|}}} }} | | {{ns0|[[زمرو:Germany airticles requirin maintenance|C]]}} }}&lt;!-- coordinates missing
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{#expr: {{{Einwohner|{{{population|0}}} }}} round 0 }} = {{{Einwohner|{{{population|0}}} }}} }} | 0 | [[زمرو:Germany airticles requirin maintenance|D]] | }}&lt;!-- Assign to maintenance category if decimal point is used in population as a thousands divider
--&gt;{{#if: {{{pop_source|}}} | [[زمرو:Germany airticles requirin maintenance|I]] }}&lt;!-- obsolete, should use &quot;pop_ref&quot; instead
--&gt;{{#if: {{{شھر |}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}} | {{#if: {{{key|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}} }}} | {{ns0|[[زمرو:Germany airticles requirin maintenance|T]]}} | }} }}&lt;!-- Subdivisions of municipalities shouldn't have a Gemeindeschlüssel
--&gt;{{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{Schlüsselconverter|{{{key|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}} }}} }} }} + 1 }} | {{#if:{{{City|}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}}{{{dissolved|}}} |&lt;!-- OK, subdivisions of municipalities and dissolved units have no Gemeindeschlüssel --&gt; | {{ns0|[[زمرو:Germany airticles requirin maintenance|U]]}} }} | }}&lt;!-- Town with missing or incorrect Gemeindeschlüssel
--&gt;{{#if: {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}} | | {{ns0|[[زمرو:Germany airticles requirin maintenance|X]]}} }}&lt;!-- Missing state name
--&gt;&lt;!--

Assignment to categories
--&gt;{{#if:{{{_noautocat|&lt;noinclude&gt;x&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}||&lt;!--
 (TYPE) in (STATE) --&gt;{{#if:{{{شھر|}}}{{{Town|}}}{{{Municipality|}}} | | {{#switch: {{ucfirst:{{{Art|{{{type|}}}}}}}}
  | &lt;!-- Filter for subdivisions for which no town etc. is given --&gt; Ortsteil | Stadtteil | Suburb | Borough | Quarter | Bezirk | Stadtbezirk = [[زمرو:Germany articles requiring maintenance|Art]]
  | #default = {{#if:{{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}}}}}|{{ns0|[[زمرو:{{
  #switch: {{ucfirst:{{{Art|{{{type|}}}}}}}}
	| Ortsgemeinde | Gemeinde | Markt | Municipality
          | municipality = Municipalities
	| Amt = Ämter
        | Gemeindeverwaltungsverband = Gemeindeverwaltungsverbände
        | Samtgemeinde =  Samtgemeinden
        | Verbandsgemeinde = Verbandsgemeinde
        | Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Verwaltungsgemeinschaften
        | Verwaltungsverband = Verwaltungsverbände
        | Stadt | Kreisfreie Stadt | [[Kreisfreie Stadt|Stadt]] | Ceety | ceety | Toun | toun = {{#ifexpr:{{{Einwohner|{{{population|0}}}}}} &gt; 100000 | Ceeties | Touns}}
        | Veelage | Dorf = Veelages
	| #default = Municipalities
}} in {{#switch: {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}}}}}
	| Bayern | Bavarie | [[Bavarie]] = Bavarie
	| Baden-Wuerttemberg | Baden-Württemberg | [[Baden-Württemberg]] = Baden-Württemberg
	| Berlin | [[Berlin]] = Berlin
	| Brandenburg | [[Brandenburg]] = Brandenburg
	| Bremen | [[Bremen]] = Bremen (state)
	| Hamburg | [[Hamburg]] = Hamburg
	| Hessen | Hesse | [[Hesse]] = Hesse
	| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Mecklenburg-Wastren Pomeranie | [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] | [[Mecklenburg-Wastren Pomeranie]] = Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
	| Niedersachsen | Lawer Saxony | [[Lawer Saxony]] = Lawer Saxony
	| Nordrhein-Westfalen | NRW | North Rhine-Westphalie | North Rhine-Waestphalie | [[North Rhine-Westphalie]] = North Rhine-Westphalie
	| Rheinland-Pfalz | Rhineland-Palatinate | [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] = Rhineland-Palatinate
	| Saarland | [[Saarland]] = Saarland
	| Sachsen | Saxony | [[Saxony]] = Saxony
	| Sachsen-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt | [[Saxony-Anhalt]] = Saxony-Anhalt
	| Schleswig-Holstein | [[Schleswig-Holstein]] = Schleswig-Holstein
	| Thüringen | Thuringia | [[Thuringie]] = Thuringie
}}]]}}}}}}}}&lt;!-- 
Establisment date category --&gt;{{ns0|{{#if:{{{year|}}}|{{#ifexist:زمرو:Populatit places established in the {{{year}}}|{{{category|[[زمرو:Populatit places established in the {{{year}}}]]}}} | {{{category|[[زمرو:Populatit places established in {{{year}}}]]}}}}}}}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;


{{Documentation}}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395204</id>
      <parentid>395201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T16:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19968" sha1="4f9wap8spysqr24grn57q1ewc5rfwsv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement

&lt;!-- وڌيڪ خانن ۽ انهن جي وضاحتن لاءِ سانچو:Infobox settlement ڏسو --&gt;| name                    = {{#if:{{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}}|&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;{{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}} }}}&lt;/span&gt;}}
| native_name             = {{{German_name|}}}
| settlement_type         = {{#if: {{{City|}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}} | {{{Art|{{{type|حصو}}} }}} {{#if:{{{City|}}} | {{Link if exists|{{{City}}} }} جو | {{#if:{{{Town|}}} | {{Link if exists|{{{Town}}} }} جو | {{#if:{{{Municipality|}}} | {{Link if exists|{{{Municipality}}} }} جو }} }} }} حصو| {{#if: {{{Art|{{{type|}}}}}}| {{#switch: {{{Art|{{{type}}}}}}
| City | city = [[آباديءَ موجب جرمني جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]]
| Stadt | Kreisfreie Stadt | [[Kreisfreie Stadt|Stadt]] | Town | town = [[قصبو#جرمني|قصبو]]
| Ortsgemeinde | Gemeinde | Markt | Municipality | municipality | Flecken = [[جرمني جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]]
| Amt = [[امت]]
| Samtgemeinde = [[زامت گمائنڊي]]
| Verbandsgemeinde = [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي]]
| Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = [[ميونسپل تنظيم (جرمني)|انتظامي برادري]]
| #default = {{{Art|{{{type}}}}}}
}} | {{#if: {{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}} | [[جرمني جون ميونسپالٽيون|ميونسپالٽي]] }} }} }}
| image_skyline           = {{{image_photo|{{{image_skyline|}}}}}}
| imagesize               = {{{imagesize|}}}
| image_caption           = {{{image_caption|}}}
| image_flag              = {{{image_flag|}}}
| flag_link               = {{#ifexist: Flag of {{{Name|{{{name}}} }}} | Flag of {{{Name|{{{name}}} }}} | {{#ifexist: Flag of {{PAGENAME}} | Flag of {{PAGENAME}} }} }}
| flag_size               = 100x100px
| image_shield            = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{Wappen|{{{image_coa}}}}}}}}
| none | kein | führt kein wappen.png
| führt kein wappen.svg | führt_kein_wappen.png
| führt_kein_wappen.svg =
| #default = {{{Wappen|{{{image_coa|}}} }}}
}}
| shield_size             = 80x80px
| image_map               = {{#if: {{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}} | {{hidden begin |style=margin-top:0.2px |titlestyle= height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em; |border=line |title = {{#if: {{{Lageplanbeschreibung|{{{plantext|}}} }}} | {{{Lageplanbeschreibung|{{{plantext}}} }}} | {{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} جو هنڌ {{#if: {{{City|{{{Town|}}} }}} | {{{City|{{{Town|}}} }}} جي اندر | {{#if: {{{Kreis|{{{Landkreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} | {{#switch: {{ucfirst:{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} }} | Kreisfreie Stadt | [[Kreisfreie Stadt|Stadt]] | Urban | Urban district = {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}} ۾ | #default = {{{Kreis|{{{Landkreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} ضلعي ۾ }} }} }} }} }}
{{#ifexist: Template:Imagemap Germany district {{{Kfz|{{{licence|}}} }}} | {{#ifexist: Media:{{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}} | {{Imagemap Germany district {{{Kfz|{{{licence|}}} }}} | {{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}} }} }} | [[File:{{{Lageplan|{{{image_plan|}}} }}}|250px]] }} {{hidden end}} | {{#if: {{Infobox mapframe}} | {{hidden | header = {{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}} جو هنڌ | headercss=height:5px; | content = &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:1em&quot;&gt;{{Infobox mapframe|area_km2={{{Fläche|{{{area|}}} }}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}} }} }}
| pushpin_map             = {{#if: {{{coordinates|}}} | Germany#Germany {{#switch: {{unlink|{{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}} }}
| Bayern | Bavaria = Bavaria
| Baden-Wuerttemberg | Baden-Württemberg = Baden-Württemberg
| Berlin = Berlin
| Brandenburg = Brandenburg
| Bremen = Bremen
| Hamburg = Hamburg
| Hessen | Hesse = Hesse
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | MVP | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern = Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
| Niedersachsen | Lower Saxony = Lower Saxony
| Nordrhein-Westfalen | NRW | North Rhine-Westphalia | North Rhine-Westfalia = North Rhine-Westphalia
| Rheinland-Pfalz | Rhineland-Palatinate = Rhineland-Palatinate
| Saarland = Saarland
| Sachsen | Saxony = Saxony
| Sachsen-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt = Saxony-Anhalt
| Schleswig-Holstein = Schleswig-Holstein
| Thüringen | Thueringen | Thuringia = Thuringia
| #default = {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}}
}} }}
| pushpin_mapsize         =
| pushpin_map_caption     =
| coordinates             = {{{coordinates|}}}
| subdivision_type        = ملڪ
| subdivision_name        = [[جرمني]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[جرمني جون رياستون|رياست]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{#switch:{{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}}
| Bayern | Bavaria = [[بائيريا]]
| Baden-Wuerttemberg | Baden-Württemberg = [[باڊن-ورٽمبرگ]]
| Berlin = [[برلن]]
| Brandenburg = [[برانڊنبرگ]]
| Bremen = [[بريمن (رياست)|بريمن]]
| Hamburg = [[هيمبرگ]]
| Hessen | Hesse = [[هيسن]]
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | MVP | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern = [[ميڪلنبرگ-فورپومرن]]
| Niedersachsen | Lower Saxony = [[لوئر سيڪسني]]
| Nordrhein-Westfalen | NRW | North Rhine-Westphalia | North Rhine-Westfalia = [[نارٿ رائن-ويسٽفاليا]]
| Rheinland-Pfalz | Rhineland-Palatinate = [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]]
| Saarland = [[زارلينڊ]]
| Sachsen | Saxony = [[سيڪسني]]
| Sachsen-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt = [[سيڪسني-انهالٽ]]
| Schleswig-Holstein = [[شليسويگ-هولشٽائن]]
| Thüringen | Thueringen | Thuringia = [[ٿورنگيا]]
| #default = {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}}
}}
| subdivision_type2       = [[ريگيئرونگس بيزيرڪ|انتظامي علائقو]]
| subdivision_name2       = {{#if:{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region|}}} }}} }}}
| {{#ifexist: {{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}} (region)
| [[{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}} (region)|{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}}]]
| {{#ifexist: {{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}}
| [[{{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}}]]
| {{{Regierungsbezirk|{{{regbzk|{{{region}}} }}} }}}
}}
}}
}}
| subdivision_type3       = [[جرمني جا ضلعا|ضلعو]]
| subdivision_name3       = {{Link if exists|{{#switch: {{{state|{{{Bundesland|}}} }}} | Hamburg | [[هيمبرگ]] | Bremen | [[بريمن]] | Berlin | [[برلن]] = &lt;!-- ضلعو موجود ناهي --&gt; |
{{#switch:{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}
| [[Kreisfreie Stadt|Stadt]] | Kreisfreie Stadt | urban = [[جرمني جا شهري ضلعا|شهري ضلعو]]
| #default = {{#ifexist: {{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} (district)
|&lt;!-- &quot;(district)&quot; تي ختم ٿيندڙ وڪي ڳنڍڻو --&gt; [[{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}} (district)|{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}]]
|&lt;!-- ٻي صورت ۾ --&gt; {{#ifexist: {{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}
|&lt;!-- &quot;(district)&quot; تي ختم نہ ٿيندڙ وڪي ڳنڍڻو --&gt; [[{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}|{{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}]]
|&lt;!-- ٻي صورت ۾ --&gt; {{{Landkreis|{{{Kreis|{{{district|}}} }}} }}}
}} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_type4       = {{#if: {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband|}}} | [[گمائنڊي فيروالٽونگس فيربانڊ|ميونسپل تنظيم]] |
{{#if: {{{Samtgemeinde|}}} | [[زامت گمائنڊي|ميونسپل تنظيم]] |
{{#if: {{{Verbandsgemeinde|}}} | [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي|ميونسپل تنظيم]] |
{{#if: {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft|}}} | [[انتظامي برادري|ميونسپل تنظيم]] |
{{#if: {{{Amt|}}} | [[امت|ميونسپل تنظيم]] |
{{#if: {{{Verwaltungsverband|}}} | [[انتظامي تنظيم|ميونسپل تنظيم]]
}} }} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_name4       = {{Link if exists|{{#if: {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}} (Gemeindeverwaltungsverband) | [[{{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}} (Gemeindeverwaltungsverband){{!}}{{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}}]] | {{{Gemeindeverwaltungsverband}}} }} |
{{#if: {{{Samtgemeinde|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Samtgemeinde}}} (Samtgemeinde) | [[{{{Samtgemeinde}}} (Samtgemeinde){{!}}{{{Samtgemeinde}}}]] | {{{Samtgemeinde}}} }} |
{{#if: {{{Verbandsgemeinde|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Verbandsgemeinde}}} (Verbandsgemeinde) | [[{{{Verbandsgemeinde}}} (Verbandsgemeinde){{!}}{{{Verbandsgemeinde}}}]] | {{{Verbandsgemeinde}}} }} |
{{#if: {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}} (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) | [[{{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}} (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft){{!}}{{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}}]] | {{{Verwaltungsgemeinschaft}}} }} |
{{#if: {{{Amt|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Amt}}} (Amt) | [[{{{Amt}}} (Amt){{!}}{{{Amt}}}]] | {{{Amt}}} }} |
{{#if: {{{Verwaltungsverband|}}} | {{#ifexist: {{{Verwaltungsverband}}} (Verwaltungsverband) | [[{{{Verwaltungsverband}}} (Verwaltungsverband){{!}}{{{Verwaltungsverband}}}]] | {{{Verwaltungsverband}}} }}
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_type5       = {{#if: {{{City|}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}} |
{{#if: {{{City|}}} | شهر |
{{#if: {{{Town|}}} | قصبو |
{{#if: {{{Municipality|}}} | ميونسپالٽي
}} }} }} }}
| subdivision_name5       = {{Link if exists|{{#if: {{{City|}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}} |
{{#if: {{{City|}}} | {{{City}}} |
{{#if: {{{Town|}}} | {{{Town}}} |
{{#if: {{{Municipality|}}} | {{{Municipality}}}
}} }} }} }} }}
| subdivision_type6       = {{#if: {{{borough|}}} | بورو }}
| subdivision_name6       = {{Link if exists|{{#if: {{{borough|}}} | {{{borough}}} }} }}
| established_title       = بنياد پيو
| established_date        = {{{year|}}}{{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{{year}}} &lt; 100 }} | 1 |  عيسوي }}
| established_title1      = پهريون ذڪر
| established_date1       = {{{year_of_first_mention|}}}
| extinct_title           = {{&lt;includeonly&gt;safesubst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#if:{{{dissolved|}}}|ختم ڪيو ويو}}
| extinct_date            = {{{dissolved|}}}
| parts_type              = {{#if: {{{Gliederung|{{{divisions|}}}}}} | انتظامي ڀاڱا }}
| parts                   = {{{Gliederung|{{{divisions|}}}}}}
| leader_party            = {{{Partei|{{{party|}}} }}}
| leader_title            = {{#switch: {{{Bürgermeistertitel}}}
| Mayor | Bürgermeister | [[Bürgermeister]] | Bürgermeisterin | [[Bürgermeisterin]] | Ortsbürgermeister | Ortsbürgermeisterin = [[برگوماسٽر|ميئر]]
| Lord mayor | Lord Mayor | [[Lord Mayor]] | Oberbürgermeister | [[Oberbürgermeister]] | Oberbürgermeisterin | [[Oberbürgermeisterin]] = [[لارڊ ميئر]]
| Ortsvorsteher | [[Ortsvorsteher]] | Ortsvorsteherin | [[Ortsvorsteherin]] = مقامي نمائندو
| Samtgemeindebürgermeister = [[برگوماسٽر|زامت گمائنڊي-&lt;br /&gt;ميئر]]
| Samtgemeindebürgermeisterin = [[برگوماسٽر|زامت گمائنڊي-&lt;br /&gt;ميئر]]
| #default = {{#ifexist: {{{Bürgermeistertitel}}} | [[{{{Bürgermeistertitel}}}]] | {{#if: {{{Bürgermeistertitel|}}} | {{{Bürgermeistertitel}}} | [[برگوماسٽر|ميئر]] }} }} }} {{&lt;includeonly&gt;safesubst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#if: {{{leader_term|}}} | {{nobold|({{{leader_term}}}) }}
}}
| leader_name             = {{{Bürgermeister|{{{mayor|}}} }}}
| leader_title1           = {{#if: {{{ruling_party1|}}} | حڪمران جماعتون }}
| leader_name1            = {{Polparty|DE|{{{ruling_party1|}}} }} {{#if: {{{ruling_party2|}}} | / {{Polparty|DE|{{{ruling_party2|}}} }} }} {{#if: {{{ruling_party3|}}} | / {{Polparty|DE|{{{ruling_party3|}}} }} }}
| area_footnotes          = {{{area_footnotes|}}}
| area_total_km2          = {{{Fläche|{{{area|}}} }}}
| area_urban_km2          =
| area_metro_km2          = {{{area_metro|}}}
| elevation_footnotes     = &lt;!-- حوالن لاءِ &lt;ref&gt; ٽيگ استعمال ڪريو --&gt;
| elevation_min_m         = {{#if:{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|^(%s*%d[%d]%s)%-(%s*%d.)|%1%2|plain=false}}||{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|^(%s%d[%d]%s)%-(%s*%d.)|%1|plain=false}} }} }}
| elevation_max_m         = {{#if:{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|^(%s%d[%d]%s)%-(%s*%d.)|%1%2|plain=false}}||{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|^(%s%d[%d]%s)%-(%s*%d.)|%2|plain=false}} }} }}
| elevation_m             = {{#if:{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|^(%s%d[%d]%s)%-|%1|plain=false}}|{{{Höhe|{{{elevation|}}}}}}|}} }}
| population_footnotes    = {{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{replace|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}| |}} }} +1 }} | {{{pop_ref|}}} | {{#tag:ref | {{Population Germany|key={{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}|datref=QUELLE}} }} }}
| population_total        = {{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{replace|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}| |}} }} +1 }} | {{{Einwohner|{{{population|}}} }}} | {{Population Germany|key={{replace|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}| |}} }} }}
| population_as_of        = {{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{replace|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}| |}} }} +1 }} | {{{population_as_of|{{{Stand|}}} }}} | {{Population Germany|key={{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}}|datref=STAND}} }}
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_urban        = {{{pop_urban|}}}
| population_metro        = {{{pop_metro|}}}
| population_demonym      = {{{pop_demonym|{{{demonym|}}}}}}
| timezone_link           = جرمني ۾ وقت
| timezone1               = [[مرڪزي يورپي وقت|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +01:00
| timezone1_DST           = [[مرڪزي يورپي اونهاري وارو وقت|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +02:00
| postal_code_type        = [[جرمني جي پوسٽل ڪوڊن جي فهرست|پوسٽل ڪوڊ]]
| postal_code             = {{{PLZ|{{{postal_code|}}} }}}
| area_code_type          = [[جرمني جي ٽيليفون ڊائلنگ ڪوڊن جي فهرست|ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ]]
| area_code               = {{{Vorwahl|{{{area_code|}}} }}}
| registration_plate      = {{{Kfz|{{{licence|}}} }}}
| website                 = {{{Website|{{{website|}}} }}}
| footnotes               = {{{footnotes|}}}
}}&lt;!-- غلطيءَ جي نگرانيءَ وارا زمرا

--&gt;{{#if: {{{coordinates|}}} | | {{ns0|[[زمرو:سار سنڀال گهرندڙ جرمني بابت مضمون|C]]}} }}&lt;!-- متناسق غائب
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#expr: {{#expr: {{{Einwohner|{{{population|0}}} }}} round 0 }} = {{{Einwohner|{{{population|0}}} }}} }} | 0 | {{ns0|[[زمرو:سار سنڀال گهرندڙ جرمني بابت مضمون|D]]}} | }}&lt;!-- آباديءَ ۾ هزارن جي جدا ڪندڙ طور اعشاري نقطو استعمال ٿيڻ تي سار سنڀال واري زمري ۾ شامل ڪريو
--&gt;{{#if: {{{City|}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}} | {{#if: {{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}} | {{ns0|[[زمرو:سار سنڀال گهرندڙ جرمني بابت مضمون|T]]}} | }} }}&lt;!-- ميونسپالٽين جي ماتحت ڀاڱن وٽ Gemeindeschlüssel نہ هئڻ گهرجي
--&gt;{{#iferror: {{#expr: {{Population Germany|key={{replace|{{{key|{{{Gemeindeschlüssel|}}} }}}| |}} }} + 1 }} | {{#if:{{{City|}}} {{{Town|}}} {{{Municipality|}}}{{{dissolved|}}} |&lt;!-- ٺيڪ، ميونسپالٽين جي ماتحت ڀاڱن ۽ ختم ٿيل وحدتن وٽ Gemeindeschlüssel نہ هوندو آهي --&gt; | {{ns0|[[زمرو:سار سنڀال گهرندڙ جرمني بابت مضمون|U]]}} }} | }}&lt;!-- Gemeindeschlüssel کان سواءِ يا غلط Gemeindeschlüssel وارو قصبو
--&gt;{{#if: {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}} }}} | | {{ns0|[[زمرو:سار سنڀال گهرندڙ جرمني بابت مضمون|X]]}} }}&lt;!-- رياست جو نالو غائب
--&gt;{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[زمرو:اڻڄاتل پيرا ميٽرن سان جرمن هنڌ جي معلوماتي خاني کي استعمال ڪندڙ صفحا|VALUE{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=صفحو [[سانچو:جرمن هنڌ جو معلومات خانو]] اڻڄاتل پيرا ميٽر &quot;VALUE&quot; سان استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي|ignoreblank=y| _noautocat | Amt | area | area_code | area_metro | Art | borough | Bundesland | Bürgermeister | Bürgermeistertitel | City | coordinates | demonym | dissolved | district | divisions | Einwohner | elevation | Fläche | footnotes | Gemeindeschlüssel | Gemeindeverwaltungsverband | German_name | Gliederung | Höhe | image_caption | image_coa | image_flag | image_photo | image_plan | image_skyline | imagesize | Kfz | Kreis | Lageplan | Lageplanbeschreibung | Landkreis | leader_term | licence | mayor | Municipality | name | Name | Partei | party | plantext | PLZ | pop_demonym | pop_metro | pop_ref | pop_urban | population | population_as_of | postal_code | regbzk | Regierungsbezirk | region | ruling_party1 | ruling_party2 | ruling_party3 | Samtgemeinde | Stand | state | Town | type | Verbandsgemeinde | Verwaltungsgemeinschaft | Verwaltungsverband | Vorwahl | Wappen | website | Website | year | year_of_first_mention }}&lt;!--

زمرن جي پاڻمرادو ورهاست
--&gt;{{#if:{{{_noautocat|&lt;noinclude&gt;x&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}||&lt;!--
(قسم) (رياست) ۾ --&gt;{{#if:{{{City|}}}{{{Town|}}}{{{Municipality|}}} | | {{#switch: {{ucfirst:{{{Art|{{{type|}}}}}}}}
| &lt;!-- اهي ماتحت ڀاڱا جن لاءِ ڪو شهر يا قصبو وغيره ڄاڻايل نہ آهي --&gt; Ortsteil | Stadtteil | Suburb | Borough | Quarter | Bezirk | Stadtbezirk = {{ns0|[[زمرو:سار سنڀال گهرندڙ جرمني بابت مضمون|Art]]}}
| #default = {{#if:{{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}}}}}|{{ns0|[[زمرو:{{
#switch: {{ucfirst:{{{Art|{{{type|}}}}}}}}
| Ortsgemeinde | Gemeinde | Markt | Municipality | municipality = ميونسپالٽيون
| Amt = امت
| Gemeindeverwaltungsverband = ميونسپل انتظامي تنظيمون
| Samtgemeinde = زامت گمائنڊيون
| Verbandsgemeinde = فيربانڊس گمائنڊيون
| Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = انتظامي برادريون
| Verwaltungsverband = انتظامي تنظيمون
| Former Verbandsgemeinde = اڳوڻيون فيربانڊس گمائنڊيون
| Stadt | Kreisfreie Stadt | [[Kreisfreie Stadt|Stadt]] | Town | town = قصبا
| City | city = شهر
| Village | Dorf = ڳوٺ
| #default = ميونسپالٽيون
}} {{#switch: {{{Bundesland|{{{state|}}}}}}
| Bayern | Bavaria | [[Bavaria]] = بائيريا ۾
| Baden-Wuerttemberg | Baden-Württemberg | [[Baden-Württemberg]] = باڊن-ورٽمبرگ ۾
| Berlin | [[Berlin]] = برلن ۾
| Brandenburg | [[Brandenburg]] = برانڊنبرگ ۾
| Bremen | [[Bremen]] = بريمن رياست ۾
| Hamburg | [[Hamburg]] = هيمبرگ ۾
| Hessen | Hesse | [[Hesse]] = هيسن ۾
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] | [[Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania]] = ميڪلنبرگ-فورپومرن ۾
| Niedersachsen | Lower Saxony | [[Lower Saxony]] = لوئر سيڪسني ۾
| Nordrhein-Westfalen | NRW | North Rhine-Westphalia | [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] = نارٿ رائن-ويسٽفاليا ۾
| Rheinland-Pfalz | Rhineland-Palatinate | [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۾
| Saarland | [[Saarland]] = زارلينڊ ۾
| Sachsen | Saxony | [[Saxony]] = سيڪسني ۾
| Sachsen-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt | [[Saxony-Anhalt]] = سيڪسني-انهالٽ ۾
| Schleswig-Holstein | [[Schleswig-Holstein]] = شليسويگ-هولشٽائن ۾
| Thüringen | Thuringia | [[Thuringia]] = ٿورنگيا ۾
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    <title>سوئيڪارنو</title>
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      <text bytes="12122" sha1="8uqfn60kw25z72szhhcn5301ituigr9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
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{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
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{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
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{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين {{ill|Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|id|v=sup}}، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ {{ill|Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|id|v=sup}} بالي جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' (''Kusno Sosrodihardjo'') هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14108" sha1="kwbeugpdzs13bfwt8ovsim2kwi5dnwm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19029" sha1="1sc7xlom6lnkr0myshr8ir4fmte0r9e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح ''{{lang|fr|exploitation de l'homme par l'homme}}'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح ''{{lang|fr|exploitation de l'homme par l'homme}}'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
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| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
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سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
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| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
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| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
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سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي جدوجهد ==
{{Further|ڊچ اخلاقي پاليسي ۽ انڊونيشي قومي بيداري}}

سوڪارنو پهريون ڀيرو قومپرستانه خيالن کان ان وقت واقف ٿيو، جڏهن هو [[چوڪروامينوتو]] جي گهر ۾ رهندو هو. بعد ۾، بانڊونگ ۾ شاگرديءَ دوران، هن [[يورپ]]ي، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]]، قومپرست، [[ڪميونزم|ڪميونسٽ]] ۽ مذهبي سياسي فلسفن جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن انڊونيشي طرز جي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] خودڪفالت تي ٻڌل پنهنجي سياسي نظريي کي ترقي ڏني. هن پنهنجي خيالن کي [[مارهائينزم]] جو نالو ڏنو، جيڪو &quot;مارهائين&quot; نالي هڪ انڊونيشي هاريءَ تان ورتل هو، جنهن سان سندس بانڊونگ جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ۾ ملاقات ٿي هئي. مارهائين پنهنجي ننڍڙي زمين جو پاڻ مالڪ هو، پاڻ ئي ان تي پوک ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي خاندان جي گذر سفر لاءِ ڪافي آمدني حاصل ڪندو هو.

يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ تعليم دوران، سوڪارنو انڊونيشي شاگردن لاءِ ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' نالي هڪ مطالعاتي ڪلب قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ڊچ شاگردن جي قبضي هيٺ قائم روايتي شاگرد تنظيمن جي مقابلي ۾ هو.

=== انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي ۾ شموليت ===
[[File:Sukarno HBS.jpg|thumb|160px|سوڪارنو [[هوخيري برخرسخول|ايڇ بي ايس]] ۾ شاگرد جي حيثيت ۾، [[سورابايا]]، 1916ع]]

4 جولاءِ 1927ع تي، سوڪارنو پنهنجي ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' جي ساٿين سان گڏ آزاديءَ جي حامي [[انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي]] (پي اين آء) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو.

هن پارٽي جو مقصد [[انڊونيشيا]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ اها سامراجيت ۽ [[سرمائيداري]] ٻنهي جي مخالفت ڪندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جي نظر ۾ اهي ٻئي نظام انڊونيشي عوام جي زندگي وڌيڪ ڏکي بڻائيندا هئا. پارٽي [[سيڪيولرزم]] ۽ ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز ۾ رهندڙ مختلف نسلي گروهن جي اتحاد جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي، جيئن هڪ متحد انڊونيشيا قائم ٿي سگهي.

سوڪارنو کي اميد هئي ته [[جاپان]] جلد [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران [[اتحادي قوتون|اولهندي اتحادين]] خلاف جنگ شروع ڪندو، ۽ انڊونيشيا جاپان جي مدد سان پنهنجي آزادي حاصل ڪري سگهندو.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جي ڪمزور ٿيڻ ۽ 1926ع جي ناڪام بغاوت کان پوءِ [[انڊونيشي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] جي دٻجڻ کان پوءِ، PNI تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿيڻ لڳي، خاص طور انهن نون يونيورسٽي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جيڪي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نسل پرست ۽ محدود سياسي نظام مان مايوس هئا ۽ وڌيڪ آزاديون ۽ موقعا حاصل ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== گرفتاري، مقدمو ۽ قيد ===

==== گرفتاري ۽ مقدمو ====
[[File:P.N.I. proces te Bandoeng 1930 - Nationaal Archief.jpg|thumb|right|1930ع ۾ بانڊونگ ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو پنهنجي ساٿي جوابدارن ۽ وڪيلن سان گڏ]]

PNI جون سرگرميون جلد نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نظر ۾ اچي ويون، ۽ سوڪارنو جون تقريرون ۽ گڏجاڻيون اڪثر نوآبادياتي خفيه پوليس (''[[پوليتيڪي اِنلِخٽِنگين ڊينسٽ]]'':نوآبادياتي سياسي خفيه اطلاعاتي خدمت) جي اهلڪارن طرفان نگراني ۽ خلل جو شڪار ٿينديون هيون.

آخرڪار، 29 ڊسمبر 1929ع تي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جاوا ۾ ڇاپن جي هڪ سلسلي دوران سوڪارنو ۽ PNI جي ٻين اهم اڳواڻن کي گرفتار ڪري ورتو. سوڪارنو کي [[يوگياڪارتا]] جي دوري دوران گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

آگسٽ کان ڊسمبر 1930ع تائين بانڊونگ جي ''لانڊراٽ'' (زميني عدالت) ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو نوآباديات ۽ سامراجيت خلاف ڊگهيون سياسي تقريرون ڪيون، جيڪي بعد ۾ ''اِنڊونيسيا مينگوگاٽ'' (''[[انڊونيشيا اڪيوزز]]''؛ &quot;انڊونيشيا الزام لڳائي ٿو&quot;) جي عنوان سان مشهور ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party |url=https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=theconversation.com|date=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== قيد ====
ڊسمبر 1930ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي چار سال قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، جيڪا هن بانڊونگ جي سوڪامسڪين جيل ۾ ڪاٽي. بهرحال، سندس تقريرن کي پريس ۾ وڏي پذيرائي ملي، ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] توڙي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي لبرل حلقن جي دٻاءَ سبب [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جو گورنر جنرل|گورنر جنرل]] [[اينڊريس ڪورنيليس ڊرڪ ڊي گراف]] سندس سزا گهٽائي ٻن سالن تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏي. نتيجي طور، سوڪارنو کي 31 ڊسمبر 1931ع تي وقت کان اڳ آزاد ڪيو ويو. ان وقت تائين هو سڄي انڊونيشيا ۾ مشهور قومي هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو.

تنهن هوندي به، سندس قيد دوران PNI اندروني اختلافن ۽ نوآبادياتي دٻاءَ سبب ٽٽي وئي. ڊچ حڪومت اصل PNI کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ان جا اڳوڻا ميمبر ٻن نون پارٽين ۾ ورهائجي ويا. [[پارٽيندو|انڊونيشيا پارٽي (Partindo)]]، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو جي ساٿي [[سارتونو]] ڪندو هو، عوامي تحريڪن تي زور ڏيندي هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ [[محمد حطا]] ۽ [[ستن سجهرير]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ [[انڊونيشي قومي تعليم]] (نئين PNI) ڊگهي مدي واري حڪمت عملي تحت عوام جي تعليم ۽ ذهين قيادت تي زور ڏيندي هئي.

سوڪارنو ٻنهي ڌرين کي گڏ ڪري هڪ متحد قومپرست محاذ قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ناڪام ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 28 جولاءِ 1932ع تي پارٽيندو جي قيادت سنڀالي. پارٽيندو عوامي جدوجهد واري حڪمت عملي تي قائم رهي، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو حطا جي ڊگهي عرصي واري تنظيم سازي واري حڪمت عملي سان اختلاف رکندو هو. سندس خيال هو ته سياست ۾ حقيقي تبديلي صرف طاقت جي تنظيم ۽ ان جي مؤثر استعمال (''مَخٽس فورمِنگ اِن مَخٽس آن وِينڊِنگ'') سان ئي آڻي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;/&gt;

هن عرصي دوران مالي ضرورتون پوريون ڪرڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو ٻيهر معماريءَ جي شعبي ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ پنهنجي يونيورسٽيءَ جي جونيئر [[روسينو]] سان گڏ ''سوئيڪارنو ۽ روسينو'' نالي آفيس قائم ڪئي. هن پارٽيءَ جي اخبار ''فڪران راجت'' (&quot;عوام جو فڪر&quot;) لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکيا.

بانڊونگ ۾ رهندي هن جاوا جي مختلف علائقن جا دورا ڪري ٻين قومپرستن سان رابطا قائم ڪيا. سندس سرگرمين سبب ڊچ خفيه پوليس (PID) جي نگراني وڌيڪ وڌي وئي. 1933ع جي وچ ڌاري هن ''مينچاپائي اِنڊونيسيا ميرديڪا'' (&quot;آزاد انڊونيشيا حاصل ڪرڻ&quot;) جي عنوان سان مضمونن جو سلسلو شايع ڪيو. انهن لکڻين جي نتيجي ۾ 1 آگسٽ 1933ع تي، [[جڪارتا]] ۾ قومپرست اڳواڻ [[محمد حسني ٿامرين]] سان ملاقات دوران، کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

=== فلورس ۽ بينگڪولو ڏانهن جلاوطني ===
هن ڀيري، سوڪارنو کي سياسي تقريرن جو موقعو نه ڏيڻ لاءِ سخت گير گورنر جنرل [[يونڪهير]] [[بونيفيشس ڪورنيليس ڊي يونگي]] پنهنجي هنگامي اختيارن تحت بنا مقدمي جي ملڪ اندر جلاوطن ڪري ڇڏيو.
1934ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي پنهنجي خاندان (جنهن ۾ اِنگگت گارناسِه پڻ شامل هئي) سان گڏ [[فلورس]] ٻيٽ جي ڏورانهين شهر [[اينڊي، انڊونيشيا|اينڊي]] موڪليو ويو. فلورس ۾ رهندي هن پنهنجي محدود آزاديءَ مان فائدو وٺندي ٻارن جي هڪ ناٽڪ منڊلي قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي ميمبرن ۾ مستقبل جو سياستدان [[فرانس سيڊا]] پڻ شامل هو.
فلورس ۾ مليريا جي وبا پکڙجڻ کان پوءِ، ڊچ حڪومت فيبروري 1938ع ۾ سوڪارنو ۽ سندس خاندان کي سماترا جي اولهندي سامونڊي ڪناري تي واقع [[بينگڪولو]] منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soekarno |url=https://populicenter.org/en/2021/05/05/soekarno/ |website=populicenter.org |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
بينگڪولو ۾ سوڪارنو جي واقفيت [[محمديه]] تنظيم جي مقامي اڳواڻ حسن دين سان ٿي، جنهن کيس محمديه جي هڪ مقامي اسڪول ۾ ديني تعليم پڙهائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سندس شاگردن مان هڪ 15 ورهين جي [[فاطماوتي]] هئي، جيڪا حسن دين جي ڌيءَ هئي. سوڪارنو ۽ فاطماوتي وچ ۾ محبت جو تعلق قائم ٿيو، جنهن جي وضاحت سوڪارنو هن بنياد تي ڪئي ته سندس زال اِنگگت گارناسِه لڳ ڀڳ ويهن سالن جي شادي باوجود کيس اولاد نه ڏئي سگهي هئي.
1942ع ۾، جڏهن جاپاني فوجن [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز مهم]] دوران [[ملائي ٻيٽن جو مجموعو]] تي حملو ڪيو، تڏهن سوڪارنو اڃا تائين بينگڪولو ۾ جلاوطنيءَ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو هو.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
      <sha1>58ls7hiwwpb3srp0cn2laglecopmdeg</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-18T08:53:00Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="32754" sha1="bpdiphfyim8mm1t92f3vcmgoyjg9qob" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
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*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
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*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
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{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
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*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
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| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي جدوجهد ==
{{Further|ڊچ اخلاقي پاليسي ۽ انڊونيشي قومي بيداري}}

سوڪارنو پهريون ڀيرو قومپرستانه خيالن کان ان وقت واقف ٿيو، جڏهن هو [[چوڪروامينوتو]] جي گهر ۾ رهندو هو. بعد ۾، بانڊونگ ۾ شاگرديءَ دوران، هن [[يورپ]]ي، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]]، قومپرست، [[ڪميونزم|ڪميونسٽ]] ۽ مذهبي سياسي فلسفن جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن انڊونيشي طرز جي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] خودڪفالت تي ٻڌل پنهنجي سياسي نظريي کي ترقي ڏني. هن پنهنجي خيالن کي [[مارهائينزم]] جو نالو ڏنو، جيڪو &quot;مارهائين&quot; نالي هڪ انڊونيشي هاريءَ تان ورتل هو، جنهن سان سندس بانڊونگ جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ۾ ملاقات ٿي هئي. مارهائين پنهنجي ننڍڙي زمين جو پاڻ مالڪ هو، پاڻ ئي ان تي پوک ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي خاندان جي گذر سفر لاءِ ڪافي آمدني حاصل ڪندو هو.

يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ تعليم دوران، سوڪارنو انڊونيشي شاگردن لاءِ ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' نالي هڪ مطالعاتي ڪلب قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ڊچ شاگردن جي قبضي هيٺ قائم روايتي شاگرد تنظيمن جي مقابلي ۾ هو.

=== انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي ۾ شموليت ===
[[File:Sukarno HBS.jpg|thumb|160px|سوڪارنو [[هوخيري برخرسخول|ايڇ بي ايس]] ۾ شاگرد جي حيثيت ۾، [[سورابايا]]، 1916ع]]

4 جولاءِ 1927ع تي، سوڪارنو پنهنجي ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' جي ساٿين سان گڏ آزاديءَ جي حامي [[انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي]] (پي اين آء) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو.

هن پارٽي جو مقصد [[انڊونيشيا]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ اها سامراجيت ۽ [[سرمائيداري]] ٻنهي جي مخالفت ڪندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جي نظر ۾ اهي ٻئي نظام انڊونيشي عوام جي زندگي وڌيڪ ڏکي بڻائيندا هئا. پارٽي [[سيڪيولرزم]] ۽ ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز ۾ رهندڙ مختلف نسلي گروهن جي اتحاد جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي، جيئن هڪ متحد انڊونيشيا قائم ٿي سگهي.

سوڪارنو کي اميد هئي ته [[جاپان]] جلد [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران [[اتحادي قوتون|اولهندي اتحادين]] خلاف جنگ شروع ڪندو، ۽ انڊونيشيا جاپان جي مدد سان پنهنجي آزادي حاصل ڪري سگهندو.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جي ڪمزور ٿيڻ ۽ 1926ع جي ناڪام بغاوت کان پوءِ [[انڊونيشي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] جي دٻجڻ کان پوءِ، PNI تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿيڻ لڳي، خاص طور انهن نون يونيورسٽي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جيڪي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نسل پرست ۽ محدود سياسي نظام مان مايوس هئا ۽ وڌيڪ آزاديون ۽ موقعا حاصل ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== گرفتاري، مقدمو ۽ قيد ===

==== گرفتاري ۽ مقدمو ====
[[File:P.N.I. proces te Bandoeng 1930 - Nationaal Archief.jpg|thumb|right|1930ع ۾ بانڊونگ ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو پنهنجي ساٿي جوابدارن ۽ وڪيلن سان گڏ]]

PNI جون سرگرميون جلد نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نظر ۾ اچي ويون، ۽ سوڪارنو جون تقريرون ۽ گڏجاڻيون اڪثر نوآبادياتي خفيه پوليس (''[[پوليتيڪي اِنلِخٽِنگين ڊينسٽ]]'':نوآبادياتي سياسي خفيه اطلاعاتي خدمت) جي اهلڪارن طرفان نگراني ۽ خلل جو شڪار ٿينديون هيون.

آخرڪار، 29 ڊسمبر 1929ع تي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جاوا ۾ ڇاپن جي هڪ سلسلي دوران سوڪارنو ۽ PNI جي ٻين اهم اڳواڻن کي گرفتار ڪري ورتو. سوڪارنو کي [[يوگياڪارتا]] جي دوري دوران گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

آگسٽ کان ڊسمبر 1930ع تائين بانڊونگ جي ''لانڊراٽ'' (زميني عدالت) ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو نوآباديات ۽ سامراجيت خلاف ڊگهيون سياسي تقريرون ڪيون، جيڪي بعد ۾ ''اِنڊونيسيا مينگوگاٽ'' (''[[انڊونيشيا اڪيوزز]]''؛ &quot;انڊونيشيا الزام لڳائي ٿو&quot;) جي عنوان سان مشهور ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party |url=https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=theconversation.com|date=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== قيد ====
ڊسمبر 1930ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي چار سال قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، جيڪا هن بانڊونگ جي سوڪامسڪين جيل ۾ ڪاٽي. بهرحال، سندس تقريرن کي پريس ۾ وڏي پذيرائي ملي، ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] توڙي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي لبرل حلقن جي دٻاءَ سبب [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جو گورنر جنرل|گورنر جنرل]] [[اينڊريس ڪورنيليس ڊرڪ ڊي گراف]] سندس سزا گهٽائي ٻن سالن تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏي. نتيجي طور، سوڪارنو کي 31 ڊسمبر 1931ع تي وقت کان اڳ آزاد ڪيو ويو. ان وقت تائين هو سڄي انڊونيشيا ۾ مشهور قومي هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو.

تنهن هوندي به، سندس قيد دوران PNI اندروني اختلافن ۽ نوآبادياتي دٻاءَ سبب ٽٽي وئي. ڊچ حڪومت اصل PNI کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ان جا اڳوڻا ميمبر ٻن نون پارٽين ۾ ورهائجي ويا. [[پارٽيندو|انڊونيشيا پارٽي (پارٽينڊو)]]، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو جي ساٿي [[سارتونو]] ڪندو هو، عوامي تحريڪن تي زور ڏيندي هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ [[محمد حطا]] ۽ [[ستن سجهرير]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ [[انڊونيشي قومي تعليم]] (نئين PNI) ڊگهي مدي واري حڪمت عملي تحت عوام جي تعليم ۽ ذهين قيادت تي زور ڏيندي هئي.

سوڪارنو ٻنهي ڌرين کي گڏ ڪري هڪ متحد قومپرست محاذ قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ناڪام ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 28 جولاءِ 1932ع تي پارٽيندو جي قيادت سنڀالي. پارٽيندو عوامي جدوجهد واري حڪمت عملي تي قائم رهي، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو حطا جي ڊگهي عرصي واري تنظيم سازي واري حڪمت عملي سان اختلاف رکندو هو. سندس خيال هو ته سياست ۾ حقيقي تبديلي صرف طاقت جي تنظيم ۽ ان جي مؤثر استعمال (''مَخٽس فورمِنگ اِن مَخٽس آن وِينڊِنگ'') سان ئي آڻي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;/&gt;

هن عرصي دوران مالي ضرورتون پوريون ڪرڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو ٻيهر معماريءَ جي شعبي ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ پنهنجي يونيورسٽيءَ جي جونيئر [[روسينو]] سان گڏ ''سوئيڪارنو ۽ روسينو'' نالي آفيس قائم ڪئي. هن پارٽيءَ جي اخبار ''فڪران راجت'' (&quot;عوام جو فڪر&quot;) لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکيا.

بانڊونگ ۾ رهندي هن جاوا جي مختلف علائقن جا دورا ڪري ٻين قومپرستن سان رابطا قائم ڪيا. سندس سرگرمين سبب ڊچ خفيه پوليس (PID) جي نگراني وڌيڪ وڌي وئي. 1933ع جي وچ ڌاري هن ''مينچاپائي اِنڊونيسيا ميرديڪا'' (&quot;آزاد انڊونيشيا حاصل ڪرڻ&quot;) جي عنوان سان مضمونن جو سلسلو شايع ڪيو. انهن لکڻين جي نتيجي ۾ 1 آگسٽ 1933ع تي، [[جڪارتا]] ۾ قومپرست اڳواڻ [[محمد حسني ٿامرين]] سان ملاقات دوران، کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

=== فلورس ۽ بينگڪولو ڏانهن جلاوطني ===
هن ڀيري، سوڪارنو کي سياسي تقريرن جو موقعو نه ڏيڻ لاءِ سخت گير گورنر جنرل [[يونڪهير]] [[بونيفيشس ڪورنيليس ڊي يونگي]] پنهنجي هنگامي اختيارن تحت بنا مقدمي جي ملڪ اندر جلاوطن ڪري ڇڏيو.
1934ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي پنهنجي خاندان (جنهن ۾ اِنگگت گارناسِه پڻ شامل هئي) سان گڏ [[فلورس]] ٻيٽ جي ڏورانهين شهر [[اينڊي، انڊونيشيا|اينڊي]] موڪليو ويو. فلورس ۾ رهندي هن پنهنجي محدود آزاديءَ مان فائدو وٺندي ٻارن جي هڪ ناٽڪ منڊلي قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي ميمبرن ۾ مستقبل جو سياستدان [[فرانس سيڊا]] پڻ شامل هو.
فلورس ۾ مليريا جي وبا پکڙجڻ کان پوءِ، ڊچ حڪومت فيبروري 1938ع ۾ سوڪارنو ۽ سندس خاندان کي سماترا جي اولهندي سامونڊي ڪناري تي واقع [[بينگڪولو]] منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soekarno |url=https://populicenter.org/en/2021/05/05/soekarno/ |website=populicenter.org |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
بينگڪولو ۾ سوڪارنو جي واقفيت [[محمديه]] تنظيم جي مقامي اڳواڻ حسن دين سان ٿي، جنهن کيس محمديه جي هڪ مقامي اسڪول ۾ ديني تعليم پڙهائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سندس شاگردن مان هڪ 15 ورهين جي [[فاطماوتي]] هئي، جيڪا حسن دين جي ڌيءَ هئي. سوڪارنو ۽ فاطماوتي وچ ۾ محبت جو تعلق قائم ٿيو، جنهن جي وضاحت سوڪارنو هن بنياد تي ڪئي ته سندس زال اِنگگت گارناسِه لڳ ڀڳ ويهن سالن جي شادي باوجود کيس اولاد نه ڏئي سگهي هئي.
1942ع ۾، جڏهن جاپاني فوجن [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز مهم]] دوران [[ملائي ٻيٽن جو مجموعو]] تي حملو ڪيو، تڏهن سوڪارنو اڃا تائين بينگڪولو ۾ جلاوطنيءَ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو هو.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-18T08:54:53Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="39166" sha1="lfgfxxx24js7mboi27zwant2f9jr80d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
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*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
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{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
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*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
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{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
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*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
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{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
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*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
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| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي جدوجهد ==
{{Further|ڊچ اخلاقي پاليسي ۽ انڊونيشي قومي بيداري}}

سوڪارنو پهريون ڀيرو قومپرستانه خيالن کان ان وقت واقف ٿيو، جڏهن هو [[چوڪروامينوتو]] جي گهر ۾ رهندو هو. بعد ۾، بانڊونگ ۾ شاگرديءَ دوران، هن [[يورپ]]ي، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]]، قومپرست، [[ڪميونزم|ڪميونسٽ]] ۽ مذهبي سياسي فلسفن جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن انڊونيشي طرز جي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] خودڪفالت تي ٻڌل پنهنجي سياسي نظريي کي ترقي ڏني. هن پنهنجي خيالن کي [[مارهائينزم]] جو نالو ڏنو، جيڪو &quot;مارهائين&quot; نالي هڪ انڊونيشي هاريءَ تان ورتل هو، جنهن سان سندس بانڊونگ جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ۾ ملاقات ٿي هئي. مارهائين پنهنجي ننڍڙي زمين جو پاڻ مالڪ هو، پاڻ ئي ان تي پوک ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي خاندان جي گذر سفر لاءِ ڪافي آمدني حاصل ڪندو هو.

يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ تعليم دوران، سوڪارنو انڊونيشي شاگردن لاءِ ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' نالي هڪ مطالعاتي ڪلب قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ڊچ شاگردن جي قبضي هيٺ قائم روايتي شاگرد تنظيمن جي مقابلي ۾ هو.

=== انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي ۾ شموليت ===
[[File:Sukarno HBS.jpg|thumb|160px|سوڪارنو [[هوخيري برخرسخول|ايڇ بي ايس]] ۾ شاگرد جي حيثيت ۾، [[سورابايا]]، 1916ع]]

4 جولاءِ 1927ع تي، سوڪارنو پنهنجي ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' جي ساٿين سان گڏ آزاديءَ جي حامي [[انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي]] (پي اين آء) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو.

هن پارٽي جو مقصد [[انڊونيشيا]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ اها سامراجيت ۽ [[سرمائيداري]] ٻنهي جي مخالفت ڪندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جي نظر ۾ اهي ٻئي نظام انڊونيشي عوام جي زندگي وڌيڪ ڏکي بڻائيندا هئا. پارٽي [[سيڪيولرزم]] ۽ ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز ۾ رهندڙ مختلف نسلي گروهن جي اتحاد جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي، جيئن هڪ متحد انڊونيشيا قائم ٿي سگهي.

سوڪارنو کي اميد هئي ته [[جاپان]] جلد [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران [[اتحادي قوتون|اولهندي اتحادين]] خلاف جنگ شروع ڪندو، ۽ انڊونيشيا جاپان جي مدد سان پنهنجي آزادي حاصل ڪري سگهندو.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جي ڪمزور ٿيڻ ۽ 1926ع جي ناڪام بغاوت کان پوءِ [[انڊونيشي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] جي دٻجڻ کان پوءِ، PNI تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿيڻ لڳي، خاص طور انهن نون يونيورسٽي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جيڪي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نسل پرست ۽ محدود سياسي نظام مان مايوس هئا ۽ وڌيڪ آزاديون ۽ موقعا حاصل ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== گرفتاري، مقدمو ۽ قيد ===

==== گرفتاري ۽ مقدمو ====
[[File:P.N.I. proces te Bandoeng 1930 - Nationaal Archief.jpg|thumb|right|1930ع ۾ بانڊونگ ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو پنهنجي ساٿي جوابدارن ۽ وڪيلن سان گڏ]]

PNI جون سرگرميون جلد نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نظر ۾ اچي ويون، ۽ سوڪارنو جون تقريرون ۽ گڏجاڻيون اڪثر نوآبادياتي خفيه پوليس (''[[پوليتيڪي اِنلِخٽِنگين ڊينسٽ]]'':نوآبادياتي سياسي خفيه اطلاعاتي خدمت) جي اهلڪارن طرفان نگراني ۽ خلل جو شڪار ٿينديون هيون.

آخرڪار، 29 ڊسمبر 1929ع تي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جاوا ۾ ڇاپن جي هڪ سلسلي دوران سوڪارنو ۽ PNI جي ٻين اهم اڳواڻن کي گرفتار ڪري ورتو. سوڪارنو کي [[يوگياڪارتا]] جي دوري دوران گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

آگسٽ کان ڊسمبر 1930ع تائين بانڊونگ جي ''لانڊراٽ'' (زميني عدالت) ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو نوآباديات ۽ سامراجيت خلاف ڊگهيون سياسي تقريرون ڪيون، جيڪي بعد ۾ ''اِنڊونيسيا مينگوگاٽ'' (''[[انڊونيشيا اڪيوزز]]''؛ &quot;انڊونيشيا الزام لڳائي ٿو&quot;) جي عنوان سان مشهور ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party |url=https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=theconversation.com|date=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== قيد ====
ڊسمبر 1930ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي چار سال قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، جيڪا هن بانڊونگ جي سوڪامسڪين جيل ۾ ڪاٽي. بهرحال، سندس تقريرن کي پريس ۾ وڏي پذيرائي ملي، ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] توڙي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي لبرل حلقن جي دٻاءَ سبب [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جو گورنر جنرل|گورنر جنرل]] [[اينڊريس ڪورنيليس ڊرڪ ڊي گراف]] سندس سزا گهٽائي ٻن سالن تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏي. نتيجي طور، سوڪارنو کي 31 ڊسمبر 1931ع تي وقت کان اڳ آزاد ڪيو ويو. ان وقت تائين هو سڄي انڊونيشيا ۾ مشهور قومي هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو.

تنهن هوندي به، سندس قيد دوران PNI اندروني اختلافن ۽ نوآبادياتي دٻاءَ سبب ٽٽي وئي. ڊچ حڪومت اصل PNI کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ان جا اڳوڻا ميمبر ٻن نون پارٽين ۾ ورهائجي ويا. [[پارٽيندو|انڊونيشيا پارٽي (پارٽينڊو)]]، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو جي ساٿي [[سارتونو]] ڪندو هو، عوامي تحريڪن تي زور ڏيندي هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ [[محمد حطا]] ۽ [[ستن سجهرير]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ [[انڊونيشي قومي تعليم]] (نئين PNI) ڊگهي مدي واري حڪمت عملي تحت عوام جي تعليم ۽ ذهين قيادت تي زور ڏيندي هئي.

سوڪارنو ٻنهي ڌرين کي گڏ ڪري هڪ متحد قومپرست محاذ قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ناڪام ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 28 جولاءِ 1932ع تي پارٽيندو جي قيادت سنڀالي. پارٽيندو عوامي جدوجهد واري حڪمت عملي تي قائم رهي، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو حطا جي ڊگهي عرصي واري تنظيم سازي واري حڪمت عملي سان اختلاف رکندو هو. سندس خيال هو ته سياست ۾ حقيقي تبديلي صرف طاقت جي تنظيم ۽ ان جي مؤثر استعمال (''مَخٽس فورمِنگ اِن مَخٽس آن وِينڊِنگ'') سان ئي آڻي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;/&gt;

هن عرصي دوران مالي ضرورتون پوريون ڪرڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو ٻيهر معماريءَ جي شعبي ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ پنهنجي يونيورسٽيءَ جي جونيئر [[روسينو]] سان گڏ ''سوئيڪارنو ۽ روسينو'' نالي آفيس قائم ڪئي. هن پارٽيءَ جي اخبار ''فڪران راجت'' (&quot;عوام جو فڪر&quot;) لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکيا.

بانڊونگ ۾ رهندي هن جاوا جي مختلف علائقن جا دورا ڪري ٻين قومپرستن سان رابطا قائم ڪيا. سندس سرگرمين سبب ڊچ خفيه پوليس (PID) جي نگراني وڌيڪ وڌي وئي. 1933ع جي وچ ڌاري هن ''مينچاپائي اِنڊونيسيا ميرديڪا'' (&quot;آزاد انڊونيشيا حاصل ڪرڻ&quot;) جي عنوان سان مضمونن جو سلسلو شايع ڪيو. انهن لکڻين جي نتيجي ۾ 1 آگسٽ 1933ع تي، [[جڪارتا]] ۾ قومپرست اڳواڻ [[محمد حسني ٿامرين]] سان ملاقات دوران، کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

=== فلورس ۽ بينگڪولو ڏانهن جلاوطني ===
هن ڀيري، سوڪارنو کي سياسي تقريرن جو موقعو نه ڏيڻ لاءِ سخت گير گورنر جنرل [[يونڪهير]] [[بونيفيشس ڪورنيليس ڊي يونگي]] پنهنجي هنگامي اختيارن تحت بنا مقدمي جي ملڪ اندر جلاوطن ڪري ڇڏيو.
1934ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي پنهنجي خاندان (جنهن ۾ اِنگگت گارناسِه پڻ شامل هئي) سان گڏ [[فلورس]] ٻيٽ جي ڏورانهين شهر [[اينڊي، انڊونيشيا|اينڊي]] موڪليو ويو. فلورس ۾ رهندي هن پنهنجي محدود آزاديءَ مان فائدو وٺندي ٻارن جي هڪ ناٽڪ منڊلي قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي ميمبرن ۾ مستقبل جو سياستدان [[فرانس سيڊا]] پڻ شامل هو.
فلورس ۾ مليريا جي وبا پکڙجڻ کان پوءِ، ڊچ حڪومت فيبروري 1938ع ۾ سوڪارنو ۽ سندس خاندان کي سماترا جي اولهندي سامونڊي ڪناري تي واقع [[بينگڪولو]] منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soekarno |url=https://populicenter.org/en/2021/05/05/soekarno/ |website=populicenter.org |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
بينگڪولو ۾ سوڪارنو جي واقفيت [[محمديه]] تنظيم جي مقامي اڳواڻ حسن دين سان ٿي، جنهن کيس محمديه جي هڪ مقامي اسڪول ۾ ديني تعليم پڙهائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سندس شاگردن مان هڪ 15 ورهين جي [[فاطماوتي]] هئي، جيڪا حسن دين جي ڌيءَ هئي. سوڪارنو ۽ فاطماوتي وچ ۾ محبت جو تعلق قائم ٿيو، جنهن جي وضاحت سوڪارنو هن بنياد تي ڪئي ته سندس زال اِنگگت گارناسِه لڳ ڀڳ ويهن سالن جي شادي باوجود کيس اولاد نه ڏئي سگهي هئي.
1942ع ۾، جڏهن جاپاني فوجن [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز مهم]] دوران [[ملائي ٻيٽن جو مجموعو]] تي حملو ڪيو، تڏهن سوڪارنو اڃا تائين بينگڪولو ۾ جلاوطنيءَ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو هو.

== ٻي عالمي جنگ ۽ جاپاني قبضو ==
{{Further|ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي جاپاني قبضو}}

=== پسمنظر ۽ حملو ===
[[File:Sukarno in exile in Bengkulu, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 229.jpg|thumb|left|سوڪارنو [[بنگ ڪارنو جلاوطني گهر|پنهنجي جلاوطني واري گهر]]، [[بينگڪولو (شهر)|بينگڪولو]] ۾]]

1929ع جي شروعات ۾، [[انڊونيشي قومي بيداري]] جي دور دوران، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس قومپرست ساٿي [[محمد حطا]] (جيڪو بعد ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي نائب صدرن جي فهرست|انڊونيشيا جو نائب صدر]] بڻيو) پهريون ڀيرو اندازو لڳايو ته مستقبل ۾ پئسفڪ واري علائقي ۾ جنگ ٿيندي، ۽ جاپان جي انڊونيشيا ڏانهن اڳڀرائي انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ لاءِ هڪ موقعو ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=145 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/92 92]}}; {{harvnb|Legge|2003|pp=101–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

10 جنوري 1942ع تي [[شاهي جاپان]] ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي ۾ ڊچ فوجن کي شڪست ڏئي ڇڏي. ڊچ اختيارين سوڪارنو ۽ سندس ساٿين کي بينگڪولو کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سؤ ڪلوميٽر پري [[پاڊانگ]]، [[سماترا]] ڏانهن ريل، بس ۽ ٽرڪن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو. سندن ارادو هو ته سوڪارنو کي قيد ۾ رکي آسٽريليا موڪليو وڃي، پر جاپاني فوجن جي تيزيءَ سان پاڊانگ ڏانهن وڌڻ سبب ڊچ عملدار پنهنجو منصوبو اڌ ۾ ڇڏي پاڻ بچائي ڀڄي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/27 27] |isbn=0-674-01834-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جاپانين سان سهڪار ===
{{See also|سوڪارنو جو عروج}}

[[File:Soekarno shakes hand with Moichiri Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|سوڪارنو ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي جاپاني فوجي حڪومت جي گهرو معاملن واري ڊائريڪٽر جنرل [[موئيچيري ياماموتو]] سان هٿ ملائيندي، سيپٽمبر 1944ع]]

جاپانين وٽ سوڪارنو بابت اڳ ئي معلومات موجود هئي، تنهنڪري سماترا ۾ جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر ساڻس احترام سان پيش آيو ۽ انڊونيشي عوام کي منظم ڪرڻ ۽ کين پُرسڪون رکڻ لاءِ سندس مدد وٺڻ چاهي. ٻئي طرف، سوڪارنو جاپان کي انڊونيشيا جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ جو ذريعو بڻائڻ چاهيو. سندس لفظن ۾:

&gt; &quot;خدا جي واکاڻ هجي، جنهن مون کي رستو ڏيکاريو؛ نگارائي جي واديءَ ۾ مون پاڻ سان چيو: ها، آزاد انڊونيشيا رڳو دائي نپون (عظيم جاپان) جي مدد سان ئي حاصل ٿي سگهي ٿي... پنهنجي سڄي زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون ڀيرو مون پاڻ کي ايشيا جي آئيني ۾ ڏٺو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan Against the West in Java and Luzon 1942–1945 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1988 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie/page/82 82–84] |url=https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie |url-access=registration |isbn=0-691-05524-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1942ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي واپس جڪارتا موڪليو ويو، جتي سندس ٻيهر ملاقات ٻين قومپرست اڳواڻن، جن ۾ حطا پڻ شامل هو، سان ٿي، جيڪي تازو جاپانين طرفان آزاد ڪيا ويا هئا. اتي سندس ملاقات جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[هتوشي امامورا]] سان ٿي، جنهن سوڪارنو ۽ ٻين قومپرستن کي جاپاني جنگي ڪوششن جي حمايت لاءِ انڊونيشي عوام کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي درخواست ڪئي.

سوڪارنو ان شرط تي جاپان سان سهڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ٿيو ته کيس عوام ۾ قومپرستانه خيال ڦهلائڻ جو موقعو ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;/&gt; ان جي ابتڙ، جاپان کي پنهنجي جنگي ضرورتن لاءِ انڊونيشيا جي افرادي قوت ۽ قدرتي وسيلن جي سخت ضرورت هئي.

جاپانين لکين ماڻهن، خاص طور جاوا مان، زبردستي مزدوري لاءِ ڀرتي ڪيو، جن کي ''[[روموشا]]'' چيو ويندو هو. انهن کان انڊونيشيا سميت [[برما]] تائين ريلويون، هوائي اڏا ۽ ٻيون فوجي سهولتون تعمير ڪرايون ويون. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين پنهنجي فوج لاءِ انڊونيشي هارين کان [[چانور]] ۽ ٻيون غذائي شيون ضبط ڪيون، جڏهن⁠تہ کين [[ڪيسٽر آئل]] وارا ٻوٽا پوکڻ تي به مجبور ڪيو ويو، جن مان جهازن لاءِ ٻارڻ ۽ سڻڀ تيار ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=Merle Calvin |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 |page=337|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs |edition=4th |year=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-14918-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Satō |first=Shigeru |title=War, Nationalism, and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe Incorporated |location=Armonk, NY |year=1994 |pages=159–160 |isbn=978-1-317-45235-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, &quot;Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45&quot;] Access date: 9 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
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| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
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سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي جدوجهد ==
{{Further|ڊچ اخلاقي پاليسي ۽ انڊونيشي قومي بيداري}}

سوڪارنو پهريون ڀيرو قومپرستانه خيالن کان ان وقت واقف ٿيو، جڏهن هو [[چوڪروامينوتو]] جي گهر ۾ رهندو هو. بعد ۾، بانڊونگ ۾ شاگرديءَ دوران، هن [[يورپ]]ي، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]]، قومپرست، [[ڪميونزم|ڪميونسٽ]] ۽ مذهبي سياسي فلسفن جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن انڊونيشي طرز جي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] خودڪفالت تي ٻڌل پنهنجي سياسي نظريي کي ترقي ڏني. هن پنهنجي خيالن کي [[مارهائينزم]] جو نالو ڏنو، جيڪو &quot;مارهائين&quot; نالي هڪ انڊونيشي هاريءَ تان ورتل هو، جنهن سان سندس بانڊونگ جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ۾ ملاقات ٿي هئي. مارهائين پنهنجي ننڍڙي زمين جو پاڻ مالڪ هو، پاڻ ئي ان تي پوک ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي خاندان جي گذر سفر لاءِ ڪافي آمدني حاصل ڪندو هو.

يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ تعليم دوران، سوڪارنو انڊونيشي شاگردن لاءِ ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' نالي هڪ مطالعاتي ڪلب قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ڊچ شاگردن جي قبضي هيٺ قائم روايتي شاگرد تنظيمن جي مقابلي ۾ هو.

=== انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي ۾ شموليت ===
[[File:Sukarno HBS.jpg|thumb|160px|سوڪارنو [[هوخيري برخرسخول|ايڇ بي ايس]] ۾ شاگرد جي حيثيت ۾، [[سورابايا]]، 1916ع]]

4 جولاءِ 1927ع تي، سوڪارنو پنهنجي ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' جي ساٿين سان گڏ آزاديءَ جي حامي [[انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي]] (پي اين آء) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو.

هن پارٽي جو مقصد [[انڊونيشيا]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ اها سامراجيت ۽ [[سرمائيداري]] ٻنهي جي مخالفت ڪندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جي نظر ۾ اهي ٻئي نظام انڊونيشي عوام جي زندگي وڌيڪ ڏکي بڻائيندا هئا. پارٽي [[سيڪيولرزم]] ۽ ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز ۾ رهندڙ مختلف نسلي گروهن جي اتحاد جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي، جيئن هڪ متحد انڊونيشيا قائم ٿي سگهي.

سوڪارنو کي اميد هئي ته [[جاپان]] جلد [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران [[اتحادي قوتون|اولهندي اتحادين]] خلاف جنگ شروع ڪندو، ۽ انڊونيشيا جاپان جي مدد سان پنهنجي آزادي حاصل ڪري سگهندو.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جي ڪمزور ٿيڻ ۽ 1926ع جي ناڪام بغاوت کان پوءِ [[انڊونيشي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] جي دٻجڻ کان پوءِ، PNI تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿيڻ لڳي، خاص طور انهن نون يونيورسٽي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جيڪي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نسل پرست ۽ محدود سياسي نظام مان مايوس هئا ۽ وڌيڪ آزاديون ۽ موقعا حاصل ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== گرفتاري، مقدمو ۽ قيد ===

==== گرفتاري ۽ مقدمو ====
[[File:P.N.I. proces te Bandoeng 1930 - Nationaal Archief.jpg|thumb|right|1930ع ۾ بانڊونگ ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو پنهنجي ساٿي جوابدارن ۽ وڪيلن سان گڏ]]

PNI جون سرگرميون جلد نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نظر ۾ اچي ويون، ۽ سوڪارنو جون تقريرون ۽ گڏجاڻيون اڪثر نوآبادياتي خفيه پوليس (''[[پوليتيڪي اِنلِخٽِنگين ڊينسٽ]]'':نوآبادياتي سياسي خفيه اطلاعاتي خدمت) جي اهلڪارن طرفان نگراني ۽ خلل جو شڪار ٿينديون هيون.

آخرڪار، 29 ڊسمبر 1929ع تي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جاوا ۾ ڇاپن جي هڪ سلسلي دوران سوڪارنو ۽ PNI جي ٻين اهم اڳواڻن کي گرفتار ڪري ورتو. سوڪارنو کي [[يوگياڪارتا]] جي دوري دوران گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

آگسٽ کان ڊسمبر 1930ع تائين بانڊونگ جي ''لانڊراٽ'' (زميني عدالت) ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو نوآباديات ۽ سامراجيت خلاف ڊگهيون سياسي تقريرون ڪيون، جيڪي بعد ۾ ''اِنڊونيسيا مينگوگاٽ'' (''[[انڊونيشيا اڪيوزز]]''؛ &quot;انڊونيشيا الزام لڳائي ٿو&quot;) جي عنوان سان مشهور ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party |url=https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=theconversation.com|date=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== قيد ====
ڊسمبر 1930ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي چار سال قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، جيڪا هن بانڊونگ جي سوڪامسڪين جيل ۾ ڪاٽي. بهرحال، سندس تقريرن کي پريس ۾ وڏي پذيرائي ملي، ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] توڙي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي لبرل حلقن جي دٻاءَ سبب [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جو گورنر جنرل|گورنر جنرل]] [[اينڊريس ڪورنيليس ڊرڪ ڊي گراف]] سندس سزا گهٽائي ٻن سالن تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏي. نتيجي طور، سوڪارنو کي 31 ڊسمبر 1931ع تي وقت کان اڳ آزاد ڪيو ويو. ان وقت تائين هو سڄي انڊونيشيا ۾ مشهور قومي هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو.

تنهن هوندي به، سندس قيد دوران PNI اندروني اختلافن ۽ نوآبادياتي دٻاءَ سبب ٽٽي وئي. ڊچ حڪومت اصل PNI کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ان جا اڳوڻا ميمبر ٻن نون پارٽين ۾ ورهائجي ويا. [[پارٽيندو|انڊونيشيا پارٽي (پارٽينڊو)]]، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو جي ساٿي [[سارتونو]] ڪندو هو، عوامي تحريڪن تي زور ڏيندي هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ [[محمد حطا]] ۽ [[ستن سجهرير]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ [[انڊونيشي قومي تعليم]] (نئين PNI) ڊگهي مدي واري حڪمت عملي تحت عوام جي تعليم ۽ ذهين قيادت تي زور ڏيندي هئي.

سوڪارنو ٻنهي ڌرين کي گڏ ڪري هڪ متحد قومپرست محاذ قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ناڪام ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 28 جولاءِ 1932ع تي پارٽيندو جي قيادت سنڀالي. پارٽيندو عوامي جدوجهد واري حڪمت عملي تي قائم رهي، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو حطا جي ڊگهي عرصي واري تنظيم سازي واري حڪمت عملي سان اختلاف رکندو هو. سندس خيال هو ته سياست ۾ حقيقي تبديلي صرف طاقت جي تنظيم ۽ ان جي مؤثر استعمال (''مَخٽس فورمِنگ اِن مَخٽس آن وِينڊِنگ'') سان ئي آڻي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;/&gt;

هن عرصي دوران مالي ضرورتون پوريون ڪرڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو ٻيهر معماريءَ جي شعبي ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ پنهنجي يونيورسٽيءَ جي جونيئر [[روسينو]] سان گڏ ''سوئيڪارنو ۽ روسينو'' نالي آفيس قائم ڪئي. هن پارٽيءَ جي اخبار ''فڪران راجت'' (&quot;عوام جو فڪر&quot;) لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکيا.

بانڊونگ ۾ رهندي هن جاوا جي مختلف علائقن جا دورا ڪري ٻين قومپرستن سان رابطا قائم ڪيا. سندس سرگرمين سبب ڊچ خفيه پوليس (PID) جي نگراني وڌيڪ وڌي وئي. 1933ع جي وچ ڌاري هن ''مينچاپائي اِنڊونيسيا ميرديڪا'' (&quot;آزاد انڊونيشيا حاصل ڪرڻ&quot;) جي عنوان سان مضمونن جو سلسلو شايع ڪيو. انهن لکڻين جي نتيجي ۾ 1 آگسٽ 1933ع تي، [[جڪارتا]] ۾ قومپرست اڳواڻ [[محمد حسني ٿامرين]] سان ملاقات دوران، کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

=== فلورس ۽ بينگڪولو ڏانهن جلاوطني ===
هن ڀيري، سوڪارنو کي سياسي تقريرن جو موقعو نه ڏيڻ لاءِ سخت گير گورنر جنرل [[يونڪهير]] [[بونيفيشس ڪورنيليس ڊي يونگي]] پنهنجي هنگامي اختيارن تحت بنا مقدمي جي ملڪ اندر جلاوطن ڪري ڇڏيو.
1934ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي پنهنجي خاندان (جنهن ۾ اِنگگت گارناسِه پڻ شامل هئي) سان گڏ [[فلورس]] ٻيٽ جي ڏورانهين شهر [[اينڊي، انڊونيشيا|اينڊي]] موڪليو ويو. فلورس ۾ رهندي هن پنهنجي محدود آزاديءَ مان فائدو وٺندي ٻارن جي هڪ ناٽڪ منڊلي قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي ميمبرن ۾ مستقبل جو سياستدان [[فرانس سيڊا]] پڻ شامل هو.
فلورس ۾ مليريا جي وبا پکڙجڻ کان پوءِ، ڊچ حڪومت فيبروري 1938ع ۾ سوڪارنو ۽ سندس خاندان کي سماترا جي اولهندي سامونڊي ڪناري تي واقع [[بينگڪولو]] منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soekarno |url=https://populicenter.org/en/2021/05/05/soekarno/ |website=populicenter.org |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
بينگڪولو ۾ سوڪارنو جي واقفيت [[محمديه]] تنظيم جي مقامي اڳواڻ حسن دين سان ٿي، جنهن کيس محمديه جي هڪ مقامي اسڪول ۾ ديني تعليم پڙهائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سندس شاگردن مان هڪ 15 ورهين جي [[فاطماوتي]] هئي، جيڪا حسن دين جي ڌيءَ هئي. سوڪارنو ۽ فاطماوتي وچ ۾ محبت جو تعلق قائم ٿيو، جنهن جي وضاحت سوڪارنو هن بنياد تي ڪئي ته سندس زال اِنگگت گارناسِه لڳ ڀڳ ويهن سالن جي شادي باوجود کيس اولاد نه ڏئي سگهي هئي.
1942ع ۾، جڏهن جاپاني فوجن [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز مهم]] دوران [[ملائي ٻيٽن جو مجموعو]] تي حملو ڪيو، تڏهن سوڪارنو اڃا تائين بينگڪولو ۾ جلاوطنيءَ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو هو.

== ٻي عالمي جنگ ۽ جاپاني قبضو ==
{{Further|ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي جاپاني قبضو}}

=== پسمنظر ۽ حملو ===
[[File:Sukarno in exile in Bengkulu, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 229.jpg|thumb|left|سوڪارنو [[بنگ ڪارنو جلاوطني گهر|پنهنجي جلاوطني واري گهر]]، [[بينگڪولو (شهر)|بينگڪولو]] ۾]]

1929ع جي شروعات ۾، [[انڊونيشي قومي بيداري]] جي دور دوران، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس قومپرست ساٿي [[محمد حطا]] (جيڪو بعد ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي نائب صدرن جي فهرست|انڊونيشيا جو نائب صدر]] بڻيو) پهريون ڀيرو اندازو لڳايو ته مستقبل ۾ پئسفڪ واري علائقي ۾ جنگ ٿيندي، ۽ جاپان جي انڊونيشيا ڏانهن اڳڀرائي انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ لاءِ هڪ موقعو ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=145 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/92 92]}}; {{harvnb|Legge|2003|pp=101–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

10 جنوري 1942ع تي [[شاهي جاپان]] ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي ۾ ڊچ فوجن کي شڪست ڏئي ڇڏي. ڊچ اختيارين سوڪارنو ۽ سندس ساٿين کي بينگڪولو کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سؤ ڪلوميٽر پري [[پاڊانگ]]، [[سماترا]] ڏانهن ريل، بس ۽ ٽرڪن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو. سندن ارادو هو ته سوڪارنو کي قيد ۾ رکي آسٽريليا موڪليو وڃي، پر جاپاني فوجن جي تيزيءَ سان پاڊانگ ڏانهن وڌڻ سبب ڊچ عملدار پنهنجو منصوبو اڌ ۾ ڇڏي پاڻ بچائي ڀڄي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/27 27] |isbn=0-674-01834-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جاپانين سان سهڪار ===
{{See also|سوڪارنو جو عروج}}

[[File:Soekarno shakes hand with Moichiri Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|سوڪارنو ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي جاپاني فوجي حڪومت جي گهرو معاملن واري ڊائريڪٽر جنرل [[موئيچيري ياماموتو]] سان هٿ ملائيندي، سيپٽمبر 1944ع]]

جاپانين وٽ سوڪارنو بابت اڳ ئي معلومات موجود هئي، تنهنڪري سماترا ۾ جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر ساڻس احترام سان پيش آيو ۽ انڊونيشي عوام کي منظم ڪرڻ ۽ کين پُرسڪون رکڻ لاءِ سندس مدد وٺڻ چاهي. ٻئي طرف، سوڪارنو جاپان کي انڊونيشيا جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ جو ذريعو بڻائڻ چاهيو. سندس لفظن ۾:

&gt; &quot;خدا جي واکاڻ هجي، جنهن مون کي رستو ڏيکاريو؛ نگارائي جي واديءَ ۾ مون پاڻ سان چيو: ها، آزاد انڊونيشيا رڳو دائي نپون (عظيم جاپان) جي مدد سان ئي حاصل ٿي سگهي ٿي... پنهنجي سڄي زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون ڀيرو مون پاڻ کي ايشيا جي آئيني ۾ ڏٺو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan Against the West in Java and Luzon 1942–1945 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1988 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie/page/82 82–84] |url=https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie |url-access=registration |isbn=0-691-05524-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1942ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي واپس جڪارتا موڪليو ويو، جتي سندس ٻيهر ملاقات ٻين قومپرست اڳواڻن، جن ۾ حطا پڻ شامل هو، سان ٿي، جيڪي تازو جاپانين طرفان آزاد ڪيا ويا هئا. اتي سندس ملاقات جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[هتوشي امامورا]] سان ٿي، جنهن سوڪارنو ۽ ٻين قومپرستن کي جاپاني جنگي ڪوششن جي حمايت لاءِ انڊونيشي عوام کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي درخواست ڪئي.

سوڪارنو ان شرط تي جاپان سان سهڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ٿيو ته کيس عوام ۾ قومپرستانه خيال ڦهلائڻ جو موقعو ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;/&gt; ان جي ابتڙ، جاپان کي پنهنجي جنگي ضرورتن لاءِ انڊونيشيا جي افرادي قوت ۽ قدرتي وسيلن جي سخت ضرورت هئي.

جاپانين لکين ماڻهن، خاص طور جاوا مان، زبردستي مزدوري لاءِ ڀرتي ڪيو، جن کي ''[[روموشا]]'' چيو ويندو هو. انهن کان انڊونيشيا سميت [[برما]] تائين ريلويون، هوائي اڏا ۽ ٻيون فوجي سهولتون تعمير ڪرايون ويون. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين پنهنجي فوج لاءِ انڊونيشي هارين کان [[چانور]] ۽ ٻيون غذائي شيون ضبط ڪيون، جڏهن⁠تہ کين [[ڪيسٽر آئل]] وارا ٻوٽا پوکڻ تي به مجبور ڪيو ويو، جن مان جهازن لاءِ ٻارڻ ۽ سڻڀ تيار ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=Merle Calvin |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 |page=337|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs |edition=4th |year=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-14918-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Satō |first=Shigeru |title=War, Nationalism, and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe Incorporated |location=Armonk, NY |year=1994 |pages=159–160 |isbn=978-1-317-45235-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, &quot;Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45&quot;] Access date: 9 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊونيشي عوام جو سهڪار حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قدمن جي خلاف مزاحمت کي روڪڻ لاءِ، جاپانين سوڪارنو کي [[3A جاپاني پروپيگنڊا تحريڪ]] يا ''ٽِيگا-اي'' (''Tiga-A'') عوامي تنظيم جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. مارچ 1943ع ۾ جاپانين هڪ نئين تنظيم ''[[عوامي قوت جو مرڪز|پوسات ٽيناگا راڪيات]]'' (POETERA؛ عوامي قوت جو مرڪز) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو، حطا، [[ڪي هاجر ديوانتارا]] ۽ [[مس منصور|ڪي ايڇ مس منجوئر]] ڪئي. انهن تنظيمن جو مقصد ''[[روموشا]]'' لاءِ ماڻهن جي ڀرتي، خوراڪ جي شين جي وصولي، ۽ انڊونيشي عوام ۾ جاپان نواز ۽ [[اولهه]] مخالف جذبن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. سوڪارنو مشهور نعرو ''''آميريڪا ڪِتا سيتريڪا، اِنگگِرِس ڪِتا لِنگگِس'''' (&quot;اچو ته آمريڪا کي استري ڪريون ۽ برطانيا کي ڪهاڙي سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏيون&quot;) جوڙي اتحادي ملڪن خلاف جذبا اُڀارڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

زندگيءَ جي پوئين دور ۾ سوڪارنو ''روموشا'' واري مهم ۾ پنهنجي ڪردار تي هميشه شرمسار رهيو. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين طرفان خوراڪ جي زبردستي وصولي سبب جاوا ۾ 1944ع کان 1945ع دوران وڏي ڏڪار پيدا ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو فوت ٿيا. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ اهي اهڙيون قربانيون هيون، جيڪي انڊونيشيا جي مستقبل جي آزاديءَ لاءِ برداشت ڪرڻ ضروري هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sukarno |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Cindy |title=My Friend the Dictator |url=https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1967 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam/page/184 184–186]}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جاپاني ريڊيو ۽ جاوا ۽ سماترا ۾ نصب لائوڊ اسپيڪرن ذريعي نشر ٿيندڙ تقريرن وسيلي ''[[وطن جا محافظ]]'' (''پيمبيلا تاناه ائر''؛ PETA) ۽ ''[[هيهو]]'' (''Heiho'') نالي انڊونيشي رضاڪار فوجن جي قيام ۾ پڻ سرگرم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1945ع جي وچ تائين انهن فوجي دستن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک ٿي ويو هو، ۽ اهي جاوا ٻيهر قبضي ۾ وٺڻ لاءِ موڪليل ڪنهن به [[ٻي عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] فوج جو مقابلو ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا پئي ويا.

[[File:Sukarno and Japan, ABC 1966.webm|thumb|1966ع ۾ [[آسٽريليا براڊڪاسٽنگ ڪارپوريشن]] (ABC) جي رپورٽ، جنهن ۾ شاهي جاپان ۽ انڊونيشي قومپرست تحريڪ وچ ۾ سوڪارنو جي اتحاد جو جائزو ورتو ويو.]]

انهيءَ دوران سوڪارنو آخرڪار اِنگِگت کان طلاق ورتي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پنهنجي مڙس جي گهڻ زالائپ واري خواهش قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو. کيس بانڊونگ ۾ هڪ گهر ۽ سڄي عمر لاءِ پينشن ڏني وئي. 1943ع ۾ سوڪارنو [[فاطمه واتي]] سان شادي ڪئي. اهي جڪارتا جي ''جالان پيگانگسان تيمور'' نمبر 56 واري گهر ۾ رهڻ لڳا، جيڪو اڳ ڊچ مالڪن کان ضبط ڪري جاپانين سوڪارنو کي ڏنو هو. اهو ئي گهر بعد ۾ 1945ع ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪرڻ جي جاءِ بڻيو.

10 نومبر 1943ع تي سوڪارنو ۽ حطا کي سترهن ڏينهن جي جاپان جي دوري تي موڪليو ويو، جتي شهنشاهه [[هيروهيٽو]] کين اعزازن سان نوازيو، جڏهن⁠تہ ٽوڪيو ۾ وزيراعظم [[هيديڪي توجو]] جي رهائشگاهه تي سندن شاندار آجيان ڪئي وئي. 7 سيپٽمبر 1944ع تي، جڏهن [[پئسفڪ جنگ]] ۾ جاپان جي حالت خراب ٿي رهي هئي، تڏهن وزيراعظم [[ڪونياڪي ڪوئسو]] انڊونيشيا کي آزادي ڏيڻ جو واعدو ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ ڪا تاريخ مقرر نه ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;RICKLEFSp207&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), page 207&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪي سرڪاري تاريخ موجب، هن اعلان کي سوڪارنو جي جاپان سان ظاهري تعاون جي وڏي تصديق طور ڏٺو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCONGRESS_REV&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The National Revolution, 1945–50 |url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/16.htm |work=Country Studies, Indonesia |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان وقت آمريڪا سوڪارنو کي &quot;جاپان سان تعاون ڪندڙ اهم ترين اڳواڻن&quot; مان هڪ سمجهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Kolko, Gabriel. ''The Politics of War''. p. 607 {{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي ===
[[File:Sukarno Makassar 30 April 1945.png|thumb|سوڪارنو [[مڪاسر]] جي دوري دوران، 30 اپريل 1945ع]]

29 اپريل 1945ع تي، جڏهن [[فلپائن]] آمريڪي فوجن هٿان آزاد ٿي چڪا هئا، جاپانين [[آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي]] (بادان پينيليديڪ اوساها-اوساها پرسياپن ڪيميرديڪان؛ BPUPK) قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هيءَ هڪ نيم قانونساز اداري جي حيثيت رکندڙ ڪميٽي هئي، جنهن ۾ انڊونيشيا جي اڪثر نسلي گروهن جا 67 نمائندا شامل هئا. سوڪارنو کي BPUPK جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو ويو ۽ کيس مستقبل جي انڊونيشي رياست جي بنيادن بابت بحث جي اڳواڻي ڪرڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي.

== حوالا ==
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[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="47227" sha1="ekdy8lq0wpycn3k8hrj9hzt7j55fyfs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي جدوجهد ==
{{Further|ڊچ اخلاقي پاليسي ۽ انڊونيشي قومي بيداري}}

سوڪارنو پهريون ڀيرو قومپرستانه خيالن کان ان وقت واقف ٿيو، جڏهن هو [[چوڪروامينوتو]] جي گهر ۾ رهندو هو. بعد ۾، بانڊونگ ۾ شاگرديءَ دوران، هن [[يورپ]]ي، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]]، قومپرست، [[ڪميونزم|ڪميونسٽ]] ۽ مذهبي سياسي فلسفن جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن انڊونيشي طرز جي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] خودڪفالت تي ٻڌل پنهنجي سياسي نظريي کي ترقي ڏني. هن پنهنجي خيالن کي [[مارهائينزم]] جو نالو ڏنو، جيڪو &quot;مارهائين&quot; نالي هڪ انڊونيشي هاريءَ تان ورتل هو، جنهن سان سندس بانڊونگ جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ۾ ملاقات ٿي هئي. مارهائين پنهنجي ننڍڙي زمين جو پاڻ مالڪ هو، پاڻ ئي ان تي پوک ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي خاندان جي گذر سفر لاءِ ڪافي آمدني حاصل ڪندو هو.

يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ تعليم دوران، سوڪارنو انڊونيشي شاگردن لاءِ ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' نالي هڪ مطالعاتي ڪلب قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ڊچ شاگردن جي قبضي هيٺ قائم روايتي شاگرد تنظيمن جي مقابلي ۾ هو.

=== انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي ۾ شموليت ===
[[File:Sukarno HBS.jpg|thumb|160px|سوڪارنو [[هوخيري برخرسخول|ايڇ بي ايس]] ۾ شاگرد جي حيثيت ۾، [[سورابايا]]، 1916ع]]

4 جولاءِ 1927ع تي، سوڪارنو پنهنجي ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' جي ساٿين سان گڏ آزاديءَ جي حامي [[انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي]] (پي اين آء) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو.

هن پارٽي جو مقصد [[انڊونيشيا]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ اها سامراجيت ۽ [[سرمائيداري]] ٻنهي جي مخالفت ڪندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جي نظر ۾ اهي ٻئي نظام انڊونيشي عوام جي زندگي وڌيڪ ڏکي بڻائيندا هئا. پارٽي [[سيڪيولرزم]] ۽ ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز ۾ رهندڙ مختلف نسلي گروهن جي اتحاد جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي، جيئن هڪ متحد انڊونيشيا قائم ٿي سگهي.

سوڪارنو کي اميد هئي ته [[جاپان]] جلد [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران [[اتحادي قوتون|اولهندي اتحادين]] خلاف جنگ شروع ڪندو، ۽ انڊونيشيا جاپان جي مدد سان پنهنجي آزادي حاصل ڪري سگهندو.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جي ڪمزور ٿيڻ ۽ 1926ع جي ناڪام بغاوت کان پوءِ [[انڊونيشي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] جي دٻجڻ کان پوءِ، PNI تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿيڻ لڳي، خاص طور انهن نون يونيورسٽي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جيڪي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نسل پرست ۽ محدود سياسي نظام مان مايوس هئا ۽ وڌيڪ آزاديون ۽ موقعا حاصل ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== گرفتاري، مقدمو ۽ قيد ===

==== گرفتاري ۽ مقدمو ====
[[File:P.N.I. proces te Bandoeng 1930 - Nationaal Archief.jpg|thumb|right|1930ع ۾ بانڊونگ ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو پنهنجي ساٿي جوابدارن ۽ وڪيلن سان گڏ]]

PNI جون سرگرميون جلد نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نظر ۾ اچي ويون، ۽ سوڪارنو جون تقريرون ۽ گڏجاڻيون اڪثر نوآبادياتي خفيه پوليس (''[[پوليتيڪي اِنلِخٽِنگين ڊينسٽ]]'':نوآبادياتي سياسي خفيه اطلاعاتي خدمت) جي اهلڪارن طرفان نگراني ۽ خلل جو شڪار ٿينديون هيون.

آخرڪار، 29 ڊسمبر 1929ع تي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جاوا ۾ ڇاپن جي هڪ سلسلي دوران سوڪارنو ۽ PNI جي ٻين اهم اڳواڻن کي گرفتار ڪري ورتو. سوڪارنو کي [[يوگياڪارتا]] جي دوري دوران گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

آگسٽ کان ڊسمبر 1930ع تائين بانڊونگ جي ''لانڊراٽ'' (زميني عدالت) ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو نوآباديات ۽ سامراجيت خلاف ڊگهيون سياسي تقريرون ڪيون، جيڪي بعد ۾ ''اِنڊونيسيا مينگوگاٽ'' (''[[انڊونيشيا اڪيوزز]]''؛ &quot;انڊونيشيا الزام لڳائي ٿو&quot;) جي عنوان سان مشهور ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party |url=https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=theconversation.com|date=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== قيد ====
ڊسمبر 1930ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي چار سال قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، جيڪا هن بانڊونگ جي سوڪامسڪين جيل ۾ ڪاٽي. بهرحال، سندس تقريرن کي پريس ۾ وڏي پذيرائي ملي، ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] توڙي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي لبرل حلقن جي دٻاءَ سبب [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جو گورنر جنرل|گورنر جنرل]] [[اينڊريس ڪورنيليس ڊرڪ ڊي گراف]] سندس سزا گهٽائي ٻن سالن تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏي. نتيجي طور، سوڪارنو کي 31 ڊسمبر 1931ع تي وقت کان اڳ آزاد ڪيو ويو. ان وقت تائين هو سڄي انڊونيشيا ۾ مشهور قومي هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو.

تنهن هوندي به، سندس قيد دوران PNI اندروني اختلافن ۽ نوآبادياتي دٻاءَ سبب ٽٽي وئي. ڊچ حڪومت اصل PNI کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ان جا اڳوڻا ميمبر ٻن نون پارٽين ۾ ورهائجي ويا. [[پارٽيندو|انڊونيشيا پارٽي (پارٽينڊو)]]، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو جي ساٿي [[سارتونو]] ڪندو هو، عوامي تحريڪن تي زور ڏيندي هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ [[محمد حطا]] ۽ [[ستن سجهرير]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ [[انڊونيشي قومي تعليم]] (نئين PNI) ڊگهي مدي واري حڪمت عملي تحت عوام جي تعليم ۽ ذهين قيادت تي زور ڏيندي هئي.

سوڪارنو ٻنهي ڌرين کي گڏ ڪري هڪ متحد قومپرست محاذ قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ناڪام ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 28 جولاءِ 1932ع تي پارٽيندو جي قيادت سنڀالي. پارٽيندو عوامي جدوجهد واري حڪمت عملي تي قائم رهي، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو حطا جي ڊگهي عرصي واري تنظيم سازي واري حڪمت عملي سان اختلاف رکندو هو. سندس خيال هو ته سياست ۾ حقيقي تبديلي صرف طاقت جي تنظيم ۽ ان جي مؤثر استعمال (''مَخٽس فورمِنگ اِن مَخٽس آن وِينڊِنگ'') سان ئي آڻي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;/&gt;

هن عرصي دوران مالي ضرورتون پوريون ڪرڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو ٻيهر معماريءَ جي شعبي ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ پنهنجي يونيورسٽيءَ جي جونيئر [[روسينو]] سان گڏ ''سوئيڪارنو ۽ روسينو'' نالي آفيس قائم ڪئي. هن پارٽيءَ جي اخبار ''فڪران راجت'' (&quot;عوام جو فڪر&quot;) لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکيا.

بانڊونگ ۾ رهندي هن جاوا جي مختلف علائقن جا دورا ڪري ٻين قومپرستن سان رابطا قائم ڪيا. سندس سرگرمين سبب ڊچ خفيه پوليس (PID) جي نگراني وڌيڪ وڌي وئي. 1933ع جي وچ ڌاري هن ''مينچاپائي اِنڊونيسيا ميرديڪا'' (&quot;آزاد انڊونيشيا حاصل ڪرڻ&quot;) جي عنوان سان مضمونن جو سلسلو شايع ڪيو. انهن لکڻين جي نتيجي ۾ 1 آگسٽ 1933ع تي، [[جڪارتا]] ۾ قومپرست اڳواڻ [[محمد حسني ٿامرين]] سان ملاقات دوران، کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

=== فلورس ۽ بينگڪولو ڏانهن جلاوطني ===
هن ڀيري، سوڪارنو کي سياسي تقريرن جو موقعو نه ڏيڻ لاءِ سخت گير گورنر جنرل [[يونڪهير]] [[بونيفيشس ڪورنيليس ڊي يونگي]] پنهنجي هنگامي اختيارن تحت بنا مقدمي جي ملڪ اندر جلاوطن ڪري ڇڏيو.
1934ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي پنهنجي خاندان (جنهن ۾ اِنگگت گارناسِه پڻ شامل هئي) سان گڏ [[فلورس]] ٻيٽ جي ڏورانهين شهر [[اينڊي، انڊونيشيا|اينڊي]] موڪليو ويو. فلورس ۾ رهندي هن پنهنجي محدود آزاديءَ مان فائدو وٺندي ٻارن جي هڪ ناٽڪ منڊلي قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي ميمبرن ۾ مستقبل جو سياستدان [[فرانس سيڊا]] پڻ شامل هو.
فلورس ۾ مليريا جي وبا پکڙجڻ کان پوءِ، ڊچ حڪومت فيبروري 1938ع ۾ سوڪارنو ۽ سندس خاندان کي سماترا جي اولهندي سامونڊي ڪناري تي واقع [[بينگڪولو]] منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soekarno |url=https://populicenter.org/en/2021/05/05/soekarno/ |website=populicenter.org |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
بينگڪولو ۾ سوڪارنو جي واقفيت [[محمديه]] تنظيم جي مقامي اڳواڻ حسن دين سان ٿي، جنهن کيس محمديه جي هڪ مقامي اسڪول ۾ ديني تعليم پڙهائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سندس شاگردن مان هڪ 15 ورهين جي [[فاطماوتي]] هئي، جيڪا حسن دين جي ڌيءَ هئي. سوڪارنو ۽ فاطماوتي وچ ۾ محبت جو تعلق قائم ٿيو، جنهن جي وضاحت سوڪارنو هن بنياد تي ڪئي ته سندس زال اِنگگت گارناسِه لڳ ڀڳ ويهن سالن جي شادي باوجود کيس اولاد نه ڏئي سگهي هئي.
1942ع ۾، جڏهن جاپاني فوجن [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز مهم]] دوران [[ملائي ٻيٽن جو مجموعو]] تي حملو ڪيو، تڏهن سوڪارنو اڃا تائين بينگڪولو ۾ جلاوطنيءَ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو هو.

== ٻي عالمي جنگ ۽ جاپاني قبضو ==
{{Further|ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي جاپاني قبضو}}

=== پسمنظر ۽ حملو ===
[[File:Sukarno in exile in Bengkulu, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 229.jpg|thumb|left|سوڪارنو [[بنگ ڪارنو جلاوطني گهر|پنهنجي جلاوطني واري گهر]]، [[بينگڪولو (شهر)|بينگڪولو]] ۾]]

1929ع جي شروعات ۾، [[انڊونيشي قومي بيداري]] جي دور دوران، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس قومپرست ساٿي [[محمد حطا]] (جيڪو بعد ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي نائب صدرن جي فهرست|انڊونيشيا جو نائب صدر]] بڻيو) پهريون ڀيرو اندازو لڳايو ته مستقبل ۾ پئسفڪ واري علائقي ۾ جنگ ٿيندي، ۽ جاپان جي انڊونيشيا ڏانهن اڳڀرائي انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ لاءِ هڪ موقعو ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=145 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/92 92]}}; {{harvnb|Legge|2003|pp=101–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

10 جنوري 1942ع تي [[شاهي جاپان]] ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي ۾ ڊچ فوجن کي شڪست ڏئي ڇڏي. ڊچ اختيارين سوڪارنو ۽ سندس ساٿين کي بينگڪولو کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سؤ ڪلوميٽر پري [[پاڊانگ]]، [[سماترا]] ڏانهن ريل، بس ۽ ٽرڪن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو. سندن ارادو هو ته سوڪارنو کي قيد ۾ رکي آسٽريليا موڪليو وڃي، پر جاپاني فوجن جي تيزيءَ سان پاڊانگ ڏانهن وڌڻ سبب ڊچ عملدار پنهنجو منصوبو اڌ ۾ ڇڏي پاڻ بچائي ڀڄي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/27 27] |isbn=0-674-01834-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جاپانين سان سهڪار ===
{{See also|سوڪارنو جو عروج}}

[[File:Soekarno shakes hand with Moichiri Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|سوڪارنو ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي جاپاني فوجي حڪومت جي گهرو معاملن واري ڊائريڪٽر جنرل [[موئيچيري ياماموتو]] سان هٿ ملائيندي، سيپٽمبر 1944ع]]

جاپانين وٽ سوڪارنو بابت اڳ ئي معلومات موجود هئي، تنهنڪري سماترا ۾ جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر ساڻس احترام سان پيش آيو ۽ انڊونيشي عوام کي منظم ڪرڻ ۽ کين پُرسڪون رکڻ لاءِ سندس مدد وٺڻ چاهي. ٻئي طرف، سوڪارنو جاپان کي انڊونيشيا جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ جو ذريعو بڻائڻ چاهيو. سندس لفظن ۾:

&gt; &quot;خدا جي واکاڻ هجي، جنهن مون کي رستو ڏيکاريو؛ نگارائي جي واديءَ ۾ مون پاڻ سان چيو: ها، آزاد انڊونيشيا رڳو دائي نپون (عظيم جاپان) جي مدد سان ئي حاصل ٿي سگهي ٿي... پنهنجي سڄي زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون ڀيرو مون پاڻ کي ايشيا جي آئيني ۾ ڏٺو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan Against the West in Java and Luzon 1942–1945 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1988 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie/page/82 82–84] |url=https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie |url-access=registration |isbn=0-691-05524-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1942ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي واپس جڪارتا موڪليو ويو، جتي سندس ٻيهر ملاقات ٻين قومپرست اڳواڻن، جن ۾ حطا پڻ شامل هو، سان ٿي، جيڪي تازو جاپانين طرفان آزاد ڪيا ويا هئا. اتي سندس ملاقات جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[هتوشي امامورا]] سان ٿي، جنهن سوڪارنو ۽ ٻين قومپرستن کي جاپاني جنگي ڪوششن جي حمايت لاءِ انڊونيشي عوام کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي درخواست ڪئي.

سوڪارنو ان شرط تي جاپان سان سهڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ٿيو ته کيس عوام ۾ قومپرستانه خيال ڦهلائڻ جو موقعو ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;/&gt; ان جي ابتڙ، جاپان کي پنهنجي جنگي ضرورتن لاءِ انڊونيشيا جي افرادي قوت ۽ قدرتي وسيلن جي سخت ضرورت هئي.

جاپانين لکين ماڻهن، خاص طور جاوا مان، زبردستي مزدوري لاءِ ڀرتي ڪيو، جن کي ''[[روموشا]]'' چيو ويندو هو. انهن کان انڊونيشيا سميت [[برما]] تائين ريلويون، هوائي اڏا ۽ ٻيون فوجي سهولتون تعمير ڪرايون ويون. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين پنهنجي فوج لاءِ انڊونيشي هارين کان [[چانور]] ۽ ٻيون غذائي شيون ضبط ڪيون، جڏهن⁠تہ کين [[ڪيسٽر آئل]] وارا ٻوٽا پوکڻ تي به مجبور ڪيو ويو، جن مان جهازن لاءِ ٻارڻ ۽ سڻڀ تيار ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=Merle Calvin |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 |page=337|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs |edition=4th |year=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-14918-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Satō |first=Shigeru |title=War, Nationalism, and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe Incorporated |location=Armonk, NY |year=1994 |pages=159–160 |isbn=978-1-317-45235-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, &quot;Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45&quot;] Access date: 9 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊونيشي عوام جو سهڪار حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قدمن جي خلاف مزاحمت کي روڪڻ لاءِ، جاپانين سوڪارنو کي [[3A جاپاني پروپيگنڊا تحريڪ]] يا ''ٽِيگا-اي'' (''Tiga-A'') عوامي تنظيم جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. مارچ 1943ع ۾ جاپانين هڪ نئين تنظيم ''[[عوامي قوت جو مرڪز|پوسات ٽيناگا راڪيات]]'' (POETERA؛ عوامي قوت جو مرڪز) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو، حطا، [[ڪي هاجر ديوانتارا]] ۽ [[مس منصور|ڪي ايڇ مس منجوئر]] ڪئي. انهن تنظيمن جو مقصد ''[[روموشا]]'' لاءِ ماڻهن جي ڀرتي، خوراڪ جي شين جي وصولي، ۽ انڊونيشي عوام ۾ جاپان نواز ۽ [[اولهه]] مخالف جذبن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. سوڪارنو مشهور نعرو ''''آميريڪا ڪِتا سيتريڪا، اِنگگِرِس ڪِتا لِنگگِس'''' (&quot;اچو ته آمريڪا کي استري ڪريون ۽ برطانيا کي ڪهاڙي سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏيون&quot;) جوڙي اتحادي ملڪن خلاف جذبا اُڀارڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

زندگيءَ جي پوئين دور ۾ سوڪارنو ''روموشا'' واري مهم ۾ پنهنجي ڪردار تي هميشه شرمسار رهيو. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين طرفان خوراڪ جي زبردستي وصولي سبب جاوا ۾ 1944ع کان 1945ع دوران وڏي ڏڪار پيدا ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو فوت ٿيا. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ اهي اهڙيون قربانيون هيون، جيڪي انڊونيشيا جي مستقبل جي آزاديءَ لاءِ برداشت ڪرڻ ضروري هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sukarno |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Cindy |title=My Friend the Dictator |url=https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1967 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam/page/184 184–186]}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جاپاني ريڊيو ۽ جاوا ۽ سماترا ۾ نصب لائوڊ اسپيڪرن ذريعي نشر ٿيندڙ تقريرن وسيلي ''[[وطن جا محافظ]]'' (''پيمبيلا تاناه ائر''؛ PETA) ۽ ''[[هيهو]]'' (''Heiho'') نالي انڊونيشي رضاڪار فوجن جي قيام ۾ پڻ سرگرم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1945ع جي وچ تائين انهن فوجي دستن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک ٿي ويو هو، ۽ اهي جاوا ٻيهر قبضي ۾ وٺڻ لاءِ موڪليل ڪنهن به [[ٻي عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] فوج جو مقابلو ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا پئي ويا.

[[File:Sukarno and Japan, ABC 1966.webm|thumb|1966ع ۾ [[آسٽريليا براڊڪاسٽنگ ڪارپوريشن]] (ABC) جي رپورٽ، جنهن ۾ شاهي جاپان ۽ انڊونيشي قومپرست تحريڪ وچ ۾ سوڪارنو جي اتحاد جو جائزو ورتو ويو.]]

انهيءَ دوران سوڪارنو آخرڪار اِنگِگت کان طلاق ورتي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پنهنجي مڙس جي گهڻ زالائپ واري خواهش قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو. کيس بانڊونگ ۾ هڪ گهر ۽ سڄي عمر لاءِ پينشن ڏني وئي. 1943ع ۾ سوڪارنو [[فاطمه واتي]] سان شادي ڪئي. اهي جڪارتا جي ''جالان پيگانگسان تيمور'' نمبر 56 واري گهر ۾ رهڻ لڳا، جيڪو اڳ ڊچ مالڪن کان ضبط ڪري جاپانين سوڪارنو کي ڏنو هو. اهو ئي گهر بعد ۾ 1945ع ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪرڻ جي جاءِ بڻيو.

10 نومبر 1943ع تي سوڪارنو ۽ حطا کي سترهن ڏينهن جي جاپان جي دوري تي موڪليو ويو، جتي شهنشاهه [[هيروهيٽو]] کين اعزازن سان نوازيو، جڏهن⁠تہ ٽوڪيو ۾ وزيراعظم [[هيديڪي توجو]] جي رهائشگاهه تي سندن شاندار آجيان ڪئي وئي. 7 سيپٽمبر 1944ع تي، جڏهن [[پئسفڪ جنگ]] ۾ جاپان جي حالت خراب ٿي رهي هئي، تڏهن وزيراعظم [[ڪونياڪي ڪوئسو]] انڊونيشيا کي آزادي ڏيڻ جو واعدو ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ ڪا تاريخ مقرر نه ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;RICKLEFSp207&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), page 207&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪي سرڪاري تاريخ موجب، هن اعلان کي سوڪارنو جي جاپان سان ظاهري تعاون جي وڏي تصديق طور ڏٺو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCONGRESS_REV&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The National Revolution, 1945–50 |url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/16.htm |work=Country Studies, Indonesia |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان وقت آمريڪا سوڪارنو کي &quot;جاپان سان تعاون ڪندڙ اهم ترين اڳواڻن&quot; مان هڪ سمجهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Kolko, Gabriel. ''The Politics of War''. p. 607 {{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي ===
[[File:Sukarno Makassar 30 April 1945.png|thumb|سوڪارنو [[مڪاسر]] جي دوري دوران، 30 اپريل 1945ع]]

29 اپريل 1945ع تي، جڏهن [[فلپائن]] آمريڪي فوجن هٿان آزاد ٿي چڪا هئا، جاپانين [[آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي]] (بادان پينيليديڪ اوساها-اوساها پرسياپن ڪيميرديڪان؛ BPUPK) قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هيءَ هڪ نيم قانونساز اداري جي حيثيت رکندڙ ڪميٽي هئي، جنهن ۾ انڊونيشيا جي اڪثر نسلي گروهن جا 67 نمائندا شامل هئا. سوڪارنو کي BPUPK جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو ويو ۽ کيس مستقبل جي انڊونيشي رياست جي بنيادن بابت بحث جي اڳواڻي ڪرڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي.

29 مئي کان 1 جون 1945ع تائين BPUPK جون گڏجاڻيون ٿيون، جن ۾ مستقبل جي انڊونيشي رياست جي بنيادي فلسفي تي بحث ڪيو ويو. 1 جون تي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ سوڪارنو هڪ فلسفياتي بنياد پيش ڪيو، جنهن کي هن '''[[پنچ شيلا]]''' (''پنڪسيلا'') جو نالو ڏنو. هن پنج اصول پيش ڪيا: قومپرستي، بين الاقواميت يا انسانيت، جمهوريت، سماجي انصاف، ۽ خدا تي ايمان. سوڪارنو تجويز ڏني ته جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته انهن پنجن اصولن کي ٽن (''ٽرائسيلا'') يا هڪ (''اڪسيلا'') اصول ۾ به سموهي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو بنياد ''گوٽونگ رويونگ'' (يعني باهمي سهڪار) هجي.

22 جون 1945ع تي BPUPK جي نون ميمبرن جي هڪ ننڍڙي ڪميٽي، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''[[جڪارتا چارٽر]]''' (''پياگم جڪارتا'') ڪميٽي جي نالي سان مشهور ٿي، سوڪارنو جي پيش ڪيل خيالن کي هڪ ابتدائي آئيني مسودي ۾ شامل ڪيو. هن دستاويز ۾ پنچ شيلا سان گڏ اهو جملو به شامل ڪيو ويو ته ''&quot;مسلمانن لاءِ اسلامي شريعت تي عمل ڪرڻ لازمي هوندو.&quot;''

10 کان 17 جولاءِ 1945ع تائين BPUPK پنهنجي ٻي اجلاس ۾ آئين جي مسودي تي غور ڪيو. 17 جولاءِ تي آئين جي مسودي ۽ پنچ شيلا کي متفقه طور منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪي بعد ۾ آزاد انڊونيشيا جي رياست جي بنيادي دستاويزن جو بنياد بڻيا.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
[[زمرو:1901ع جون پيدائشون]]
[[زمرو:1970ع جون فوتگيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50224" sha1="2hglmz3y49376s8zqimdbrdq87v1nuc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
| height2 = 317.2
}}

سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي جدوجهد ==
{{Further|ڊچ اخلاقي پاليسي ۽ انڊونيشي قومي بيداري}}

سوڪارنو پهريون ڀيرو قومپرستانه خيالن کان ان وقت واقف ٿيو، جڏهن هو [[چوڪروامينوتو]] جي گهر ۾ رهندو هو. بعد ۾، بانڊونگ ۾ شاگرديءَ دوران، هن [[يورپ]]ي، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]]، قومپرست، [[ڪميونزم|ڪميونسٽ]] ۽ مذهبي سياسي فلسفن جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن انڊونيشي طرز جي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] خودڪفالت تي ٻڌل پنهنجي سياسي نظريي کي ترقي ڏني. هن پنهنجي خيالن کي [[مارهائينزم]] جو نالو ڏنو، جيڪو &quot;مارهائين&quot; نالي هڪ انڊونيشي هاريءَ تان ورتل هو، جنهن سان سندس بانڊونگ جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ۾ ملاقات ٿي هئي. مارهائين پنهنجي ننڍڙي زمين جو پاڻ مالڪ هو، پاڻ ئي ان تي پوک ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي خاندان جي گذر سفر لاءِ ڪافي آمدني حاصل ڪندو هو.

يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ تعليم دوران، سوڪارنو انڊونيشي شاگردن لاءِ ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' نالي هڪ مطالعاتي ڪلب قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ڊچ شاگردن جي قبضي هيٺ قائم روايتي شاگرد تنظيمن جي مقابلي ۾ هو.

=== انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي ۾ شموليت ===
[[File:Sukarno HBS.jpg|thumb|160px|سوڪارنو [[هوخيري برخرسخول|ايڇ بي ايس]] ۾ شاگرد جي حيثيت ۾، [[سورابايا]]، 1916ع]]

4 جولاءِ 1927ع تي، سوڪارنو پنهنجي ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' جي ساٿين سان گڏ آزاديءَ جي حامي [[انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي]] (پي اين آء) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو.

هن پارٽي جو مقصد [[انڊونيشيا]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ اها سامراجيت ۽ [[سرمائيداري]] ٻنهي جي مخالفت ڪندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جي نظر ۾ اهي ٻئي نظام انڊونيشي عوام جي زندگي وڌيڪ ڏکي بڻائيندا هئا. پارٽي [[سيڪيولرزم]] ۽ ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز ۾ رهندڙ مختلف نسلي گروهن جي اتحاد جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي، جيئن هڪ متحد انڊونيشيا قائم ٿي سگهي.

سوڪارنو کي اميد هئي ته [[جاپان]] جلد [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران [[اتحادي قوتون|اولهندي اتحادين]] خلاف جنگ شروع ڪندو، ۽ انڊونيشيا جاپان جي مدد سان پنهنجي آزادي حاصل ڪري سگهندو.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جي ڪمزور ٿيڻ ۽ 1926ع جي ناڪام بغاوت کان پوءِ [[انڊونيشي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] جي دٻجڻ کان پوءِ، PNI تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿيڻ لڳي، خاص طور انهن نون يونيورسٽي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جيڪي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نسل پرست ۽ محدود سياسي نظام مان مايوس هئا ۽ وڌيڪ آزاديون ۽ موقعا حاصل ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== گرفتاري، مقدمو ۽ قيد ===

==== گرفتاري ۽ مقدمو ====
[[File:P.N.I. proces te Bandoeng 1930 - Nationaal Archief.jpg|thumb|right|1930ع ۾ بانڊونگ ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو پنهنجي ساٿي جوابدارن ۽ وڪيلن سان گڏ]]

PNI جون سرگرميون جلد نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نظر ۾ اچي ويون، ۽ سوڪارنو جون تقريرون ۽ گڏجاڻيون اڪثر نوآبادياتي خفيه پوليس (''[[پوليتيڪي اِنلِخٽِنگين ڊينسٽ]]'':نوآبادياتي سياسي خفيه اطلاعاتي خدمت) جي اهلڪارن طرفان نگراني ۽ خلل جو شڪار ٿينديون هيون.

آخرڪار، 29 ڊسمبر 1929ع تي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جاوا ۾ ڇاپن جي هڪ سلسلي دوران سوڪارنو ۽ PNI جي ٻين اهم اڳواڻن کي گرفتار ڪري ورتو. سوڪارنو کي [[يوگياڪارتا]] جي دوري دوران گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

آگسٽ کان ڊسمبر 1930ع تائين بانڊونگ جي ''لانڊراٽ'' (زميني عدالت) ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو نوآباديات ۽ سامراجيت خلاف ڊگهيون سياسي تقريرون ڪيون، جيڪي بعد ۾ ''اِنڊونيسيا مينگوگاٽ'' (''[[انڊونيشيا اڪيوزز]]''؛ &quot;انڊونيشيا الزام لڳائي ٿو&quot;) جي عنوان سان مشهور ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party |url=https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=theconversation.com|date=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== قيد ====
ڊسمبر 1930ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي چار سال قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، جيڪا هن بانڊونگ جي سوڪامسڪين جيل ۾ ڪاٽي. بهرحال، سندس تقريرن کي پريس ۾ وڏي پذيرائي ملي، ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] توڙي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي لبرل حلقن جي دٻاءَ سبب [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جو گورنر جنرل|گورنر جنرل]] [[اينڊريس ڪورنيليس ڊرڪ ڊي گراف]] سندس سزا گهٽائي ٻن سالن تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏي. نتيجي طور، سوڪارنو کي 31 ڊسمبر 1931ع تي وقت کان اڳ آزاد ڪيو ويو. ان وقت تائين هو سڄي انڊونيشيا ۾ مشهور قومي هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو.

تنهن هوندي به، سندس قيد دوران PNI اندروني اختلافن ۽ نوآبادياتي دٻاءَ سبب ٽٽي وئي. ڊچ حڪومت اصل PNI کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ان جا اڳوڻا ميمبر ٻن نون پارٽين ۾ ورهائجي ويا. [[پارٽيندو|انڊونيشيا پارٽي (پارٽينڊو)]]، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو جي ساٿي [[سارتونو]] ڪندو هو، عوامي تحريڪن تي زور ڏيندي هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ [[محمد حطا]] ۽ [[ستن سجهرير]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ [[انڊونيشي قومي تعليم]] (نئين PNI) ڊگهي مدي واري حڪمت عملي تحت عوام جي تعليم ۽ ذهين قيادت تي زور ڏيندي هئي.

سوڪارنو ٻنهي ڌرين کي گڏ ڪري هڪ متحد قومپرست محاذ قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ناڪام ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 28 جولاءِ 1932ع تي پارٽيندو جي قيادت سنڀالي. پارٽيندو عوامي جدوجهد واري حڪمت عملي تي قائم رهي، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو حطا جي ڊگهي عرصي واري تنظيم سازي واري حڪمت عملي سان اختلاف رکندو هو. سندس خيال هو ته سياست ۾ حقيقي تبديلي صرف طاقت جي تنظيم ۽ ان جي مؤثر استعمال (''مَخٽس فورمِنگ اِن مَخٽس آن وِينڊِنگ'') سان ئي آڻي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;/&gt;

هن عرصي دوران مالي ضرورتون پوريون ڪرڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو ٻيهر معماريءَ جي شعبي ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ پنهنجي يونيورسٽيءَ جي جونيئر [[روسينو]] سان گڏ ''سوئيڪارنو ۽ روسينو'' نالي آفيس قائم ڪئي. هن پارٽيءَ جي اخبار ''فڪران راجت'' (&quot;عوام جو فڪر&quot;) لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکيا.

بانڊونگ ۾ رهندي هن جاوا جي مختلف علائقن جا دورا ڪري ٻين قومپرستن سان رابطا قائم ڪيا. سندس سرگرمين سبب ڊچ خفيه پوليس (PID) جي نگراني وڌيڪ وڌي وئي. 1933ع جي وچ ڌاري هن ''مينچاپائي اِنڊونيسيا ميرديڪا'' (&quot;آزاد انڊونيشيا حاصل ڪرڻ&quot;) جي عنوان سان مضمونن جو سلسلو شايع ڪيو. انهن لکڻين جي نتيجي ۾ 1 آگسٽ 1933ع تي، [[جڪارتا]] ۾ قومپرست اڳواڻ [[محمد حسني ٿامرين]] سان ملاقات دوران، کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

=== فلورس ۽ بينگڪولو ڏانهن جلاوطني ===
هن ڀيري، سوڪارنو کي سياسي تقريرن جو موقعو نه ڏيڻ لاءِ سخت گير گورنر جنرل [[يونڪهير]] [[بونيفيشس ڪورنيليس ڊي يونگي]] پنهنجي هنگامي اختيارن تحت بنا مقدمي جي ملڪ اندر جلاوطن ڪري ڇڏيو.
1934ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي پنهنجي خاندان (جنهن ۾ اِنگگت گارناسِه پڻ شامل هئي) سان گڏ [[فلورس]] ٻيٽ جي ڏورانهين شهر [[اينڊي، انڊونيشيا|اينڊي]] موڪليو ويو. فلورس ۾ رهندي هن پنهنجي محدود آزاديءَ مان فائدو وٺندي ٻارن جي هڪ ناٽڪ منڊلي قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي ميمبرن ۾ مستقبل جو سياستدان [[فرانس سيڊا]] پڻ شامل هو.
فلورس ۾ مليريا جي وبا پکڙجڻ کان پوءِ، ڊچ حڪومت فيبروري 1938ع ۾ سوڪارنو ۽ سندس خاندان کي سماترا جي اولهندي سامونڊي ڪناري تي واقع [[بينگڪولو]] منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soekarno |url=https://populicenter.org/en/2021/05/05/soekarno/ |website=populicenter.org |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
بينگڪولو ۾ سوڪارنو جي واقفيت [[محمديه]] تنظيم جي مقامي اڳواڻ حسن دين سان ٿي، جنهن کيس محمديه جي هڪ مقامي اسڪول ۾ ديني تعليم پڙهائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سندس شاگردن مان هڪ 15 ورهين جي [[فاطماوتي]] هئي، جيڪا حسن دين جي ڌيءَ هئي. سوڪارنو ۽ فاطماوتي وچ ۾ محبت جو تعلق قائم ٿيو، جنهن جي وضاحت سوڪارنو هن بنياد تي ڪئي ته سندس زال اِنگگت گارناسِه لڳ ڀڳ ويهن سالن جي شادي باوجود کيس اولاد نه ڏئي سگهي هئي.
1942ع ۾، جڏهن جاپاني فوجن [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز مهم]] دوران [[ملائي ٻيٽن جو مجموعو]] تي حملو ڪيو، تڏهن سوڪارنو اڃا تائين بينگڪولو ۾ جلاوطنيءَ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو هو.

== ٻي عالمي جنگ ۽ جاپاني قبضو ==
{{Further|ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي جاپاني قبضو}}

=== پسمنظر ۽ حملو ===
[[File:Sukarno in exile in Bengkulu, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 229.jpg|thumb|left|سوڪارنو [[بنگ ڪارنو جلاوطني گهر|پنهنجي جلاوطني واري گهر]]، [[بينگڪولو (شهر)|بينگڪولو]] ۾]]

1929ع جي شروعات ۾، [[انڊونيشي قومي بيداري]] جي دور دوران، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس قومپرست ساٿي [[محمد حطا]] (جيڪو بعد ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي نائب صدرن جي فهرست|انڊونيشيا جو نائب صدر]] بڻيو) پهريون ڀيرو اندازو لڳايو ته مستقبل ۾ پئسفڪ واري علائقي ۾ جنگ ٿيندي، ۽ جاپان جي انڊونيشيا ڏانهن اڳڀرائي انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ لاءِ هڪ موقعو ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=145 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/92 92]}}; {{harvnb|Legge|2003|pp=101–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

10 جنوري 1942ع تي [[شاهي جاپان]] ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي ۾ ڊچ فوجن کي شڪست ڏئي ڇڏي. ڊچ اختيارين سوڪارنو ۽ سندس ساٿين کي بينگڪولو کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سؤ ڪلوميٽر پري [[پاڊانگ]]، [[سماترا]] ڏانهن ريل، بس ۽ ٽرڪن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو. سندن ارادو هو ته سوڪارنو کي قيد ۾ رکي آسٽريليا موڪليو وڃي، پر جاپاني فوجن جي تيزيءَ سان پاڊانگ ڏانهن وڌڻ سبب ڊچ عملدار پنهنجو منصوبو اڌ ۾ ڇڏي پاڻ بچائي ڀڄي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/27 27] |isbn=0-674-01834-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جاپانين سان سهڪار ===
{{See also|سوڪارنو جو عروج}}

[[File:Soekarno shakes hand with Moichiri Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|سوڪارنو ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي جاپاني فوجي حڪومت جي گهرو معاملن واري ڊائريڪٽر جنرل [[موئيچيري ياماموتو]] سان هٿ ملائيندي، سيپٽمبر 1944ع]]

جاپانين وٽ سوڪارنو بابت اڳ ئي معلومات موجود هئي، تنهنڪري سماترا ۾ جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر ساڻس احترام سان پيش آيو ۽ انڊونيشي عوام کي منظم ڪرڻ ۽ کين پُرسڪون رکڻ لاءِ سندس مدد وٺڻ چاهي. ٻئي طرف، سوڪارنو جاپان کي انڊونيشيا جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ جو ذريعو بڻائڻ چاهيو. سندس لفظن ۾:

&gt; &quot;خدا جي واکاڻ هجي، جنهن مون کي رستو ڏيکاريو؛ نگارائي جي واديءَ ۾ مون پاڻ سان چيو: ها، آزاد انڊونيشيا رڳو دائي نپون (عظيم جاپان) جي مدد سان ئي حاصل ٿي سگهي ٿي... پنهنجي سڄي زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون ڀيرو مون پاڻ کي ايشيا جي آئيني ۾ ڏٺو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan Against the West in Java and Luzon 1942–1945 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1988 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie/page/82 82–84] |url=https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie |url-access=registration |isbn=0-691-05524-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1942ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي واپس جڪارتا موڪليو ويو، جتي سندس ٻيهر ملاقات ٻين قومپرست اڳواڻن، جن ۾ حطا پڻ شامل هو، سان ٿي، جيڪي تازو جاپانين طرفان آزاد ڪيا ويا هئا. اتي سندس ملاقات جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[هتوشي امامورا]] سان ٿي، جنهن سوڪارنو ۽ ٻين قومپرستن کي جاپاني جنگي ڪوششن جي حمايت لاءِ انڊونيشي عوام کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي درخواست ڪئي.

سوڪارنو ان شرط تي جاپان سان سهڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ٿيو ته کيس عوام ۾ قومپرستانه خيال ڦهلائڻ جو موقعو ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;/&gt; ان جي ابتڙ، جاپان کي پنهنجي جنگي ضرورتن لاءِ انڊونيشيا جي افرادي قوت ۽ قدرتي وسيلن جي سخت ضرورت هئي.

جاپانين لکين ماڻهن، خاص طور جاوا مان، زبردستي مزدوري لاءِ ڀرتي ڪيو، جن کي ''[[روموشا]]'' چيو ويندو هو. انهن کان انڊونيشيا سميت [[برما]] تائين ريلويون، هوائي اڏا ۽ ٻيون فوجي سهولتون تعمير ڪرايون ويون. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين پنهنجي فوج لاءِ انڊونيشي هارين کان [[چانور]] ۽ ٻيون غذائي شيون ضبط ڪيون، جڏهن⁠تہ کين [[ڪيسٽر آئل]] وارا ٻوٽا پوکڻ تي به مجبور ڪيو ويو، جن مان جهازن لاءِ ٻارڻ ۽ سڻڀ تيار ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=Merle Calvin |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 |page=337|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs |edition=4th |year=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-14918-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Satō |first=Shigeru |title=War, Nationalism, and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe Incorporated |location=Armonk, NY |year=1994 |pages=159–160 |isbn=978-1-317-45235-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, &quot;Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45&quot;] Access date: 9 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊونيشي عوام جو سهڪار حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قدمن جي خلاف مزاحمت کي روڪڻ لاءِ، جاپانين سوڪارنو کي [[3A جاپاني پروپيگنڊا تحريڪ]] يا ''ٽِيگا-اي'' (''Tiga-A'') عوامي تنظيم جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. مارچ 1943ع ۾ جاپانين هڪ نئين تنظيم ''[[عوامي قوت جو مرڪز|پوسات ٽيناگا راڪيات]]'' (POETERA؛ عوامي قوت جو مرڪز) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو، حطا، [[ڪي هاجر ديوانتارا]] ۽ [[مس منصور|ڪي ايڇ مس منجوئر]] ڪئي. انهن تنظيمن جو مقصد ''[[روموشا]]'' لاءِ ماڻهن جي ڀرتي، خوراڪ جي شين جي وصولي، ۽ انڊونيشي عوام ۾ جاپان نواز ۽ [[اولهه]] مخالف جذبن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. سوڪارنو مشهور نعرو ''''آميريڪا ڪِتا سيتريڪا، اِنگگِرِس ڪِتا لِنگگِس'''' (&quot;اچو ته آمريڪا کي استري ڪريون ۽ برطانيا کي ڪهاڙي سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏيون&quot;) جوڙي اتحادي ملڪن خلاف جذبا اُڀارڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

زندگيءَ جي پوئين دور ۾ سوڪارنو ''روموشا'' واري مهم ۾ پنهنجي ڪردار تي هميشه شرمسار رهيو. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين طرفان خوراڪ جي زبردستي وصولي سبب جاوا ۾ 1944ع کان 1945ع دوران وڏي ڏڪار پيدا ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو فوت ٿيا. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ اهي اهڙيون قربانيون هيون، جيڪي انڊونيشيا جي مستقبل جي آزاديءَ لاءِ برداشت ڪرڻ ضروري هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sukarno |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Cindy |title=My Friend the Dictator |url=https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1967 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam/page/184 184–186]}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جاپاني ريڊيو ۽ جاوا ۽ سماترا ۾ نصب لائوڊ اسپيڪرن ذريعي نشر ٿيندڙ تقريرن وسيلي ''[[وطن جا محافظ]]'' (''پيمبيلا تاناه ائر''؛ PETA) ۽ ''[[هيهو]]'' (''Heiho'') نالي انڊونيشي رضاڪار فوجن جي قيام ۾ پڻ سرگرم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1945ع جي وچ تائين انهن فوجي دستن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک ٿي ويو هو، ۽ اهي جاوا ٻيهر قبضي ۾ وٺڻ لاءِ موڪليل ڪنهن به [[ٻي عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] فوج جو مقابلو ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا پئي ويا.

[[File:Sukarno and Japan, ABC 1966.webm|thumb|1966ع ۾ [[آسٽريليا براڊڪاسٽنگ ڪارپوريشن]] (ABC) جي رپورٽ، جنهن ۾ شاهي جاپان ۽ انڊونيشي قومپرست تحريڪ وچ ۾ سوڪارنو جي اتحاد جو جائزو ورتو ويو.]]

انهيءَ دوران سوڪارنو آخرڪار اِنگِگت کان طلاق ورتي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پنهنجي مڙس جي گهڻ زالائپ واري خواهش قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو. کيس بانڊونگ ۾ هڪ گهر ۽ سڄي عمر لاءِ پينشن ڏني وئي. 1943ع ۾ سوڪارنو [[فاطمه واتي]] سان شادي ڪئي. اهي جڪارتا جي ''جالان پيگانگسان تيمور'' نمبر 56 واري گهر ۾ رهڻ لڳا، جيڪو اڳ ڊچ مالڪن کان ضبط ڪري جاپانين سوڪارنو کي ڏنو هو. اهو ئي گهر بعد ۾ 1945ع ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪرڻ جي جاءِ بڻيو.

10 نومبر 1943ع تي سوڪارنو ۽ حطا کي سترهن ڏينهن جي جاپان جي دوري تي موڪليو ويو، جتي شهنشاهه [[هيروهيٽو]] کين اعزازن سان نوازيو، جڏهن⁠تہ ٽوڪيو ۾ وزيراعظم [[هيديڪي توجو]] جي رهائشگاهه تي سندن شاندار آجيان ڪئي وئي. 7 سيپٽمبر 1944ع تي، جڏهن [[پئسفڪ جنگ]] ۾ جاپان جي حالت خراب ٿي رهي هئي، تڏهن وزيراعظم [[ڪونياڪي ڪوئسو]] انڊونيشيا کي آزادي ڏيڻ جو واعدو ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ ڪا تاريخ مقرر نه ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;RICKLEFSp207&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), page 207&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪي سرڪاري تاريخ موجب، هن اعلان کي سوڪارنو جي جاپان سان ظاهري تعاون جي وڏي تصديق طور ڏٺو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCONGRESS_REV&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The National Revolution, 1945–50 |url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/16.htm |work=Country Studies, Indonesia |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان وقت آمريڪا سوڪارنو کي &quot;جاپان سان تعاون ڪندڙ اهم ترين اڳواڻن&quot; مان هڪ سمجهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Kolko, Gabriel. ''The Politics of War''. p. 607 {{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي ===
[[File:Sukarno Makassar 30 April 1945.png|thumb|سوڪارنو [[مڪاسر]] جي دوري دوران، 30 اپريل 1945ع]]

29 اپريل 1945ع تي، جڏهن [[فلپائن]] آمريڪي فوجن هٿان آزاد ٿي چڪا هئا، جاپانين [[آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي]] (بادان پينيليديڪ اوساها-اوساها پرسياپن ڪيميرديڪان؛ BPUPK) قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هيءَ هڪ نيم قانونساز اداري جي حيثيت رکندڙ ڪميٽي هئي، جنهن ۾ انڊونيشيا جي اڪثر نسلي گروهن جا 67 نمائندا شامل هئا. سوڪارنو کي BPUPK جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو ويو ۽ کيس مستقبل جي انڊونيشي رياست جي بنيادن بابت بحث جي اڳواڻي ڪرڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي.

29 مئي کان 1 جون 1945ع تائين BPUPK جون گڏجاڻيون ٿيون، جن ۾ مستقبل جي انڊونيشي رياست جي بنيادي فلسفي تي بحث ڪيو ويو. 1 جون تي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ سوڪارنو هڪ فلسفياتي بنياد پيش ڪيو، جنهن کي هن '''[[پنچ شيلا]]''' (''پنڪسيلا'') جو نالو ڏنو. هن پنج اصول پيش ڪيا: قومپرستي، بين الاقواميت يا انسانيت، جمهوريت، سماجي انصاف، ۽ خدا تي ايمان. سوڪارنو تجويز ڏني ته جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته انهن پنجن اصولن کي ٽن (''ٽرائسيلا'') يا هڪ (''اڪسيلا'') اصول ۾ به سموهي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو بنياد ''گوٽونگ رويونگ'' (يعني باهمي سهڪار) هجي.

22 جون 1945ع تي BPUPK جي نون ميمبرن جي هڪ ننڍڙي ڪميٽي، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''[[جڪارتا چارٽر]]''' (''پياگم جڪارتا'') ڪميٽي جي نالي سان مشهور ٿي، سوڪارنو جي پيش ڪيل خيالن کي هڪ ابتدائي آئيني مسودي ۾ شامل ڪيو. هن دستاويز ۾ پنچ شيلا سان گڏ اهو جملو به شامل ڪيو ويو ته ''&quot;مسلمانن لاءِ اسلامي شريعت تي عمل ڪرڻ لازمي هوندو.&quot;''

10 کان 17 جولاءِ 1945ع تائين BPUPK پنهنجي ٻي اجلاس ۾ آئين جي مسودي تي غور ڪيو. 17 جولاءِ تي آئين جي مسودي ۽ پنچ شيلا کي متفقه طور منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪي بعد ۾ آزاد انڊونيشيا جي رياست جي بنيادي دستاويزن جو بنياد بڻيا.

=== آزاديءَ جو اعلان ===
[[File:Sukarno reads the proclamation of Indonesian independence.ogg|thumb|سوڪارنو، [[محمد حطا]] سان گڏ، 17 آگسٽ 1945ع تي انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان پڙهي رهيو آهي.]]

[[هيروشيما]] ۽ [[ناگاساڪي]] تي [[ايٽمي بمباري]] ۽ [[سوويت يونين]] جي جاپان خلاف جنگ ۾ شموليت کان پوءِ، 15 آگسٽ 1945ع تي جاپان غير مشروط هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs209&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), pp. 209–210.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشي نوجوان قومپرستن (''pemuda'') سوڪارنو ۽ حطا تي زور ڀريو ته هو فوري طور آزاديءَ جو اعلان ڪن ۽ جاپاني اختيارين جي هدايتن جو انتظار نه ڪن. ٻنهي ڌرين جي اختلافن سبب 16 آگسٽ 1945ع تي نوجوان قومپرستن سوڪارنو ۽ حطا کي [[رينگاسڊينگڪلوڪ]] وٺي ويا، جتي کين آزاد اعلان جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي.

ساڳئي ڏينهن شام جو سوڪارنو ۽ حطا جڪارتا موٽي آيا، جتي جاپاني بحري آفيسر [[تاداشي مايدا]] جي رهائشگاهه تي آزاديءَ جي اعلان جو متن تيار ڪيو ويو. ان جو ابتدائي مسودو سوڪارنو پنهنجي هٿ سان لکيو، جڏهن ته حطا ۽ [[احمد سوبارجو]] ان ۾ ترميمون ڪيون. بعد ۾ [[سيوتيڪ ميلڪ]] (سيوتي ميلڪ) ان کي ٽائيپ ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams208&quot;&gt;Adams (1965), pp. 208–212.&lt;/ref&gt;

17 آگسٽ 1945ع جي صبح جو، جڪارتا ۾ ''جالان پيگانگسان تيمور'' نمبر 56 تي پنهنجي رهائشگاهه جي سامهون سوڪارنو آزاديءَ جو اعلان پڙهي ٻڌايو، جڏهن ته محمد حطا سندس ڀرسان بيٺو هو. ان موقعي تي انڊونيشيا جو ڳاڙهو ۽ اڇو قومي جهنڊو (''سانگ ساڪا مِيراه پوتيه'') بلند ڪيو ويو ۽ قومي ترانو '''[[انڊونيشيا رايا]]''' ڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs209&quot;/&gt;

18 آگسٽ 1945ع تي '''[[آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ انڊونيشي ڪميٽي]]''' (''پانيتيا پرسياپن ڪيميرديڪان اِنڊونيسيا''؛ PPKI) پنهنجي پهرين اجلاس ۾ 1945ع جو آئين منظور ڪيو، سوڪارنو کي جمهوريه انڊونيشيا جو پهريون صدر ۽ محمد حطا کي پهريون نائب صدر چونڊيو. ان ئي اجلاس ۾ فيصلو ڪيو ويو ته [[جڪارتا چارٽر]] مان اسلامي شريعت بابت شرط حذف ڪيو وڃي، جيئن نئين رياست سڀني مذهبن ۽ علائقن لاءِ قابلِ قبول رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs211&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), pp. 211–212.&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا|2}}
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| name          = سوڪارنو
| image         = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
| caption       = 1949 ۾ سوڪارنو
| order         = 1st
| office        = انڊونيشيا جو صدر
| vicepresident = [[محمد حاتا]] (1945–56)
| primeminister = [[سوران سياھر]]&lt;br/&gt;[[امير شريف الدين]]&lt;br/&gt;[[محمد حاتا]]&lt;br/&gt;[[عبدالحليم (انڊونيشيا)|عبدالحليم]] &lt;br/&gt; [[سوئڪيمان ورجوساندجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ولوپو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[علي ساستروئميدجوجو]]&lt;br/&gt;[[برھان الدين ھاراپ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| term_start    = 18 آگسٽ 1945
| term_end      = 12 مارچ 1967
| predecessor   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor     = [[سھارتو]]
| office2       = انڊونيشيا جي گڏيل رياستن جو صدر
| vicepresident2 = [[محمد حاتا]]
| term_start2    = 27 ڊسمبر  1949
| term_end2      = 17 آگسٽ  1950
| predecessor2   = '' عھدو شروع ٿيو''
| successor2     = ''عھدو ختم ٿي ويو''
| order3        = 11th
| office3       = انڊونيشيا جو وزير اعظم 
| term_start3   = 9  جولاءِ 1959
| term_end3     = 25  جولاءِ 1966
| predecessor3  = [[ڊيوئنڊا ڪرتاودجاجا]]
| successor3    = ''عھدو ختم ڪيو ويو''
| president3    =  پاڻ
| birth_name    = ڪسنو سوسروڊيھارڊيو 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[سورابايا]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]]&lt;ref&gt;A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[جڪارتا]]، [[انڊونيشيا]] 
| spouse        = {{marriage|اوئتاري |1921|1922|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|انگت گارناسيح  |1923|1942|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[فاطمہ وتي]]|1  جون
1943}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني  |7 July 1953}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھارتني مانوپو  |1959|1968|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|[[رتنا ساري ديوي سوڪارنو|نائوڪو نيموتو]] |1962}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھرياتي  |1963|1966|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|يورائڪ سانگر|1964|1967|end=div.}}&lt;br/&gt;{{marriage|ھيلدي جعفر  |1966|1967|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}
| children      =
{{Collapsible list|title='' اگت مان ''|1
= {{plainlist|1=
*رتنا جئامي  
(پاليل)
*ڪارٽيڪا 
(پاليل)
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''فاطمہ وتي مان  ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[گنتر سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[ميگاوتي سئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[رچماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[سڪماوتي سوئيڪارنوپتري]]
*[[گرو سوئڪارنوپترا]] 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title='' ھارتني مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[طائوفان سوئيڪارنو]]
*[[بايو سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''
رتنا مان ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*[[ڪرينا ڪارٽيڪا ساري ديوي سوئڪارنو]]
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ھارياتي مان
''|1
=
{{plainlist|1=
*آيو گيمبيرووتي 
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=''ڪارتني مان
 ''|1=
{{plainlist|1=
*ٽوٽوڪ سورياوان 
}}
}}
| father = [[:id:Soekemi Sosrodihardjo|رادين سوئيڪيمي سوسروڊيھارڊيو]]
| mother = [[:id:Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai|ادا آيو نيومان راء]]
| alma_mater    = [[بندونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]
| party         = [[انڊونيشيائي نيشنل پارٽي]] (1927–1931)
| height        = 1.72 m
| signature     =  Sukarno Signature.svg
|native_name_lang=Javanese|resting_place=[[بليتار]], [[اوڀر جاوا]], انڊونيشيا
|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|8.084622|S|112.176075|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:ID-JI_scale:10000|display=inline}}}}

'''احمد سوڪارنو'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Sukarno'''}} يا سوئيڪارنو {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Soekarno'''}} &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sukarno &quot;Sukarno&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر ھيو. پاڻ 6 جنوري 1901 ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 21 جون 1970 ۾ وفات ڪيائين. &lt;ref&gt;[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno Biografi Presiden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135153/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&amp;presiden_id=1&amp;presiden=sukarno |date=2013-09-21 }} Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt; ھي 1945 کان 1967 تائين ملڪ جو صدر رھيو. ھي ملڪ م نيدرلينڊز کان آزادي جي جدوجھد جو سرواڻ ھيو. ڊچ حڪومت جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڏھاڪو سال جيل ۾ بند رھيو ۽ کيس جيل مان جپان آزاد ڪيو جنھن ڊچ ايمپائر تي حملو ڪري انڊونيشيا ۾ داخل ٿيو ھيو. جپان جيئن ئي ھٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا تہ ھن ۽ [[محمد حاتا]] 17 آگسٽ 1945 ۾ انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ سوئيڪارنو انڊونيشيا جو پھريون صدر بڻيو. ھن انڊونيشيائي ماڻھن جي اڳواڻي ڪندي نيدرلينڊز پاران انڊونيشيا کي نئين سر ڪالوني ٺاھڻ جي سفارتي ۽ فوجي مزاحت ڪئي نيٺ 1949 ۾ نيدرلينڊز انڊونيشيا جي خودمختياري کي تسليم ڪيو. ليکڪ پريموئيديا اننتا توئر لکيو آهي تہ &quot; سوئيڪارنو جديد دؤر جو واحد ايشيائي اڳواڻ ھيو جنھن مختلف نسلي، ثقافتي ء مذھبي گروھن ۾ ورھايل عوام کي متحد ڪري بغير رت جي ڦڙي وھائڻ جي آزاد ڪرايو&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Pramoedya ananta Toer, SOEKARNO, TIME Asia story TIME 100: AUGUST 23–30, 1999 VOL. 154 NO. 7/8, http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204557/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/sukarno1.html |date=2019-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; پارلياماني جمھوريت جي افراتفري دؤر بعد 1957 ۾ سوئيڪارنو رھنمائي واري جمھوريت جو مطلق العنان نظام قائم ڪيو جنھن سان ملڪ اندر عدم استحڪام جو خاتمو آيو. 1960 جي ڏھاڪي ۾ ھن کاٻي ڌر جي طرف لاڙو رکيو ۽ انڊونيشياجي  ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مدد ڪئي ۽ ان کي تحفظ ڏنو ۽ ھن سامراج دشمن پرڏيھي پاليسي کي فروغ ڏنو، ۽ سوويت يونين ۽ چين جو پاسو ورتو. 1965 ۾ 30 سيپٽمبر واري تحريڪ جي ناڪامي سان قتل عام واقع ٿيڻ جي ڪري اڳتي ھلي 1967 م ھڪ جنرل بغاوت ڪندي  کيس معزول ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن بعد ھن باقي زندگي نظربندي ۾ گذاري.

== نالو ==
''سوڪارنو'' (''Sukarno'') جو نالو هندو مهاڳ ''[[مهاڀارت]]'' جي افسانوي سورهيه [[ڪرن]] (انگريزي ۾ ''ڪارنا'') تان ورتل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊچ املا (''ڊچ اورٿوگرافي'') تي ٻڌل صورت ''سوڪارنو'' اڄ به وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پاڻ به [[وان اوفائيسن اچاري نظام]] (''وان اوفائيسن  اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') موجب پنهنجي دستخط ڪندو هو. خود سوڪارنو جو چوڻ هو ته لکڻ ۾ &quot;''u''&quot; استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي، نه &quot;''oe''&quot;، پر اسڪول ۾ کيس ڊچ طرز موجب لکڻ سيکاريو ويو هو، ۽ پنجاهه سالن کان پوءِ پنهنجي دستخط بدلائڻ ڏکيو لڳو، تنهنڪري هو دستخط اڃا به &quot;''oe''&quot; سان ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
تنهن هوندي به، 1947ع کان 1968ع تائين جاري ٿيندڙ انڊونيشي صدارتي فرمانن ۾ سندس نالو [[ريپبلڪن اچاري نظام]] (''ريپبلڪن اسپيلنگ سسٽم'') مطابق لکيو ويندو هو. [[سوڪارنو–هٽا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]]، جيڪو انڊونيشيا جي گاديءَ واري شهر [[جڪارتا]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، اڄ به ڊچ اچار واري صورت ''سوئيڪارنو'' استعمال ڪري ٿو.

[[انڊونيشي ماڻهو|انڊونيشي]] کيس '''بُنگ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;ڀاءُ ڪارنو&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي ڪارنو&quot;) ۽ '''پاڪ ڪارنو''' (يعني &quot;مسٽر ڪارنو&quot;) جي نالن سان پڻ ياد ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;''Bung'' انڊونيشي ٻوليءَ ۾ محبت ۽ احترام سان استعمال ٿيندڙ لفظ آهي، جيڪو &quot;وڏي ڀاءُ&quot; يا &quot;ساٿي&quot; جي معنيٰ ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن⁠تہ ''پاڪ'' وڌيڪ رسمي طور &quot;سائين&quot;، &quot;جناب&quot; يا &quot;بابا&quot; جي معنيٰ ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.&lt;/ref&gt; گهڻن [[جاوي ماڻهو|جاوي ماڻهن]] وانگر سندس پڻ رڳو هڪ ئي نالو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drakeley2006&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney&lt;/ref&gt;

پرڏيهي ذريعن ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن کيس '''احمد سوڪارنو''' (''اچمد سوڪارنو'') يا ان جهڙين ٻين صورتن سان پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي. انڊونيشيا جي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت جي هڪ ذريعي موجب &quot;اچمد&quot; (جنهن کي پوءِ عرب ملڪن ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي ذريعن &quot;احمد&quot; لکيو) جو نالو انڊونيشي شاگرد ايم. زين حسن، جيڪو [[الازهر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پڙهندو هو ۽ بعد ۾ پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ ملازم ٿيو، تجويز ڪيو هو. ان جو مقصد مصري صحافت آڏو سوڪارنو جي [[اسلام|مسلمان]] سڃاڻپ کي نمايان ڪرڻ هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان وقت مصر ۾ مختصر تڪرار دوران اها دعويٰ ڪئي وئي هئي ته سوڪارنو جو نالو &quot;ڪافي اسلامي نه آهي&quot;. &quot;اچمند&quot; جي استعمال کان پوءِ [[اسلامي دنيا|اسلامي]] ۽ [[عرب دنيا|عرب]] ملڪن سوڪارنو جي بي ڌڙڪ حمايت شروع ڪئي. انهيءَ سبب وچ اوڀر سان ٿيندڙ خط و ڪتابت ۾ سوڪارنو پاڻ به پنهنجو نالو &quot;اچمند سوئيڪارنو&quot; لکي دستخط ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي زندگي ۽ خاندان ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| footer = سوڪارنو پنهنجي پيءُ راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو (کاٻي) ۽ پنهنجي ماءُ اِدا آيو نيومان راءِ (ساڄي) سان.
| image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg
| height1 = 317.2
| image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg
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سوڪارنو هڪ مسلمان جاوي پرائمري اسڪول جي استاد، ''[[پريايي]]'' راڊين سوڪيمي سوسرودي هاردجو، جو پٽ هو، جيڪو مرڪزي جاوا جي [[گروبوگان ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندو هو، جڏهن⁠ته سندس ماءُ ''آيو نيومان راء'' [[بالي]] جي [[بوليلينگ ريجنسي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[برهمڻ]] ذات جي هندو عورت هئي. سوڪارنو جي پيدائش [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي انڊونيشيا) جي اوڀر جاوا واري شهر [[سورابايا]] ۾ ٿي، جتي سندس پيءُ جاوا ڏانهن بدلي جي درخواست منظور ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقرر ٿيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

سندس اصل نالو '''ڪُسنو سوسرودي هاردجو''' هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh |date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاوي روايت موجب، ننڍپڻ ۾ هڪ سخت بيماري مان صحتياب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سندس نالو بدلائي '''سوڪارنو''' رکيو ويو.

== تعليم ==

1912ع ۾ مقامي پرائمري اسڪول مان تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو کي ''يوروپيسي لاگيري اسڪول'' (ڊچ پرائمري اسڪول) ۾ [[موجوڪيرتو]] موڪليو ويو. ان کان پوءِ 1916ع ۾ هن [[سورابايا]] جي ''[[هوخيري برگر اسڪول]]'' (ڊچ طرز جي اعليٰ ثانوي اسڪول) ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي سندس ملاقات [[چوڪروامينوتو]] سان ٿي، جيڪو هڪ [[قومپرست]] اڳواڻ ۽ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جو باني هو. 1920ع ۾ سوڪارنو چوڪروامينوتو جي ڌيءَ سِتي اوئتاري سان شادي ڪئي.

1921ع ۾ هن ''[[ٽيڪنِسخي هوخيسخول تي بانڊونگ]]'' (بانڊونگ انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي) ۾ [[سول انجنيئرنگ]]، خاص طور [[معماري]]، جي تعليم شروع ڪئي. 1926ع ۾ هن اتان [[اِنگينيور]] (مختصر: '''Ir.''') جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا ڊچ طرز جي [[انجنيئر]] جي ڊگري هئي.

بانڊونگ ۾ تعليم دوران سوڪارنو جي ملاقات [[اِنگگت گارناسِه]] سان ٿي، جيڪا ان بورڊنگ هائوس جي مالڪ سانوسي جي زال هئي، جتي سوڪارنو شاگرد طور رهندو هو. اِنگگت عمر ۾ سوڪارنو کان 13 سال وڏي هئي. مارچ 1923ع ۾ سوڪارنو سِتي اوئتاري کي طلاق ڏئي اِنگگت سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن پڻ پنهنجي مڙس سانوسي کان طلاق ورتي هئي. بعد ۾ سوڪارنو اِنگگت کان به طلاق وٺي [[فاطماوتي]] سان شادي ڪئي.

سوڪارنو پنهنجي دور جي محدود تعليم يافته اشرافيه ۾ هڪ غيرمعمولي شخصيت هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ رواني سان ڳالهائيندو هو. پنهنجي مادري [[جاوي ٻولي]] کان علاوه هو [[سنڊاني ٻولي|سنڊاني]]، [[بالي ٻولي|باليني]]، [[انڊونيشي ٻولي|انڊونيشي]] ۽ [[ڊچ ٻولي|ڊچ]] ڄاڻندو هو. ان کان سواءِ هو [[جرمن ٻولي|جرمن]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]، [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ٻولي|جاپاني]] ۾ پڻ مهارت رکندو هو، جيڪي سڀئي هن جي HBS واري تعليم دوران پڙهايون وينديون هيون.

پنهنجي تعليم دوران سوڪارنو، معماري ۽ سياست ٻنهي شعبن ۾، انتهائي جديد خيالن جو حامي بڻجي ويو. هو روايتي جاوي [[جاگيرداري]] کي &quot;پٺتي پيل&quot; سمجهندو هو ۽ ان کي ڊچ قبضي ۽ استحصال هيٺ ملڪ جي زوال جو هڪ اهم سبب قرار ڏيندو هو. ساڳئي وقت، هو [[مغربي دنيا|مغربي]] ملڪن جي [[سامراجيت]] جو سخت مخالف هو، جنهن کي هو فرانسيسي اصطلاح '' ايڪسپلواٽاسيون دُ لُوم پار لُوم'' (&quot;انسان طرفان انسان جو استحصال&quot;) سان بيان ڪندو هو. سندس خيال موجب، ان ئي استحصالي نظام سبب ڊچ راڄ دوران انڊونيشي عوام سخت غربت ۽ گهٽ تعليمي سطح جو شڪار ٿيو.

[[انڊونيشي قومپرستي]] کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو انهن خيالن جو اظهار پنهنجي لباس، گاديءَ واري شهر (بعد ۾ [[جڪارتا]]) جي شهري رٿابندي، ۽ پنهنجي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] سياسي پاليسين ذريعي ڪيو. بهرحال، جديد فن بابت سندس پسند [[پاپ موسيقي]] تائين نه پهتي؛ عورتن سان لاڳاپن بابت پنهنجي مشهور شهرت جي باوجود، هن انڊونيشي موسيقي جي ٽولي [[ڪوس برساودارا]] کي سندن مبينا &quot;اخلاقي زوال آڻيندڙ&quot; گيتن سبب قيد به ڪرايو. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ جديديت نسل جي امتياز کان پاڪ، انداز ۾ سادي ۽ نفيس، ۽ سامراجيت جي مخالف هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== معماري جو پيشو ==

1926ع ۾ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس يونيورسٽيءَ جي دوست انواري بانڊونگ ۾ '''سوئيڪارنو ۽ انوري''' نالي هڪ معماري فرم قائم ڪئي، جيڪا عمارتن جي رٿابندي ۽ تعميراتي ٺيڪيداري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪندي هئي.

سوڪارنو جي معماري منصوبن ۾ [[پريانگر هوٽل]] (1929ع) جي عمارت جي نئين سر جوڙجڪ شامل آهي، جتي هن مشهور ڊچ معمار [[چارلس پراسپر وولف اسڪوميڪر]] جي مددگار طور ڪم ڪيو. سوڪارنو بانڊونگ جي اڄوڪي [[جاتوت سبروتو گهٽي]]، [[پالاساري گهٽي]] ۽ [[ديوي سرتيڪا گهٽي]] تي واقع ڪيترن ئي خانگي گهرن جا نقشا پڻ تيار ڪيا.

بعد ۾، صدر ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به سوڪارنو معماريءَ سان وابسته رهيو. هن [[جڪارتا]] ۾ [[اعلانِ آزادي يادگار]] ۽ ان جي ڀرسان ''گيڊونگ پولا'' جي عمارت، [[سيمارانگ]] ۾ [[نوجوانن جي يادگار]] (''[[ٽوگو مودا]]'')، [[مالانگ]] ۾ [[الون-الون يادگار]]، [[سورابايا]] ۾ [[هيروز مانيومينٽ|هيروز يادگار]]، ۽ [[مرڪزي ڪليمانتان]] ۾ [[پالانگڪارايا]] شهر جي رٿابندي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

سوڪارنو [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو راندين جو مرڪز]] جي تعمير ۾ پڻ گهري دلچسپي ورتي. هن خاص طور تي [[گيلورا بُنگ ڪارنو اسٽيڊيم]] جي مکيه اسٽيڊيم جي ڇت جي ڊزائن بابت تجويزون پڻ پيش ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== شروعاتي جدوجهد ==
{{Further|ڊچ اخلاقي پاليسي ۽ انڊونيشي قومي بيداري}}

سوڪارنو پهريون ڀيرو قومپرستانه خيالن کان ان وقت واقف ٿيو، جڏهن هو [[چوڪروامينوتو]] جي گهر ۾ رهندو هو. بعد ۾، بانڊونگ ۾ شاگرديءَ دوران، هن [[يورپ]]ي، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪي]]، قومپرست، [[ڪميونزم|ڪميونسٽ]] ۽ مذهبي سياسي فلسفن جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن انڊونيشي طرز جي [[اشتراڪيت|سوشلسٽ]] خودڪفالت تي ٻڌل پنهنجي سياسي نظريي کي ترقي ڏني. هن پنهنجي خيالن کي [[مارهائينزم]] جو نالو ڏنو، جيڪو &quot;مارهائين&quot; نالي هڪ انڊونيشي هاريءَ تان ورتل هو، جنهن سان سندس بانڊونگ جي ڏاکڻي علائقي ۾ ملاقات ٿي هئي. مارهائين پنهنجي ننڍڙي زمين جو پاڻ مالڪ هو، پاڻ ئي ان تي پوک ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي خاندان جي گذر سفر لاءِ ڪافي آمدني حاصل ڪندو هو.

يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ تعليم دوران، سوڪارنو انڊونيشي شاگردن لاءِ ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' نالي هڪ مطالعاتي ڪلب قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ڊچ شاگردن جي قبضي هيٺ قائم روايتي شاگرد تنظيمن جي مقابلي ۾ هو.

=== انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي ۾ شموليت ===
[[File:Sukarno HBS.jpg|thumb|160px|سوڪارنو [[هوخيري برخرسخول|ايڇ بي ايس]] ۾ شاگرد جي حيثيت ۾، [[سورابايا]]، 1916ع]]

4 جولاءِ 1927ع تي، سوڪارنو پنهنجي ''الخميني اسٽوڊي ڪلب'' جي ساٿين سان گڏ آزاديءَ جي حامي [[انڊونيشي قومي پارٽي]] (پي اين آء) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو هو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو.

هن پارٽي جو مقصد [[انڊونيشيا]] جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ اها سامراجيت ۽ [[سرمائيداري]] ٻنهي جي مخالفت ڪندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان جي نظر ۾ اهي ٻئي نظام انڊونيشي عوام جي زندگي وڌيڪ ڏکي بڻائيندا هئا. پارٽي [[سيڪيولرزم]] ۽ ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز ۾ رهندڙ مختلف نسلي گروهن جي اتحاد جي پڻ حمايت ڪئي، جيئن هڪ متحد انڊونيشيا قائم ٿي سگهي.

سوڪارنو کي اميد هئي ته [[جاپان]] جلد [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران [[اتحادي قوتون|اولهندي اتحادين]] خلاف جنگ شروع ڪندو، ۽ انڊونيشيا جاپان جي مدد سان پنهنجي آزادي حاصل ڪري سگهندو.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[ساريڪات اسلام]] جي ڪمزور ٿيڻ ۽ 1926ع جي ناڪام بغاوت کان پوءِ [[انڊونيشي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي]] جي دٻجڻ کان پوءِ، PNI تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿيڻ لڳي، خاص طور انهن نون يونيورسٽي تعليم يافته نوجوانن ۾، جيڪي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نسل پرست ۽ محدود سياسي نظام مان مايوس هئا ۽ وڌيڪ آزاديون ۽ موقعا حاصل ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |pages=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== گرفتاري، مقدمو ۽ قيد ===

==== گرفتاري ۽ مقدمو ====
[[File:P.N.I. proces te Bandoeng 1930 - Nationaal Archief.jpg|thumb|right|1930ع ۾ بانڊونگ ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو پنهنجي ساٿي جوابدارن ۽ وڪيلن سان گڏ]]

PNI جون سرگرميون جلد نوآبادياتي حڪومت جي نظر ۾ اچي ويون، ۽ سوڪارنو جون تقريرون ۽ گڏجاڻيون اڪثر نوآبادياتي خفيه پوليس (''[[پوليتيڪي اِنلِخٽِنگين ڊينسٽ]]'':نوآبادياتي سياسي خفيه اطلاعاتي خدمت) جي اهلڪارن طرفان نگراني ۽ خلل جو شڪار ٿينديون هيون.

آخرڪار، 29 ڊسمبر 1929ع تي ڊچ نوآبادياتي حڪومت جاوا ۾ ڇاپن جي هڪ سلسلي دوران سوڪارنو ۽ PNI جي ٻين اهم اڳواڻن کي گرفتار ڪري ورتو. سوڪارنو کي [[يوگياڪارتا]] جي دوري دوران گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

آگسٽ کان ڊسمبر 1930ع تائين بانڊونگ جي ''لانڊراٽ'' (زميني عدالت) ۾ هلندڙ مقدمي دوران سوڪارنو نوآباديات ۽ سامراجيت خلاف ڊگهيون سياسي تقريرون ڪيون، جيڪي بعد ۾ ''اِنڊونيسيا مينگوگاٽ'' (''[[انڊونيشيا اڪيوزز]]''؛ &quot;انڊونيشيا الزام لڳائي ٿو&quot;) جي عنوان سان مشهور ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party |url=https://theconversation.com/behind-the-coup-that-backfired-the-demise-of-indonesias-communist-party-47640 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=theconversation.com|date=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== قيد ====
ڊسمبر 1930ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي چار سال قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، جيڪا هن بانڊونگ جي سوڪامسڪين جيل ۾ ڪاٽي. بهرحال، سندس تقريرن کي پريس ۾ وڏي پذيرائي ملي، ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] توڙي ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي لبرل حلقن جي دٻاءَ سبب [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جو گورنر جنرل|گورنر جنرل]] [[اينڊريس ڪورنيليس ڊرڪ ڊي گراف]] سندس سزا گهٽائي ٻن سالن تائين محدود ڪري ڇڏي. نتيجي طور، سوڪارنو کي 31 ڊسمبر 1931ع تي وقت کان اڳ آزاد ڪيو ويو. ان وقت تائين هو سڄي انڊونيشيا ۾ مشهور قومي هيرو بڻجي چڪو هو.

تنهن هوندي به، سندس قيد دوران PNI اندروني اختلافن ۽ نوآبادياتي دٻاءَ سبب ٽٽي وئي. ڊچ حڪومت اصل PNI کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ان جا اڳوڻا ميمبر ٻن نون پارٽين ۾ ورهائجي ويا. [[پارٽيندو|انڊونيشيا پارٽي (پارٽينڊو)]]، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو جي ساٿي [[سارتونو]] ڪندو هو، عوامي تحريڪن تي زور ڏيندي هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ [[محمد حطا]] ۽ [[ستن سجهرير]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ [[انڊونيشي قومي تعليم]] (نئين PNI) ڊگهي مدي واري حڪمت عملي تحت عوام جي تعليم ۽ ذهين قيادت تي زور ڏيندي هئي.

سوڪارنو ٻنهي ڌرين کي گڏ ڪري هڪ متحد قومپرست محاذ قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ناڪام ٿيڻ کان پوءِ 28 جولاءِ 1932ع تي پارٽيندو جي قيادت سنڀالي. پارٽيندو عوامي جدوجهد واري حڪمت عملي تي قائم رهي، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو حطا جي ڊگهي عرصي واري تنظيم سازي واري حڪمت عملي سان اختلاف رکندو هو. سندس خيال هو ته سياست ۾ حقيقي تبديلي صرف طاقت جي تنظيم ۽ ان جي مؤثر استعمال (''مَخٽس فورمِنگ اِن مَخٽس آن وِينڊِنگ'') سان ئي آڻي سگهجي ٿي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 1965&quot;/&gt;

هن عرصي دوران مالي ضرورتون پوريون ڪرڻ لاءِ سوڪارنو ٻيهر معماريءَ جي شعبي ڏانهن موٽي آيو ۽ پنهنجي يونيورسٽيءَ جي جونيئر [[روسينو]] سان گڏ ''سوئيڪارنو ۽ روسينو'' نالي آفيس قائم ڪئي. هن پارٽيءَ جي اخبار ''فڪران راجت'' (&quot;عوام جو فڪر&quot;) لاءِ پڻ مضمون لکيا.

بانڊونگ ۾ رهندي هن جاوا جي مختلف علائقن جا دورا ڪري ٻين قومپرستن سان رابطا قائم ڪيا. سندس سرگرمين سبب ڊچ خفيه پوليس (PID) جي نگراني وڌيڪ وڌي وئي. 1933ع جي وچ ڌاري هن ''مينچاپائي اِنڊونيسيا ميرديڪا'' (&quot;آزاد انڊونيشيا حاصل ڪرڻ&quot;) جي عنوان سان مضمونن جو سلسلو شايع ڪيو. انهن لکڻين جي نتيجي ۾ 1 آگسٽ 1933ع تي، [[جڪارتا]] ۾ قومپرست اڳواڻ [[محمد حسني ٿامرين]] سان ملاقات دوران، کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو.

=== فلورس ۽ بينگڪولو ڏانهن جلاوطني ===
هن ڀيري، سوڪارنو کي سياسي تقريرن جو موقعو نه ڏيڻ لاءِ سخت گير گورنر جنرل [[يونڪهير]] [[بونيفيشس ڪورنيليس ڊي يونگي]] پنهنجي هنگامي اختيارن تحت بنا مقدمي جي ملڪ اندر جلاوطن ڪري ڇڏيو.
1934ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي پنهنجي خاندان (جنهن ۾ اِنگگت گارناسِه پڻ شامل هئي) سان گڏ [[فلورس]] ٻيٽ جي ڏورانهين شهر [[اينڊي، انڊونيشيا|اينڊي]] موڪليو ويو. فلورس ۾ رهندي هن پنهنجي محدود آزاديءَ مان فائدو وٺندي ٻارن جي هڪ ناٽڪ منڊلي قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي ميمبرن ۾ مستقبل جو سياستدان [[فرانس سيڊا]] پڻ شامل هو.
فلورس ۾ مليريا جي وبا پکڙجڻ کان پوءِ، ڊچ حڪومت فيبروري 1938ع ۾ سوڪارنو ۽ سندس خاندان کي سماترا جي اولهندي سامونڊي ڪناري تي واقع [[بينگڪولو]] منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soekarno |url=https://populicenter.org/en/2021/05/05/soekarno/ |website=populicenter.org |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
بينگڪولو ۾ سوڪارنو جي واقفيت [[محمديه]] تنظيم جي مقامي اڳواڻ حسن دين سان ٿي، جنهن کيس محمديه جي هڪ مقامي اسڪول ۾ ديني تعليم پڙهائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. سندس شاگردن مان هڪ 15 ورهين جي [[فاطماوتي]] هئي، جيڪا حسن دين جي ڌيءَ هئي. سوڪارنو ۽ فاطماوتي وچ ۾ محبت جو تعلق قائم ٿيو، جنهن جي وضاحت سوڪارنو هن بنياد تي ڪئي ته سندس زال اِنگگت گارناسِه لڳ ڀڳ ويهن سالن جي شادي باوجود کيس اولاد نه ڏئي سگهي هئي.
1942ع ۾، جڏهن جاپاني فوجن [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز مهم]] دوران [[ملائي ٻيٽن جو مجموعو]] تي حملو ڪيو، تڏهن سوڪارنو اڃا تائين بينگڪولو ۾ جلاوطنيءَ جي زندگي گذاري رهيو هو.

== ٻي عالمي جنگ ۽ جاپاني قبضو ==
{{Further|ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي جاپاني قبضو}}

=== پسمنظر ۽ حملو ===
[[File:Sukarno in exile in Bengkulu, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 229.jpg|thumb|left|سوڪارنو [[بنگ ڪارنو جلاوطني گهر|پنهنجي جلاوطني واري گهر]]، [[بينگڪولو (شهر)|بينگڪولو]] ۾]]

1929ع جي شروعات ۾، [[انڊونيشي قومي بيداري]] جي دور دوران، سوڪارنو ۽ سندس قومپرست ساٿي [[محمد حطا]] (جيڪو بعد ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي نائب صدرن جي فهرست|انڊونيشيا جو نائب صدر]] بڻيو) پهريون ڀيرو اندازو لڳايو ته مستقبل ۾ پئسفڪ واري علائقي ۾ جنگ ٿيندي، ۽ جاپان جي انڊونيشيا ڏانهن اڳڀرائي انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ لاءِ هڪ موقعو ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=145 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/92 92]}}; {{harvnb|Legge|2003|pp=101–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

10 جنوري 1942ع تي [[شاهي جاپان]] ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي ۾ ڊچ فوجن کي شڪست ڏئي ڇڏي. ڊچ اختيارين سوڪارنو ۽ سندس ساٿين کي بينگڪولو کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سؤ ڪلوميٽر پري [[پاڊانگ]]، [[سماترا]] ڏانهن ريل، بس ۽ ٽرڪن ذريعي منتقل ڪيو. سندن ارادو هو ته سوڪارنو کي قيد ۾ رکي آسٽريليا موڪليو وڃي، پر جاپاني فوجن جي تيزيءَ سان پاڊانگ ڏانهن وڌڻ سبب ڊچ عملدار پنهنجو منصوبو اڌ ۾ ڇڏي پاڻ بچائي ڀڄي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/27 27] |isbn=0-674-01834-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== جاپانين سان سهڪار ===
{{See also|سوڪارنو جو عروج}}

[[File:Soekarno shakes hand with Moichiri Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|سوڪارنو ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز جي جاپاني فوجي حڪومت جي گهرو معاملن واري ڊائريڪٽر جنرل [[موئيچيري ياماموتو]] سان هٿ ملائيندي، سيپٽمبر 1944ع]]

جاپانين وٽ سوڪارنو بابت اڳ ئي معلومات موجود هئي، تنهنڪري سماترا ۾ جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر ساڻس احترام سان پيش آيو ۽ انڊونيشي عوام کي منظم ڪرڻ ۽ کين پُرسڪون رکڻ لاءِ سندس مدد وٺڻ چاهي. ٻئي طرف، سوڪارنو جاپان کي انڊونيشيا جي آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ جو ذريعو بڻائڻ چاهيو. سندس لفظن ۾:

&gt; &quot;خدا جي واکاڻ هجي، جنهن مون کي رستو ڏيکاريو؛ نگارائي جي واديءَ ۾ مون پاڻ سان چيو: ها، آزاد انڊونيشيا رڳو دائي نپون (عظيم جاپان) جي مدد سان ئي حاصل ٿي سگهي ٿي... پنهنجي سڄي زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون ڀيرو مون پاڻ کي ايشيا جي آئيني ۾ ڏٺو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan Against the West in Java and Luzon 1942–1945 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1988 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie/page/82 82–84] |url=https://archive.org/details/blueeyedenemyjap0000frie |url-access=registration |isbn=0-691-05524-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جولاءِ 1942ع ۾ سوڪارنو کي واپس جڪارتا موڪليو ويو، جتي سندس ٻيهر ملاقات ٻين قومپرست اڳواڻن، جن ۾ حطا پڻ شامل هو، سان ٿي، جيڪي تازو جاپانين طرفان آزاد ڪيا ويا هئا. اتي سندس ملاقات جاپاني فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[هتوشي امامورا]] سان ٿي، جنهن سوڪارنو ۽ ٻين قومپرستن کي جاپاني جنگي ڪوششن جي حمايت لاءِ انڊونيشي عوام کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي درخواست ڪئي.

سوڪارنو ان شرط تي جاپان سان سهڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ٿيو ته کيس عوام ۾ قومپرستانه خيال ڦهلائڻ جو موقعو ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;/&gt; ان جي ابتڙ، جاپان کي پنهنجي جنگي ضرورتن لاءِ انڊونيشيا جي افرادي قوت ۽ قدرتي وسيلن جي سخت ضرورت هئي.

جاپانين لکين ماڻهن، خاص طور جاوا مان، زبردستي مزدوري لاءِ ڀرتي ڪيو، جن کي ''[[روموشا]]'' چيو ويندو هو. انهن کان انڊونيشيا سميت [[برما]] تائين ريلويون، هوائي اڏا ۽ ٻيون فوجي سهولتون تعمير ڪرايون ويون. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين پنهنجي فوج لاءِ انڊونيشي هارين کان [[چانور]] ۽ ٻيون غذائي شيون ضبط ڪيون، جڏهن⁠تہ کين [[ڪيسٽر آئل]] وارا ٻوٽا پوکڻ تي به مجبور ڪيو ويو، جن مان جهازن لاءِ ٻارڻ ۽ سڻڀ تيار ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=Merle Calvin |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 |page=337|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs |edition=4th |year=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-14918-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Satō |first=Shigeru |title=War, Nationalism, and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe Incorporated |location=Armonk, NY |year=1994 |pages=159–160 |isbn=978-1-317-45235-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, &quot;Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45&quot;] Access date: 9 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

انڊونيشي عوام جو سهڪار حاصل ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قدمن جي خلاف مزاحمت کي روڪڻ لاءِ، جاپانين سوڪارنو کي [[3A جاپاني پروپيگنڊا تحريڪ]] يا ''ٽِيگا-اي'' (''Tiga-A'') عوامي تنظيم جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. مارچ 1943ع ۾ جاپانين هڪ نئين تنظيم ''[[عوامي قوت جو مرڪز|پوسات ٽيناگا راڪيات]]'' (POETERA؛ عوامي قوت جو مرڪز) قائم ڪئي، جنهن جي اڳواڻي سوڪارنو، حطا، [[ڪي هاجر ديوانتارا]] ۽ [[مس منصور|ڪي ايڇ مس منجوئر]] ڪئي. انهن تنظيمن جو مقصد ''[[روموشا]]'' لاءِ ماڻهن جي ڀرتي، خوراڪ جي شين جي وصولي، ۽ انڊونيشي عوام ۾ جاپان نواز ۽ [[اولهه]] مخالف جذبن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. سوڪارنو مشهور نعرو ''''آميريڪا ڪِتا سيتريڪا، اِنگگِرِس ڪِتا لِنگگِس'''' (&quot;اچو ته آمريڪا کي استري ڪريون ۽ برطانيا کي ڪهاڙي سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏيون&quot;) جوڙي اتحادي ملڪن خلاف جذبا اُڀارڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

زندگيءَ جي پوئين دور ۾ سوڪارنو ''روموشا'' واري مهم ۾ پنهنجي ڪردار تي هميشه شرمسار رهيو. ان کان سواءِ، جاپانين طرفان خوراڪ جي زبردستي وصولي سبب جاوا ۾ 1944ع کان 1945ع دوران وڏي ڏڪار پيدا ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڏهه لک کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو فوت ٿيا. سوڪارنو جي نظر ۾ اهي اهڙيون قربانيون هيون، جيڪي انڊونيشيا جي مستقبل جي آزاديءَ لاءِ برداشت ڪرڻ ضروري هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sukarno |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Cindy |title=My Friend the Dictator |url=https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1967 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/myfrienddictator00adam/page/184 184–186]}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جاپاني ريڊيو ۽ جاوا ۽ سماترا ۾ نصب لائوڊ اسپيڪرن ذريعي نشر ٿيندڙ تقريرن وسيلي ''[[وطن جا محافظ]]'' (''پيمبيلا تاناه ائر''؛ PETA) ۽ ''[[هيهو]]'' (''Heiho'') نالي انڊونيشي رضاڪار فوجن جي قيام ۾ پڻ سرگرم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. 1945ع جي وچ تائين انهن فوجي دستن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک ٿي ويو هو، ۽ اهي جاوا ٻيهر قبضي ۾ وٺڻ لاءِ موڪليل ڪنهن به [[ٻي عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] فوج جو مقابلو ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا پئي ويا.

[[File:Sukarno and Japan, ABC 1966.webm|thumb|1966ع ۾ [[آسٽريليا براڊڪاسٽنگ ڪارپوريشن]] (ABC) جي رپورٽ، جنهن ۾ شاهي جاپان ۽ انڊونيشي قومپرست تحريڪ وچ ۾ سوڪارنو جي اتحاد جو جائزو ورتو ويو.]]

انهيءَ دوران سوڪارنو آخرڪار اِنگِگت کان طلاق ورتي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن پنهنجي مڙس جي گهڻ زالائپ واري خواهش قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو. کيس بانڊونگ ۾ هڪ گهر ۽ سڄي عمر لاءِ پينشن ڏني وئي. 1943ع ۾ سوڪارنو [[فاطمه واتي]] سان شادي ڪئي. اهي جڪارتا جي ''جالان پيگانگسان تيمور'' نمبر 56 واري گهر ۾ رهڻ لڳا، جيڪو اڳ ڊچ مالڪن کان ضبط ڪري جاپانين سوڪارنو کي ڏنو هو. اهو ئي گهر بعد ۾ 1945ع ۾ [[انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪرڻ جي جاءِ بڻيو.

10 نومبر 1943ع تي سوڪارنو ۽ حطا کي سترهن ڏينهن جي جاپان جي دوري تي موڪليو ويو، جتي شهنشاهه [[هيروهيٽو]] کين اعزازن سان نوازيو، جڏهن⁠تہ ٽوڪيو ۾ وزيراعظم [[هيديڪي توجو]] جي رهائشگاهه تي سندن شاندار آجيان ڪئي وئي. 7 سيپٽمبر 1944ع تي، جڏهن [[پئسفڪ جنگ]] ۾ جاپان جي حالت خراب ٿي رهي هئي، تڏهن وزيراعظم [[ڪونياڪي ڪوئسو]] انڊونيشيا کي آزادي ڏيڻ جو واعدو ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ ڪا تاريخ مقرر نه ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;RICKLEFSp207&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), page 207&lt;/ref&gt; آمريڪي سرڪاري تاريخ موجب، هن اعلان کي سوڪارنو جي جاپان سان ظاهري تعاون جي وڏي تصديق طور ڏٺو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCONGRESS_REV&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The National Revolution, 1945–50 |url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/16.htm |work=Country Studies, Indonesia |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان وقت آمريڪا سوڪارنو کي &quot;جاپان سان تعاون ڪندڙ اهم ترين اڳواڻن&quot; مان هڪ سمجهندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Kolko, Gabriel. ''The Politics of War''. p. 607 {{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي ===
[[File:Sukarno Makassar 30 April 1945.png|thumb|سوڪارنو [[مڪاسر]] جي دوري دوران، 30 اپريل 1945ع]]

29 اپريل 1945ع تي، جڏهن [[فلپائن]] آمريڪي فوجن هٿان آزاد ٿي چڪا هئا، جاپانين [[آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ جاچ ڪميٽي]] (بادان پينيليديڪ اوساها-اوساها پرسياپن ڪيميرديڪان؛ BPUPK) قائم ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هيءَ هڪ نيم قانونساز اداري جي حيثيت رکندڙ ڪميٽي هئي، جنهن ۾ انڊونيشيا جي اڪثر نسلي گروهن جا 67 نمائندا شامل هئا. سوڪارنو کي BPUPK جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو ويو ۽ کيس مستقبل جي انڊونيشي رياست جي بنيادن بابت بحث جي اڳواڻي ڪرڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي.

29 مئي کان 1 جون 1945ع تائين BPUPK جون گڏجاڻيون ٿيون، جن ۾ مستقبل جي انڊونيشي رياست جي بنيادي فلسفي تي بحث ڪيو ويو. 1 جون تي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ سوڪارنو هڪ فلسفياتي بنياد پيش ڪيو، جنهن کي هن '''[[پنچ شيلا]]''' (''پنڪسيلا'') جو نالو ڏنو. هن پنج اصول پيش ڪيا: قومپرستي، بين الاقواميت يا انسانيت، جمهوريت، سماجي انصاف، ۽ خدا تي ايمان. سوڪارنو تجويز ڏني ته جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته انهن پنجن اصولن کي ٽن (''ٽرائسيلا'') يا هڪ (''اڪسيلا'') اصول ۾ به سموهي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جو بنياد ''گوٽونگ رويونگ'' (يعني باهمي سهڪار) هجي.

22 جون 1945ع تي BPUPK جي نون ميمبرن جي هڪ ننڍڙي ڪميٽي، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''[[جڪارتا چارٽر]]''' (''پياگم جڪارتا'') ڪميٽي جي نالي سان مشهور ٿي، سوڪارنو جي پيش ڪيل خيالن کي هڪ ابتدائي آئيني مسودي ۾ شامل ڪيو. هن دستاويز ۾ پنچ شيلا سان گڏ اهو جملو به شامل ڪيو ويو ته ''&quot;مسلمانن لاءِ اسلامي شريعت تي عمل ڪرڻ لازمي هوندو.&quot;''

10 کان 17 جولاءِ 1945ع تائين BPUPK پنهنجي ٻي اجلاس ۾ آئين جي مسودي تي غور ڪيو. 17 جولاءِ تي آئين جي مسودي ۽ پنچ شيلا کي متفقه طور منظور ڪيو ويو، جيڪي بعد ۾ آزاد انڊونيشيا جي رياست جي بنيادي دستاويزن جو بنياد بڻيا.

=== آزاديءَ جو اعلان ===
[[File:Sukarno reads the proclamation of Indonesian independence.ogg|thumb|سوڪارنو، [[محمد حطا]] سان گڏ، 17 آگسٽ 1945ع تي انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان پڙهي رهيو آهي.]]

[[هيروشيما]] ۽ [[ناگاساڪي]] تي [[ايٽمي بمباري]] ۽ [[سوويت يونين]] جي جاپان خلاف جنگ ۾ شموليت کان پوءِ، 15 آگسٽ 1945ع تي جاپان غير مشروط هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs209&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), pp. 209–210.&lt;/ref&gt; انڊونيشي نوجوان قومپرستن (''pemuda'') سوڪارنو ۽ حطا تي زور ڀريو ته هو فوري طور آزاديءَ جو اعلان ڪن ۽ جاپاني اختيارين جي هدايتن جو انتظار نه ڪن. ٻنهي ڌرين جي اختلافن سبب 16 آگسٽ 1945ع تي نوجوان قومپرستن سوڪارنو ۽ حطا کي [[رينگاسڊينگڪلوڪ]] وٺي ويا، جتي کين آزاد اعلان جاري ڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي.

ساڳئي ڏينهن شام جو سوڪارنو ۽ حطا جڪارتا موٽي آيا، جتي جاپاني بحري آفيسر [[تاداشي مايدا]] جي رهائشگاهه تي آزاديءَ جي اعلان جو متن تيار ڪيو ويو. ان جو ابتدائي مسودو سوڪارنو پنهنجي هٿ سان لکيو، جڏهن ته حطا ۽ [[احمد سوبارجو]] ان ۾ ترميمون ڪيون. بعد ۾ [[سيوتيڪ ميلڪ]] (سيوتي ميلڪ) ان کي ٽائيپ ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams208&quot;&gt;Adams (1965), pp. 208–212.&lt;/ref&gt;

17 آگسٽ 1945ع جي صبح جو، جڪارتا ۾ ''جالان پيگانگسان تيمور'' نمبر 56 تي پنهنجي رهائشگاهه جي سامهون سوڪارنو آزاديءَ جو اعلان پڙهي ٻڌايو، جڏهن ته محمد حطا سندس ڀرسان بيٺو هو. ان موقعي تي انڊونيشيا جو ڳاڙهو ۽ اڇو قومي جهنڊو (''سانگ ساڪا مِيراه پوتيه'') بلند ڪيو ويو ۽ قومي ترانو '''[[انڊونيشيا رايا]]''' ڳايو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs209&quot;/&gt;

18 آگسٽ 1945ع تي '''[[آزاديءَ جي تياري لاءِ انڊونيشي ڪميٽي]]''' (''پانيتيا پرسياپن ڪيميرديڪان اِنڊونيسيا''؛ PPKI) پنهنجي پهرين اجلاس ۾ 1945ع جو آئين منظور ڪيو، سوڪارنو کي جمهوريه انڊونيشيا جو پهريون صدر ۽ محمد حطا کي پهريون نائب صدر چونڊيو. ان ئي اجلاس ۾ فيصلو ڪيو ويو ته [[جڪارتا چارٽر]] مان اسلامي شريعت بابت شرط حذف ڪيو وڃي، جيئن نئين رياست سڀني مذهبن ۽ علائقن لاءِ قابلِ قبول رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs211&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), pp. 211–212.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انڊونيشي قومي انقلاب ===
{{Main|انڊونيشي قومي انقلاب}}

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Indonesische president Soekarno op bezoek in India ontvangt een ere-doctoraat van de Universiteit van Delhi TMnr 10017881.jpg|thumb|سوڪارنو 1950ع ۾ [[دهلي يونيورسٽي]] طرفان اعزازي ڊاڪٽريٽ حاصل ڪندي.]]

جاپان جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ۽ انڊونيشيا جي آزاديءَ جي اعلان جي خبر پکيڙجڻ کان پوءِ، [[برطانوي سلطنت|برطانوي]]، [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[نيدرلينڊ]] جون فوجون جڪارتا ۾ لهيون. جاپاني قبضي مان تازو آزاد ٿيل برطانوي فوجن کي شروعاتي طور جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪرائڻ، جاپاني فوجين کي غير هٿياربند ڪرڻ ۽ انتظام بحال ڪرڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي هئي، پر نيدرلينڊ جلد ئي پنهنجي اڳوڻي نوآبادياتي حڪومت ٻيهر قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ انڊونيشي قومپرستن ۽ ڊچ فوجن وچ ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد شروع ٿي، جيڪا '''[[انڊونيشي قومي انقلاب]]''' (1945ع–1949ع) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿي.

سوڪارنو ۽ حطا سمجهندا هئا ته نئين جمهوريه کي بين الاقوامي سڃاڻپ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ سفارتي ڪوششن کي اوليت ڏيڻ ضروري آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ ڪيترائي نوجوان قومپرست هٿياربند مزاحمت تي زور ڏيندا هئا. ٻنهي ڌرين جي اختلافن باوجود سوڪارنو قومي اتحاد برقرار رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندو رهيو ۽ ملڪ جي مختلف سياسي ۽ فوجي گروهن کي هڪ گڏيل قومي مقصد هيٺ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

10 نومبر 1945ع تي [[سورابايا جي جنگ]] شروع ٿي، جيڪا انقلاب جي سڀ کان اهم ۽ خونريز جنگن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. انڊونيشي مزاحمت سبب برطانوي فوجن کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار شهر انهن جي قبضي ۾ هليو ويو. هي جنگ انڊونيشي قومي جدوجهد جي علامت بڻجي وئي، ۽ 10 نومبر اڄ به [[هيروز ڊي (انڊونيشيا)|هيروز ڊي]] (''Hari Pahlawan'') طور ملهايو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs214&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), pp. 214–216.&lt;/ref&gt;

نومبر 1945ع ۾ سوڪارنو، نائب صدر محمد حطا ۽ وزيراعظم [[ستن سهرير]] نئين جمهوريه جي انتظامي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ جمهوري بڻائڻ لاءِ پارلياماني نظام اختيار ڪرڻ تي راضي ٿيا. ان تبديليءَ کان پوءِ روزمره حڪومت هلائڻ جون ذميواريون گهڻو ڪري وزيراعظم ۽ ڪابينا حوالي ٿي ويون، جڏهن⁠تہ سوڪارنو قومي اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ جي جدوجهد جي علامتي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ricklefs217&quot;&gt;Ricklefs (1991), pp. 217–218.&lt;/ref&gt;

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[[زمرو:2035ع]]</text>
      <sha1>tahagb8rcif0zoz8xktk3ksqc0kagid</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395414</id>
      <parentid>395405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T11:41:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2065" sha1="pe14vbsr9c2js19j4n9yqho1diow2zq" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:فوتگيون بلحاظ سال]]
[[زمرو:1801ع]]
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      <sha1>pe14vbsr9c2js19j4n9yqho1diow2zq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395429</id>
      <parentid>395414</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T11:55:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>مواد کي &quot;[[زمرو:1801ع]] [[زمرو:فوتگيون بلحاظ سال]]&quot; سان مٽايو ويو</comment>
      <origin>395429</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65" sha1="af6ex831v1vhhjwjb3fatcdsosec1ae" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:1801ع]]
[[زمرو:فوتگيون بلحاظ سال]]</text>
      <sha1>af6ex831v1vhhjwjb3fatcdsosec1ae</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>خيبرپختونخواه جي تعلقن جي فهرست</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>76307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395255</id>
      <parentid>395115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:27:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>395255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20898" sha1="ewexlzjnq82gogf02iuyyl2lbxt4nvn" xml:space="preserve">{{پاڪستان جي سياسيات}}[[پاڪستان]] ۾، هڪ [[تعلقو]] (Tehsil) [[پاڪستان جا ضلعا|ضلعي]] (District) جو هڪ انتظامي سب ڊويزن آهي. اهي [[پاڪستان جون يونين ڪائونسلون|يونين ڪائونسلن]] ۾ ورهايل آهن. هتي [[خيبر پختونخوا|خيبرپختونخوا]] جي سڀني تعلقن جي هڪ فهرست آهي.

==فهرست==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;
!تعلقو
&lt;nowiki&gt;*******************&lt;/nowiki&gt;
!پکيڙ (km²)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/kp/dcr/table_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!آبادي (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
!گھاٽائي (ppl/km²)
(2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
!خواندگي جي شرح 
(2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION AGE (5-16) BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/kp/dcr/table_12.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!ضلعو 
!ڊويزن 
|-
|[[بڪا خيل تعلقو]]
|367
|192,797
|107.84
|28.25%
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[بنون ضلعو]]
| rowspan=&quot;19&quot; |[[بنون ڊويزن]]
|-
|[[بنون تعلقو]]
|228
|644,909
|106.97
|49.46%
|-
|[[ڊوميل تعلقو]] 
|425
|224,428
|115.54
|41.38%
|-
|[[ڪڪي تعلقو]]
|66
|92,021
|109.01
|42.62%
|-
|[[مريان تعلقو]]
|141
|166,473
|1,180.66
|31.77%
|-
|[[وزير تعلقو]]
|745
|37,262
|50.02
|16.33%
|-
|[[بيٽني تعلقو]]
|132
|35,571
|269.48
|31.62%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[لڪي مروت ضلعو]]
|-
|[[غزني خيل تعلقو]]
|1,153
|329,775
|286.01
|54.29%
|-
|[[لڪي مروت تعلقو]]
|1,388
|341,693
|246.18
|50.06%
|-
|[[سرائي نورنگ تعلقو]]
|623
|333,817
|535.82
|42.66%
|-
|[[دتا خيل تعلقو|دته خيل تعلقو]]
|1,807
|92,196
|100.53
|30.63%
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[اتر وزيرستان ضلعو]]
|-
|[[دسالي تعلقو]]
|250
|50,524
|100.29
|33.02%
|-
|[[غاريوم تعلقو]]
|320
|18,931
|102.01
|17.74%
|-
|[[غلام خان تعلقو]]
|191
|31,015
|99.33
|8.44%
|-
|[[مير علي تعلقو]]
|605
|229,647
|107.7
|38.31%
|-
|ميرانشاهه تعلقو
|402
|123,317
|102.02
|36.53%
|-
|[[رزمڪ تعلقو]]
|191
|49,367
|134.63
|26.62%
|-
|شيوا تعلقو 
|393
|44,126
|112.28
|38.36%
|-
|اسپن وام تعلقو
|548
|54,209
|99.82
|23.47%
|-
|[[درابن تعلقو]] 
|1,540
|149,447
|97.04
|26.89%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| rowspan=&quot;20&quot; |[[Dera Ismail Khan Division]]
|-
|[[درازنده تعلقو|درازندا تعلقو]]
|2,008
|82,386
|41.03
|28.67%
|-
|[[ڊيرا اسماعيل خان تعلقو]] 
|1,167
|767,979
|658.08
|56.97%
|-
|[[ڪولاچي تعلقو]]
|1,229
|102,595
|83.48
|30.29%
|-
|[[پهاڙ پور تعلقو]]
|1,657
|406,467
|245.3
|48.86%
|-
|[[پنياله تعلقو]]
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[پروآ تعلقو|پاروآ تعلقو]]
|1,733
|320,937
|185.19
|35.56%
|-
|برمل تعلقو
|923
|112,757
|122.16
|23.06%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Lower South Waziristan District]]
|-
|شڪئي تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|توئي کلا تعلقو
|567
|102,835
|181.37
|7.81%
|-
|وانا تعلقو
|2,315
|184,645
|79.76
|31.29%
|-
|لڌا تعلقو
|289
|108,344
|374.89
|47.95%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Upper South Waziristan District]]
|-
|مڪين تعلقو
|404
|66,042
|163.47
|48.71%
|-
|سراروغه تعلقو
|813
|145,118
|178.5
|35.07%
|-
|سرواڪئي تعلقو
|398
|58,804
|147.75
|37.67%
|-
|شڪتوئي تعلقو
|177
|44,332
|250.46
|32.93%
|-
|شوال تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|تيارزه تعلقو
|734
|65,798
|89.64
|27.31%
|-
|جنڊوله تعلقو
|1,221
|44,794
|36.69
|33.63%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tank District]]
|-
|ٽانڪ تعلقو
|1,679
|425,499
|253.42
|41.43%
|-
|[[ايبٽ آباد تعلقو]] 
|1,285
|1,003,339
|101.76
|78.39%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Abbottabad District]]
| rowspan=&quot;26&quot; |[[Hazara Division]]
|-
|حويليان تعلقو 
|342
|256,754
|98.8
|76.08%
|-
|[[لورا تعلقو]] 
|187
|98,717
|97.22
|73.73%
|-
|لوئر تناول تعلقو 
|153
|60,262
|98.88
|71.66%
|-
|الائي تعلقو 
|804
|218,149
|271.33
|35.71%
|[[Allai District]]
|-
|[[بٽگرام تعلقو]] 
|497
|335,984
|676.02
|41.20%
|[[Batagram District]]
|-
|[[غازي تعلقو]]
|595
|151,839
|255.19
|69.69%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Haripur District]]
|-
|هري پور تعلقو 
|834
|836,058
|1,002.47
|76.07%
|-
|خانپور تعلقو 
|296
|186,886
|631.37
|73.76%
|-
|باتائرا/ڪولائي تعلقو 
|170
|142,660
|839.18
|15.93%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kolai-Palas District]]
|-
|پالاس تعلقو 
|1,240
|137,502
|110.89
|23.08%
|-
|بانڪاڊ تعلقو 
|331
|205,851
|621.91
|20.14%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lower Kohistan District]]
|-
|[[پٽن تعلقو]] 
|311
|134,166
|431.4
|24.61%
|-
|بفه پکل تعلقو 
|640
|460,090
|718.89
|60.85%
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Mansehra District]]
|-
|[[بالاڪوٽ تعلقو]] 
|2,376
|310,339
|130.61
|67.50%
|-
|دربند تعلقو 
|102
|51,702
|506.88
|50.47%
|-
|مانسهره تعلقو 
|700
|723,325
|1,033.32
|68.70%
|-
|اوگي تعلقو 
|307
|251,721
|819.94
|52.85%
|-
|تناول تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|دور مائره تعلقو 
|86
|50,503
|587.24
|25.92%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Torghar District]]
|-
|جدبه تعلقو 
|63
|63,083
|1,001.32
|19.78%
|-
|خانڊير حسن زئي تعلقو 
|305
|86,859
|284.78
|38.66%
|-
|داسو تعلقو 
|1,958
|148,914
|76.05
|15.11%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Upper Kohistan District]]
|-
|هاربان باشا تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|25.49%
|-
|ڪانڊيه تعلقو 
|1,926
|165,232
|85.79
|13.71%
|-
|سيو تعلقو 
|258
|59,557
|230.84
|38.19%
|-
|دوآبه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Hangu District, Pakistan|Hangu District]]
| rowspan=&quot;17&quot; |[[Kohat Division]]
|-
|هنگو تعلقو 
|669
|280,883
|419.86
|48.63%
|-
|ٽل تعلقو 
|428
|248,019
|579.48
|36.70%
|-
|بانڊه دائود شاهه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|53.95%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Karak District]]
|-
|[[ڪرڪ تعلقو]]
|1,299
|339,983
|261.73
|67.76%
|-
|تخت نصرتي تعلقو 
|607
|298,151
|491.19
|69.55%
|-
|دره آدم خيل تعلقو 
|446
|139,839
|313.54
|58.90%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Kohat District]]
|-
|گمبات تعلقو 
|503
|124,530
|247.57
|54.55%
|-
|[[ڪوهاٽ تعلقو]]
|911
|817,610
|897.49
|58.19%
|-
|[[لاچي تعلقو]] 
|1,131
|152,682
|135
|63.39%
|-
|سينٽرل ڪرم تعلقو
|1,470
|358,670
|243.99
|20.97%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Kurram District]]
|-
|لوئر ڪرم تعلقو
|940
|150,945
|160.58
|38.15%
|-
|اپر ڪرم تعلقو
|970
|275,819
|284.35
|49.07%
|-
|سينٽرل اورڪزئي تعلقو 
|399
|92,819
|232.63
|34.79%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Orakzai District]]
|-
|[[اسماعيل زئي تعلقو]] 
|275
|39,328
|143.01
|34.20%
|-
|لوئر اورڪزئي تعلقو 
|565
|125,944
|222.91
|41.86%
|-
|اپر اورڪزئي تعلقو 
|299
|129,470
|433.01
|23.98%
|-
|بار چمرڪنڊ تعلقو 
|13
|3,574
|104.41
|23.81%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Bajaur District]]
| rowspan=&quot;53&quot; |[[Malakand Division]]
|-
|برانگ تعلقو 
|159
|90,082
|100.27
|23.39%
|-
|[[خار باجوڙ تعلقو]] 
|238
|301,778
|102.81
|33.28%
|-
|ماموند تعلقو 
|250
|358,190
|103.29
|24.48%
|-
|[[نواگئي تعلقو|ناواگئي تعلقو]] 
|216
|93,850
|103.2
|27.39%
|-
|سالارزئي تعلقو 
|220
|316,767
|101.01
|19.90%
|-
|[[اتمان خيل تعلقو]] 
|194
|123,719
|100.66
|31.50%
|-
|چغرزئي تعلقو
|218
|125,949
|577.75
|38.27%
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Buner District]]
|-
|ڊگر تعلقو
|290
|192,776
|664.74
|47.57%
|-
|گاديزئي تعلقو
|472
|197,466
|418.36
|44.22%
|-
|گاگره تعلقو
|217
|179,087
|825.29
|46.22%
|-
|خدو خيل تعلقو 
|343
|136,560
|398.13
|45.10%
|-
|ماندانر تعلقو 
|325
|185,031
|569.33
|39.47%
|-
|چترال تعلقو 
|6,127
|211,374
|34.5
|70.20%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lower Chitral District]]
|-
|دروش تعلقو
|331
|109,033
|329.4
|57.38%
|-
|آدينزئي تعلقو 
|372
|378,915
|1,018.59
|62.19%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Lower Dir District]]
|-
|بلامبٽ تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|خال تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|لال قلعه تعلقو
|216
|247,381
|1,145.28
|53.29%
|-
|منڊا تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|ثمر باغ تعلقو
|419
|427,714
|1,020.80
|45.75%
|-
|تيمرگره تعلقو
|576
|596,173
|1,035.02
|64.06%
|-
|سام رانيزئي تعلقو 
|280
|353,291
|1,261.75
|59.13%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Malakand District]]
|-
|سوات رانيزئي تعلقو 
|672
|472,959
|703.81
|63.57%
|-
|ٿانه بازئي تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|اتمان خيل تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|31.50%
|-
|الپوري تعلقو 
|582
|366,772
|630.19
|38.26%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Shangla District]]
|-
|بيشام تعلقو 
|184
|121,279
|659.13
|34.77%
|-
|چڪيسر تعلقو 
|335
|128,238
|382.8
|26.08%
|-
|مارتونگ تعلقو 
|188
|103,205
|548.96
|24.01%
|-
|ماخوزئي تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|شاهپور تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|پوران تعلقو 
|297
|171,758
|578.31
|35.11%
|-
|بابوزئي تعلقو 
|297
|696,697
|2,345.78
|56.06%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Swat District]]
|-
|بريڪوٽ تعلقو 
|419
|220,148
|525.41
|50.87%
|-
|بحرين تعلقو 
|2,899
|270,623
|93.35
|39.26%
|-
|چارباغ تعلقو 
|161
|159,358
|989.8
|50.01%
|-
|ڪبل تعلقو 
|485
|480,827
|991.4
|49.26%
|-
|[[خوازہ خيله تعلقو|خوازه خيلا تعلقو]] 
|392
|307,300
|783.93
|42.63%
|-
|مٽه تعلقو 
|684
|552,431
|807.65
|42.54%
|-
|بوني تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Upper Chitral District]]
|-
|ملڪوهه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|تورڪوهه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[مستوج تعلقو]] 
|8,392
|195,528
|23.3
|73.83%
|-
|باراوال تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Upper Dir District]]
|-
|دير تعلقو 
|1,012
|384,667
|380.11
|48.26%
|-
|ڪالڪوٽ تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[شئرنگل تعلقو]] 
|1,140
|210,356
|184.52
|37.15%
|-
|لار جام تعلقو 
|1,039
|119,396
|114.91
|52.59%
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Central Dir District]]
|-
|واري تعلقو 
|508
|369,147
|726.67
|48.56%
|-
|اخاگرام تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|نيهاگ دره
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|صاحب آباد 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|ڳڙهي ڪپوره تعلقو 
|143
|319,465
|2,234.02
|51.70%
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Mardan District]]
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Mardan Division]]
|-
|ڪٽلانگ تعلقو 
|422
|377,535
|894.63
|61.47%
|-
|[[مردان تعلقو]] 
|335
|1,040,893
|3,107.14
|56.41%
|-
|رستم تعلقو 
|379
|279,527
|737.54
|49.98%
|-
|[[تخت ڀائي تعلقو]] 
|353
|727,478
|2,060.84
|56.02%
|-
|لاهور تعلقو 
|318
|354,383
|1,114.41
|54.16%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Swabi District]]
|-
|رزڙ تعلقو 
|418
|682,303
|1,632.30
|56.61%
|-
|[[صوابي تعلقو]] 
|389
|475,352
|1,221.98
|63.23%
|-
|[[ٽوپي تعلقو]] 
|418
|382,562
|915.22
|59.83%
|-
|[[چارسده تعلقو]] 
|445
|909,438
|2,043.68
|58.56%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]]
| rowspan=&quot;28&quot; |[[Peshawar Division]]
|-
|[[شبقدر تعلقو]] 
|204
|440,524
|2,159.43
|49.65%
|-
|[[تنگي تعلقو]] 
|347
|485,542
|1,399.26
|48.85%
|-
|باغ ميدان تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Khyber District]]
|-
|[[باڙه تعلقو]] 
|1,430
|548,084
|383.28
|34.72%
|-
|بازار زخه خيل تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|فورٽ سالوپ تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[جمرود تعلقو]] 
|311
|243,290
|782.28
|46.18%
|-
|[[لنڊي ڪوتل تعلقو]] 
|679
|312,313
|459.96
|38.92%
|-
|ملا گوري تعلقو 
|156
|42,580
|272.95
|38.36%
|-
|پائنده چينه تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|امبر اتمان خيل تعلقو 
|273
|79,455
|291.04
|21.71%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Mohmand District]]
|-
|حليم زئي تعلقو 
|211
|89,149
|422.51
|45.18%
|-
|پنڊيالي تعلقو 
|454
|112,247
|247.24
|29.11%
|-
|پران غر تعلقو 
|257
|36,046
|140.26
|35.46%
|-
|صافي تعلقو 
|322
|109,620
|340.43
|26.21%
|-
|اپر مهمند تعلقو 
|513
|63,659
|124.09
|21.62%
|-
|يڪه غنڊ تعلقو 
|266
|63,757
|239.69
|41.38%
|-
|[[جهانگيره تعلقو]] 
|718
|434,984
|100.72
|56.92%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Nowshera District]]
|-
|[[نوشهره تعلقو]] 
|679
|796,226
|106.39
|56.76%
|-
|[[پبي تعلقو]] 
|351
|509,495
|102.42
|56.70%
|-
|بڍابير تعلقو 
|357
|439,912
|1,232.25
|38.66%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Peshawar District]]
|-
|چمڪنئي تعلقو 
|226
|624,354
|2,762.63
|54.72%
|-
|حسن خيل تعلقو 
|261
|72,557
|278
|55.34%
|-
|ماٿرا تعلقو 
|218
|495,059
|2,270.91
|45.79%
|-
|پشاور شهر تعلقو 
|176
|2,113,596
|12,009.07
|60.88%
|-
|پشتاخره تعلقو 
|135
|480,436
|3,558.79
|45.45%
|-
|شاهه عالم تعلقو 
|145
|532,848
|3,674.81
|44.96%
|}

==ايراضي جي لحاظ کان فهرست==


==بنون ڊويزن== 
===بنون ضلعو=== 
• [[بکاخيل تعلقو]]
 
• [[بنون تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڊوميل تعلقو]]

• [[ڪڪي تعلقو]]
 
• [[ميران تعلقو]]
 
• [[وزير تعلقو]] 
===لڪي مروت ضلعو=== 
• [[بٽاڻي تعلقو]]
 
• [[غزني خيل تعلقو]]

• [[لڪي مروت تعلقو]] 

• [[سرائي نورنگ تعلقو]]
===اتر وزيرستان ضلعو=== 
• [[دتا خيل تعلقو]]

• [[دوسالي تعلقو]]
  
• [[غريوم تعلقو]]

• [[غلام خان تعلقو]]

• [[مير علي تعلقو]]

• [[ميران شاهه تعلقو]]
  
• [[رزمڪ تعلقو]]

• [[شيوا تعلقو]]

• [[اسپن وام تعلقو]]

==ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ڊويزن== 
===ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعو=== 
• [[درابن تعلقو]]
 
• [[درازند تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڊيرا اسماعيل خان تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڪولاچي تعلقو]]

• [[پهاڙ پور تعلقو]]

• [[پنيالا تعلقو]]

• [[پارو تعلقو]]
===لوئر ڏکڻ وزيرستان ضلعو===
• [[برمل تعلقو]]

• [[شڪئي تعلقو]] 

• [[توئي خولا تعلقو]]

• [[وانا تعلقو]] 
===اپر ڏکڻ وزيرستان ضلعو=== 
• [[لڌا تعلقو]]

• [[مکين تعلقو]]

• [[سراروغہ تعلقو]]

• [[سروڪئي تعلقو]]  

• [[شڪتو تعلقو]]

• [[شوال تعلقو]] 

• [[ٽارزا تعلقو]]
===ٽانڪ ضلعو=== 
• [[جنڊولا تعلقو]]
 
• [[ٽانڪ تعلقو]]

==هزاره ڊويزن==

===ايبٽ آباد ضلعو=== 
• [[ايبٽ آباد تعلقو]]
 
• [[حويليان تعلقو]]

• [[لورا تعلقو]]

• [[لوئر تناول تعلقو]]
===بٽگرام ضلعو=== 
• [[الائي تعلقو]]

• [[بٽگرام تعلقو]]
===هريپور ضلعو=== 
• [[غازي تعلقو]]
 
• [[هري پور تعلقو]]

• [[خانپور تعلقو]] 
===ڪولئي۔پالس ضلعو=== 
• [[باتيرا]]/[[ڪولئي پالس تعلقو]] 
===لوئر ڪوهستان ضلعو=== 
• [[بانڪا تعلقو]]

• [[پتڻ تعلقو]] 
===مانسهره ضلعو=== 
• [[بفا پکل تعلقو]]

• [[بالاڪوٽ تعلقو]]
 
• [[دربند تعلقو]]

• [[مانسهره تعلقو]]
 
• [[اوگي تعلقو]]
 
• [[تناول تعلقو]]
===تورغر ضلعو===
• [[دڙي ميرا تعلقو]]

• [[جُدبا تعلقو]]

• [[کندر حسن زئي تعلقو]]
===اپر ڪوهستان ضلعو=== 
• [[داسو تعلقو]]

• [[هاربن ڀاشا تعلقو]] 
 
• [[ڪنڊا تعلقو]]

• [[سيو تعلقو]]
==ڪوهاٽ ڊويزن== 
===هنگو ضلعو===
• [[دوآبہ تعلقو]]

• [[هنگو تعلقو]]

• [[ٽل تعلقو]]
===ڪرڪ ضلعو=== 
• [[بانڊا دائود شاهه تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڪرڪ تعلقو]]

• [[تخت نصرتي تعلقو]] 
===ڪوهاٽ ضلعو=== 
• [[دره آدم خيل تعلقو]]

• [[گمباٽ تعلقو]]

• [[ڪوهاٽ تعلقو]]

• [[لاچي تعلقو]]
===ڪرم ضلعو=== 
• [[سينٽرل ڪرم تعلقو]]

• [[لوئر ڪرم تعلقو]] 

• [[اپر ڪرم تعلقو]] 
===اورڪزئي ضلعو===
• [[سينٽرل اورڪزئي تعلقو]] 

• [[اسماعيل زئي تعلقو]] 

• [[لوئر اورڪزئي تعلقو]]

• [[اپر اورڪزئي تعلقو]]

==مالاڪنڊ ڊويزن== 
===باجوڙ ضلعو=== 
• [[بار چمرڪند تعلقو]]

• [[بارنگ تعلقو]]

• [[خار باجوڙ تعلقو]]

• [[ماموند تعلقو]] 

• [[نواگئي تعلقو]]

• [[سالارزئي تعلقو]]

• [[اتمان خيل تعلقو]]

===بونير ضلعو=== 
• [[چغر زئي تعلقو]]

• [[ڏنگر تعلقو]] 

• [[گاديزئي تعلقو]] 

• [[گاگرا تعلقو]]

• [[خدو تعلقو]]

• [[مانڌر تعلقو]]
===لوئر چترال ضلعو===
• [[چترال تعلقو]]

• [[دروش تعلقو]] 
===لوئر دير ضلعو=== 
• [[آدینزئي تعلقو]] 

• [[بلامبٽ تعلقو]] 

• [[خال تعلقو]]

• [[لال قلعو تعلقو]] 

• [[منڊا تعلقو]]

• [[ثمر باغ تعلقو]]

• [[تئمرگرا تعلقو]] 
===مالاڪنڊ ضلعو=== 
• [[سام راڻيزئي تعلقو]]

• [[سوات راڻيزئي تعلقو]]

• [[ٿاڻي بائيزئي تعلقو]]

• [[اتمان خيل تعلقو]]

===شانگلا ضلعو=== 
• [[الپوري تعلقو]]

• [[بشام تعلقو]]

• [[چڪيسر تعلقو]] 
 
• [[مارتونگ تعلقو]] 

• [[مخوزئي تعلقو]]
 
• [[شاهپور تعلقو]]

• [[پاريان تعلقو]] 
===سوات ضلعو=== 
• [[بابوزئي تعلقو]]

• [[بريڪوٽ تعلقو]]

• [[بحرين تعلقو]]

• [[چارباغ تعلقو]]

• [[ڪبل تعلقو]] 

• [[خوازه خیلہ تعلقو]]

• [[مٽہ تعلقو]]
===اپر چترال ضلعو===
• [[مستوج تعلقو]]

• [[بوني تعلقو]]

• [[ملکو تعلقو]]

• [[تورخو تعلقو]]

===اپر دير ضلعو===
• [[بروال تعلقو]]
 
• [[دیر تعلقو]]

• [[ڪالڪوٽ تعلقو]] 

• [[لارڄام تعلقو]]

• [[شئرنگل تعلقو]]

• [[وار تعلقو]]

==مردان ڊويزن== 
===ضلع مردان===
• [[ڳڙهي ڪپوڙا تعلقو]]

• [[ڪتلانگ تعلقو]]

• [[مردان تعلقو]] 

• [[رستم تعلقو]]

• [[تخت ڀائي تعلقو]] 
===صوابي ضلعو=== 
• [[لاهور تعلقو]]

• [[راڳ تعلقو]] 

• [[صوابي تعلقو]]

• [[ٽوپي تعلقو]]

==پشاور ڊويزن==
===چارسده ضلعو===
• [[چارسده تعلقو]]

• [[شبقدر تعلقو]]

• [[تنگي تعلقو]]
===خيبر ضلعو===
• [[باغ ميدان تعلقو]] 

• [[باڙه تعلقو]] 

• [[بازار زخه خيل تعلقو]]

• [[قلعو سيلپ تعلقو]]

• [[جمرود تعلقو]]

• [[لنڊي ڪوتل تعلقو]]

• [[ملا گوري تعلقو]]

• [[پينڊا چينا تعلقو]]
===مهمند ضلعو=== 
• [[امبر اتمان خيل تعلقو]] 

• [[حليم زئي تعلقو]]

• [[پنڊيالي تعلقو]]

• [[پران غر تعلقو]] 

• [[صافي تعلقو]] 

• [[اپر مهمند تعلقو]] (بائيزئي)

• [[يڪہ غنڊ تعلقو]]
===نوشهره ضلعو=== 
# [[جهانگيره تعلقو|جهانگيرہ تعلقو]]
# [[نوشهره تعلقو]]
# [[پبي تعلقو]]

===پشاور ضلعو=== 
• [[بڈھ بیر تعلقو]]

• [[چمڪنئي تعلقو]]

• [[سرحدي علائقو پشاور|حسن خيل تعلقو]]

• [[ماٿرا تعلقو]]

• [[پشاور شهر تعلقو]] 

• [[پٺن تعلقو]]

• [[شاهه عالم تعلقو]]

==پڻ ڏسو==
• [[پاڪستان ۾ تعلقن جي فهرست]] 

• [[خيبرپختونخوا ۾ ضلعن جي فهرست]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:خيبر پختونخوا]]
[[زمرو:خيبر پختونخوا جي انتظامي ورهاست]]
[[زمرو:خيبر پختونخوا جي جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]</text>
      <sha1>ewexlzjnq82gogf02iuyyl2lbxt4nvn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395294</id>
      <parentid>395255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:25:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* فهرست */</comment>
      <origin>395294</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20917" sha1="bsgl5f5rw8e3kuh35qahkkwkdkwjnlw" xml:space="preserve">{{پاڪستان جي سياسيات}}[[پاڪستان]] ۾، هڪ [[تعلقو]] (Tehsil) [[پاڪستان جا ضلعا|ضلعي]] (District) جو هڪ انتظامي سب ڊويزن آهي. اهي [[پاڪستان جون يونين ڪائونسلون|يونين ڪائونسلن]] ۾ ورهايل آهن. هتي [[خيبر پختونخوا|خيبرپختونخوا]] جي سڀني تعلقن جي هڪ فهرست آهي.

==فهرست==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;
!تعلقو
&lt;nowiki&gt;*******************&lt;/nowiki&gt;
!پکيڙ (km²)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/kp/dcr/table_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!آبادي (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
!گھاٽائي (ppl/km²)
(2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
!خواندگي جي شرح 
(2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION AGE (5-16) BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/kp/dcr/table_12.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!ضلعو 
!ڊويزن 
|-
|[[بڪا خيل تعلقو]]
|367
|192,797
|107.84
|28.25%
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[بنون ضلعو]]
| rowspan=&quot;19&quot; |[[بنون ڊويزن]]
|-
|[[بنون تعلقو]]
|228
|644,909
|106.97
|49.46%
|-
|[[ڊوميل تعلقو]] 
|425
|224,428
|115.54
|41.38%
|-
|[[ڪڪي تعلقو]]
|66
|92,021
|109.01
|42.62%
|-
|[[مريان تعلقو]]
|141
|166,473
|1,180.66
|31.77%
|-
|[[وزير تعلقو]]
|745
|37,262
|50.02
|16.33%
|-
|[[بيٽني تعلقو]]
|132
|35,571
|269.48
|31.62%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[لڪي مروت ضلعو]]
|-
|[[غزني خيل تعلقو]]
|1,153
|329,775
|286.01
|54.29%
|-
|[[لڪي مروت تعلقو]]
|1,388
|341,693
|246.18
|50.06%
|-
|[[سرائي نورنگ تعلقو]]
|623
|333,817
|535.82
|42.66%
|-
|[[دتا خيل تعلقو|دته خيل تعلقو]]
|1,807
|92,196
|100.53
|30.63%
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[اتر وزيرستان ضلعو]]
|-
|[[دسالي تعلقو]]
|250
|50,524
|100.29
|33.02%
|-
|[[غاريوم تعلقو]]
|320
|18,931
|102.01
|17.74%
|-
|[[غلام خان تعلقو]]
|191
|31,015
|99.33
|8.44%
|-
|[[مير علي تعلقو]]
|605
|229,647
|107.7
|38.31%
|-
|ميرانشاهه تعلقو
|402
|123,317
|102.02
|36.53%
|-
|[[رزمڪ تعلقو]]
|191
|49,367
|134.63
|26.62%
|-
|شيوا تعلقو 
|393
|44,126
|112.28
|38.36%
|-
|اسپن وام تعلقو
|548
|54,209
|99.82
|23.47%
|-
|[[درابن تعلقو]] 
|1,540
|149,447
|97.04
|26.89%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| rowspan=&quot;20&quot; |[[Dera Ismail Khan Division]]
|-
|[[درازنده تعلقو|درازندا تعلقو]]
|2,008
|82,386
|41.03
|28.67%
|-
|[[ڊيرا اسماعيل خان تعلقو]] 
|1,167
|767,979
|658.08
|56.97%
|-
|[[ڪولاچي تعلقو]]
|1,229
|102,595
|83.48
|30.29%
|-
|[[پهاڙ پور تعلقو]]
|1,657
|406,467
|245.3
|48.86%
|-
|[[پنياله تعلقو]]
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[پروآ تعلقو|پاروآ تعلقو]]
|1,733
|320,937
|185.19
|35.56%
|-
|برمل تعلقو
|923
|112,757
|122.16
|23.06%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Lower South Waziristan District]]
|-
|شڪئي تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|توئي کلا تعلقو
|567
|102,835
|181.37
|7.81%
|-
|وانا تعلقو
|2,315
|184,645
|79.76
|31.29%
|-
|لڌا تعلقو
|289
|108,344
|374.89
|47.95%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Upper South Waziristan District]]
|-
|مڪين تعلقو
|404
|66,042
|163.47
|48.71%
|-
|سراروغه تعلقو
|813
|145,118
|178.5
|35.07%
|-
|سرواڪئي تعلقو
|398
|58,804
|147.75
|37.67%
|-
|شڪتوئي تعلقو
|177
|44,332
|250.46
|32.93%
|-
|شوال تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|تيارزه تعلقو
|734
|65,798
|89.64
|27.31%
|-
|جنڊوله تعلقو
|1,221
|44,794
|36.69
|33.63%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tank District]]
|-
|ٽانڪ تعلقو
|1,679
|425,499
|253.42
|41.43%
|-
|[[ايبٽ آباد تعلقو]] 
|1,285
|1,003,339
|101.76
|78.39%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Abbottabad District]]
| rowspan=&quot;26&quot; |[[Hazara Division]]
|-
|حويليان تعلقو 
|342
|256,754
|98.8
|76.08%
|-
|[[لورا تعلقو]] 
|187
|98,717
|97.22
|73.73%
|-
|لوئر تناول تعلقو 
|153
|60,262
|98.88
|71.66%
|-
|الائي تعلقو 
|804
|218,149
|271.33
|35.71%
|[[Allai District]]
|-
|[[بٽگرام تعلقو]] 
|497
|335,984
|676.02
|41.20%
|[[Batagram District]]
|-
|[[غازي تعلقو]]
|595
|151,839
|255.19
|69.69%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Haripur District]]
|-
|هري پور تعلقو 
|834
|836,058
|1,002.47
|76.07%
|-
|خانپور تعلقو 
|296
|186,886
|631.37
|73.76%
|-
|باتائرا/ڪولائي تعلقو 
|170
|142,660
|839.18
|15.93%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kolai-Palas District]]
|-
|پالاس تعلقو 
|1,240
|137,502
|110.89
|23.08%
|-
|بانڪاڊ تعلقو 
|331
|205,851
|621.91
|20.14%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lower Kohistan District]]
|-
|[[پٽن تعلقو]] 
|311
|134,166
|431.4
|24.61%
|-
|بفه پکل تعلقو 
|640
|460,090
|718.89
|60.85%
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Mansehra District]]
|-
|[[بالاڪوٽ تعلقو]] 
|2,376
|310,339
|130.61
|67.50%
|-
|دربند تعلقو 
|102
|51,702
|506.88
|50.47%
|-
|مانسهره تعلقو 
|700
|723,325
|1,033.32
|68.70%
|-
|اوگي تعلقو 
|307
|251,721
|819.94
|52.85%
|-
|تناول تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|دور مائره تعلقو 
|86
|50,503
|587.24
|25.92%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Torghar District]]
|-
|جدبه تعلقو 
|63
|63,083
|1,001.32
|19.78%
|-
|خانڊير حسن زئي تعلقو 
|305
|86,859
|284.78
|38.66%
|-
|داسو تعلقو 
|1,958
|148,914
|76.05
|15.11%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Upper Kohistan District]]
|-
|هاربان باشا تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|25.49%
|-
|ڪانڊيه تعلقو 
|1,926
|165,232
|85.79
|13.71%
|-
|سيو تعلقو 
|258
|59,557
|230.84
|38.19%
|-
|دوآبه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Hangu District, Pakistan|Hangu District]]
| rowspan=&quot;17&quot; |[[Kohat Division]]
|-
|هنگو تعلقو 
|669
|280,883
|419.86
|48.63%
|-
|ٽل تعلقو 
|428
|248,019
|579.48
|36.70%
|-
|بانڊه دائود شاهه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|53.95%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Karak District]]
|-
|[[ڪرڪ تعلقو]]
|1,299
|339,983
|261.73
|67.76%
|-
|تخت نصرتي تعلقو 
|607
|298,151
|491.19
|69.55%
|-
|دره آدم خيل تعلقو 
|446
|139,839
|313.54
|58.90%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Kohat District]]
|-
|گمبات تعلقو 
|503
|124,530
|247.57
|54.55%
|-
|[[ڪوهاٽ تعلقو]]
|911
|817,610
|897.49
|58.19%
|-
|[[لاچي تعلقو]] 
|1,131
|152,682
|135
|63.39%
|-
|سينٽرل ڪرم تعلقو
|1,470
|358,670
|243.99
|20.97%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Kurram District]]
|-
|لوئر ڪرم تعلقو
|940
|150,945
|160.58
|38.15%
|-
|اپر ڪرم تعلقو
|970
|275,819
|284.35
|49.07%
|-
|سينٽرل اورڪزئي تعلقو 
|399
|92,819
|232.63
|34.79%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Orakzai District]]
|-
|[[اسماعيل زئي تعلقو]] 
|275
|39,328
|143.01
|34.20%
|-
|لوئر اورڪزئي تعلقو 
|565
|125,944
|222.91
|41.86%
|-
|اپر اورڪزئي تعلقو 
|299
|129,470
|433.01
|23.98%
|-
|بار چمرڪنڊ تعلقو 
|13
|3,574
|104.41
|23.81%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Bajaur District]]
| rowspan=&quot;53&quot; |[[Malakand Division]]
|-
|برانگ تعلقو 
|159
|90,082
|100.27
|23.39%
|-
|[[خار باجوڙ تعلقو]] 
|238
|301,778
|102.81
|33.28%
|-
|ماموند تعلقو 
|250
|358,190
|103.29
|24.48%
|-
|[[نواگئي تعلقو|ناواگئي تعلقو]] 
|216
|93,850
|103.2
|27.39%
|-
|سالارزئي تعلقو 
|220
|316,767
|101.01
|19.90%
|-
|[[اتمان خيل تعلقو]] 
|194
|123,719
|100.66
|31.50%
|-
|چغرزئي تعلقو
|218
|125,949
|577.75
|38.27%
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Buner District]]
|-
|ڊگر تعلقو
|290
|192,776
|664.74
|47.57%
|-
|گاديزئي تعلقو
|472
|197,466
|418.36
|44.22%
|-
|گاگره تعلقو
|217
|179,087
|825.29
|46.22%
|-
|خدو خيل تعلقو 
|343
|136,560
|398.13
|45.10%
|-
|ماندانر تعلقو 
|325
|185,031
|569.33
|39.47%
|-
|چترال تعلقو 
|6,127
|211,374
|34.5
|70.20%
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lower Chitral District]]
|-
|دروش تعلقو
|331
|109,033
|329.4
|57.38%
|-
|آدينزئي تعلقو 
|372
|378,915
|1,018.59
|62.19%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Lower Dir District]]
|-
|بلامبٽ تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|خال تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|لال قلعه تعلقو
|216
|247,381
|1,145.28
|53.29%
|-
|منڊا تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|ثمر باغ تعلقو
|419
|427,714
|1,020.80
|45.75%
|-
|تيمرگره تعلقو
|576
|596,173
|1,035.02
|64.06%
|-
|سام رانيزئي تعلقو 
|280
|353,291
|1,261.75
|59.13%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Malakand District]]
|-
|سوات رانيزئي تعلقو 
|672
|472,959
|703.81
|63.57%
|-
|ٿانه بازئي تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|اتمان خيل تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|31.50%
|-
|الپوري تعلقو 
|582
|366,772
|630.19
|38.26%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Shangla District]]
|-
|بيشام تعلقو 
|184
|121,279
|659.13
|34.77%
|-
|چڪيسر تعلقو 
|335
|128,238
|382.8
|26.08%
|-
|مارتونگ تعلقو 
|188
|103,205
|548.96
|24.01%
|-
|ماخوزئي تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|شاهپور تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|پوران تعلقو 
|297
|171,758
|578.31
|35.11%
|-
|بابوزئي تعلقو 
|297
|696,697
|2,345.78
|56.06%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Swat District]]
|-
|بريڪوٽ تعلقو 
|419
|220,148
|525.41
|50.87%
|-
|بحرين تعلقو 
|2,899
|270,623
|93.35
|39.26%
|-
|چارباغ تعلقو 
|161
|159,358
|989.8
|50.01%
|-
|ڪبل تعلقو 
|485
|480,827
|991.4
|49.26%
|-
|[[خوازہ خيله تعلقو|خوازه خيلا تعلقو]] 
|392
|307,300
|783.93
|42.63%
|-
|مٽه تعلقو 
|684
|552,431
|807.65
|42.54%
|-
|بوني تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Upper Chitral District]]
|-
|ملڪوهه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|تورڪوهه تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[مستوج تعلقو]] 
|8,392
|195,528
|23.3
|73.83%
|-
|باراوال تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Upper Dir District]]
|-
|دير تعلقو 
|1,012
|384,667
|380.11
|48.26%
|-
|ڪالڪوٽ تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[شئرنگل تعلقو]] 
|1,140
|210,356
|184.52
|37.15%
|-
|لار جام تعلقو 
|1,039
|119,396
|114.91
|52.59%
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Central Dir District]]
|-
|واري تعلقو 
|508
|369,147
|726.67
|48.56%
|-
|اخاگرام تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|نيهاگ دره
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|صاحب آباد 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|ڳڙهي ڪپوره تعلقو 
|143
|319,465
|2,234.02
|51.70%
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Mardan District]]
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Mardan Division]]
|-
|ڪٽلانگ تعلقو 
|422
|377,535
|894.63
|61.47%
|-
|[[مردان تعلقو]] 
|335
|1,040,893
|3,107.14
|56.41%
|-
|رستم تعلقو 
|379
|279,527
|737.54
|49.98%
|-
|[[تخت ڀائي تعلقو]] 
|353
|727,478
|2,060.84
|56.02%
|-
|لاهور تعلقو 
|318
|354,383
|1,114.41
|54.16%
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Swabi District]]
|-
|رزڙ تعلقو 
|418
|682,303
|1,632.30
|56.61%
|-
|[[صوابي تعلقو]] 
|389
|475,352
|1,221.98
|63.23%
|-
|[[ٽوپي تعلقو]] 
|418
|382,562
|915.22
|59.83%
|-
|[[چارسده تعلقو]] 
|445
|909,438
|2,043.68
|58.56%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]]
| rowspan=&quot;28&quot; |[[Peshawar Division]]
|-
|[[شبقدر تعلقو]] 
|204
|440,524
|2,159.43
|49.65%
|-
|[[تنگي تعلقو]] 
|347
|485,542
|1,399.26
|48.85%
|-
|باغ ميدان تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Khyber District]]
|-
|[[باڙه تعلقو]] 
|1,430
|548,084
|383.28
|34.72%
|-
|بازار زخه خيل تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|فورٽ سالوپ تعلقو 
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|[[جمرود تعلقو]] 
|311
|243,290
|782.28
|46.18%
|-
|[[لنڊي ڪوتل تعلقو]] 
|679
|312,313
|459.96
|38.92%
|-
|ملا گوري تعلقو 
|156
|42,580
|272.95
|38.36%
|-
|پائنده چينه تعلقو
|...
|...
|...
|...
|-
|امبر اتمان خيل تعلقو 
|273
|79,455
|291.04
|21.71%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Mohmand District]]
|-
|حليم زئي تعلقو 
|211
|89,149
|422.51
|45.18%
|-
|پنڊيالي تعلقو 
|454
|112,247
|247.24
|29.11%
|-
|پران غر تعلقو 
|257
|36,046
|140.26
|35.46%
|-
|صافي تعلقو 
|322
|109,620
|340.43
|26.21%
|-
|اپر مهمند تعلقو 
|513
|63,659
|124.09
|21.62%
|-
|يڪه غنڊ تعلقو 
|266
|63,757
|239.69
|41.38%
|-
|[[جهانگيره تعلقو]] 
|718
|434,984
|100.72
|56.92%
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Nowshera District]]
|-
|[[نوشهره تعلقو]] 
|679
|796,226
|106.39
|56.76%
|-
|[[پبي تعلقو]] 
|351
|509,495
|102.42
|56.70%
|-
|[[بڍبير تعلقو]]
|357
|439,912
|1,232.25
|38.66%
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Peshawar District]]
|-
|[[چمڪنئي تعلقو]]
|226
|624,354
|2,762.63
|54.72%
|-
|[[حسن خيل تعلقو]]
|261
|72,557
|278
|55.34%
|-
|[[ماٿرا تعلقو]]
|218
|495,059
|2,270.91
|45.79%
|-
|[[پشاور شهر تعلقو]]
|176
|2,113,596
|12,009.07
|60.88%
|-
|[[پشتاخره تعلقو]]
|135
|480,436
|3,558.79
|45.45%
|-
|[[شاهه عالم تعلقو]]
|145
|532,848
|3,674.81
|44.96%
|}

==ايراضي جي لحاظ کان فهرست==


==بنون ڊويزن== 
===بنون ضلعو=== 
• [[بکاخيل تعلقو]]
 
• [[بنون تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڊوميل تعلقو]]

• [[ڪڪي تعلقو]]
 
• [[ميران تعلقو]]
 
• [[وزير تعلقو]] 
===لڪي مروت ضلعو=== 
• [[بٽاڻي تعلقو]]
 
• [[غزني خيل تعلقو]]

• [[لڪي مروت تعلقو]] 

• [[سرائي نورنگ تعلقو]]
===اتر وزيرستان ضلعو=== 
• [[دتا خيل تعلقو]]

• [[دوسالي تعلقو]]
  
• [[غريوم تعلقو]]

• [[غلام خان تعلقو]]

• [[مير علي تعلقو]]

• [[ميران شاهه تعلقو]]
  
• [[رزمڪ تعلقو]]

• [[شيوا تعلقو]]

• [[اسپن وام تعلقو]]

==ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ڊويزن== 
===ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعو=== 
• [[درابن تعلقو]]
 
• [[درازند تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڊيرا اسماعيل خان تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڪولاچي تعلقو]]

• [[پهاڙ پور تعلقو]]

• [[پنيالا تعلقو]]

• [[پارو تعلقو]]
===لوئر ڏکڻ وزيرستان ضلعو===
• [[برمل تعلقو]]

• [[شڪئي تعلقو]] 

• [[توئي خولا تعلقو]]

• [[وانا تعلقو]] 
===اپر ڏکڻ وزيرستان ضلعو=== 
• [[لڌا تعلقو]]

• [[مکين تعلقو]]

• [[سراروغہ تعلقو]]

• [[سروڪئي تعلقو]]  

• [[شڪتو تعلقو]]

• [[شوال تعلقو]] 

• [[ٽارزا تعلقو]]
===ٽانڪ ضلعو=== 
• [[جنڊولا تعلقو]]
 
• [[ٽانڪ تعلقو]]

==هزاره ڊويزن==

===ايبٽ آباد ضلعو=== 
• [[ايبٽ آباد تعلقو]]
 
• [[حويليان تعلقو]]

• [[لورا تعلقو]]

• [[لوئر تناول تعلقو]]
===بٽگرام ضلعو=== 
• [[الائي تعلقو]]

• [[بٽگرام تعلقو]]
===هريپور ضلعو=== 
• [[غازي تعلقو]]
 
• [[هري پور تعلقو]]

• [[خانپور تعلقو]] 
===ڪولئي۔پالس ضلعو=== 
• [[باتيرا]]/[[ڪولئي پالس تعلقو]] 
===لوئر ڪوهستان ضلعو=== 
• [[بانڪا تعلقو]]

• [[پتڻ تعلقو]] 
===مانسهره ضلعو=== 
• [[بفا پکل تعلقو]]

• [[بالاڪوٽ تعلقو]]
 
• [[دربند تعلقو]]

• [[مانسهره تعلقو]]
 
• [[اوگي تعلقو]]
 
• [[تناول تعلقو]]
===تورغر ضلعو===
• [[دڙي ميرا تعلقو]]

• [[جُدبا تعلقو]]

• [[کندر حسن زئي تعلقو]]
===اپر ڪوهستان ضلعو=== 
• [[داسو تعلقو]]

• [[هاربن ڀاشا تعلقو]] 
 
• [[ڪنڊا تعلقو]]

• [[سيو تعلقو]]
==ڪوهاٽ ڊويزن== 
===هنگو ضلعو===
• [[دوآبہ تعلقو]]

• [[هنگو تعلقو]]

• [[ٽل تعلقو]]
===ڪرڪ ضلعو=== 
• [[بانڊا دائود شاهه تعلقو]]
 
• [[ڪرڪ تعلقو]]

• [[تخت نصرتي تعلقو]] 
===ڪوهاٽ ضلعو=== 
• [[دره آدم خيل تعلقو]]

• [[گمباٽ تعلقو]]

• [[ڪوهاٽ تعلقو]]

• [[لاچي تعلقو]]
===ڪرم ضلعو=== 
• [[سينٽرل ڪرم تعلقو]]

• [[لوئر ڪرم تعلقو]] 

• [[اپر ڪرم تعلقو]] 
===اورڪزئي ضلعو===
• [[سينٽرل اورڪزئي تعلقو]] 

• [[اسماعيل زئي تعلقو]] 

• [[لوئر اورڪزئي تعلقو]]

• [[اپر اورڪزئي تعلقو]]

==مالاڪنڊ ڊويزن== 
===باجوڙ ضلعو=== 
• [[بار چمرڪند تعلقو]]

• [[بارنگ تعلقو]]

• [[خار باجوڙ تعلقو]]

• [[ماموند تعلقو]] 

• [[نواگئي تعلقو]]

• [[سالارزئي تعلقو]]

• [[اتمان خيل تعلقو]]

===بونير ضلعو=== 
• [[چغر زئي تعلقو]]

• [[ڏنگر تعلقو]] 

• [[گاديزئي تعلقو]] 

• [[گاگرا تعلقو]]

• [[خدو تعلقو]]

• [[مانڌر تعلقو]]
===لوئر چترال ضلعو===
• [[چترال تعلقو]]

• [[دروش تعلقو]] 
===لوئر دير ضلعو=== 
• [[آدینزئي تعلقو]] 

• [[بلامبٽ تعلقو]] 

• [[خال تعلقو]]

• [[لال قلعو تعلقو]] 

• [[منڊا تعلقو]]

• [[ثمر باغ تعلقو]]

• [[تئمرگرا تعلقو]] 
===مالاڪنڊ ضلعو=== 
• [[سام راڻيزئي تعلقو]]

• [[سوات راڻيزئي تعلقو]]

• [[ٿاڻي بائيزئي تعلقو]]

• [[اتمان خيل تعلقو]]

===شانگلا ضلعو=== 
• [[الپوري تعلقو]]

• [[بشام تعلقو]]

• [[چڪيسر تعلقو]] 
 
• [[مارتونگ تعلقو]] 

• [[مخوزئي تعلقو]]
 
• [[شاهپور تعلقو]]

• [[پاريان تعلقو]] 
===سوات ضلعو=== 
• [[بابوزئي تعلقو]]

• [[بريڪوٽ تعلقو]]

• [[بحرين تعلقو]]

• [[چارباغ تعلقو]]

• [[ڪبل تعلقو]] 

• [[خوازه خیلہ تعلقو]]

• [[مٽہ تعلقو]]
===اپر چترال ضلعو===
• [[مستوج تعلقو]]

• [[بوني تعلقو]]

• [[ملکو تعلقو]]

• [[تورخو تعلقو]]

===اپر دير ضلعو===
• [[بروال تعلقو]]
 
• [[دیر تعلقو]]

• [[ڪالڪوٽ تعلقو]] 

• [[لارڄام تعلقو]]

• [[شئرنگل تعلقو]]

• [[وار تعلقو]]

==مردان ڊويزن== 
===ضلع مردان===
• [[ڳڙهي ڪپوڙا تعلقو]]

• [[ڪتلانگ تعلقو]]

• [[مردان تعلقو]] 

• [[رستم تعلقو]]

• [[تخت ڀائي تعلقو]] 
===صوابي ضلعو=== 
• [[لاهور تعلقو]]

• [[راڳ تعلقو]] 

• [[صوابي تعلقو]]

• [[ٽوپي تعلقو]]

==پشاور ڊويزن==
===چارسده ضلعو===
• [[چارسده تعلقو]]

• [[شبقدر تعلقو]]

• [[تنگي تعلقو]]
===خيبر ضلعو===
• [[باغ ميدان تعلقو]] 

• [[باڙه تعلقو]] 

• [[بازار زخه خيل تعلقو]]

• [[قلعو سيلپ تعلقو]]

• [[جمرود تعلقو]]

• [[لنڊي ڪوتل تعلقو]]

• [[ملا گوري تعلقو]]

• [[پينڊا چينا تعلقو]]
===مهمند ضلعو=== 
• [[امبر اتمان خيل تعلقو]] 

• [[حليم زئي تعلقو]]

• [[پنڊيالي تعلقو]]

• [[پران غر تعلقو]] 

• [[صافي تعلقو]] 

• [[اپر مهمند تعلقو]] (بائيزئي)

• [[يڪہ غنڊ تعلقو]]
===نوشهره ضلعو=== 
# [[جهانگيره تعلقو|جهانگيرہ تعلقو]]
# [[نوشهره تعلقو]]
# [[پبي تعلقو]]

===پشاور ضلعو=== 
• [[بڈھ بیر تعلقو]]

• [[چمڪنئي تعلقو]]

• [[سرحدي علائقو پشاور|حسن خيل تعلقو]]

• [[ماٿرا تعلقو]]

• [[پشاور شهر تعلقو]] 

• [[پٺن تعلقو]]

• [[شاهه عالم تعلقو]]

==پڻ ڏسو==
• [[پاڪستان ۾ تعلقن جي فهرست]] 

• [[خيبرپختونخوا ۾ ضلعن جي فهرست]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:پاڪستان جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:خيبر پختونخوا]]
[[زمرو:خيبر پختونخوا جي انتظامي ورهاست]]
[[زمرو:خيبر پختونخوا جي جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]</text>
      <sha1>bsgl5f5rw8e3kuh35qahkkwkdkwjnlw</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>88238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395352</id>
      <parentid>347858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T07:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="95" sha1="o7jhh00np3b63x33ihxydw2jkd7xstl" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]</text>
      <sha1>o7jhh00np3b63x33ihxydw2jkd7xstl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>انارڪزم</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>90229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395161</id>
      <parentid>356119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T15:11:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[ڇڙواڳيت]] کي [[انارڪزم]] ڏانھن چوريو: غلط ھجي سان عنوان</comment>
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      <text bytes="3479" sha1="qygiuxhb3a9zs59bc3jnnax0lrkw60p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political ideology
| name             = انارڪيزم (Anarchism)
| image            = Circle-A red.svg
| caption          = &quot;Circle-A&quot;، جيڪو انارڪيزم جي هڪ عالمي علامت آهي.
| origin           = [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور]] (Enlightenment)
| status           = فعال تحريڪ
| classification   = لبرٽيرين سوشلزم (Libertarian Socialism)
| key_ideas        = رياست جو خاتمو، طبقاتي نظام جي مخالفت، رضاڪارانه تنظيمون
}}

'''انارڪيزم''' (Anarchism) هڪ سياسي فلسفو ۽ تحريڪ آهي جيڪا هر ان اداري کي ختم ڪرڻ جي حامي آهي جيڪو جبر، اختيار (Authority) يا طبقاتي فرق (Hierarchy) کي هٿي ڏئي ٿو. هن جو بنيادي نشانو رياست (State) ۽ [[سرمائيدارانہ نظام|سرمايواد]] (Capitalism) آهن. انارڪيزم جو مقصد رياست کي ختم ڪري هڪ اهڙو معاشرو قائم ڪرڻ آهي جيڪو رياست کان پاڪ هجي ۽ جتي ماڻهو رضاڪارانه طور تي هڪ ٻئي سان ملي جلجي رهن.

== تاريخي پس منظر ==
جيتوڻيڪ انارڪي واري سوچ جا نشان قديم تاريخ ۾ به ملن ٿا، پر جديد انارڪيزم جو آغاز '''روشن خياليءَ واري دور''' (Enlightenment) دوران ٿيو. 19هين صديءَ جي آخري حصي ۽ 20هين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ هيءَ تحريڪ سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي ۽ مزدورن جي حقن جي جدوجهد ۾ هن اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

انارڪسٽن ڪيترن ئي تاريخي انقلابن ۾ حصو ورتو، جن ۾ اهم آهن:
* '''پيرس ڪميوني (Paris Commune):''' 1871ع ۾ فرانس جو هڪ اهم واقعو.
* '''روسي گهريلو ويڙهه:''' جتي انارڪسٽن پنهنجي آزاد علائقن لاءِ جنگ وڙهي.
* '''اسپيني گهريلو ويڙهه:''' جنهن جي خاتمي سان انارڪيزم جي &quot;ڪلاسيڪي دور&quot; جو انت ٿيو.

== نظرياتي اسڪول ==
انارڪيزم جي اندر مختلف سوچون ۽ شاخون موجود آهن، جن کي اڪثر '''لبرٽيرين سوشلزم''' جي حصي طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي. انارڪيزم جا ٻه مکيه طريقا آهن:
1. '''انقلابي حڪمت عملي:''' جنهن ۾ سڌي سنئين ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پرتشدد طريقي سان رياستي نظام کي ڪيرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ويندي آهي.
2. '''ارتقائي حڪمت عملي:''' جنهن ۾ موجوده نظام اندر رهندي آزاد سماجي تجربا ۽ تنظيمون قائم ڪيون وينديون آهن ته جيئن مستقبل جي انارڪسٽ معاشري جو نمونو پيش ڪري سگهجي.

== جديد دور ۾ انارڪيزم ==
20هين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ هيءَ تحريڪ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر سڄي دنيا ۾ مقبول ٿي رهي آهي. خاص طور تي سرمايواد مخالف (Anti-capitalism)، جنگ مخالف (Anti-war) ۽ عالمي ادارن جي خلاف ٿيندڙ احتجاجن ۾ انارڪسٽ نظريي جو وڏو اثر ڏٺو وڃي ٿو.

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:سياسي فلسفو]]
[[زمرو:سوشلزم]]
[[زمرو:سياسي تحريڪون]]</text>
      <sha1>qygiuxhb3a9zs59bc3jnnax0lrkw60p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>بون يونيورسٽي</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T11:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="93124" sha1="2e8ug039b459htu02mcye3mgcmavlyw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

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===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.</text>
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      <text bytes="96987" sha1="1lwwyr6post9wp2il1khhi82ma0yerq" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

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|alt     = بون يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت، اليڪٽورل محل
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===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.</text>
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      <text bytes="110860" sha1="pejzsdl3bssj6zojrgjuyy0renruhrk" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

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===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.

===درجابنديون===
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 239
| QS_N = 14
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| THE = 91
| THE_N = 6
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU = 67
| ARWU_N = 4
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023ع جي عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| ARWU_Subject1 = 15
| ARWU_Subject1_N = 1
| ARWU_Subject1_year = 2022
| ARWU_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022|title=شنگهائي رينڪنگ جي علمي مضمونن جي عالمي درجابندي 2022ع|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=2023-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| QS_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| QS_Subject1 = 39
| QS_Subject1_N = 1
| QS_Subject1_year = 2023
| QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022|title=مضمونن موجب ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2022ع|date=23 March 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

2024ع جي [[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ بون يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 239هين ۽ جرمني ۾ 14هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; ان کان علاوه، [[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ يونيورسٽيءَ کي نمايان طور وڌيڪ مٿانهون مقام حاصل ٿيو، جتي اها 2023ع لاءِ عالمي سطح تي 91هين ۽ ملڪ اندر ڇهين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; يونيورسٽيءَ جي سڀ کان مٿانهين مجموعي درجابندي [[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]] ۾ رهي، جنهن ۾ اها 2023ع دوران عالمي سطح تي 67هين ۽ جرمني ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt;

2023ع جي رياضيات بابت ڪيو ايس درجابندي موجب، يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 39هين نمبر تي ۽ جرمني جي سڀ کان مٿانهين درجي واري اداري طور پهرين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;/&gt; 2022ع جي رياضيات بابت عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي پڻ هن شهرت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي دنيا ۾ 15هين ۽ جرمني ۾ پهرين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;/&gt;

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ڪيو ايس مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! {{Left|فنون ۽ انسانيات}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;236&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;236
! data-sort-value=&quot;13&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13
|-
| الهيات، ديني علم ۽ مذهبي اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–140&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–140}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–12}}
|-
| آثار قديمه
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–12}}
|-
| تاريخ
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
| جديد ٻوليون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–13}}
|-
| فلسفو
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–7}}
|-
! {{Left|انجنيئرنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي}}
! دستياب ناهي
! دستياب ناهي
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ معلوماتي نظام
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–14}}
|-
! {{Left|حياتياتي سائنسون ۽ طب}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;150&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;150
! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8
|-
| زراعت ۽ ٻيلن جي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;66&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;66}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;117&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;117}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–80&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–80}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}
|-
| طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–13}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جي علم
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–9}}
|-
! {{Left|قدرتي سائنسون}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;96&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;96
! data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7
|-
| ارضياتي ۽ سامونڊي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–7}}
|-
| ارضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جيوفزڪس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
! {{Left|سماجي سائنسون ۽ انتظام}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;275&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;275
! data-sort-value=&quot;10&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10
|-
| معاشيات ۽ اقتصادسنجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
| قانون ۽ قانوني اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=مضمونن موجب عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|access-date=27 October 2022|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
| فنون ۽ انسانيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–20&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–20}}
|-
| ڪاروبار ۽ معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;71&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;71}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| سماجي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–21&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–21}}
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;99&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;99}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڪلينيڪي ۽ صحت جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;176–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;176–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;86&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=86}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9}}
|-
| طبعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| نفسيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}
|-
|}

{{col-break|gap=0.5em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابنديءَ جي مضمونن واري درجابندي 2022ع&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | قدرتي سائنسون
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| طبعيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}
|-
| ڪيميا
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;16–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16–25}}
|-
| ارضياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;17–23&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–23}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}
|-
| وايومنڊلي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–10}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | انجنيئرنگ
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–13}}
|-
| ماحولياتي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;22–28&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;22–28}}
|-
| آبي وسيلا
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}
|-
| خوراڪ جي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}
|-
| حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–25}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | حياتياتي سائنسون
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–11}}
|-
| انساني حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| زرعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;46}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | طبي سائنسون
|-
| ڪلينيڪي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–22}}
|-
| عوامي صحت
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;12–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–22}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب ۽ وات جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}
|-
| طبي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–15}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–6}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | سماجي سائنسون
|-
| معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| انگ اکر
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–6}}
|-
|}
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      <text bytes="110810" sha1="gdptho4w1iswq0cfc7qh1gwpdjb8aq3" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

{{Panorama
|image   = Universität Bonn.jpg
|height  = 250px
|width   =
|alt     = بون يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت، اليڪٽورل محل
|caption = اليڪٽورل محل، بون يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت
|dir     =
|align   = center
}}

===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.

===درجابنديون===
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 239
| QS_N = 14
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| THE = 91
| THE_N = 6
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU = 67
| ARWU_N = 4
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023ع جي عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| ARWU_Subject1 = 15
| ARWU_Subject1_N = 1
| ARWU_Subject1_year = 2022
| ARWU_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022|title=شنگهائي رينڪنگ جي علمي مضمونن جي عالمي درجابندي 2022ع|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=2023-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| QS_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| QS_Subject1 = 39
| QS_Subject1_N = 1
| QS_Subject1_year = 2023
| QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022|title=مضمونن موجب ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2022ع|date=23 March 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

2024ع جي [[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ بون يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 239هين ۽ جرمني ۾ 14هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; ان کان علاوه، [[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ يونيورسٽيءَ کي نمايان طور وڌيڪ مٿانهون مقام حاصل ٿيو، جتي اها 2023ع لاءِ عالمي سطح تي 91هين ۽ ملڪ اندر ڇهين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; يونيورسٽيءَ جي سڀ کان مٿانهين مجموعي درجابندي [[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]] ۾ رهي، جنهن ۾ اها 2023ع دوران عالمي سطح تي 67هين ۽ جرمني ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt;

2023ع جي رياضيات بابت ڪيو ايس درجابندي موجب، يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 39هين نمبر تي ۽ جرمني جي سڀ کان مٿانهين درجي واري اداري طور پهرين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;/&gt; 2022ع جي رياضيات بابت عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي پڻ هن شهرت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي دنيا ۾ 15هين ۽ جرمني ۾ پهرين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;/&gt;

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ڪيو ايس مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! {{Left|فنون ۽ انسانيات}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;236&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;236
! data-sort-value=&quot;13&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13
|-
| الهيات، ديني علم ۽ مذهبي اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–140&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–140}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–12}}
|-
| آثار قديمه
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–12}}
|-
| تاريخ
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
| جديد ٻوليون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–13}}
|-
| فلسفو
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–7}}
|-
! {{Left|انجنيئرنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي}}
! دستياب ناهي
! دستياب ناهي
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ معلوماتي نظام
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–14}}
|-
! {{Left|حياتياتي سائنسون ۽ طب}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;150&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;150
! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8
|-
| زراعت ۽ ٻيلن جي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;66&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;66}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;117&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;117}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–80&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–80}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}
|-
| طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–13}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جي علم
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–9}}
|-
! {{Left|قدرتي سائنسون}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;96&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;96
! data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7
|-
| ارضياتي ۽ سامونڊي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–7}}
|-
| ارضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جيوفزڪس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
! {{Left|سماجي سائنسون ۽ انتظام}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;275&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;275
! data-sort-value=&quot;10&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10
|-
| معاشيات ۽ اقتصادسنجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
| قانون ۽ قانوني اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=مضمونن موجب عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|access-date=27 October 2022|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
| فنون ۽ انسانيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–20&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–20}}
|-
| ڪاروبار ۽ معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;71&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;71}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| سماجي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–21&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–21}}
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;99&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;99}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڪلينيڪي ۽ صحت جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;176–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;176–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;86&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=86}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9}}
|-
| طبعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| نفسيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}
|-
|}

{{col-break|gap=0.5em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابنديءَ جي مضمونن واري درجابندي 2022ع&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | قدرتي سائنسون
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| طبعيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}
|-
| ڪيميا
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;16–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16–25}}
|-
| ارضياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;17–23&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–23}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}
|-
| وايومنڊلي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–10}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | انجنيئرنگ
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–13}}
|-
| ماحولياتي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;22–28&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;22–28}}
|-
| آبي وسيلا
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}
|-
| خوراڪ جي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}
|-
| حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–25}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | حياتياتي سائنسون
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–11}}
|-
| انساني حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| زرعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;46}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | طبي سائنسون
|-
| ڪلينيڪي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–22}}
|-
| عوامي صحت
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;12–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–22}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب ۽ وات جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}
|-
| طبي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–15}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–6}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | سماجي سائنسون
|-
| معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| انگ اکر
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–6}}
|-
|}
{{col-end}}</text>
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      <text bytes="118989" sha1="dftzf884ikqy43bnawyz85t2aobqbid" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

{{Panorama
|image   = Universität Bonn.jpg
|height  = 250px
|width   =
|alt     = بون يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت، اليڪٽورل محل
|caption = اليڪٽورل محل، بون يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت
|dir     =
|align   = center
}}

===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.

===درجابنديون===
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 239
| QS_N = 14
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| THE = 91
| THE_N = 6
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU = 67
| ARWU_N = 4
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023ع جي عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| ARWU_Subject1 = 15
| ARWU_Subject1_N = 1
| ARWU_Subject1_year = 2022
| ARWU_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022|title=شنگهائي رينڪنگ جي علمي مضمونن جي عالمي درجابندي 2022ع|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=2023-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| QS_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| QS_Subject1 = 39
| QS_Subject1_N = 1
| QS_Subject1_year = 2023
| QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022|title=مضمونن موجب ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2022ع|date=23 March 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

2024ع جي [[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ بون يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 239هين ۽ جرمني ۾ 14هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; ان کان علاوه، [[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ يونيورسٽيءَ کي نمايان طور وڌيڪ مٿانهون مقام حاصل ٿيو، جتي اها 2023ع لاءِ عالمي سطح تي 91هين ۽ ملڪ اندر ڇهين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; يونيورسٽيءَ جي سڀ کان مٿانهين مجموعي درجابندي [[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]] ۾ رهي، جنهن ۾ اها 2023ع دوران عالمي سطح تي 67هين ۽ جرمني ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt;

2023ع جي رياضيات بابت ڪيو ايس درجابندي موجب، يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 39هين نمبر تي ۽ جرمني جي سڀ کان مٿانهين درجي واري اداري طور پهرين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;/&gt; 2022ع جي رياضيات بابت عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي پڻ هن شهرت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي دنيا ۾ 15هين ۽ جرمني ۾ پهرين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;/&gt;

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ڪيو ايس مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! {{Left|فنون ۽ انسانيات}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;236&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;236
! data-sort-value=&quot;13&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13
|-
| الهيات، ديني علم ۽ مذهبي اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–140&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–140}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–12}}
|-
| آثار قديمه
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–12}}
|-
| تاريخ
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
| جديد ٻوليون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–13}}
|-
| فلسفو
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–7}}
|-
! {{Left|انجنيئرنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي}}
! دستياب ناهي
! دستياب ناهي
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ معلوماتي نظام
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–14}}
|-
! {{Left|حياتياتي سائنسون ۽ طب}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;150&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;150
! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8
|-
| زراعت ۽ ٻيلن جي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;66&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;66}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;117&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;117}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–80&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–80}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}
|-
| طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–13}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جي علم
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–9}}
|-
! {{Left|قدرتي سائنسون}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;96&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;96
! data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7
|-
| ارضياتي ۽ سامونڊي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–7}}
|-
| ارضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جيوفزڪس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
! {{Left|سماجي سائنسون ۽ انتظام}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;275&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;275
! data-sort-value=&quot;10&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10
|-
| معاشيات ۽ اقتصادسنجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
| قانون ۽ قانوني اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=مضمونن موجب عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|access-date=27 October 2022|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
| فنون ۽ انسانيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–20&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–20}}
|-
| ڪاروبار ۽ معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;71&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;71}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| سماجي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–21&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–21}}
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;99&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;99}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڪلينيڪي ۽ صحت جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;176–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;176–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;86&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=86}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9}}
|-
| طبعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| نفسيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}
|-
|}

{{col-break|gap=0.5em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابنديءَ جي مضمونن واري درجابندي 2022ع&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | قدرتي سائنسون
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| طبعيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}
|-
| ڪيميا
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;16–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16–25}}
|-
| ارضياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;17–23&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–23}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}
|-
| وايومنڊلي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–10}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | انجنيئرنگ
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–13}}
|-
| ماحولياتي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;22–28&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;22–28}}
|-
| آبي وسيلا
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}
|-
| خوراڪ جي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}
|-
| حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–25}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | حياتياتي سائنسون
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–11}}
|-
| انساني حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| زرعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;46}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | طبي سائنسون
|-
| ڪلينيڪي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–22}}
|-
| عوامي صحت
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;12–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–22}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب ۽ وات جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}
|-
| طبي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–15}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–6}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | سماجي سائنسون
|-
| معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| انگ اکر
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–6}}
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

=== حڪمت عملي وارا شراڪتي يونيورسٽيون ===

[[بون يونيورسٽي]] دنيا جي مشهور اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان مختلف قسمن جا لاڳاپا برقرار رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University Partnerships |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/partnerships-and-cooperations-worldwide/university-partnerships |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي عالمن، ادارن ۽ فئڪلٽين جي بيشمار تحقيقي سهڪار کان علاوه، بون يونيورسٽي وٽ 70 کان وڌيڪ عالمي اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان بين-فئڪلٽي شراڪتداريءَ جو نيٽ ورڪ پڻ موجود آهي. 2023ع ۾ بون پنهنجي اڳوڻين شراڪتي يونيورسٽين سان لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪندي [[گلوبل يونيورسٽيز فار سوسائٽل امپيڪٽ]] (GUSI) نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن، ته جيئن تعليم، تحقيق، قيادت ۽ جدت جي شعبن ۾ سهڪار کي فروغ ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Global Network Officially Launched |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/069-2023 |work=Universität Bonn |date=10 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== آفريڪا ====
* گھانا: [[گھانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST).
* ڪينيا: [[نائيروبي يونيورسٽي]].
* مراڪش: [[محمد پنجين يونيورسٽي]].

==== ايشيا ۽ اوشيانا ====
* آسٽريليا: [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلبورن يونيورسٽي]].
* چين: [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ ٻولي ۽ ثقافت يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ فارين اسٽڊيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[نانجنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو تونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽونگجي يونيورسٽي]].
* هانگ ڪانگ: [[چائنيز يونيورسٽي آف هانگ ڪانگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* جاپان: [[ڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[رڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوڪوبا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽوڪيو يونيورسٽي]].
* سنگاپور: [[نيشنل يونيورسٽي آف سنگاپور]].
* ڏکڻ ڪوريا: [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سيئول نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوگانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* تائيوان: [[نيشنل چينگچي يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيشنل تائيوان يونيورسٽي]]، [[تامڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].

==== يورپ ====
* چيڪيا: [[چارلس يونيورسٽي]].
* فرانس: {{lang|fr|[[ڪوليج ڊي فرانس]]|italic=no}}، [[پيرس سائنسز اي ليٽرس يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-سڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]].
* اٽلي: [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]].
* لگزمبرگ: [[لگزمبرگ يونيورسٽي]].
* نيدرلينڊ: [[واگيننگن يونيورسٽي اينڊ ريسرچ]].
* پولينڊ: [[وارسا جي ڪارڊينل اسٽيفن ويشينسڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي آف لائيف سائنسز]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وروٽسواف يونيورسٽي]].
* اسپين: [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليون يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]].
* سوئٽزرلينڊ: [[باسل يونيورسٽي]].
* برطانيا: [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]].

==== اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ====
* برازيل: [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]].
* چلي: [[ٽالڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]].
* ڪينيڊا: [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ناردرن برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوٽاوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورنٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڪ گل يونيورسٽي]]، [[يارڪ يونيورسٽي]].
* ميڪسيڪو: [[پويبلا جي ميرٽوريس خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]].
* آمريڪا: [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪالامازو ڪاليج]]، [[لوزيانا اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوهايو اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪنساس يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف مسوري–سينٽ لوئس]]، [[نيو ميڪسيڪو يونيورسٽي]]، [[سدرن مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وسڪانسن–ميڊيسن يونيورسٽي]]، [[واشنگٽن اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]].

==== وچ اوڀر ====
* افغانستان: [[ڪابل يونيورسٽي]].
* اسرائيل: [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽيڪنيون – اسرائيل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]، [[رائخمان يونيورسٽي]]، [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

==== علائقائي نيٽ ورڪ ====
* ABCD-J: [[آر ڊبليو ٽي ايڇ آخن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]]، [[هائنرش هائني يونيورسٽي ڊسلڊورف]]، [[فورشونگسزينٽرم يوليش]].
* بون-فرينڪفرٽ-مينز: [[گوئٽي يونيورسٽي فرينڪفرٽ]]، [[مينز يونيورسٽي]].

==== مضمون-مخصوص ====
بون يونيورسٽي هيٺين بين الاقوامي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪن وسيلي ٻين يونيورسٽين سان ويجها لاڳاپا رکي ٿي:

* GlobalMathNetwork: [[ايڪول نارمال سپيريئر (پيرس)]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;/&gt;
* European Doctoral Programme in Quantitative Economics: [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يورپي يونيورسٽي انسٽيٽيوٽ]]، [[لنڊن اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ايڇ اي سي پيرس]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]].
* TAKeOFF: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST)، [[تنزانيا انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميڊيڪل ريسرچ]]، [[بيوا يونيورسٽي]].
* زرعي جدت: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[هوهنهايم يونيورسٽي]]، [[فورم فار ايگريڪلچرل ريسرچ اِن آفريڪا]] (FARA)، [[AGRODEP]].
* يورپي ثقافت ۽ سڃاڻپ: [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[فرائبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، اروائن]].
* UN-Bonn-Tokyo: [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]]</text>
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      <text bytes="126308" sha1="34anqrqoo8a2zy8rcmv4vjhxay5dxol" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

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===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.

===درجابنديون===
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 239
| QS_N = 14
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| THE = 91
| THE_N = 6
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU = 67
| ARWU_N = 4
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023ع جي عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| ARWU_Subject1 = 15
| ARWU_Subject1_N = 1
| ARWU_Subject1_year = 2022
| ARWU_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022|title=شنگهائي رينڪنگ جي علمي مضمونن جي عالمي درجابندي 2022ع|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=2023-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| QS_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| QS_Subject1 = 39
| QS_Subject1_N = 1
| QS_Subject1_year = 2023
| QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022|title=مضمونن موجب ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2022ع|date=23 March 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

2024ع جي [[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ بون يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 239هين ۽ جرمني ۾ 14هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; ان کان علاوه، [[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ يونيورسٽيءَ کي نمايان طور وڌيڪ مٿانهون مقام حاصل ٿيو، جتي اها 2023ع لاءِ عالمي سطح تي 91هين ۽ ملڪ اندر ڇهين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; يونيورسٽيءَ جي سڀ کان مٿانهين مجموعي درجابندي [[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]] ۾ رهي، جنهن ۾ اها 2023ع دوران عالمي سطح تي 67هين ۽ جرمني ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt;

2023ع جي رياضيات بابت ڪيو ايس درجابندي موجب، يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 39هين نمبر تي ۽ جرمني جي سڀ کان مٿانهين درجي واري اداري طور پهرين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;/&gt; 2022ع جي رياضيات بابت عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي پڻ هن شهرت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي دنيا ۾ 15هين ۽ جرمني ۾ پهرين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;/&gt;

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ڪيو ايس مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! {{Left|فنون ۽ انسانيات}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;236&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;236
! data-sort-value=&quot;13&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13
|-
| الهيات، ديني علم ۽ مذهبي اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–140&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–140}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–12}}
|-
| آثار قديمه
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–12}}
|-
| تاريخ
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
| جديد ٻوليون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–13}}
|-
| فلسفو
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–7}}
|-
! {{Left|انجنيئرنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي}}
! دستياب ناهي
! دستياب ناهي
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ معلوماتي نظام
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–14}}
|-
! {{Left|حياتياتي سائنسون ۽ طب}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;150&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;150
! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8
|-
| زراعت ۽ ٻيلن جي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;66&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;66}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;117&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;117}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–80&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–80}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}
|-
| طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–13}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جي علم
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–9}}
|-
! {{Left|قدرتي سائنسون}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;96&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;96
! data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7
|-
| ارضياتي ۽ سامونڊي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–7}}
|-
| ارضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جيوفزڪس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
! {{Left|سماجي سائنسون ۽ انتظام}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;275&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;275
! data-sort-value=&quot;10&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10
|-
| معاشيات ۽ اقتصادسنجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
| قانون ۽ قانوني اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=مضمونن موجب عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|access-date=27 October 2022|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
| فنون ۽ انسانيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–20&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–20}}
|-
| ڪاروبار ۽ معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;71&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;71}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| سماجي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–21&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–21}}
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;99&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;99}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڪلينيڪي ۽ صحت جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;176–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;176–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;86&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=86}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9}}
|-
| طبعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| نفسيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}
|-
|}

{{col-break|gap=0.5em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابنديءَ جي مضمونن واري درجابندي 2022ع&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | قدرتي سائنسون
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| طبعيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}
|-
| ڪيميا
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;16–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16–25}}
|-
| ارضياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;17–23&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–23}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}
|-
| وايومنڊلي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–10}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | انجنيئرنگ
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–13}}
|-
| ماحولياتي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;22–28&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;22–28}}
|-
| آبي وسيلا
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}
|-
| خوراڪ جي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}
|-
| حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–25}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | حياتياتي سائنسون
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–11}}
|-
| انساني حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| زرعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;46}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | طبي سائنسون
|-
| ڪلينيڪي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–22}}
|-
| عوامي صحت
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;12–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–22}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب ۽ وات جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}
|-
| طبي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–15}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–6}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | سماجي سائنسون
|-
| معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| انگ اکر
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–6}}
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

=== حڪمت عملي وارا شراڪتي يونيورسٽيون ===

[[بون يونيورسٽي]] دنيا جي مشهور اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان مختلف قسمن جا لاڳاپا برقرار رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University Partnerships |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/partnerships-and-cooperations-worldwide/university-partnerships |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي عالمن، ادارن ۽ فئڪلٽين جي بيشمار تحقيقي سهڪار کان علاوه، بون يونيورسٽي وٽ 70 کان وڌيڪ عالمي اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان بين-فئڪلٽي شراڪتداريءَ جو نيٽ ورڪ پڻ موجود آهي. 2023ع ۾ بون پنهنجي اڳوڻين شراڪتي يونيورسٽين سان لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪندي [[گلوبل يونيورسٽيز فار سوسائٽل امپيڪٽ]] (GUSI) نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن، ته جيئن تعليم، تحقيق، قيادت ۽ جدت جي شعبن ۾ سهڪار کي فروغ ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Global Network Officially Launched |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/069-2023 |work=Universität Bonn |date=10 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== آفريڪا ====
* گھانا: [[گھانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST).
* ڪينيا: [[نائيروبي يونيورسٽي]].
* مراڪش: [[محمد پنجين يونيورسٽي]].

==== ايشيا ۽ اوشيانا ====
* آسٽريليا: [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلبورن يونيورسٽي]].
* چين: [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ ٻولي ۽ ثقافت يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ فارين اسٽڊيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[نانجنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو تونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽونگجي يونيورسٽي]].
* هانگ ڪانگ: [[چائنيز يونيورسٽي آف هانگ ڪانگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* جاپان: [[ڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[رڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوڪوبا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽوڪيو يونيورسٽي]].
* سنگاپور: [[نيشنل يونيورسٽي آف سنگاپور]].
* ڏکڻ ڪوريا: [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سيئول نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوگانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* تائيوان: [[نيشنل چينگچي يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيشنل تائيوان يونيورسٽي]]، [[تامڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].

==== يورپ ====
* چيڪيا: [[چارلس يونيورسٽي]].
* فرانس: {{lang|fr|[[ڪوليج ڊي فرانس]]|italic=no}}، [[پيرس سائنسز اي ليٽرس يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-سڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]].
* اٽلي: [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]].
* لگزمبرگ: [[لگزمبرگ يونيورسٽي]].
* نيدرلينڊ: [[واگيننگن يونيورسٽي اينڊ ريسرچ]].
* پولينڊ: [[وارسا جي ڪارڊينل اسٽيفن ويشينسڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي آف لائيف سائنسز]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وروٽسواف يونيورسٽي]].
* اسپين: [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليون يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]].
* سوئٽزرلينڊ: [[باسل يونيورسٽي]].
* برطانيا: [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]].

==== اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ====
* برازيل: [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]].
* چلي: [[ٽالڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]].
* ڪينيڊا: [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ناردرن برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوٽاوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورنٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڪ گل يونيورسٽي]]، [[يارڪ يونيورسٽي]].
* ميڪسيڪو: [[پويبلا جي ميرٽوريس خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]].
* آمريڪا: [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪالامازو ڪاليج]]، [[لوزيانا اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوهايو اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪنساس يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف مسوري–سينٽ لوئس]]، [[نيو ميڪسيڪو يونيورسٽي]]، [[سدرن مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وسڪانسن–ميڊيسن يونيورسٽي]]، [[واشنگٽن اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]].

==== وچ اوڀر ====
* افغانستان: [[ڪابل يونيورسٽي]].
* اسرائيل: [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽيڪنيون – اسرائيل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]، [[رائخمان يونيورسٽي]]، [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

==== علائقائي نيٽ ورڪ ====
* ABCD-J: [[آر ڊبليو ٽي ايڇ آخن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]]، [[هائنرش هائني يونيورسٽي ڊسلڊورف]]، [[فورشونگسزينٽرم يوليش]].
* بون-فرينڪفرٽ-مينز: [[گوئٽي يونيورسٽي فرينڪفرٽ]]، [[مينز يونيورسٽي]].

==== مضمون-مخصوص ====
بون يونيورسٽي هيٺين بين الاقوامي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪن وسيلي ٻين يونيورسٽين سان ويجها لاڳاپا رکي ٿي:

* GlobalMathNetwork: [[ايڪول نارمال سپيريئر (پيرس)]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;/&gt;
* European Doctoral Programme in Quantitative Economics: [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يورپي يونيورسٽي انسٽيٽيوٽ]]، [[لنڊن اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ايڇ اي سي پيرس]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]].
* TAKeOFF: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST)، [[تنزانيا انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميڊيڪل ريسرچ]]، [[بيوا يونيورسٽي]].
* زرعي جدت: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[هوهنهايم يونيورسٽي]]، [[فورم فار ايگريڪلچرل ريسرچ اِن آفريڪا]] (FARA)، [[AGRODEP]].
* يورپي ثقافت ۽ سڃاڻپ: [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[فرائبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، اروائن]].
* UN-Bonn-Tokyo: [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]]

== قابل ذڪر شخصيتون ==
{{main|بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل شخصيتن جي فهرست}}

هن وقت تائين [[بون يونيورسٽي]] جي استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن کي يارهن [[نوبل انعام]] ۽ پنج [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] ملي چڪا آهن:

* نوبل انعام [[File:Nobel Prize.png|15px]]:
** [[ايميل فشر]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1902ع
** [[ياڪوبس هينريڪس فان 'ٽ هوف]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1901ع
** [[هارالڊ زور هاوزن]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 2008ع
** [[والٽر روڊولف هيس]]، استاد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 1949ع
** [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]]، استاد: معاشيات، 1994ع
** [[وولف گانگ پال]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1989ع
** [[لوئيجي پيرانڊيلو]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1934ع
** [[اوٽو والاخ]]، استاد: ڪيميا، 1910ع
** [[پال يوهان لڊوگ فان هائزه]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1910ع
** [[فلپ لينارڊ]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1905ع
** [[رائنهارڊ گينزل]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: طبعيات، 2020ع

* فيلڊز ميڊل:
** [[گرڊ فالٽنگز]]، 1986ع
** [[ماڪسم ڪونتسيوچ]]، 1998ع
** [[گريگوري مارگولس]]، 1978ع
** [[پيٽر شولتسه]]، 2018ع
** [[مارينا ويازووسڪا]]، 2022ع

بون يونيورسٽي جي مشهور استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن مان ڪجهه هيٺيان آهن:

* انسانيات جي شعبي ۾:

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]]&lt;br /&gt;1949ع کان 1963ع تائين [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_(cropped).gif|[[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;مورخ، ليکڪ، شاعر ۽ [[جرمن اتحاد]] جي اوڻيهين صديءَ واري تحريڪ جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
Image:Pope Benedict XVI 2.jpg|[[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] جو سربراهه ۽ [[ويٽيڪن سٽي]] جو خودمختيار حڪمران
Image:Joseph Karl Stieler's Beethoven mit dem Manuskript der Missa solemnis.jpg|[[لودوگ فان بيتهوون]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ پيانو نواز
Image:Max_bruch.jpg|[[ميڪس بروخ]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ آرڪيسٽرا جو نگران
Image:FranzBoas.jpg|[[فرانز بواس]]&lt;br /&gt;بشريات جو ماهر ۽ جديد بشريات جو باني
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning.jpg|[[هائنرش بروننگ]]&lt;br /&gt;1930ع کان 1932ع تائين [[وائيمار جمهوريه]] دوران [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Einde bezoek bondskanselier dr Ludwig Erhard en gaf persconferentie in het Haag, Bestanddeelnr 916-1330.jpg|[[لودوگ ايرهارڊ]]&lt;br /&gt;1963ع کان 1966ع تائين (اولهه) جرمني جو ٻيو چانسلر
Image:Konrad Duden 1829-1911.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ ڊوڊن]]&lt;br /&gt;لسانيات جو ماهر ۽ جرمن لغت [[ڊوڊن]] جو باني
Image:Walter_Eucken2.jpg|[[والٽر اوئڪن]]&lt;br /&gt;[[فرائبرگ اسڪول]] جو معاشيات دان، [[آرڊولبرلزم]] جو باني ۽ [[سماجي منڊي معيشت]] جي تصور جو واضع ڪندڙ
File:Emperor Friedrich III.png|[[فريڊرڪ ٽيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|[[جوزف گوئبلز]]&lt;br /&gt;نازي سياستدان ۽ نازي جرمني جو پروپيگنڊا وارو وزير
File:Habermas10 (14298469242).jpg|[[يورگن هابرماس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ سماجيات جو ماهر
File:Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg|[[هائنرش هائني]]&lt;br /&gt;شاعر، اديب ۽ ادبي نقاد
File:Moses-Hess.jpg|[[موسس هيس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ [[ليبر صهيونيت]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:AxelHonneth2.JPG|[[اڪسل هونيت]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ ''[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار سوشل ريسرچ]]'' جو ڊائريڪٽر
File:Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah.jpg|[[شيخ عمر ميڪائيلو جاه]]&lt;br /&gt;سرجن ۽ سياستدان
File:2017-03-26 Oskar Lafontaine by Sandro Halank–3.jpg|[[اوسڪار لافونتين]]&lt;br /&gt;[[زارلينڊ]] جو وزيراعليٰ، جرمني جو ناڻي وارو وفاقي وزير، [[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[دي ليفٽ (جرمني)]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Grundsteinlegung MiQua-7004 (cropped).jpg|[[آرمين لاشيٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي ڪرسچن ڊيموڪريٽڪ يونين]] جو اڳواڻ ۽ [[اتر رائين-ويسٽفاليا]] جو وزيراعليٰ
File:2020-02-14 Christian Lindner (Bundestagsprojekt 2020) by Sandro Halank–2.jpg|[[ڪرسچن لنڊنر]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي فري ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Bernd Lucke (2014).jpg|[[برنڊ لُڪي]]&lt;br /&gt;معاشيات جو ماهر ۽ ''[[الٽرنيٽو فار جرمني]]'' جو گڏيل باني
File:Thomas Mann in 1926.jpg|[[ٿامس مان]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ادب ۾ نوبل انعام]] يافته ناول نگار
File:Karl Marx 001.jpg|[[ڪارل مارڪس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، معاشيات دان، مورخ، سماجيات دان، سياسي مفڪر، صحافي ۽ سوشلسٽ انقلابي
File:Josef Mengele, Auschwitz. Album Höcker (cropped) b.jpg|[[جوزف مينگلي]]&lt;br /&gt;[[شوتس شٽافل]] (SS) جو آفيسر، طبيب، بشريات جو ماهر ۽ نازي جنگي ڏوهاري
File:2019-02-05 Andrea Nahles-4936.jpg|[[اينڊريا ناهلس]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جي اڳواڻ ۽ اڳوڻي وفاقي وزير براءِ محنت ۽ سماجي معاملا
File:Nietzsche187a.jpg|[[فريڊرڪ نٽشي]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، ثقافتي نقاد، موسيقار، شاعر ۽ لسانيات جو ماهر
File:Thilo Sarrazin Leipziger Buchmesse 2014.JPG|[[ٿيلو سارازين]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ جرمني ۾ مسلمان مهاجرن بابت تڪراري ڪتابن جو ليکڪ
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-19000-2453, Robert Schuman.jpg|[[رابرٽ شومان]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ [[يورپي يونين]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:Joseph Schumpeter ekonomialaria.jpg|[[جوزف شومپيٽر]]&lt;br /&gt;سياسي معاشيات دان
File:Carl-Schurz.jpg|[[ڪارل شورز]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن انقلابي، آمريڪي سياستدان، صحافي، سڌارڪ ۽ آمريڪا جو 13هون گهرو وزير
File:Ferdinand Tönnies.jpg|[[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]]&lt;br /&gt;سماجيات دان، معاشيات دان ۽ فلسفي
File:Ministru prezidents Valdis Dombrovskis tiekas ar Vācijas ārlietu ministru Gvido Vestervelli (7849819858) (cropped).jpg|[[گائيڊو ويسٽرويله]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمني جو پرڏيهي وزير، 2009ع کان 2011ع تائين نائب چانسلر، ۽ انهن عهدن تي فائز ٿيندڙ پهريون کليل هم جنس پرست شخص
File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|[[ولهيلم ٻيون]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
      <sha1>34anqrqoo8a2zy8rcmv4vjhxay5dxol</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395141</id>
      <parentid>395140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T12:39:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* قابل ذڪر شخصيتون */</comment>
      <origin>395141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130010" sha1="cp9voxa5csxy7ecsgulsom4lubquv44" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

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===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.

===درجابنديون===
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 239
| QS_N = 14
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| THE = 91
| THE_N = 6
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU = 67
| ARWU_N = 4
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023ع جي عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| ARWU_Subject1 = 15
| ARWU_Subject1_N = 1
| ARWU_Subject1_year = 2022
| ARWU_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022|title=شنگهائي رينڪنگ جي علمي مضمونن جي عالمي درجابندي 2022ع|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=2023-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| QS_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| QS_Subject1 = 39
| QS_Subject1_N = 1
| QS_Subject1_year = 2023
| QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022|title=مضمونن موجب ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2022ع|date=23 March 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

2024ع جي [[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ بون يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 239هين ۽ جرمني ۾ 14هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; ان کان علاوه، [[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ يونيورسٽيءَ کي نمايان طور وڌيڪ مٿانهون مقام حاصل ٿيو، جتي اها 2023ع لاءِ عالمي سطح تي 91هين ۽ ملڪ اندر ڇهين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; يونيورسٽيءَ جي سڀ کان مٿانهين مجموعي درجابندي [[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]] ۾ رهي، جنهن ۾ اها 2023ع دوران عالمي سطح تي 67هين ۽ جرمني ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt;

2023ع جي رياضيات بابت ڪيو ايس درجابندي موجب، يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 39هين نمبر تي ۽ جرمني جي سڀ کان مٿانهين درجي واري اداري طور پهرين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;/&gt; 2022ع جي رياضيات بابت عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي پڻ هن شهرت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي دنيا ۾ 15هين ۽ جرمني ۾ پهرين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;/&gt;

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ڪيو ايس مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! {{Left|فنون ۽ انسانيات}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;236&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;236
! data-sort-value=&quot;13&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13
|-
| الهيات، ديني علم ۽ مذهبي اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–140&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–140}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–12}}
|-
| آثار قديمه
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–12}}
|-
| تاريخ
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
| جديد ٻوليون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–13}}
|-
| فلسفو
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–7}}
|-
! {{Left|انجنيئرنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي}}
! دستياب ناهي
! دستياب ناهي
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ معلوماتي نظام
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–14}}
|-
! {{Left|حياتياتي سائنسون ۽ طب}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;150&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;150
! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8
|-
| زراعت ۽ ٻيلن جي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;66&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;66}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;117&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;117}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–80&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–80}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}
|-
| طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–13}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جي علم
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–9}}
|-
! {{Left|قدرتي سائنسون}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;96&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;96
! data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7
|-
| ارضياتي ۽ سامونڊي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–7}}
|-
| ارضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جيوفزڪس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
! {{Left|سماجي سائنسون ۽ انتظام}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;275&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;275
! data-sort-value=&quot;10&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10
|-
| معاشيات ۽ اقتصادسنجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
| قانون ۽ قانوني اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=مضمونن موجب عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|access-date=27 October 2022|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
| فنون ۽ انسانيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–20&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–20}}
|-
| ڪاروبار ۽ معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;71&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;71}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| سماجي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–21&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–21}}
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;99&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;99}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڪلينيڪي ۽ صحت جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;176–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;176–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;86&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=86}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9}}
|-
| طبعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| نفسيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}
|-
|}

{{col-break|gap=0.5em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابنديءَ جي مضمونن واري درجابندي 2022ع&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | قدرتي سائنسون
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| طبعيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}
|-
| ڪيميا
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;16–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16–25}}
|-
| ارضياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;17–23&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–23}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}
|-
| وايومنڊلي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–10}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | انجنيئرنگ
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–13}}
|-
| ماحولياتي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;22–28&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;22–28}}
|-
| آبي وسيلا
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}
|-
| خوراڪ جي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}
|-
| حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–25}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | حياتياتي سائنسون
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–11}}
|-
| انساني حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| زرعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;46}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | طبي سائنسون
|-
| ڪلينيڪي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–22}}
|-
| عوامي صحت
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;12–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–22}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب ۽ وات جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}
|-
| طبي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–15}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–6}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | سماجي سائنسون
|-
| معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| انگ اکر
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–6}}
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

=== حڪمت عملي وارا شراڪتي يونيورسٽيون ===

[[بون يونيورسٽي]] دنيا جي مشهور اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان مختلف قسمن جا لاڳاپا برقرار رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University Partnerships |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/partnerships-and-cooperations-worldwide/university-partnerships |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي عالمن، ادارن ۽ فئڪلٽين جي بيشمار تحقيقي سهڪار کان علاوه، بون يونيورسٽي وٽ 70 کان وڌيڪ عالمي اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان بين-فئڪلٽي شراڪتداريءَ جو نيٽ ورڪ پڻ موجود آهي. 2023ع ۾ بون پنهنجي اڳوڻين شراڪتي يونيورسٽين سان لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪندي [[گلوبل يونيورسٽيز فار سوسائٽل امپيڪٽ]] (GUSI) نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن، ته جيئن تعليم، تحقيق، قيادت ۽ جدت جي شعبن ۾ سهڪار کي فروغ ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Global Network Officially Launched |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/069-2023 |work=Universität Bonn |date=10 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== آفريڪا ====
* گھانا: [[گھانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST).
* ڪينيا: [[نائيروبي يونيورسٽي]].
* مراڪش: [[محمد پنجين يونيورسٽي]].

==== ايشيا ۽ اوشيانا ====
* آسٽريليا: [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلبورن يونيورسٽي]].
* چين: [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ ٻولي ۽ ثقافت يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ فارين اسٽڊيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[نانجنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو تونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽونگجي يونيورسٽي]].
* هانگ ڪانگ: [[چائنيز يونيورسٽي آف هانگ ڪانگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* جاپان: [[ڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[رڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوڪوبا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽوڪيو يونيورسٽي]].
* سنگاپور: [[نيشنل يونيورسٽي آف سنگاپور]].
* ڏکڻ ڪوريا: [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سيئول نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوگانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* تائيوان: [[نيشنل چينگچي يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيشنل تائيوان يونيورسٽي]]، [[تامڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].

==== يورپ ====
* چيڪيا: [[چارلس يونيورسٽي]].
* فرانس: {{lang|fr|[[ڪوليج ڊي فرانس]]|italic=no}}، [[پيرس سائنسز اي ليٽرس يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-سڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]].
* اٽلي: [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]].
* لگزمبرگ: [[لگزمبرگ يونيورسٽي]].
* نيدرلينڊ: [[واگيننگن يونيورسٽي اينڊ ريسرچ]].
* پولينڊ: [[وارسا جي ڪارڊينل اسٽيفن ويشينسڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي آف لائيف سائنسز]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وروٽسواف يونيورسٽي]].
* اسپين: [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليون يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]].
* سوئٽزرلينڊ: [[باسل يونيورسٽي]].
* برطانيا: [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]].

==== اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ====
* برازيل: [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]].
* چلي: [[ٽالڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]].
* ڪينيڊا: [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ناردرن برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوٽاوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورنٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڪ گل يونيورسٽي]]، [[يارڪ يونيورسٽي]].
* ميڪسيڪو: [[پويبلا جي ميرٽوريس خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]].
* آمريڪا: [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪالامازو ڪاليج]]، [[لوزيانا اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوهايو اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪنساس يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف مسوري–سينٽ لوئس]]، [[نيو ميڪسيڪو يونيورسٽي]]، [[سدرن مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وسڪانسن–ميڊيسن يونيورسٽي]]، [[واشنگٽن اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]].

==== وچ اوڀر ====
* افغانستان: [[ڪابل يونيورسٽي]].
* اسرائيل: [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽيڪنيون – اسرائيل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]، [[رائخمان يونيورسٽي]]، [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

==== علائقائي نيٽ ورڪ ====
* ABCD-J: [[آر ڊبليو ٽي ايڇ آخن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]]، [[هائنرش هائني يونيورسٽي ڊسلڊورف]]، [[فورشونگسزينٽرم يوليش]].
* بون-فرينڪفرٽ-مينز: [[گوئٽي يونيورسٽي فرينڪفرٽ]]، [[مينز يونيورسٽي]].

==== مضمون-مخصوص ====
بون يونيورسٽي هيٺين بين الاقوامي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪن وسيلي ٻين يونيورسٽين سان ويجها لاڳاپا رکي ٿي:

* GlobalMathNetwork: [[ايڪول نارمال سپيريئر (پيرس)]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;/&gt;
* European Doctoral Programme in Quantitative Economics: [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يورپي يونيورسٽي انسٽيٽيوٽ]]، [[لنڊن اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ايڇ اي سي پيرس]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]].
* TAKeOFF: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST)، [[تنزانيا انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميڊيڪل ريسرچ]]، [[بيوا يونيورسٽي]].
* زرعي جدت: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[هوهنهايم يونيورسٽي]]، [[فورم فار ايگريڪلچرل ريسرچ اِن آفريڪا]] (FARA)، [[AGRODEP]].
* يورپي ثقافت ۽ سڃاڻپ: [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[فرائبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، اروائن]].
* UN-Bonn-Tokyo: [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]]

== قابل ذڪر شخصيتون ==
{{main|بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل شخصيتن جي فهرست}}

هن وقت تائين [[بون يونيورسٽي]] جي استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن کي يارهن [[نوبل انعام]] ۽ پنج [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] ملي چڪا آهن:

* نوبل انعام [[File:Nobel Prize.png|15px]]:
** [[ايميل فشر]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1902ع
** [[ياڪوبس هينريڪس فان 'ٽ هوف]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1901ع
** [[هارالڊ زور هاوزن]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 2008ع
** [[والٽر روڊولف هيس]]، استاد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 1949ع
** [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]]، استاد: معاشيات، 1994ع
** [[وولف گانگ پال]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1989ع
** [[لوئيجي پيرانڊيلو]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1934ع
** [[اوٽو والاخ]]، استاد: ڪيميا، 1910ع
** [[پال يوهان لڊوگ فان هائزه]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1910ع
** [[فلپ لينارڊ]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1905ع
** [[رائنهارڊ گينزل]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: طبعيات، 2020ع

* فيلڊز ميڊل:
** [[گرڊ فالٽنگز]]، 1986ع
** [[ماڪسم ڪونتسيوچ]]، 1998ع
** [[گريگوري مارگولس]]، 1978ع
** [[پيٽر شولتسه]]، 2018ع
** [[مارينا ويازووسڪا]]، 2022ع

بون يونيورسٽي جي مشهور استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن مان ڪجهه هيٺيان آهن:

* انسانيات جي شعبي ۾:

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]]&lt;br /&gt;1949ع کان 1963ع تائين [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_(cropped).gif|[[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;مورخ، ليکڪ، شاعر ۽ [[جرمن اتحاد]] جي اوڻيهين صديءَ واري تحريڪ جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
Image:Pope Benedict XVI 2.jpg|[[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] جو سربراهه ۽ [[ويٽيڪن سٽي]] جو خودمختيار حڪمران
Image:Joseph Karl Stieler's Beethoven mit dem Manuskript der Missa solemnis.jpg|[[لودوگ فان بيتهوون]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ پيانو نواز
Image:Max_bruch.jpg|[[ميڪس بروخ]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ آرڪيسٽرا جو نگران
Image:FranzBoas.jpg|[[فرانز بواس]]&lt;br /&gt;بشريات جو ماهر ۽ جديد بشريات جو باني
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning.jpg|[[هائنرش بروننگ]]&lt;br /&gt;1930ع کان 1932ع تائين [[وائيمار جمهوريه]] دوران [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Einde bezoek bondskanselier dr Ludwig Erhard en gaf persconferentie in het Haag, Bestanddeelnr 916-1330.jpg|[[لودوگ ايرهارڊ]]&lt;br /&gt;1963ع کان 1966ع تائين (اولهه) جرمني جو ٻيو چانسلر
Image:Konrad Duden 1829-1911.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ ڊوڊن]]&lt;br /&gt;لسانيات جو ماهر ۽ جرمن لغت [[ڊوڊن]] جو باني
Image:Walter_Eucken2.jpg|[[والٽر اوئڪن]]&lt;br /&gt;[[فرائبرگ اسڪول]] جو معاشيات دان، [[آرڊولبرلزم]] جو باني ۽ [[سماجي منڊي معيشت]] جي تصور جو واضع ڪندڙ
File:Emperor Friedrich III.png|[[فريڊرڪ ٽيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|[[جوزف گوئبلز]]&lt;br /&gt;نازي سياستدان ۽ نازي جرمني جو پروپيگنڊا وارو وزير
File:Habermas10 (14298469242).jpg|[[يورگن هابرماس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ سماجيات جو ماهر
File:Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg|[[هائنرش هائني]]&lt;br /&gt;شاعر، اديب ۽ ادبي نقاد
File:Moses-Hess.jpg|[[موسس هيس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ [[ليبر صهيونيت]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:AxelHonneth2.JPG|[[اڪسل هونيت]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ ''[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار سوشل ريسرچ]]'' جو ڊائريڪٽر
File:Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah.jpg|[[شيخ عمر ميڪائيلو جاه]]&lt;br /&gt;سرجن ۽ سياستدان
File:2017-03-26 Oskar Lafontaine by Sandro Halank–3.jpg|[[اوسڪار لافونتين]]&lt;br /&gt;[[زارلينڊ]] جو وزيراعليٰ، جرمني جو ناڻي وارو وفاقي وزير، [[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[دي ليفٽ (جرمني)]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Grundsteinlegung MiQua-7004 (cropped).jpg|[[آرمين لاشيٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي ڪرسچن ڊيموڪريٽڪ يونين]] جو اڳواڻ ۽ [[اتر رائين-ويسٽفاليا]] جو وزيراعليٰ
File:2020-02-14 Christian Lindner (Bundestagsprojekt 2020) by Sandro Halank–2.jpg|[[ڪرسچن لنڊنر]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي فري ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Bernd Lucke (2014).jpg|[[برنڊ لُڪي]]&lt;br /&gt;معاشيات جو ماهر ۽ ''[[الٽرنيٽو فار جرمني]]'' جو گڏيل باني
File:Thomas Mann in 1926.jpg|[[ٿامس مان]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ادب ۾ نوبل انعام]] يافته ناول نگار
File:Karl Marx 001.jpg|[[ڪارل مارڪس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، معاشيات دان، مورخ، سماجيات دان، سياسي مفڪر، صحافي ۽ سوشلسٽ انقلابي
File:Josef Mengele, Auschwitz. Album Höcker (cropped) b.jpg|[[جوزف مينگلي]]&lt;br /&gt;[[شوتس شٽافل]] (SS) جو آفيسر، طبيب، بشريات جو ماهر ۽ نازي جنگي ڏوهاري
File:2019-02-05 Andrea Nahles-4936.jpg|[[اينڊريا ناهلس]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جي اڳواڻ ۽ اڳوڻي وفاقي وزير براءِ محنت ۽ سماجي معاملا
File:Nietzsche187a.jpg|[[فريڊرڪ نٽشي]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، ثقافتي نقاد، موسيقار، شاعر ۽ لسانيات جو ماهر
File:Thilo Sarrazin Leipziger Buchmesse 2014.JPG|[[ٿيلو سارازين]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ جرمني ۾ مسلمان مهاجرن بابت تڪراري ڪتابن جو ليکڪ
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-19000-2453, Robert Schuman.jpg|[[رابرٽ شومان]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ [[يورپي يونين]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:Joseph Schumpeter ekonomialaria.jpg|[[جوزف شومپيٽر]]&lt;br /&gt;سياسي معاشيات دان
File:Carl-Schurz.jpg|[[ڪارل شورز]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن انقلابي، آمريڪي سياستدان، صحافي، سڌارڪ ۽ آمريڪا جو 13هون گهرو وزير
File:Ferdinand Tönnies.jpg|[[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]]&lt;br /&gt;سماجيات دان، معاشيات دان ۽ فلسفي
File:Ministru prezidents Valdis Dombrovskis tiekas ar Vācijas ārlietu ministru Gvido Vestervelli (7849819858) (cropped).jpg|[[گائيڊو ويسٽرويله]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمني جو پرڏيهي وزير، 2009ع کان 2011ع تائين نائب چانسلر، ۽ انهن عهدن تي فائز ٿيندڙ پهريون کليل هم جنس پرست شخص
File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|[[ولهيلم ٻيون]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبي ۾:

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
File:Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander 1852.jpg|[[فريڊرش ولهيلم آگسٽ آرگيلينڊر]]&lt;br /&gt;فلڪيات دان
File:Caratheodory Constantin Greek.JPG|[[ڪانسٽنٽين ڪارٿيئڊوري]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.jpg|[[پيٽر گستاف ليجون ڊيرشلي]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Gerd Faltings MFO.jpg|[[گرڊ فالٽنگز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Emil-fischer.jpg|[[ايميل فشر]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Heinrich Geissler.jpg|[[هائنرش گائسلر]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] جو موجد
File:Reinhard Genzel.jpg|[[رائنهارڊ گينزل]]&lt;br /&gt;فلڪياتي طبعيات دان
File:Hausdorff 1913-1921.jpg|[[فيلڪس هائوسڊورف]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Harald zur Hausen 03.jpg|[[هارالڊ زور هاوزن]]&lt;br /&gt;وائرسيات جو ماهر
File:HEINRICH HERTZ.JPG|[[هائنرش هرٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:Friedrich Hirzebruch.jpeg|[[فريڊرش هرزيبروخ]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Heinrich Eduard Heine 1.jpg|[[ايڊوارڊ هائني]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Walter Hess.jpg|[[والٽر روڊولف هيس]]&lt;br /&gt;جسمانيات جو ماهر
File:Frkekulé.jpg|[[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Vant Hoff.jpg|[[ياڪوبس هينريڪس فان 'ٽ هوف]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعياتي ۽ نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Felix Klein, ante 1897 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0078 B.jpg|[[فيلڪس ڪلائن]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:MaximKontsevich.jpg|[[ماڪسم ڪونتسيوچ]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضياتي طبعيات دان
File:Wolfgang Krull 1967.png|[[وولف گانگ ڪرول]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Phillipp Lenard in 1900.jpg|[[فلپ لينارڊ]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:MJK 20229 Harald Lesch (Republica 2018).jpg|[[هارالڊ ليش]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان، فلڪيات دان، قدرتي فلسفي، ليکڪ ۽ ٽيليويزن پيشڪار
File:Justus von Liebig NIH.jpg|[[جسٽس فان ليبيگ]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا جو باني
File:Maria von Linden in 1894.PNG|[[ماريا فان لنڊن]]&lt;br /&gt;بيڪٽيريات جي ماهر ۽ حياتيات دان
File:RLipschitz.jpeg|[[روڊولف لپشٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Jacob Lueroth.jpeg|[[ياڪوب لوروت]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ ٽي-ورهاءَ (t-Distribution) جو دريافت ڪندڙ
File:Grigory Margulis 1978.jpg|[[گريگوري مارگولس]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Hermann Minkowski Portrait.jpg|[[هرمان منڪووسڪي]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ طبعيات دان
File:Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG|[[وولف گانگ پال]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:Carl adam petri.jpg|[[ڪارل آدم پيٽري]]&lt;br /&gt;ڪمپيوٽر سائنسدان ۽ رياضيدان
File:Julius Plücker.jpg|[[يوليوس پلڪر]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ تجربيڪار طبعيات دان
File:Peter Scholze (cropped).jpg|[[پيٽر شولتسه]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Schonhage1973 MFO3726.jpg|[[آرنولڊ شونهاگه]]&lt;br /&gt;ڪمپيوٽر سائنسدان ۽ رياضيدان
File:Schur.jpg|[[اِسائي شور]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Toeplitz.jpg|[[اوٽو ٽوئپليٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Maryna Vazovska MFO 2013 crop.jpg|[[مارينا ويازووسڪا]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Otto Wallach 1910.jpg|[[اوٽو والاخ]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Karl Weierstrass.jpg|[[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cp9voxa5csxy7ecsgulsom4lubquv44</sha1>
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      <text bytes="131395" sha1="h7nu2at2m1ydyno7p2mcbi6qhyo7zof" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي بون شهر ۾ سرڪاري يونيورسٽي}}


{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
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 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} (انگريزي: ''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''Licentiat'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: {{Lang|de|den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten}}). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

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===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.

===درجابنديون===
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 239
| QS_N = 14
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| THE = 91
| THE_N = 6
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU = 67
| ARWU_N = 4
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023ع جي عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| ARWU_Subject1 = 15
| ARWU_Subject1_N = 1
| ARWU_Subject1_year = 2022
| ARWU_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022|title=شنگهائي رينڪنگ جي علمي مضمونن جي عالمي درجابندي 2022ع|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=2023-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| QS_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| QS_Subject1 = 39
| QS_Subject1_N = 1
| QS_Subject1_year = 2023
| QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022|title=مضمونن موجب ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2022ع|date=23 March 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

2024ع جي [[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ بون يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 239هين ۽ جرمني ۾ 14هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; ان کان علاوه، [[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ يونيورسٽيءَ کي نمايان طور وڌيڪ مٿانهون مقام حاصل ٿيو، جتي اها 2023ع لاءِ عالمي سطح تي 91هين ۽ ملڪ اندر ڇهين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; يونيورسٽيءَ جي سڀ کان مٿانهين مجموعي درجابندي [[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]] ۾ رهي، جنهن ۾ اها 2023ع دوران عالمي سطح تي 67هين ۽ جرمني ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt;

2023ع جي رياضيات بابت ڪيو ايس درجابندي موجب، يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 39هين نمبر تي ۽ جرمني جي سڀ کان مٿانهين درجي واري اداري طور پهرين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;/&gt; 2022ع جي رياضيات بابت عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي پڻ هن شهرت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي دنيا ۾ 15هين ۽ جرمني ۾ پهرين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;/&gt;

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ڪيو ايس مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! {{Left|فنون ۽ انسانيات}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;236&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;236
! data-sort-value=&quot;13&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13
|-
| الهيات، ديني علم ۽ مذهبي اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–140&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–140}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–12}}
|-
| آثار قديمه
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–12}}
|-
| تاريخ
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
| جديد ٻوليون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–13}}
|-
| فلسفو
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–7}}
|-
! {{Left|انجنيئرنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي}}
! دستياب ناهي
! دستياب ناهي
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ معلوماتي نظام
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–14}}
|-
! {{Left|حياتياتي سائنسون ۽ طب}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;150&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;150
! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8
|-
| زراعت ۽ ٻيلن جي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;66&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;66}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;117&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;117}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–80&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–80}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}
|-
| طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–13}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جي علم
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–9}}
|-
! {{Left|قدرتي سائنسون}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;96&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;96
! data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7
|-
| ارضياتي ۽ سامونڊي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–7}}
|-
| ارضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جيوفزڪس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
! {{Left|سماجي سائنسون ۽ انتظام}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;275&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;275
! data-sort-value=&quot;10&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10
|-
| معاشيات ۽ اقتصادسنجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
| قانون ۽ قانوني اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=مضمونن موجب عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|access-date=27 October 2022|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
| فنون ۽ انسانيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–20&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–20}}
|-
| ڪاروبار ۽ معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;71&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;71}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| سماجي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–21&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–21}}
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;99&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;99}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڪلينيڪي ۽ صحت جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;176–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;176–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;86&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=86}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9}}
|-
| طبعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| نفسيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}
|-
|}

{{col-break|gap=0.5em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابنديءَ جي مضمونن واري درجابندي 2022ع&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | قدرتي سائنسون
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| طبعيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}
|-
| ڪيميا
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;16–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16–25}}
|-
| ارضياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;17–23&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–23}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}
|-
| وايومنڊلي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–10}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | انجنيئرنگ
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–13}}
|-
| ماحولياتي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;22–28&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;22–28}}
|-
| آبي وسيلا
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}
|-
| خوراڪ جي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}
|-
| حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–25}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | حياتياتي سائنسون
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–11}}
|-
| انساني حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| زرعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;46}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | طبي سائنسون
|-
| ڪلينيڪي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–22}}
|-
| عوامي صحت
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;12–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–22}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب ۽ وات جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}
|-
| طبي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–15}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–6}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | سماجي سائنسون
|-
| معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| انگ اکر
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–6}}
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

=== حڪمت عملي وارا شراڪتي يونيورسٽيون ===

[[بون يونيورسٽي]] دنيا جي مشهور اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان مختلف قسمن جا لاڳاپا برقرار رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University Partnerships |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/partnerships-and-cooperations-worldwide/university-partnerships |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي عالمن، ادارن ۽ فئڪلٽين جي بيشمار تحقيقي سهڪار کان علاوه، بون يونيورسٽي وٽ 70 کان وڌيڪ عالمي اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان بين-فئڪلٽي شراڪتداريءَ جو نيٽ ورڪ پڻ موجود آهي. 2023ع ۾ بون پنهنجي اڳوڻين شراڪتي يونيورسٽين سان لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪندي [[گلوبل يونيورسٽيز فار سوسائٽل امپيڪٽ]] (GUSI) نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن، ته جيئن تعليم، تحقيق، قيادت ۽ جدت جي شعبن ۾ سهڪار کي فروغ ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Global Network Officially Launched |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/069-2023 |work=Universität Bonn |date=10 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== آفريڪا ====
* گھانا: [[گھانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST).
* ڪينيا: [[نائيروبي يونيورسٽي]].
* مراڪش: [[محمد پنجين يونيورسٽي]].

==== ايشيا ۽ اوشيانا ====
* آسٽريليا: [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلبورن يونيورسٽي]].
* چين: [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ ٻولي ۽ ثقافت يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ فارين اسٽڊيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[نانجنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو تونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽونگجي يونيورسٽي]].
* هانگ ڪانگ: [[چائنيز يونيورسٽي آف هانگ ڪانگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* جاپان: [[ڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[رڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوڪوبا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽوڪيو يونيورسٽي]].
* سنگاپور: [[نيشنل يونيورسٽي آف سنگاپور]].
* ڏکڻ ڪوريا: [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سيئول نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوگانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* تائيوان: [[نيشنل چينگچي يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيشنل تائيوان يونيورسٽي]]، [[تامڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].

==== يورپ ====
* چيڪيا: [[چارلس يونيورسٽي]].
* فرانس: {{lang|fr|[[ڪوليج ڊي فرانس]]|italic=no}}، [[پيرس سائنسز اي ليٽرس يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-سڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]].
* اٽلي: [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]].
* لگزمبرگ: [[لگزمبرگ يونيورسٽي]].
* نيدرلينڊ: [[واگيننگن يونيورسٽي اينڊ ريسرچ]].
* پولينڊ: [[وارسا جي ڪارڊينل اسٽيفن ويشينسڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي آف لائيف سائنسز]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وروٽسواف يونيورسٽي]].
* اسپين: [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليون يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]].
* سوئٽزرلينڊ: [[باسل يونيورسٽي]].
* برطانيا: [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]].

==== اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ====
* برازيل: [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]].
* چلي: [[ٽالڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]].
* ڪينيڊا: [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ناردرن برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوٽاوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورنٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڪ گل يونيورسٽي]]، [[يارڪ يونيورسٽي]].
* ميڪسيڪو: [[پويبلا جي ميرٽوريس خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]].
* آمريڪا: [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪالامازو ڪاليج]]، [[لوزيانا اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوهايو اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪنساس يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف مسوري–سينٽ لوئس]]، [[نيو ميڪسيڪو يونيورسٽي]]، [[سدرن مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وسڪانسن–ميڊيسن يونيورسٽي]]، [[واشنگٽن اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]].

==== وچ اوڀر ====
* افغانستان: [[ڪابل يونيورسٽي]].
* اسرائيل: [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽيڪنيون – اسرائيل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]، [[رائخمان يونيورسٽي]]، [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

==== علائقائي نيٽ ورڪ ====
* ABCD-J: [[آر ڊبليو ٽي ايڇ آخن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]]، [[هائنرش هائني يونيورسٽي ڊسلڊورف]]، [[فورشونگسزينٽرم يوليش]].
* بون-فرينڪفرٽ-مينز: [[گوئٽي يونيورسٽي فرينڪفرٽ]]، [[مينز يونيورسٽي]].

==== مضمون-مخصوص ====
بون يونيورسٽي هيٺين بين الاقوامي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪن وسيلي ٻين يونيورسٽين سان ويجها لاڳاپا رکي ٿي:

* GlobalMathNetwork: [[ايڪول نارمال سپيريئر (پيرس)]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;/&gt;
* European Doctoral Programme in Quantitative Economics: [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يورپي يونيورسٽي انسٽيٽيوٽ]]، [[لنڊن اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ايڇ اي سي پيرس]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]].
* TAKeOFF: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST)، [[تنزانيا انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميڊيڪل ريسرچ]]، [[بيوا يونيورسٽي]].
* زرعي جدت: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[هوهنهايم يونيورسٽي]]، [[فورم فار ايگريڪلچرل ريسرچ اِن آفريڪا]] (FARA)، [[AGRODEP]].
* يورپي ثقافت ۽ سڃاڻپ: [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[فرائبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، اروائن]].
* UN-Bonn-Tokyo: [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]]

== قابل ذڪر شخصيتون ==
{{main|بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل شخصيتن جي فهرست}}

هن وقت تائين [[بون يونيورسٽي]] جي استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن کي يارهن [[نوبل انعام]] ۽ پنج [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] ملي چڪا آهن:

* نوبل انعام [[File:Nobel Prize.png|15px]]:
** [[ايميل فشر]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1902ع
** [[ياڪوبس هينريڪس فان 'ٽ هوف]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1901ع
** [[هارالڊ زور هاوزن]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 2008ع
** [[والٽر روڊولف هيس]]، استاد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 1949ع
** [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]]، استاد: معاشيات، 1994ع
** [[وولف گانگ پال]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1989ع
** [[لوئيجي پيرانڊيلو]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1934ع
** [[اوٽو والاخ]]، استاد: ڪيميا، 1910ع
** [[پال يوهان لڊوگ فان هائزه]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1910ع
** [[فلپ لينارڊ]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1905ع
** [[رائنهارڊ گينزل]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: طبعيات، 2020ع

* فيلڊز ميڊل:
** [[گرڊ فالٽنگز]]، 1986ع
** [[ماڪسم ڪونتسيوچ]]، 1998ع
** [[گريگوري مارگولس]]، 1978ع
** [[پيٽر شولتسه]]، 2018ع
** [[مارينا ويازووسڪا]]، 2022ع

بون يونيورسٽي جي مشهور استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن مان ڪجهه هيٺيان آهن:

* انسانيات جي شعبي ۾:

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]]&lt;br /&gt;1949ع کان 1963ع تائين [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_(cropped).gif|[[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;مورخ، ليکڪ، شاعر ۽ [[جرمن اتحاد]] جي اوڻيهين صديءَ واري تحريڪ جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
Image:Pope Benedict XVI 2.jpg|[[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] جو سربراهه ۽ [[ويٽيڪن سٽي]] جو خودمختيار حڪمران
Image:Joseph Karl Stieler's Beethoven mit dem Manuskript der Missa solemnis.jpg|[[لودوگ فان بيتهوون]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ پيانو نواز
Image:Max_bruch.jpg|[[ميڪس بروخ]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ آرڪيسٽرا جو نگران
Image:FranzBoas.jpg|[[فرانز بواس]]&lt;br /&gt;بشريات جو ماهر ۽ جديد بشريات جو باني
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning.jpg|[[هائنرش بروننگ]]&lt;br /&gt;1930ع کان 1932ع تائين [[وائيمار جمهوريه]] دوران [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Einde bezoek bondskanselier dr Ludwig Erhard en gaf persconferentie in het Haag, Bestanddeelnr 916-1330.jpg|[[لودوگ ايرهارڊ]]&lt;br /&gt;1963ع کان 1966ع تائين (اولهه) جرمني جو ٻيو چانسلر
Image:Konrad Duden 1829-1911.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ ڊوڊن]]&lt;br /&gt;لسانيات جو ماهر ۽ جرمن لغت [[ڊوڊن]] جو باني
Image:Walter_Eucken2.jpg|[[والٽر اوئڪن]]&lt;br /&gt;[[فرائبرگ اسڪول]] جو معاشيات دان، [[آرڊولبرلزم]] جو باني ۽ [[سماجي منڊي معيشت]] جي تصور جو واضع ڪندڙ
File:Emperor Friedrich III.png|[[فريڊرڪ ٽيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|[[جوزف گوئبلز]]&lt;br /&gt;نازي سياستدان ۽ نازي جرمني جو پروپيگنڊا وارو وزير
File:Habermas10 (14298469242).jpg|[[يورگن هابرماس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ سماجيات جو ماهر
File:Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg|[[هائنرش هائني]]&lt;br /&gt;شاعر، اديب ۽ ادبي نقاد
File:Moses-Hess.jpg|[[موسس هيس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ [[ليبر صهيونيت]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:AxelHonneth2.JPG|[[اڪسل هونيت]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ ''[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار سوشل ريسرچ]]'' جو ڊائريڪٽر
File:Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah.jpg|[[شيخ عمر ميڪائيلو جاه]]&lt;br /&gt;سرجن ۽ سياستدان
File:2017-03-26 Oskar Lafontaine by Sandro Halank–3.jpg|[[اوسڪار لافونتين]]&lt;br /&gt;[[زارلينڊ]] جو وزيراعليٰ، جرمني جو ناڻي وارو وفاقي وزير، [[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[دي ليفٽ (جرمني)]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Grundsteinlegung MiQua-7004 (cropped).jpg|[[آرمين لاشيٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي ڪرسچن ڊيموڪريٽڪ يونين]] جو اڳواڻ ۽ [[اتر رائين-ويسٽفاليا]] جو وزيراعليٰ
File:2020-02-14 Christian Lindner (Bundestagsprojekt 2020) by Sandro Halank–2.jpg|[[ڪرسچن لنڊنر]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي فري ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Bernd Lucke (2014).jpg|[[برنڊ لُڪي]]&lt;br /&gt;معاشيات جو ماهر ۽ ''[[الٽرنيٽو فار جرمني]]'' جو گڏيل باني
File:Thomas Mann in 1926.jpg|[[ٿامس مان]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ادب ۾ نوبل انعام]] يافته ناول نگار
File:Karl Marx 001.jpg|[[ڪارل مارڪس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، معاشيات دان، مورخ، سماجيات دان، سياسي مفڪر، صحافي ۽ سوشلسٽ انقلابي
File:Josef Mengele, Auschwitz. Album Höcker (cropped) b.jpg|[[جوزف مينگلي]]&lt;br /&gt;[[شوتس شٽافل]] (SS) جو آفيسر، طبيب، بشريات جو ماهر ۽ نازي جنگي ڏوهاري
File:2019-02-05 Andrea Nahles-4936.jpg|[[اينڊريا ناهلس]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جي اڳواڻ ۽ اڳوڻي وفاقي وزير براءِ محنت ۽ سماجي معاملا
File:Nietzsche187a.jpg|[[فريڊرڪ نٽشي]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، ثقافتي نقاد، موسيقار، شاعر ۽ لسانيات جو ماهر
File:Thilo Sarrazin Leipziger Buchmesse 2014.JPG|[[ٿيلو سارازين]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ جرمني ۾ مسلمان مهاجرن بابت تڪراري ڪتابن جو ليکڪ
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-19000-2453, Robert Schuman.jpg|[[رابرٽ شومان]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ [[يورپي يونين]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:Joseph Schumpeter ekonomialaria.jpg|[[جوزف شومپيٽر]]&lt;br /&gt;سياسي معاشيات دان
File:Carl-Schurz.jpg|[[ڪارل شورز]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن انقلابي، آمريڪي سياستدان، صحافي، سڌارڪ ۽ آمريڪا جو 13هون گهرو وزير
File:Ferdinand Tönnies.jpg|[[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]]&lt;br /&gt;سماجيات دان، معاشيات دان ۽ فلسفي
File:Ministru prezidents Valdis Dombrovskis tiekas ar Vācijas ārlietu ministru Gvido Vestervelli (7849819858) (cropped).jpg|[[گائيڊو ويسٽرويله]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمني جو پرڏيهي وزير، 2009ع کان 2011ع تائين نائب چانسلر، ۽ انهن عهدن تي فائز ٿيندڙ پهريون کليل هم جنس پرست شخص
File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|[[ولهيلم ٻيون]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبي ۾:

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
File:Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander 1852.jpg|[[فريڊرش ولهيلم آگسٽ آرگيلينڊر]]&lt;br /&gt;فلڪيات دان
File:Caratheodory Constantin Greek.JPG|[[ڪانسٽنٽين ڪارٿيئڊوري]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.jpg|[[پيٽر گستاف ليجون ڊيرشلي]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Gerd Faltings MFO.jpg|[[گرڊ فالٽنگز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Emil-fischer.jpg|[[ايميل فشر]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Heinrich Geissler.jpg|[[هائنرش گائسلر]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] جو موجد
File:Reinhard Genzel.jpg|[[رائنهارڊ گينزل]]&lt;br /&gt;فلڪياتي طبعيات دان
File:Hausdorff 1913-1921.jpg|[[فيلڪس هائوسڊورف]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Harald zur Hausen 03.jpg|[[هارالڊ زور هاوزن]]&lt;br /&gt;وائرسيات جو ماهر
File:HEINRICH HERTZ.JPG|[[هائنرش هرٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:Friedrich Hirzebruch.jpeg|[[فريڊرش هرزيبروخ]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Heinrich Eduard Heine 1.jpg|[[ايڊوارڊ هائني]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Walter Hess.jpg|[[والٽر روڊولف هيس]]&lt;br /&gt;جسمانيات جو ماهر
File:Frkekulé.jpg|[[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Vant Hoff.jpg|[[ياڪوبس هينريڪس فان 'ٽ هوف]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعياتي ۽ نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Felix Klein, ante 1897 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0078 B.jpg|[[فيلڪس ڪلائن]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:MaximKontsevich.jpg|[[ماڪسم ڪونتسيوچ]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضياتي طبعيات دان
File:Wolfgang Krull 1967.png|[[وولف گانگ ڪرول]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Phillipp Lenard in 1900.jpg|[[فلپ لينارڊ]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:MJK 20229 Harald Lesch (Republica 2018).jpg|[[هارالڊ ليش]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان، فلڪيات دان، قدرتي فلسفي، ليکڪ ۽ ٽيليويزن پيشڪار
File:Justus von Liebig NIH.jpg|[[جسٽس فان ليبيگ]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا جو باني
File:Maria von Linden in 1894.PNG|[[ماريا فان لنڊن]]&lt;br /&gt;بيڪٽيريات جي ماهر ۽ حياتيات دان
File:RLipschitz.jpeg|[[روڊولف لپشٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Jacob Lueroth.jpeg|[[ياڪوب لوروت]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ ٽي-ورهاءَ (t-Distribution) جو دريافت ڪندڙ
File:Grigory Margulis 1978.jpg|[[گريگوري مارگولس]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Hermann Minkowski Portrait.jpg|[[هرمان منڪووسڪي]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ طبعيات دان
File:Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG|[[وولف گانگ پال]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:Carl adam petri.jpg|[[ڪارل آدم پيٽري]]&lt;br /&gt;ڪمپيوٽر سائنسدان ۽ رياضيدان
File:Julius Plücker.jpg|[[يوليوس پلڪر]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ تجربيڪار طبعيات دان
File:Peter Scholze (cropped).jpg|[[پيٽر شولتسه]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Schonhage1973 MFO3726.jpg|[[آرنولڊ شونهاگه]]&lt;br /&gt;ڪمپيوٽر سائنسدان ۽ رياضيدان
File:Schur.jpg|[[اِسائي شور]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Toeplitz.jpg|[[اوٽو ٽوئپليٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Maryna Vazovska MFO 2013 crop.jpg|[[مارينا ويازووسڪا]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Otto Wallach 1910.jpg|[[اوٽو والاخ]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Karl Weierstrass.jpg|[[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[يورپ ۾ جديد دور جي شروعاتي يونيورسٽين جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität}}
* {{Official website|URL=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en}}
* [http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/english يونيورسٽي لائبريري] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203140150/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/english |date=3 February 2017 }}

{{University of Bonn|state=expanded}}
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[[زمرو:بون يونيورسٽي]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيل تعليمي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:اتر رائين-ويسٽفاليا جون يونيورسٽيون ۽ ڪاليج]]
[[زمرو:بون جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:جمعي لائبريريون]]
[[زمرو:بون جون لائبريريون]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ پروشيا ۾ قائم ٿيل ادارا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ هولوڪاسٽ سان لاڳاپيل ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون زرعي يونيورسٽيون ۽ ڪاليج]]
[[زمرو:پروشيا جو فريڊرڪ وليم ٽيون]]</text>
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{{Infobox university
 | name                   = بون يونيورسٽي
 | native_name            = Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn&lt;br/&gt;رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي 
 | image                  = University of Bonn seal.svg
 | image_size             = 166px
 | caption                = يونيورسٽي جي سرڪاري مهر
 | logo                   = Universität Bonn.svg
 | motto                  =
 | established            = {{start date and age|1777}} (''ڪورڪولون جي بون اڪيڊمي'' طور)؛&lt;br /&gt;بنياد: {{start date and age|1818|10|18|df=y}}
 | type                   = [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]]
 | coordinates            = {{coord|50|44|02|N|7|06|08|E|region:DE-NW_type:edu|display=title}}
 | mapframe               = yes
 | mapframe-zoom          = 12
 | pushpin_map            = Germany#North Rhine-Westphalia
 | students               = 31,318 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | city                   = [[بون]]
 | country                = جرمني
 | campus                 = شهري
 | campus_size            = {{convert|247|acre}}
 | | affiliations = {{hlist|[[يورپي يونيورسٽي ايسوسيئيشن| (اي يو اي)]]|[[فرانس-جرمن يونيورسٽي| (ايف جي يو)]]|[[جرمن يو15]]|[[سماجي اثر لاءِ عالمي يونيورسٽيون (جي يو ايس آء)]]|[[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]]}}| colors                 = {{color box|#07529a}}{{color box|#eab90c}}{{color box| #909085}} نيرو، پيلو، سرمائي| website = [https://www.uni-bonn.de/ uni-bonn.de]| native_name_lang       = de
 | academic_staff         = 707 پروفيسر&lt;br&gt;5,536 (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | administrative_staff   = 1,988 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot; /&gt;
 | budget                 = 818.53 ملين يورو (2024) (يونيورسٽي اسپتال کان سواءِ)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Zahlen und Fakten | website=Universität Bonn | url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/universitaet/ueber-die-uni/zahlen-und-fakten | language=de | access-date=23 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | rector                 = مائيڪل هوخ
}}

'''بون يونيورسٽي'''، جنهن جو سرڪاري نالو '''رائينش فريڊرش وِلهم بون يونيورسٽي''' آهي، جرمني جي رياست نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي شهر [[بون]] ۾ واقع هڪ [[سرڪاري يونيورسٽي|سرڪاري]] [[تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] آهي. هن جو موجوده ادارتي ڍانچو 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] پاران ريئن يونيورسٽيٽ ('''رائين يونيورسٽي''') جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا 1777ع ۾ قائم ٿيل بون جي ڪورڪولون اڪيڊمي (ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي اڪيڊمي) جي قانوني جانشين آهي. بون يونيورسٽي مختلف شعبن ۾ بي اي، بي ايس، ماسٽرز ۽ اعليٰ درجي جا ڪيترائي تعليمي پروگرام پيش ڪري ٿي ۽ ان ۾ 544 پروفيسر آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جرمني جي اهم تحقيق تي ٻڌل يونيورسٽين جي تنظيم [[جرمن يو15]] جي ميمبر آهي ۽ [[جرمن يونيورسٽين جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو]] تحت &quot;يونيورسٽي آف ايڪسيلينس&quot; جو درجو رکي ٿي.
بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اٺ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' آهن، جيڪي جرمني جي ڪنهن به يونيورسٽي کان وڌيڪ آهن؛&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clusters of Excellence |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/research-and-teaching/research-profile/excellence-strategy/clusters-of-excellence |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; انهن ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، ڪوانٽم ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ مادو ۽ روشني،  بون مرڪز براءِ انحصار ۽ غلاميءَ جا اڀياس،  فينو روب: فصلن جي مستقبل جي پيداوار بابت تحقيق،  مدافعتي حسي نظام،  ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي،  رنگ ۽ ذائقو، ۽ اسانجي متحرڪ ڪائنات شامل آهن. [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] يونيورسٽي ۽ نارٿ رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي مرڪزي علمي ۽ آرڪائيو لائبريري آهي، جنهن ۾ پنجن ملين کان وڌيڪ جلدون محفوظ آهن. آڪٽوبر 2020ع مطابق يونيورسٽي جي مشهور اڳوڻن شاگردن، استادن ۽ محققن ۾ 11 [[نوبل انعام]] يافته، 5 [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] يافته، 12 [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم لائبنٽس انعام]] يافته، ۽ قدرتي سائنس جي مشهور شخصيتن جهڙوڪ [[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]، [[هائنرش هرٽز]] ۽ [[جسٽس فون ليبيگ]]؛ نامور رياضي دان [[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]، [[فيليڪس ڪلين]]، [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] ۽ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]]؛ فلسفي [[فريڊرش نٽشي]]، [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[يورگن هابرماس]]؛ جرمن شاعر ۽ اديب [[هائنرش هائنه]]، [[پال هائزه]] ۽ [[ٿامس مان]]؛ مصور [[ميڪس ارنسٽ]]؛ سياسي مفڪر [[ڪارل شميٽ]] ۽ [[اوٽو ڪرخائمر]]؛ مدبر [[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]] ۽ [[رابرٽ شومان]]؛ معاشيات جا ماهر [[والٽر اوئڪن]]، [[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]] ۽ [[جوزف شمپيٽر]]؛ ۽ پڻ [[پرنس البرٽ]]، [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ شانزدهم]] ۽ [[ولهيلم ٻيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]] شامل آهن.

==تاريخ==

===بنياد===

يونيورسٽي جو پيشرو ادارو ڪورڪولنيشه اڪيڊمي بون (ا''[[ڪولون]] جي [[چونڊيل شهزادو|چونڊيل شهزادي]] جي اڪيڊمي'') هو، جنهن کي 1777ع ۾ [[ميڪسميلين فريڊرش فون ڪونيگزيگ-روٿنفيلس]] قائم ڪيو. هو ڪولون جو چونڊيل شهزادو هو ۽ [[بيتهوون]] جي شروعاتي سرپرستن مان پڻ هڪ هو. [[روشن خياليءَ جو دور|روشن خياليءَ جي دور]] جي روح مطابق، نئين اڪيڊمي ڪنهن هڪ مذهبي فرقي تائين محدود نه هئي. اڪيڊمي ۾ [[الهيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ عام تعليم جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا. 1784ع ۾ [[جوزف ٻيون، مقدس رومي شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه جوزف ٻئي]] اڪيڊمي کي علمي ڊگريون (''ليسينشيات'' ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي) ڏيڻ جو حق عطا ڪيو، جنهن سان اها اڪيڊمي هڪ يونيورسٽي بڻجي وئي. 1798ع ۾ [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگن]] دوران فرانس طرفان [[رائين]] درياهه جي کاٻي ڪناري تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان پوءِ اڪيڊمي بند ڪئي وئي.

1815ع ۾ [[ويانا ڪانگريس]] جي نتيجي ۾ [[رائين لينڊ]] [[پروشيا]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ان کان پوءِ بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]] 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي نئين صوبي ۾ هڪ نئين يونيورسٽي قائم ڪرڻ جو حڪم جاري ڪيو (جرمن: ڊين آئوس لانڊيسفيٽرليشر فورزورگه فير اِهر بيسٽس گيفاسٽن اينٽشلوس، اِن اُنزرن رائنلانڊن آئينه يونيورسٽي تسو ايررشٽن. ترجمو:&quot;پنهنجي رعيت جي ڀلائي لاءِ پدرانه ذميواريءَ جي احساس تحت ڪيل اسان جي فيصلي موجب، اسان جي رائن علائقي ۾ هڪ يونيورسٽي قائم ڪئي وڃي.&quot;). ان وقت رائين لينڊ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي موجود نه هئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 18هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين موجود ٽيئي يونيورسٽيون فرانسيسي قبضي جي نتيجي ۾ بند ٿي چڪيون هيون. {{Lang|de|Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn}} انهن ٽنهي مان هڪ هئي، جڏهن ته ٻيون ٻه [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] (رومن ڪيٿولڪ) ۽ [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (پروٽيسٽنٽ) هيون.

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===رائين يونيورسٽي===

[[File:Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen (unbekannter Maler).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[فريڊرش وِلهم ٽيون]]، يونيورسٽي جو باني]]
[[File:2014-07-02 Koblenzer Tor, Bonn IMG 2077.jpg|thumb|ڪوبلينز دروازو ۽ آڊيناور آلي]]

نئين رائين يونيورسٽي (جرمن:رائن يونيورسٽيٽ) 18 آڪٽوبر 1818ع تي فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين طرفان قائم ڪئي وئي. اها پروشيا جي ڇهين يونيورسٽي هئي، جيڪا [[گريفسوالڊ يونيورسٽي|گريفسوالڊ]]، [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي|برلن]]، [[ڪونيگسبرگ يونيورسٽي|ڪونيگسبرگ]]، [[مارٽن لوٿر يونيورسٽي هالي-ويٽنبرگ|هالي]] ۽ [[وروڪلاو يونيورسٽي|بريسلاو]] جي يونيورسٽين کان پوءِ قائم ٿي. نئين يونيورسٽي ٻنهي عيسائي فرقن جي وچ ۾ برابريءَ جي بنياد تي منظم ڪئي وئي. اهو به هڪ اهم سبب هو جو غير فرقيواراڻي تعليمي روايت رکندڙ بون کي ڪولون ۽ ڊوئسبرگ تي ترجيح ڏني وئي. رومن ڪيٿولڪ الهيات ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شعبن کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي ۾ طب، قانون ۽ فلسفي جا شعبا پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا. شروعات ۾ بون ۾ 35 پروفيسر ۽ اٺ معاون پروفيسر تدريس جا فرض انجام ڏئي رهيا هئا.

1827ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جو آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. [[ولهيلم فون همبولٽ]] جي فڪر جي روح مطابق، هن آئين يونيورسٽي جي خودمختياري ۽ تدريس ۽ تحقيق جي وحدت تي زور ڏنو. 1810ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[برلن جي همبولٽ يونيورسٽي]] وانگر، هن نئين آئين بون يونيورسٽي کي [[يورپي تحقيقي يونيورسٽين جي تاريخ#اوڻيهين ۽ ويهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي يونيورسٽي جا نمونا|جديد تحقيقي يونيورسٽي]] ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.

رائين يونيورسٽي جي قيام کان فقط هڪ سال پوءِ [[ناٽڪ نويس]] [[آگسٽ فون ڪوٽزيبو]] کي [[يينا جي فريڊرش شِلر يونيورسٽي]] جي شاگرد [[ڪارل لُڊوِگ سانڊ]] قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. 20 سيپٽمبر 1819ع تي لاڳو ڪيل [[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جي نتيجي ۾ يونيورسٽين خلاف سخت ڪارروائيون شروع ٿيون، [[بورشنشافٽ]] تنظيمن کي ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ سينسرشپ جا قانون نافذ ڪيا ويا. انهن قدمن جو هڪ شڪار اديب ۽ شاعر [[ارنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] به ٿيو، جيڪو تازو بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پروفيسر مقرر ٿيو هو، پر کيس تدريس کان روڪيو ويو. 1840ع ۾ فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين جي وفات کان پوءِ ئي کيس پنهنجي پروفيسريءَ تي ٻيهر بحال ڪيو ويو.

[[ڪارلسباڊ فرمان]] جو هڪ ٻيو نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو فريڊرش وِلهم ٽئين نئين يونيورسٽي کي نه سرڪاري زنجيرِ منصب، نه سرڪاري مهر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سرڪاري نالو عطا ڪيو. اهڙيءَ طرح رائين يونيورسٽي 1840ع تائين بغير سرڪاري نالي جي رهي، جڏهن پروشيا جي نئين بادشاهه [[فريڊرش وِلهم چوٿون]] ان کي سرڪاري نالو رائنش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ ڏنو. (هي آخري جملو ''ڊي پروئيسسشن يونيورسٽيٽن'' (پروشيا جون يونيورسٽيون) جي صفحي 176 سان تضاد رکي ٿو، جتي ڄاڻايل آهي ته 28 جون 1828ع تي جاري ڪيل ڪابينا جي حڪم تحت يونيورسٽي کي رائينش فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ نالو ڏنو ويو هو.)&lt;ref&gt;Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch: Die Preussischen Universitäten, vol. 1, Berlin: Posen und Bromberg: 1839, pg. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

انهن مسئلن جي باوجود، يونيورسٽي ترقي ڪندي رهي ۽ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ۽ شاگردن کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجه ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين يونيورسٽي کي پرنسٽن يونيورسٽيٽ (انگريزي: ''شهزادن جي يونيورسٽي'') پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پروشيا جي بادشاهه جا ڪيترائي پٽ هتي تعليم حاصل ڪندا هئا. 1900ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ 68 مستقل پروفيسري ڪرسيون، 23 معاون پروفيسري ڪرسيون، ٻه اعزازي پروفيسر، 57 [[پريواٽڊوٽسينٽ]] (Privatdozent) ۽ ڇهه ليڪچرار موجود هئا. 1896ع کان پروشيا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ عورتن کي مهمان شاگرد طور ڪلاسن ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ جي اجازت ملي. 1908ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي مڪمل طور تي مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي لاءِ گڏيل تعليمي ادارو بڻجي وئي.

===عالمي جنگيون===

[[File:Stolpersteins Felix Hausdorff, Charlotte Hausdorff, Edith Pappenheim Hausdorffstraße 61 Bonn.JPG|thumb|بون ۾ [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] ۽ سندس خاندان جي ياد ۾ [[اسٽولپرشٽائن]]]]

[[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] سان گڏ يونيورسٽي جي ترقي رڪجي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ جرمني کي پيش آيل مالي ۽ معاشي بحرانن سبب حڪومت طرفان يونيورسٽي لاءِ مالي امداد گهٽائي وئي. بون يونيورسٽي ان جي جواب ۾ خانگي شعبي ۽ صنعتن کان مالي سرپرستي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1930ع ۾ يونيورسٽي هڪ نئون آئين اختيار ڪيو. پهريون ڀيرو شاگردن کي يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار انتظام ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو حق ڏنو ويو. ان مقصد لاءِ ساڳئي سال [[شاگرد يونين|شاگرد ڪائونسل]] ايسٽاگ (جرمن: آلگمائنه شٽوڊينٽِشه آربائٽسگيمائنشافٽ:عام شاگردن جي گڏيل تنظيمي انجمن) قائم ڪئي وئي. شاگرد ڪائونسل جا ميمبر ڳجهي ووٽ ذريعي چونڊيا ويندا هئا.

1933ع ۾ نازين جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ [[گلائخ شالٽونگ]] جي پاليسي تحت يونيورسٽي کي نازي تعليمي اداري ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. [[فيوهررپرنٽسيپ]] (اڳواڻ واري اصول) موجب يونيورسٽي جي خودمختيار ۽ خودانتظامي واري نظام کي ختم ڪري فوجي طرز جي درجابندي واري قيادت قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي جو صدر تعليم واري وزارت جي ماتحت هوندو هو. يهودي پروفيسرن، شاگردن ۽ سياسي مخالفن کي يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو. الهيات جي ماهر [[ڪارل بارٿ]] هٽلر سان وفاداريءَ جو قسم کڻڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ سبب استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ هجرت ڪرڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. يهودي رياضي دان [[فيليڪس هاوسڊورف]] کي 1935ع ۾ يونيورسٽي مان برطرف ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1942ع ۾ جڏهن کيس پنهنجي ويجهي مستقبل ۾ حراستي ڪئمپ ڏانهن جلاوطنيءَ جي خبر پئي ته هن خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. فلسفي [[پال لُڊوِگ لينڊسبرگ]] ۽ يوهانس ماريا ويروائين کي [[نازي حراستي ڪئمپ]]ن ڏانهن موڪليو ويو، جتي سندن وفات ٿي وئي. 1937ع ۾ [[ٿامس مان]] کان سندس اعزازي ڊاڪٽري واپس ورتي وئي، جيڪا 1946ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي.

[[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران يونيورسٽي کي سخت نقصان پهتو. 18 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت تباهه ٿي وئي.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===جنگ کان پوءِ کان جديد دور تائين===

[[File:Hausdorff Center.jpg|thumb|[[Hausdorff Center for Mathematics|هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، بون ۾ دنيا جي اڳواڻ تحقيقي ادارن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي 17 نومبر 1945ع تي [[جرمني ۾ اتحادي قبضي وارا علائقا|برطانوي قبضي واري علائقي]] ۾ ٻيهر کوليل پهرين يونيورسٽين مان هڪ هئي. يونيورسٽي جو پهريون صدر [[هائنرش ماتياس ڪونن]] هو، جنهن کي 1934ع ۾ [[نازيت]] جي مخالفت سبب يونيورسٽي مان خارج ڪيو ويو هو. 17 نومبر 1945ع تي پهرئين سيمسٽر جي شروعات وقت رڳو 2,500 جڳهن لاءِ 10,000 کان وڌيڪ درخواستون مليون.

جنگ کان پوءِ جي دور، خاص طور 1960ع ۽ 1970ع جي ڏهاڪن ۾، يونيورسٽي وڏي پيماني تي وڌي ويجهي. ان دور جي اهم واقعن ۾ 1949ع ۾ يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي شهر جي مرڪز مان [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪرڻ، 1960ع ۾ نئين يونيورسٽي لائبريري جو افتتاح، ۽ 1967ع ۾ قانون ۽ معاشيات جي شعبي لاءِ ''جيوريڊيڪم'' نالي نئين عمارت جو افتتاح شامل آهن.

1980ع ۾ [[پيڊاگاجيڪل يونيورسٽي بون]] (بون جي استادن لاء تدريسي يونيورسٽي) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ آخرڪار 2007ع ۾ استادن جي تربيت جا سڀئي پروگرام بند ڪيا ويا. 1983ع ۾ نئين سائنس لائبريري جو افتتاح ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ [[ولفگانگ پال]] کي [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو. ٽن سالن کان پوءِ [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] کي [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام]] مليو. 1991ع ۾ [[جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد]] کان پوءِ جرمن حڪومت پاران گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ واري فيصلي جي نتيجي ۾ بون شهر کي وڏي پيماني تي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. هن معاوضي واري پيڪيج ۾ ٽي نوان تحقيقي ادارا شامل هئا، جيڪي يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل يا ان سان ويجهي تعاون ڪندڙ هئا، جنهن سان بون يونيورسٽي جي تحقيقي حيثيت ۾ نمايان واڌارو آيو.

2000ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يونيورسٽي [[بولونيا عمل]] تي عمل ڪيو ۽ روايتي ڊپلوم ([[ڊپلوما]]) ۽ ماجسٽر ([[ماسٽر (ڊگري)|ماسٽر]]) ڊگري پروگرامن جي جاءِ تي بيچلر ۽ ماسٽر پروگرام متعارف ڪرايا. اهو عمل 2007ع تائين مڪمل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Becker
 |first        = Thomas P.
 |title        = Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
 |date         = May 2007
 |url          = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093223/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Einrichtungen/Universitaetsverwaltung/Organisationsplan/Archiv/Unigeschichte.html
 |archive-date = 9 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ڪيمپس==

[[File:Poppelsdorfer Schloss seen from the East.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[پوپلزڊورف محل]]]]
[[File:Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee Straßenschild.jpg|left|thumb|پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ رياضي دان [[فريڊرش هرزبروخ]] جي نالي سان منسوب گهٽيءَ جو بورڊ، جنهن جي پٺيان انفارميٽڪس فورم نظر اچي ٿو]]

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ ڪو مرڪزي ڪيمپس موجود ناهي. ان جي مکيه عمارت ''[[بون جو اليڪٽورل محل|ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس]]'' آهي، جيڪو اڳ ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي جي رهائشگاهه هو ۽ بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ واقع آهي. هيءَ مکيه عمارت [[اينريڪو زڪالي]] طرفان ڪولون جي چونڊيل شهزادي [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] لاءِ 1697ع کان 1705ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي. اڄڪلهه هن عمارت ۾ انسانيات ۽ الهيات جا شعبا، گڏوگڏ يونيورسٽي جي انتظاميه قائم آهي.

[[هوفگارٽن]]، جيڪو مکيه عمارت جي سامهون هڪ وڏو باغ آهي، شاگردن جي گڏجڻ، مطالعي ۽ آرام ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مشهور هنڌ آهي. هوفگارٽن ڪيترائي ڀيرا سياسي مظاهرن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي، جن مان 22 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي [[نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلو|نيٽو جي ڊبل-ٽريڪ فيصلي]] خلاف ٿيل مظاهرو خاص طور مشهور آهي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 250,000 ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 | title = Weg der Demokratie – Path of Democracy
 | url = http://www.wegderdemokratie.de/tour/15_hofga.htm
 | access-date = 8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

قانون ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، يونيورسٽي جي مرڪزي لائبريري، ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا شعبا مکيه عمارت کان ٿوري ڏکڻ طرف جديد عمارتن ۾ واقع آهن. نفسيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جا شعبا بون جي اترئين مضافاتي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن.

سائنس جا شعبا ۽ سائنس جي مرڪزي لائبريري شهر جي مرڪز جي اولهه ۾ واقع پوپلزڊورف ۽ اينڊينش ۾ آهن، جتي تاريخي ۽ جديد عمارتن جو گڏيل مجموعو موجود آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان نمايان [[پوپلزڊورف محل]] (جرمن:پوپلزڊورفر) آهي، جيڪو 1715ع کان 1753ع جي وچ ۾ [[روبير ڊي ڪوٽ]] طرفان [[يوسيف ڪليمنس آف بويريا]] ۽ سندس جانشين [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ تعمير ڪيو ويو. اڄ پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو مجموعو ۽ سائنس جا ڪيترائي شعبا موجود آهن، جڏهن ته ان جي احاطي ۾ يونيورسٽي جو [[نباتاتي باغ]] (بوٽانيشه گيئرٽن ڊير فريڊرش ولھيلمس يونيورسٽيٽ بون) واقع آهي.

طب جو شعبو بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع ٽڪري [[وينسبرگ]] تي قائم آهي. شاگردن لاءِ رهائشي هال شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ پکڙيل آهن. مجموعي طور بون يونيورسٽي جي ملڪيت ۾ 371 عمارتون آهن.

===يونيورسٽي لائبريري===

[[File:2014-07-02 Hauptgebäude der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Adenauerallee 39-41, Bonn-Südstadt IMG 2082.jpg|thumb|243x243px|يونيورسٽي لائبريري جي عمارت]]

يونيورسٽي لائبريري 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ ان جي شروعات بند ٿيل [[ڊوئسبرگ يونيورسٽي]] (جرمن: گيرهارٽ مرڪيٽر يونيورسٽي) جي لائبريري مان ورثي ۾ مليل 6,000 جلدن سان ٿي. 1824ع ۾ لائبريري کي پروشيا جي رائين صوبي ۾ شايع ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪتابن جي [[قانوني جمع نسخو|قانوني جمع]] جو حق حاصل ٿيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر تائين لائبريري ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون موجود هيون، جڏهن ته [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات تائين اهو انگ تقريباً 600,000 جلدن تائين پهچي ويو.

10 آڪٽوبر 1944ع تي ٿيل هڪ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران حڪمتِ عمليءَ واري هوائي بمباري|هوائي حملي]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 جلدون ۽ لائبريري جي فهرست (ڪيٽلاگ) جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. جنگ کان پوءِ نئين مرڪزي لائبريري جي 1960ع ۾ تعمير مڪمل ٿيڻ تائين لائبريري کي ڪيترن ئي عارضي هنڌن تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. نئين عمارت [[پيئر واگو]] ۽ فريٽس بورنيمان جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي ۽ اها مکيه عمارت جي ويجهو واقع آهي.

1983ع ۾ مکيه عمارت جي اولهه ۾ پوپلزڊورف ۾ لائبريري جي هڪ نئين عمارت جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو. هن نئين عمارت ۾ سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جا مجموعا رکيا ويا. اڄ يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري نظام ۾ مرڪزي لائبريري، سائنس، زراعت ۽ طب جي لائبريري، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 160 ننڍيون لائبريريون شامل آهن. انهن ۾ مجموعي طور 2.2 ملين جلدون موجود آهن ۽ لائبريري لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 علمي رسالن جي رڪنيت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Bonn
 |title        = Geschichte der ULB Bonn
 |date         = October 2003
 |url          = http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071127114733/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/bibliothek/wir-ueber-uns/geschichte/index.htm
 |archive-date = 27 November 2007
 |url-status     = dead
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي اسپتال===

{{main|بون يونيورسٽي جي اسپتال}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001141-0003, Bonn, Universitäts-Kinderklinik.jpg|thumb|نومبر 1953ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ هڪ نرس ٻار جي سنڀال ڪندي]]

يونيورسٽي اسپتال (جرمن: يونيورسٽيٽس ڪلينيڪم) يونيورسٽي جي قيام سان گڏ ئي قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ 5 مئي 1819ع تي اڳوڻي اليڪٽورل محل (جرمن:ڪورفورسٽلشس شلوس)، جيڪو يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت آهي، جي اولهندي حصي (اندروني طب) ۽ ٻي ماڙ (زچگي) ۾ سرڪاري طور کوليو ويو. پنهنجي پهرين سال دوران اسپتال ۾ 30 بسترا موجود هئا، 93 جراحتي آپريشن ڪيا ويا ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 600 ٻاهرين مريضن جو علاج ڪيو ويو.

1872ع کان 1883ع جي وچ ۾ اسپتال کي بون شهر جي مرڪز ۾ نئين عمارتن جي هڪ مجموعي ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي اڄ بيتهوون ڪنسرٽ هال واقع آهي، ۽ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ان کي بون جي اولهندي ڪناري تي واقع [[بون#ضلعا|وينسبرگ]] منتقل ڪيو ويو.

1 جنوري 2001ع تي يونيورسٽي اسپتال کي هڪ سرڪاري ڪارپوريشن جي حيثيت ڏني وئي. جيتوڻيڪ ان وقت کان پوءِ اسپتال انتظامي طور يونيورسٽي کان آزاد ٿي وئي، پر بون يونيورسٽي جو طب وارو شعبو ۽ يونيورسٽي اسپتال اڃا تائين ويجهي تعاون سان ڪم ڪن ٿا. اڄ يونيورسٽي اسپتال ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 انفرادي اسپتالون شامل آهن، جتي 990 کان وڌيڪ ڊاڪٽر، 1,100 کان وڌيڪ نرسون ۽ ڪلينڪي سهائتا وارو عملو ڪم ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 داخل مريضن جو علاج ڪيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Universitätsklinikum Bonn |title=Homepage of the University Hospital Bonn |url=http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de |access-date=8 February 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===يونيورسٽي عجائب گهر===

[[File:Akademisches kunstmuseum bonn.jpg|thumb|254x254px|اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]]

[[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] (انگريزي: ''اڪيڊيمڪ ميوزم آف اينٽيڪز'') 1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ دنيا ۾ قديم يوناني ۽ رومي مجسمن جي پلستر مان ٺهيل نقلن جي سڀ کان وڏين مجموعن مان هڪ جو مالڪ آهي. ان وقت پلستر جا اهي مجموعا بنيادي طور فنونِ لطيفه جي اڪيڊمين ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. انهن کي پهريون ڀيرو 1763ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن گوٽلوب هائني]] طرفان [[گوٽنگن يونيورسٽي]] ۾ يونيورسٽي جي شاگردن جي تدريس لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. بون جو اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم پنهنجي نوعيت جو پهريون ميوزيم هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان دور ۾ ٻين يونيورسٽين جا اهڙا مجموعا مختلف لائبريرين ۾ پکڙيل هوندا هئا.

هن ميوزيم جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[فريڊرش گوٽليب ويلڪر]] هو، جيڪو آثارِ قديمه جو پروفيسر پڻ هو. هن 1819ع کان 1854ع ۾ پنهنجي رٽائرمينٽ تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو. کانئس پوءِ [[اوٽو يان]] ۽ [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] گڏيل طور ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ٿيا.

1870ع کان 1889ع تائين نامياتي ڪيميا جي ماهر [[فريڊرش آگسٽ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] جي ڀائيٽي [[رائنهارڊ ڪيڪولي فون اسٽراڊونٽس]] ميوزيم جو ڊائريڪٽر رهيو. 1872ع ۾ ميوزيم کي هڪ نئين عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جيڪا اڳ اناٽومي جي شعبي طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي. اها عمارت 1823ع کان 1830ع جي وچ ۾ [[ڪارل فريڊرش شنڪل]] ۽ [[هرمان فريڊرش وائيسمان]] جي رٿا موجب تعمير ڪئي وئي.

ميوزيم جا ٻيا ڊائريڪٽر [[جيورگ لوشڪي]] (1889ع–1912ع)، [[فرانتس ونٽر]] (1912ع–1929ع)، [[رچرڊ ڊيلبروڪ]] (1929ع–1940ع)، [[ايرنسٽ لانگلوٽس]] (1944ع–1966ع)، نڪولائوس هيملمان (1969ع–1994ع) ۽ هارالڊ ميلش (1994ع کان) رهيا آهن. [[فريڊرش وِلهم رِٽشل]] کان سواءِ سڀئي ڊائريڪٽر يونيورسٽي ۾ آثارِ قديمه جا پروفيسر پڻ هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = University of Bonn
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum
 |date        = January 2008
 |url         = http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210132052/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen/Antikensammlung.html
 |archive-date = 10 February 2008
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Arithmeum (Bonn) jm01671.jpg|left|thumb|اريٿميئم]]

[[مصري ميوزيم]] (جرمن:ايگپٽشس ميوزم) 2001ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. ان جو مجموعو اوڻيهين صديءَ سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ اڳ اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم جو حصو هو. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ان مجموعي جو وڏو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو. اڄ هن ميوزيم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 نوادرات موجود آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Egyptian Museum of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Egyptian Museum
 | date = September 2006
 | url = http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124134912/http://www.uni-bonn.de/en/The_University/Museums_and_Academic_Collections/Egyptian_Museum.html
 |archive-date = 24 November 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[اريٿميئم]] جو افتتاح 1999ع ۾ ٿيو. 1,200 کان وڌيڪ شين سان گڏ هن ميوزيم وٽ دنيا ۾ تاريخي [[ڳڻپ واري ھارڊويئرن جي تاريخ|ميخانياتي حسابي مشينن]] جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي. هي ميوزيم ڊسڪريٽ رياضي جي تحقيقي اداري سان لاڳاپيل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author      = Arithmeum
 |title       = Official Homepage of the Arithmeum
 |url         = http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home
 |access-date  = 8 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218213126/http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/en/home/
 |archive-date = 18 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Balaenoptera acustorostrata - Zwergwalskelett.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|[[منڪي وهيل]] جو ڍانچو، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]]]]

آثارِ قديمه ۽ بشريات جي تدريسي ۽ مطالعاتي مجموعي جو افتتاح 2008ع ۾ ڪيو ويو. هن مجموعي ۾ 7,500 کان وڌيڪ نوادرات شامل آهن، جن مان گهڻا ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري آمريڪي فن سان تعلق رکن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=University of Bonn |title=Museums and Academic Collections |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118041505/http://www.uni-bonn.de/Die_Universitaet/Museen.html#Arithmeum_ |archive-date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[نباتاتي باغ، بون]] سرڪاري طور 1818ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ اهو پوپلزڊورف محل جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. انهيءَ هنڌ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1578ع کان باغ موجود هو، جڏهن ته لڳ ڀڳ 1720ع ۾ [[ڪليمنس آگسٽ آف بويريا]] لاءِ اتي هڪ باروڪ طرز جو باغ تعمير ڪيو ويو. نباتاتي باغ جو پهريون ڊائريڪٽر [[نيس فون ايزينبيڪ]] هو، جنهن 1818ع کان 1830ع تائين خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مئي 2003ع ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[ٽائيٽن ايرم]]، جنهن جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 2.74 ميٽر هئي، هن نباتاتي باغ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين گل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn
 | title = Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden
 | url = http://botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 16 December 2013
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216195842/http://www.botgart.uni-bonn.de/o_inter/engl01.php
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

قدرتي تاريخ جو ميوزيم 1820ع ۾ [[جيورگ آگسٽ گولڊفس]] قائم ڪيو. اهو رائين لينڊ جو پهريون عوامي ميوزيم هو. 1882ع ۾ ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ون يونيورسٽي جو معدنيات جو عجائب گهر، جيڪو پوپلزڊورف محل ۾ واقع آهي،،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Das Mineralogische Museum|url=http://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|website=uni-bonn.de|publisher=Uni Bonn|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505175608/https://www.steinmann.uni-bonn.de/museen/mineralogisches-museum|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ حياتياتي قديمات (پيلينٽالاجي) جو ميوزيم، جيڪو هاڻي گولڊفوس ميوزيم جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Institute of Paleontology
 | title = Geschichte des Museums und des Gebäudes
 | url = http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126193502/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/Geschichte.html
 | archive-date = 26 January 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هورسٽ اسٽوئڪل ميوزيم براءِ تاريخِ بيهوشيات جو افتتاح 2000ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ اهو يورپ ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو سڀ کان وڏو ميوزيم آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = University Hospital
 | title = Horst-Stoeckel-Museum für die Geschichte der Anästhesiologie
 | url = http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 19 April 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220533/http://www.ukb.uni-bonn.de/quick2web/internet/internet.nsf/vwUNIDLookup/7B886711928F6CC5C1256F25003F1327
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ]] جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏن قدرتي تاريخ جي عجائب گهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. هن ميوزيم جو بنياد 1912ع ۾ اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ وڌو، جنهن پنهنجي محفوظ ڪيل جانورن جي نمونن جو ذاتي مجموعو عوام لاءِ وقف ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig
 | title = Official Homepage of the Museum Koenig
 | url = http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
 | archive-date = 28 September 2011
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211540/http://www.zfmk.de/index.en.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تنظيم==

بون يونيورسٽي ۾ 32,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، جن مان 4,000 بين الاقوامي شاگرد آهن. هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 3,000 بيچلر سطح جا شاگرد ڊگري حاصل ڪن ٿا. يونيورسٽي هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 800 پي ايڇ ڊي ڊگريون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 [[هيبيليٽيشن]] جون سندون پڻ عطا ڪري ٿي. يونيورسٽي ۾ سڀني علمي شعبن ۾ 90 کان وڌيڪ تدريسي پروگرام پيش ڪيا وڃن ٿا. يونيورسٽي موجب ان جا نمايان علمي شعبا [[رياضيات]]، [[طبعيات]]، [[قانون]]، [[معاشيات]]، [[عصبي سائنس]]، [[طبي وراثتيات]]، [[ڪيميائي حياتيات]]، [[زراعت]]، [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[فلسفو ۽ اخلاقيات]] آهن. يونيورسٽي ۾ 550 کان وڌيڪ پروفيسر، 3,900 اضافي علمي عملي جا ميمبر ۽ 1,700 کان وڌيڪ انتظامي عملي جا ميمبر آهن. 2016ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي سالياني بجيٽ 570 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;university_of_bonn_at_a_glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/the-university/the-university-of-bonn-at-a-glance |title=University of Bonn at a glance |website=University of Bonn |access-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===فيڪلٽيون===

1818ع ۾ قيام کان وٺي 1928ع تائين بون يونيورسٽي ۾ پنج فيڪلٽيون هيون، يعني ڪيٿولڪ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي، قانون جي فيڪلٽي، ۽ فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي. 1928ع ۾ قانون جي فيڪلٽي ۽ معاشيات جو شعبو، جيڪو ان وقت تائين فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي جو حصو هو، گڏجي قانون ۽ معاشيات جي نئين فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي.

1934ع ۾ ان وقت تائين آزاد حيثيت رکندڙ بون-پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي (جرمن: {{lang|de|لانڊوِرٽشافٽلشه هوخشولي بون-پوپلزڊورف}}) کي بون يونيورسٽي ۾ ضم ڪري زرعي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي بڻايو ويو. 1936ع ۾ سائنس جي شعبن کي فنون ۽ سائنس جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪيو ويو. اڄ يونيورسٽي ستن فيڪلٽين تي مشتمل آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|title=Faculties|website=University of Bonn|language=en|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121824/https://www.uni-bonn.de/institutions/faculties/faculties|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-aula-02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[آڊيٽوريم]]، اليڪٽورل محل ۾]]

پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي 1818ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو حصو آهي. (ٻين گهڻين يونيورسٽين جي ابتڙ، رڳو بون يونيورسٽي ۽ 1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيل [[وروتسواف جي فريڊرش وِلهم يونيورسٽي]] وٽ ڪيٿولڪ ۽ پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جون الڳ فيڪلٽيون موجود هيون.)

هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي علمي مرڪز &quot;الهيات جا متن&quot;، &quot;تاريخي الهيات&quot;، &quot;الهيات جو نظريو&quot;، &quot;انساني علمن سان مکالمو ڪندڙ الهيات&quot; ۽ &quot;ايڪيومينڪل الهيات&quot; آهن. فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل ٻين ادارن ۾ [[هرمينيوٽڪس]] جو ادارو ۽ [[ايڪيومينزم]] جو ادارو شامل آهن.

هي فيڪلٽي يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ واقع آهي، جتي پروٽيسٽنٽ محل گرجا گهر پڻ موجود آهي. يونيورسٽي جو [[واعظ]] ايبرهارڊ هائوشِلٽ آهي. فيڪلٽي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي شاگردن لاءِ پنهنجو رهائشي هاسٽل پڻ هلائي ٿي.

187 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي بون يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان ننڍي فيڪلٽي آهي. استادن جي تربيت جي شعبي ۾، پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات جي فيڪلٽي [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي پروٽيسٽنٽ الهيات واري اداري سان سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر يونيورسٽي جي مذهب ۽ سماج مرڪز سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

====زرعي فيڪلٽي====

1934ع ۾ يونيورسٽي ۾ زرعي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي تي هو، جيڪا 1847ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. اڄ هن فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز &quot;زرعي نظامن جي مشاهدي، تجزيي ۽ انتظام&quot;، &quot;کاڌو ۽ غذائيت&quot;، ۽ &quot;ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طريقن ذريعي فصلن، مالوند جانورن ۽ انسانن ۾ جينياتي طور طئي ٿيل ميٽابولڪ عملن جي وضاحت&quot; (ماليڪيولن کان عمل تائين: فصل – مالوند جانور – انسان) آهن.

شاگردن لاءِ پيش ڪيل تعليمي پروگرامن ۾ زرعي سائنس، غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جون سائنسون، جانورن جون سائنسون، گڏوگڏ [[جيوڊيزي]] ۽ [[جاگرافيائي معلومات]] شامل آهن. فيڪلٽي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع آهي ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 2,500 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا. 2008ع/09ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر دوران فيڪلٽي ۾ ٿيئوڊور برِنڪمان ريسرچ ٽريننگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIGS - Land and Food — Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät |url=https://www.lf.uni-bonn.de/en/facilities/bigs |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.lf.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Poppelsdorf.jpg|thumb|249x249px|پوپلزڊورف زرعي يونيورسٽي]]

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ هيٺيان ست ادارا شامل آهن:

* IEL – غذائيت ۽ خوراڪ جي سائنسن جو ادارو،
* IGG – جيوڊيزي ۽ جاگرافيائي معلومات جو ادارو،
* ILR – خوراڪ ۽ وسيلن جي معاشيات جو ادارو،
* ILT – زرعي انجنيئرنگ جو ادارو،
* INRES – فصلن جي سائنس ۽ وسيلن جي تحفظ جو ادارو،
* IOL – حياتياتي زراعت جو ادارو،
* ITW – جانورن جي سائنسن جو ادارو۔

====رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي ۾ [[رياضيات]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[طبعيات]]–[[فلڪيات]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[ارضياتي سائنسون]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[دواسازي]] ۽ [[ماليڪيولي حياتياتي طب]] جا علمي شعبا شامل آهن. 1936ع ۾ قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبن کي فلسفي جي فيڪلٽي کان الڳ ڪري رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniBonnGesch&quot;&gt;Thomas P. Becker: ''Geschichte der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität''. [http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte (Online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214012/http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/universitaetsgeschichte/unigeschichte |date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7,636 شاگردن سان گڏ، هي هاڻي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏين فيڪلٽين مان هڪ آهي. هن فيڪلٽي جون عمارتون ڪاسٽيل، اينڊينيش ۽ پوپلزڊورف ضلعن ۾ پکڙيل آهن.

[[File:Bonn MathZ LWK.jpg|thumb|رائين لينڊ جي اڳوڻي زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ رياضيات جي فيڪلٽي]]

[[Image:ELSA extraktion.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|طبعيات جي شعبي ۾ اي ايل ايس اي [[ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ]]]]

[[File:Wolfgang Paul Hörsaal (Bonn) jm02206.jpg|left|thumb|251x251px|[[وولفگانگ پال]] ليڪچر هال جو داخلا وارو حصو]]

[[File:Bonn-524-Altes Chemisches Institut.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ]]

رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ رياضي جو ادارو، [[اطلاقي رياضيات]] جو ادارو، [[عددي سيموليشن]] جو ادارو ۽ غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو شامل آهن. رياضي جو ادارو (MI) ۽ اطلاقي رياضيات جو ادارو 2009ع ۾ رائين لينڊ زرعي چيمبر جي عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿيا. هن وقت رياضي جو ادارو [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جي تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ جي ميزباني ڪري رهيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع &quot;[[هوموٽوپي]] ۽ [[ڪوهومالاجي]]&quot; آهي.

ان کان علاوه، يونيورسٽي وٽ رياضيات جي شعبي ۾ هڪ ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' پڻ موجود آهي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو. غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو يونيورسٽي جي رياضي وارن ادارن مان هڪ آهي، پر اهو رياضيات ۽ قدرتي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل نه آهي، بلڪه سڌو سنئون يونيورسٽي جي سينيٽ کي جوابده آهي.

[[فيلڊز تمغو]] حاصل ڪندڙ [[پيٽر شولتسه]] هن شعبي مان تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ هن وقت به هتي تدريس جا فرائض سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي. هي ادارو عالمي رياضي نيٽ ورڪ جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ايڪول نورمال سپيريئر، پيرس]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن. بون جي رياضيات واري شعبي جا [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]] سان پڻ مضبوط بين الاقوامي علمي لاڳاپا قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics. Promoting the future of excellent research - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8267737-Bonn-international-graduate-school-of-mathematics-promoting-the-future-of-excellent-research.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=docplayer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] واري شعبي ۾ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو ۽ بون-آخن بين الاقوامي مرڪز براءِ معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي (b-it) شامل آهن. اهي اپريل 2011ع ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا ۽ اڳوڻي رياضيات/ڪمپيوٽر سائنس واري شعبي مان وجود ۾ آيا.

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. 2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ واقع ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز استعمال ڪري رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachgruppe Informatik. Institut – Über uns|website=www.informatik.uni-bonn.de|publisher=|url=https://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/institut|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اطلاقي رياضيات ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو 1969ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. 1975ع ۾ هن اداري کي ورهائي ٻه آزاد ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |title=Institut für Informatik |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317150117/http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/de/start/about/ |url-status=dead }}, informatik.uni-bonn.de, retrieved 10 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع کان ڪمپيوٽر سائنس جو ادارو b-it سان گڏجي پوپلزڊورف ڪيمپس ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپيوٽر سائنس مرڪز مان پنهنجون علمي ۽ تحقيقي سرگرميون سرانجام ڏئي رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Attraktive Lernumgebung: Informatik bezieht Neubau in Poppelsdorf — Universität Bonn|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/neues/attraktive-lernumgebung-informatik-bezieht-neubau-in-poppelsdorf|url-status=|format=|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فزڪس]]–[[فلڪيات]] واري شعبي ۾ فزڪس جو ادارو (PI)، [[اطلاقي فزڪس]] جو ادارو (IAP)، آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو (AIfA) ۽ هيلم هولٽز ادارو براءِ تابڪاري ۽ جوهري فزڪس (HISKP) شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie: [http://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055930/https://www.physik-astro.uni-bonn.de/institutes-de |date=28 September 2022 }} Retrieved 30 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي، بون [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ ايسٽرانامي]] جي ميزباني ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو ذريعي مالي سهڪار حاصل آهي. فزڪس جو ادارو اي ايل ايس اي ذرڙن جو تيز ڪندڙ هلائي ٿو ۽ وولفگانگ پال ليڪچرن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو. نظرياتي فزڪس جون ڪرسيون ۽ رياضيات جون ڪجهه ڪرسيون 2008ع ۾ گڏ ٿي &quot;بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس&quot; قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BCTP :: Home :: Mission|url=http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/?navigation=mission|access-date=2023-02-11|website=www.bctp.uni-bonn.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آرگيلانڊر فلڪياتي ادارو، جنهن جو نالو فلڪيات جي ماهر [[فريڊرش وِلهم آرگيلانڊر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، 2006ع ۾ اڳوڻن ٽن فلڪياتي ادارن جي انضمام سان قائم ٿيو. اهي ادارا رصدگاهه، ريڊيو فلڪياتي ادارو (RAIUB) ۽ فلڪياتي طبعيات ۽ ماورائي زميني تحقيق جو ادارو هئا.

1864ع کان 1867ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيل پراڻو ڪيميا انسٽيٽيوٽ پنهنجي دور ۾ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اداري واري عمارت هئي. اڄ ان ۾ [[خورد حياتيات]] جو ادارو ۽ جاگرافي جو ادارو قائم آهن.

حياتيات وارو شعبو (2019ع) اٺن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي: ارتقائي حياتيات ۽ حيواني ماحوليات جو ادارو، وراثتيات جو ادارو، خورد حياتيات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو، ٻوٽن جي ماليڪيولي فعليات ۽ حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي جو ادارو (IMBIO)، خلوي حياتيات جو ادارو، خلوي ۽ ماليڪيولي نباتات جو ادارو (IZMB)، حيوانيات جو ادارو، ۽ حياتياتي تنوع لاءِ نيس ادارو. IZMB سان گڏ IMBIO جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ وراثتيات جو ادارو پراڻي سونيڪن عمارت ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه، [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] ۽ [[نباتاتي باغ، بون|بون جا نباتاتي باغ]] حياتيات جي شعبي سان لاڳاپيل سهڪاري ادارا آهن.

جيالاجي، معدنيات ۽ حياتياتي قديمات لاءِ اسٽائنمان انسٽيٽيوٽ 2007ع کان اڳ موجود الڳ الڳ جيالاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، معدنيات ۽ پيٽرولاجي انسٽيٽيوٽ، ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي انسٽيٽيوٽ جي جاءِ ورتي. هي ادارو [[جيوڪيميا]]/[[پيٽرولاجي]]، [[جيالاجي]]، [[حياتياتي قديمات]] ۽ [[جيوفزڪس]] جي شعبن ۾ ورهايل آهي، ۽ موسميات واري اداري سان انضمام کان پوءِ هاڻي [[موسميات]] به ان جو حصو آهي.

ان کان علاوه، هي ادارو بون يونيورسٽي جي معدنيات جي عجائب گهر ۽ حياتياتي قديمات جي [[گولڊفوس ميوزيم]] سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي.

[[File:UKB-BMZ-2009.jpg|thumb|268x268px|[[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال|بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]]]]

====طب جي فيڪلٽي====

طب جي فيڪلٽي جا بنيادي تحقيقي مرڪز [[عصبي سائنسون]]، انساني بيمارين جا جينياتي بنياد ۽ جينياتي وبائيات، جگر ۽ معدي-آنڊي جون بيماريون، دل ۽ رت جي رڳن جون بيماريون، ۽ [[مدافعتي علم]] ۽ وچڙندڙ بيماريون آهن.

2012ع ۾ [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) پاران منظور ڪيل ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' &quot;اِميونوسينيزيشن: مدافعتي نظام هڪ حسي عضوو طور&quot; جو وڏو حصو طب جي فيڪلٽي ۾ قائم آهي.

صحت جي سار سنڀال جي شعبي ۾ فيڪلٽي [[بون يونيورسٽي اسپتال]] سان ويجهو سهڪار ڪري ٿي. فيڪلٽي جون گهڻيون عمارتون وينسبرگ ۾ واقع آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه انفرادي ادارا شهر جي مرڪز ۾ پڻ موجود آهن. پري-ڪلينڪل مرحلي جا ادارا پوپلزڊورف ضلعي جي نس آلي تي واقع اناٽومي اداري جي چوڌاري مرڪوز آهن.

هن فيڪلٽي ۾ 2,699 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا.

====قانون، معاشيات ۽ سماجي سائنسن جي فيڪلٽي====

[[File:Juridicum-Bonn.jpeg|left|thumb|225x225px|جوريڊيڪم، بون]]

قانون ۽ سياسي سائنس جي فيڪلٽي، جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ يونيورسٽي جي مکيه عمارت ۾ قائم هئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ عارضي طور مختلف هنڌن تي منتقل ڪئي وئي، 1967ع ۾ پنهنجي نئين تعمير ٿيل جوريڊيڪم عمارت ۾ منتقل ٿي. هي عمارت ايڊيناور آلي تي، بيٿوون جمنازيم جي سامهون ۽ [[بون يونيورسٽي ۽ رياستي لائبريري]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي. هن وقت فيڪلٽي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها [[قانون]] ۽ [[معاشيات]] جي شعبن تي مشتمل آهي.

قانون جي شعبي ۾ هن وقت تدريس لاءِ سورهن ادارا قائم آهن. 1989ع کان يورپي ڪاروباري قانون جو مرڪز پڻ قائم آهي، جنهن سان &quot;[[يورپي مالياتي علائقي]] جا قانوني مسئلا&quot; جي موضوع تي [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ ۽ هڪ يورپي دستاويزي مرڪز لاڳاپيل آهن. ان کان علاوه، سياسي سائنس جي شعبي ۾ پاڻي ۽ فضلي جي انتظام جي قانون جو ادارو پڻ شامل آهي. هي هڪ تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد پاڻيءَ جي قانون سان لاڳاپيل بنيادي مسئلن تي سائنسي تحقيق ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جا عملي حل تيار ڪرڻ آهي.

معاشيات جو شعبو تدريس لاءِ ٽن ادارن تي مشتمل آهي، جڏهن ته ان سان گڏ [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE)، [[جرمن تحقيقي فائونڊيشن]] (DFG) جو &quot;مقداري معاشيات&quot; بابت تحقيقاتي تربيتي گروپ، تجرباتي معاشي تحقيق جي ليبارٽري، ۽ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ جهڙا تحقيقي ادارا پڻ لاڳاپيل آهن.

هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل مشهور ماهرن ۾ معاشيات جا ماهر [[ايزابيل شنابل]]، [[ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن هيلويگ]] ۽ [[معاشيات جو نوبل انعام|نوبل انعام]] يافته [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]] شامل آهن. انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي فيوچر آف ورڪ (IZA) ۽ انسٽيٽيوٽ آن بيهيويئر اينڊ اِن اِڪوالٽي (briq) پڻ هن شعبي سان لاڳاپيل ٻه اهم تحقيقي ادارا آهن. ان کان علاوه، هن شعبي جو [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]] سان پڻ علمي سهڪار قائم آهي.

2018ع ۾ رائنهارڊ زيلٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ وفاقي ۽ رياستي حڪومتن جي ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو تحت ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' **&quot;ايڪانٽريبيوٽ: مارڪيٽون ۽ عوامي پاليسي&quot;** حاصل ڪيو.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-rosenhof-03.jpg|thumb|229x229px|اليڪٽورل محل جو اندروني صحن، جتي بون يونيورسٽي جي فنون جي فيڪلٽي واقع آهي]]

====فنون جي فيڪلٽي====

فنون جي فيڪلٽي ۾ انگريزي اڀياس، آمريڪي اڀياس ۽ ڪيلٽڪ اڀياس، تاريخ، جرمن اڀياس، تقابلي ادب ۽ ثقافتي اڀياس، قديم ۽ رومانوي لسانيات، ابلاغيات، [[مشرقي اڀياس]] ۽ [[ايشيائي اڀياس]]، [[فلسفو]]، [[سياسي سائنس]] ۽ [[سماجيات]]، [[نفسيات]]، [[آثار قديمه]] ۽ ثقافتي بشريات جا ادارا، ۽ فن جي تاريخ جو ادارو شامل آهن. 8,753 کان وڌيڪ شاگردن سان گڏ، هي يونيورسٽي جي سڀ کان وڏي فيڪلٽي آهي.

[[File:Tillmannhaus Bonn Foyer 1950er Foto Sachsse Archiv Studierendenwerk Bonn.jpg|thumb|228x228px|1950ع ۾ ٽلمان هائوس، بون جو داخلا هال، جيڪو جرمني ۾ شاگردن جي رهائشي سهولتن جي قديم ترين مرڪزن مان هڪ هو]]

4 مئي 1860ع تي يونيورسٽي ۾ فن جي تاريخ لاءِ جرمن ٻوليءَ جي پهرين پروفيسري قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ [[انتون هاينرش اسپرنگر]] کي وچئين دور ۽ جديد فن جي تاريخ جو پروفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. اڄ جو فن جي تاريخ وارو شعبو، جيڪو فن جي تاريخ ۽ آثار قديمه جي اداري جو حصو آهي، انهيءَ اصل اداري مان ارتقا ڪري وجود ۾ آيو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

2009ع/2010ع جي سياري واري سيمسٽر کان بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] جي فلسفي وارين فيڪلٽين گڏيل سهڪار شروع ڪيو، جنهن تحت چونڊيل تدريسي پروگرامن ۾ شاگرد ٻنهي [[بون]] ۽ [[ڪولون]] ۾ علمي سرگرمين ۾ شرڪت ڪري سگهن ٿا.

فيبروري 2009ع ۾ وولفرام هوگريبي جي شروعات تي &quot;اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا بين الاقوامي فلسفي مرڪز&quot; قائم ڪيو ويو. 2011ع کان [[ٿامس ڪلنگ]] شاعريءَ جي اعزازي پروفيسري، [[ڪنسٽشٽفٽنگ اين آر ڊبليو]] جي سهڪار سان، هر سال ڏني ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kunststiftung NRW richtet Thomas-Kling-Poetikdozentur an der Universität Bonn ein|periodical=|publisher=Kunststiftung NRW|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-bonn.de/kunststiftung-nrw-richtet-thomas-kling-poetikdozentur-an-der-universitaet-bonn-ein|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018ع ۾ يونيورسٽي جي 200هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، خاص طور فنون جي فيڪلٽي سان لاڳاپيل 110 بون پروفيسرن، سياسي سائنسدانن [[لودگر ڪون هارٽ]] ۽ [[ٽِلمان مائر]] جي ادارت هيٺ ''بون انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف گلوبيلٽي'' شايع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |editor-surname1=Ludger Kühnhardt, Tilman Mayer |title=Bonner Enzyklopädie der Globalität |publisher=Springer VS |publication-place=Wiesbaden |at=(1627 Seiten pages) |isbn=978-3-658-13818-9 |date=2017 |language=German |url=http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658138189 |access-date=2017-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ان کان علاوه، هيٺيان بين الشعباتي مرڪز پڻ قائم ڪيا ويا آهن:

* عمررسيده ثقافتن جو مرڪز (ZAK)
* معاصر تاريخي بنيادن جو مرڪز (ZHGG)
* قديم روايتن جو مرڪز (CCT)
* بون وچئين دور جو مرڪز (BMZ)
* ثقافتي اڀياس جو مرڪز (ZfKW)
* بون ايشيا مرڪز (BAZ)
* عالمي اڀياس جو مرڪز (CGS)

====شاگردن جي زندگي====

[[File:Mensa Roemerstrasze.jpg|thumb|227x227px|مينسا رومر شٽراسي. بون ۾ جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ موجود آهي.]]

بون جو ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪ'' (سنڌي: شاگرد يونين) جرمني جي ٽن قديم ترين شاگرد يونينن مان هڪ آهي. جرمني ۾ ''اسٽوڊينٽن ويرڪي'' يونيورسٽين ۾ داخل [[شاگرد]]ن کي معاشي، سماجي، طبي ۽ ثقافتي سهائتا فراهم ڪندڙ عوامي ادارا آهن. خاص طور تي، اهي يونيورسٽي ڪيفيٽيريون، شاگردن جا هاسٽل هلائين ٿا، ۽ ''بي اي فوئي گي'' پروگرام ذريعي گرانٽن ۽ قرضن جي صورت ۾ شاگردن جي تعليم جي مالي مدد پڻ فراهم ڪن ٿا.

هن اداري جي قومي تنظيم ۾ جرمن سماج جا ڪيترائي لاڳاپيل ڌر شامل آهن ۽ اها دنيا جي ٻين شاگردن جي معاملن سان لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان پڻ سهڪار ڪري ٿي. ان سان لاڳاپيل سرگرمين ۾ [[بون ايف ايم]] يونيورسٽي ريڊيو، [[بون يونيورسٽي شيڪسپيئر ڪمپني]]، بون يونيورسٽي جو مباحثي وارو ڪلب (جنهن 2006ع ۾ يورپي چيمپيئن شپ کٽي هئي)، ۽ مختلف راندين جا ڪلب شامل آهن.

====يونيورسٽي رانديون====

بون يونيورسٽي وٽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي سڀ کان وڏين [[يونيورسٽي راندين جا مرڪز|يونيورسٽي راندين جي تنظيمن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جي ماتحت لڳ ڀڳ 200 راندين جا پروگرام، سڄي شهر ۾ پکڙيل 38 راندين جون سهولتون، ۽ بون جي ڪاسٽيل ضلعي ۾ وينسبرگ ۽ رومر شٽراسي تي واقع ٻه پنهنجا راندين جا مرڪز موجود آهن. ''هال 5'' جي صورت ۾ يونيورسٽي پنهنجو جديد جمنازيم پڻ هلائي ٿي، جنهن ۾ طاقت ۽ برداشت سان لاڳاپيل سڀني راندين لاءِ مشيني سامان ۽ تربيتي ڪورس روم موجود آهن.

ٻيڙيون هلائڻ (روئنگ) جي راند بون يونيورسٽي جي راندين ۾ علائقائي حدن کان ٻاهر به اهم حيثيت رکي ٿي. رائين درياهه جي ڪناري تي، بون جي بيئول ۽ لِمپيرش ضلعن جي وچ ۾ واقع پنهنجي ٻيڙين جي گودام ۾، بون جي روئنگ ٽيم وٽ تربيت ۽ مقابلي لاءِ جديد ۽ متنوع ٻيڙين جو وڏو مجموعو موجود آهي.

بون يونيورسٽي جي روئنگ ٽيم [[جرمن روئنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] جي سڀ کان قديم ۽ روايتي ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي. اها هر سال جرمني جي مختلف [[ريگاٽا|روئنگ مقابلن]] ۾، ڪڏهن گڏيل ۽ ڪڏهن مخلوط ٽيمن جي صورت ۾، چار يا اٺ رڪنن واريون ٽيمون ميدان ۾ لاهيندي آهي. ان جو سڀ کان نمايان اعزاز هر سال جرمن يونيورسٽي چيمپيئن شپ ۾ شرڪت آهي، جتي تازن سالن دوران بون جي روئرز بار بار فائنل مرحلي تائين پهچڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن.

====علمي مٽاسٽا====

ايراسمس پروگرام شاگردن کي يورپ جي 300 کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان علمي مٽاسٽا جو موقعو فراهم ڪري ٿو. ان کان علاوه، گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام تحت شاگرد بون يونيورسٽي جي يورپ کان ٻاهر واقع شريڪ يونيورسٽين ۾ هڪ يا ٻن سيمسٽرن تائين بغير فيس جي تعليم حاصل ڪري سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Exchange Program |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/de/studium/studium-und-praktikum-im-ausland/studium-im-ausland/austauschprogramme/global-exchange-program |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2022ع ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي مٽاسٽا واري پروگرام ۾ شامل شاگردن لاءِ مختلف ملڪن جي عالمي شهرت يافته يونيورسٽين مان چونڊيل ادارن ۾ هيٺيون يونيورسٽيون شامل هيون:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mobility-Online Portal |url=https://mobility-international.uni-bonn.de/mobility/PortalServlet?identifier=BONN01&amp;kz_bew_pers=S&amp;kz_bew_art=OUT&amp;&amp;showAll=0&amp;showPartner=0&amp;showAgreements=1&amp;showCooperations=0&amp;showMultiCooperations=0&amp;showQuestions=0&amp;showCoursesPerSemester=0&amp;preselectTab=ver_nav_button&amp;studj_id=3648 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=mobility-international.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[آمريڪن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ارسطو يونيورسٽي، ٿيسالونيڪي]]، [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[چارلس يونيورسٽي، پراگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ جي چائنيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڊرڊ جي ڪمپلوتينسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊرهم يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايوٽووش لوراند يونيورسٽي]]، [[ايڪول پولي ٽيڪنيڪ فيڊرال ڊي لوزان]]، [[ريو گرانڊي دو سول جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ماسڪو جي هائر اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليڊن يونيورسٽي]]، [[سنگاپور جي قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-ساڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[اين ايس اي اي پيرس ٽيڪ]]، [[پولي ٽيڪنيڪو دي ميلانو]]، [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئينز يونيورسٽي بيلفاسٽ]]، [[ساپينزا يونيورسٽي آف روم]]، [[سائنسز پو]]، [[سيئول قومي يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو ٽونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽاڪهوم يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽي يو آئيندهوفن]]، [[يونيورسٽي ڪاليج لنڊن]]، [[ايمسٽرڊيم يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، سين ڊياگو]]، [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوئمبرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوپن هيگن يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[جنيوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[گلاسگو يونيورسٽي]]، [[هيلسنڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[لزبن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلان يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوسلو يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊروز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورانٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ويانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروِڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

===مستقبل جي ترقي===

====ڍانچائي ترقي====

[[File:Innenhof BA Bonn.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جي مرمت دوران رابن شٽراسي 8 تي واقع زيورخ انشورنس جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر جي عمارت، جتي فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا قائم ڪيا ويا آهن.]]

يونيورسٽي ۽ اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي ۽ جائيداد واري اداري موجوده عمارتن جي مرمت ۽ نئين تعمير لاءِ 2 ارب يورو جي سيڙپڪاري ڪري رهيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seven key properties on the three campuses of Poppelsdorf, Endenich and City. |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/press-and-communications/publications/forsch/forsch-2021-02/buildings |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن وقت تعمير هيٺ اهم منصوبن مان هڪ 55 ملين يورو جو ''تدريس ۽ تحقيق فورم I ۽ II'' آهي، جيڪو 2024ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هي مرڪز معاشيات جي شعبي، ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس''، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، HPCA ۽ DiCe لاءِ مرڪزي تحقيقي مرڪز بڻجندو، جتي ليڪچر هال، لائبريري ۽ [[سيمينار]] ڪمرا موجود هوندا.

2023ع جي وچ تائين [[ميوزيم ڪوئنگ|اليگزينڊر ڪوئنگ حياتياتي تحقيقي عجائب گهر]] سان لاڳاپيل حياتياتي تنوع ۾ تبديليءَ جي تجزيي لاءِ نئين ليبنيز انسٽيٽيوٽ جي 45 ملين يورو ماليت واري تحقيقي عمارت مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي. ان سان عجائب گهر ۽ حياتيات جي شعبي جي وچ ۾ گڏيل تحقيق کي هٿي ملندي، جڏهن ته ان ۾ ڊيٽا سينٽر، ليبارٽريون، حياتياتي ذخيرو (بايو بئنڪ)، ڪرائيوجينيڪ ذخيرو، مجموعن لاءِ جايون ۽ لائبريري پڻ قائم ڪئي ويندي.

بون يونيورسٽي پنهنجي پراڻي ڪيميا جي عمارت جي جاءِ تي 37.2 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان پنج ماڙ نئين عمارت پڻ تعمير ڪري رهي آهي، جيڪا 2023ع تائين ڪيميائي ادارن لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ 17,750 چورس فوٽ ليبارٽري جڳهه ۽ 6,500 چورس فوٽ آفيسن جي جڳهه فراهم ڪندي.

2022ع کان [[اڪيڊيمشس ڪنسٽ ميوزيم]] اتر رائين-ويسٽفيليا جي رياستي تعميراتي اداري جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ مرمت هيٺ آهي، جيڪا 2025ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. مرمت کان پوءِ هتي [[طبقاتي آثار قديمه]] جي شعبي لاءِ لائبريري، آفيسون ۽ ليڪچر هال پڻ قائم ڪيا ويندا، ۽ تدريسي مقصدن لاءِ عجائب گهر جي مجموعي تائين رسائي پڻ فراهم ڪئي ويندي.

[[File:2013-10-05-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-hoersaal-i-06.jpg|left|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو هڪ ليڪچر هال]]

مکيه عمارت، يعني اليڪٽورل محل، تي هڪ ارب يورو کان وڌيڪ خرچ ڪيو پيو وڃي. هي عمارت ڪيترن سالن تائين استعمال کان ٻاهر رهندي ۽ 2030ع تائين مڪمل ٿيڻ جي اميد آهي. هن منصوبي ۾ باهه کان بچاءَ جا نظام، بجليءَ جي نئين وائرنگ، پاڻيءَ جي نئين پائپ لائين، ۽ ليڪچر هالن، گڏيل جڳهن ۽ آفيسن جي جديدڪاري شامل آهي.

تعميراتي ڪم دوران فنون ۽ انسانيات جا شعبا رابن شٽراسي تي واقع [[زيورخ انشورنس گروپ]] جي اڳوڻي عمارت ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا آهن، جڏهن ته انتظامي عملو [[ڊوئچر هيرولڊ]] جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي. ٻنهي عارضي جڳهن تي لائبريريون، سيمينار ڪمرا ۽ گڏجاڻين جا ڪمرا پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.

ان کان علاوه، 2031ع تائين 128 ملين يورو جي لاڳت سان ''علم جو فورم'' قائم ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو مکيه عمارت کي ڪيترن ئي ڏهائي هزار چورس فوٽن تي پکڙيل نئين حصي ذريعي وڌائيندو. هي مرڪز يونيورسٽي جي ميمبرن سان گڏ شهر جي رهواسين لاءِ پڻ کليل هوندو. نئين حصي ۾ مطالعي لاءِ جڳهون، دڪان، کاڌي پيتي جون سهولتون ۽ سائيڪلن جي پارڪنگ پڻ مهيا ڪئي ويندي.

====بين الاقواميت====

2015ع کان بون يونيورسٽي جو هڪ اهم حڪمتِ عملي وارو مقصد تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام جي شعبن ۾ [[بين الاقواميت]] کي وڌائڻ رهيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=The University of Bonn 2025 Internationalization Strategy |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/2025-internationalization-strategy/ubn_brosch_2025-internationalization-strategy.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[بون يونيورسٽي جي ريڪٽوريٽ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مقصد لاءِ 2015ع کان ڇهه بين الشعباتي عالمي تحقيقي شعبا ۽ ڇهه ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' قائم ڪيا ويا. ''نيچر انڊيڪس 2018'' موجب بين الاقوامي گڏيل سائنسي اشاعتن جي لحاظ کان بون جرمني ۾ ٻئي نمبر تي رهيو. بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جو نظام وڌائي ٻارهن گريجوئيٽ اسڪولن تائين پهچايو ويو، ۽ [[جرمن علمي مٽاسٽا سروس]] (DAAD) جي سهڪار سان ''انٽرنيشنل ڊاڪٽوريٽ'' پروگرام جاري رکيو ويو.

2025ع تائين موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن تحقيقي مقصدن ۾ غير جرمن قوميت رکندڙ پروفيسرن جو تناسب وڌائي ڪل پروفيسرن جو 15 سيڪڙو ڪرڻ، گڏيل بين الاقوامي تحقيقي منصوبن جو انگ وڌائڻ، يورپي يونين جي تحقيقي فنڊنگ پروگرامن ۾ درخواستن ۽ منظوريءَ جي شرح بهتر ڪرڻ، يورپي تحقيقي ۽ جدت واري نيٽ ورڪن کي وڌائڻ، ۽ بون انٽرنيشنل گريجوئيٽ اسڪولز (BIGS) جي عالمي سڃاڻپ کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ شامل آهي.

انهن مقصدن ۾ موجوده حڪمتِ عملي وارن شريڪ يونيورسٽين سان عالمي نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪرڻ، تحقيق، تدريس ۽ انتظام لاءِ نون شريڪ ادارن کي شامل ڪرڻ، يورپي يونيورسٽي نيٽ ورڪ جي مالي سهڪار هيٺ ''يورپي يونيورسٽي آف برين اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي'' (NeurotechEU) جي قيام لاءِ جاري ڪوششن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ، آفريڪا، ايشيا ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ٻن ملڪن کي بين الاقوامي سهڪار لاءِ ترجيحي ملڪ چونڊڻ، گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام قائم ڪرڻ، ۽ ٻن ملڪن جي گڏيل ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرامن کي وڌائڻ شامل آهن.

[[File:2016-05-04-bonn-universitaet-innenansicht-saeulenhalle-05.jpg|thumb|اليڪٽورل محل جو ستونن وارو هال]]

2025ع تائين تدريس جي حڪمتِ عملي جا مقصد تدريسي پروگرامن جي ڊجيٽل بين الاقواميت، انگريزي ٻوليءَ ۾ بيچلر سطح جي تدريسي ماڊيولن جو تعداد وڌائڻ، خاص طور بيچلر پروگرامن ۾ ايندڙ بين الاقوامي مٽاسٽا وارن شاگردن جو انگ وڌائڻ، [[ايراسمس پروگرام|گلوبل ايڪسچينج پروگرام]] ذريعي ٻاهر ويندڙ شاگردن جي حرڪت وڌائڻ، ۽ گهٽ نمائندگي رکندڙ شاگردن لاءِ تعليم تائين رسائي بهتر بڻائڻ آهن.

انهن مقصدن ۾ مرڪزي انتظامي خدمتن کي [[ٻه لساني]] بڻائڻ، عملي لاءِ پرڏيهي ٻولين ۽ بين الثقافتي صلاحيتن جي تربيت جا وڌيڪ موقعا فراهم ڪرڻ، فيڪلٽين، شعبن ۽ ادارن ۾ موجود بين الاقواميت جي ڍانچي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪرڻ، بون يونيورسٽي ۾ بين الاقوامي شاگردن ۽ محققن لاءِ خدمتن کي ڊجيٽل بڻائڻ، ۽ بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمي تشهير ۽ عوامي لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائڻ شامل آهن.

يونيورسٽي جي ٻين حڪمتِ عملي وارن مقصدن ۾ بون يونيورسٽي ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]] جي وچ ۾ ٻطرفي سهڪار کي وڌائڻ، بون ۾ سرگرم بين الاقوامي علمي ۽ سائنسي تنظيمن سان تعاون کي مضبوط ڪرڻ، علائقي ۾ قائم [[خانگي شعبو|خانگي شعبي]] جي ادارن سان وڌيڪ سهڪار، بين الاقواميت سان لاڳاپيل منصوبن ۾ بون شهر سان ويجهو تعاون، ۽ [[پائيداري ۽ تبديليءَ جو منصوبو|پائيداري پاليسي]] جي عالمي مرڪز طور بون شهر جي سڃاڻپ سان هم آهنگ ڊگهي مدي وارا بين الاقواميت جا منصوبا تيار ڪرڻ شامل آهن.==علمي پروفائل==

===تحقيقي ادارا===

[[File:Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Vivatsgasse) -- 2016 -- 3993.jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]]، هڪ نامور تحقيقي ادارو، جيڪو بون يونيورسٽي جي عالمن سان لاڳاپيل آهي]]

فرانز يوزف ڊولگر انسٽيٽيوٽ [[ديرين قديم دور]]، خاص طور ان دور ۾ عيسائين، يهودين ۽ مشرڪن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن ۽ رابطن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو {{Lang|de|ريئال ليڪسيڪون فئر انٽيڪي اونڊ ڪرسٽنٽوم}} شايع ڪري ٿو، جيڪا [[جرمن ٻولي]] جي هڪ [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] آهي ۽ ديرين قديم دور ۾ ابتدائي عيسائيت جي تاريخ تي مشتمل آهي.

هن اداري جو نالو چرچ جي مؤرخ [[فرانز يوزف ڊولگر]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو 1929ع کان 1940ع تائين يونيورسٽي ۾ الهيات جو پروفيسر رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |title        = Official Homepage of the F.J. Dölger-Institut
 |url          = http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031849/http://www.antike-und-christentum.de/index.php?scr=home&amp;lang=en
 |archive-date = 14 March 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

غيرمسلسل رياضيات جو تحقيقي ادارو [[غيرمسلسل رياضيات]] ۽ ان جي استعمالن، خاص طور [[ترڪيبي بهتري]] ۽ [[گڏيل سرڪٽ|ڪمپيوٽر چِپ]] جي ڊزائن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو [[آءِ بي ايم]] ۽ [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] سان گڏيل سهڪار ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | title = Research of the Institute for Discrete Mathematics
 | url = http://www.or.uni-bonn.de/research/research.eng.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن اداري جي محققن [[آءِ بي ايم ڊيپ بلو]] شطرنج ڪمپيوٽر کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Karnbach |first=Bodo |title=Chip-Design mit diskreter Mathematik – Weltweit erfolgreiche Kooperation verlängert |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809 |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155332/http://www.uni-protokolle.de/nachrichten/id/63809/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Biomedizinisches Zentrum II.jpg|thumb|215x215px|حياتياتي طب جو مرڪز، بون]]

[[Image:Bonn caesar.jpg|thumb|right|[[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]]]]

بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس مختلف ادارن سان لاڳاپيل نظرياتي طبعيات دانن ۽ رياضي دانن جو گڏيل ادارو آهي، جيڪي بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. هانس بيٿي جي فڪري روايت موجب، هي مرڪز نظرياتي ۽ رياضيائي طبعيات جي وسيع ميدانن ۾ تحقيق کي فروغ ڏئي ٿو. هن مرڪز جي سرگرمين ۾ مختصر ۽ ڊگهي مدي وارا مهمان محقق پروگرام، مخصوص تحقيقي موضوعن تي ورڪشاپون، بيٿي سيمينار سيريز، ۽ گريجوئيٽ شاگردن لاءِ ليڪچر ۽ سيمينار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics
 | title = Official Homepage of the BCTP
 | url = http://www.bctp.uni-bonn.de/
 | access-date = 25 March 2009
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

حياتياتي سائنسن ۾ اخلاقيات لاءِ جرمن حوالاتي مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ڊوئچس ريفرينٽس سينٽرم فئر ايٿڪ اِن ڊين بائيو ويسنشافٽن}}) 1999ع ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو. اهو [[جارج ٽائون يونيورسٽي]] جي ''نيشنل ريفرينس سينٽر فار بايو ايٿڪس لٽريچر'' جي نموني تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. هي مرڪز حياتياتي سائنسن جي شعبن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ماهرن ۽ محققن کي سائنسي معلومات تائين رسائي فراهم ڪري ٿو ۽ جرمني ۾ پنهنجي نوعيت جو واحد ادارو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Science
 | title = Official Homepage of the DRZE
 | url = http://www.drze.de
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IZA Bonn 2008.jpg|thumb|2008ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر جو هيڊڪوارٽر]]

1991ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت طرفان جرمني جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بون مان برلن منتقل ڪرڻ جي فيصلي کان پوءِ، بون شهر کي وفاقي حڪومت طرفان وڏي پئماني تي مالي معاوضو ڏنو ويو. ان جي نتيجي ۾ 1995ع ۾ ٽي تحقيقي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا، جن مان ٻه بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل آهن:

* [[يورپي انضمام جي اڀياس جو مرڪز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر يوروپيشي انٽيگريشنس فورشنگ}}) [[يورپي انضمام]] جي عمل جي قانوني، معاشي ۽ سماجي اثرن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿو. هي ادارو ڪيترائي گريجوئيٽ پروگرام هلائي ٿو ۽ شاگردن لاءِ گرما جي اسڪولن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | author = Center for European Integration Studies
 | title = Official Homepage of the ZEI
 | url = http://www.zei.de/index2_e.html
 | access-date = 8 February 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ترقياتي تحقيق جو مرڪز (جرمن: {{Lang|de|سينٽرم فئر اينٽوِڪلنگس فورشنگ}}) بين الشعباتي نقطهٔ نظر سان عالمي ترقيءَ تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ بين الاقوامي ترقيءَ ۾ ڊاڪٽوريٽ پروگرام پڻ پيش ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Center for Development Research
 |title        = Official Homepage of the ZEF
 |url          = http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |access-date   = 8 February 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042603/http://www.zef.de/aboutzef.0.html
 |archive-date = 27 February 2008
 |url-status     = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[اعليٰ يورپي اڀياس ۽ تحقيق جو مرڪز]] (CAESAR) هڪ بين الشعباتي اطلاقي تحقيقي ادارو آهي. هتي نينوتيڪنالاجي، حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ طبي ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبن ۾ تحقيق ڪئي وڃي ٿي. هي ادارو هڪ خانگي فائونڊيشن آهي، پر بون يونيورسٽي سان ويجهي تعاون ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو.

[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار دي اسٽڊي آف ليبر]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|فورشنگس انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور زوڪونفٽ ڊير آربائيٽ}}) هڪ خانگي تحقيقي ادارو آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊوئچي پوسٽ]] مالي سهڪار فراهم ڪري ٿي. هي ادارو محنت جي معاشيات تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو ۽ مزدور مارڪيٽ سان لاڳاپيل پاليسين بابت صلاحون پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اهو هر سال ''IZA انعام براءِ محنت جي معاشيات'' پڻ عطا ڪري ٿو. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات واري شعبي ۽ هن اداري جي وچ ۾ ويجهو تعاون موجود آهي.

[[File:Max Planck Institute Radioastronomie Bonn.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]]]]

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميٿميٽڪس]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ميٿميٽڪ}}) [[ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي]] جو حصو آهي، جيڪا جرمني جي سائنسي تحقيقي ادارن جو هڪ نيٽ ورڪ آهي. هي ادارو 1980ع ۾ [[فريڊرش هرٽسيبروخ]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريڊيو فلڪيات]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فئر ريڊيو آسٽرونومي}}) 1966ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ٿيو. هي [[ايفيلسبرگ]] ۾ واقع ريڊيو دوربين هلائي ٿو.

[[ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ريسرچ آن ڪليڪٽو گڊز]] (جرمن: {{Lang|de|ميڪس پلانڪ انسٽيٽيوٽ تسور ايرفورشنگ فون گيمائنشافٽس گيٽرن}}) 1997ع ۾ هڪ تحقيقي گروهه طور شروع ٿيو ۽ 2003ع ۾ ميڪس پلانڪ سوسائٽي جي اداري طور قائم ڪيو ويو. هي ادارو قانوني ۽ معاشي نقطهٔ نظر کان گڏيل وسيلن ۽ گڏيل مفادن تي تحقيق ڪري ٿو.

معاشيات ۽ عصبي سائنس جو مرڪز، جيڪو 2009ع ۾ [[ڪرسچن ايلگر]]، [[گوٽفريڊ وِلهم ليبنيز انعام]] يافته [[آرمين فالڪ]]، [[مارٽن رائوٽر]] ۽ [[برنڊ ويبر]] طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، [[نيورو اڪنامڪس]] جي شعبي ۾ بين الشعباتي تحقيق لاءِ هڪ عالمي پليٽ فارم فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cens.uni-bonn.de/|title=Center for Economics and Neuroscience – Zentrale wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Universität Bonn|website=www.cens.uni-bonn.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516025444/https://www.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/304-2011 |date=16 May 2016 }} Press release of the University of Bonn concerning the official welcoming of the center&lt;/ref&gt;

هن مرڪز ۾ تجرباتي معاشيات جي ليبارٽري شامل آهي، جتي هڪ ئي وقت ڪمپيوٽر ذريعي 24 شرڪت ڪندڙن تي رويوياتي تجربا ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ان سان گڏ ٻه [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI) اسڪينر موجود آهن، جيڪي رابطي وارن رويوياتي تجربن ۽ فعالي تصويرڪشي لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا، جڏهن ته مختلف جينياتي گهڻ رُخن (پوليمارفزم) جي جينياتي سڃاڻپ لاءِ حياتياتي ماليڪيولي ليبارٽري پڻ قائم آهي.

===تحقيق===

بون يونيورسٽي جي محققن سائنس ۽ انسانيات ٻنهي شعبن ۾ بنيادي نوعيت جون علمي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون آهن. طبعيات ۾ هتان جي محققن [[ڪواڊروپول آئن ٽريپ]] ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] تيار ڪيا، [[ريڊيو لهرون]] دريافت ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، [[ڪيٿوڊ ڪرڻن]] جي وضاحت ۾ نمايان حصو ورتو ۽ [[متغير تاري جي سڃاڻپ]] وارو نظام تيار ڪيو. ڪيميا ۾ محققن [[ايلي سائيڪلڪ مرڪب]]ن ۽ [[بينزين]] جي سمجهه ۾ اهم واڌارو آندو. موادي سائنس ۾ هنن [[لوٽس اثر]] جي وضاحت ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪيو. رياضيات ۾ بون يونيورسٽي جي استادن جديد [[ٽوپولوجي]] ۽ [[الجبرائي جاميٽري]] جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. [[هرٽسيبروخ–ريمان–روخ نظريو]]، [[لپشٽز تسلسل]]، [[پيٽري نيٽ]]، [[شونهاگي–شٽراسن الگورٿم]]، [[فالٽنگس جو نظريو]] ۽ [[ٽوپلٽز ميٽرڪس]] سڀئي بون يونيورسٽي جي رياضي دانن جي نالن سان منسوب آهن. بون يونيورسٽي جي معاشيات جي ماهرن [[راندي جو نظريو|راندي جي نظريي]] ۽ [[تجرباتي معاشيات]] ۾ بنيادي علمي خدمتون انجام ڏنيون. بون يونيورسٽي جي تدريسي عملي ۾ شامل نامور مفڪرن ۾ شاعر [[آگسٽ وِلهم شليگل]]، مؤرخ [[بارٿولڊ جارج نيبور]]، علمِ الهيات جا ماهر [[ڪارل بارت]] ۽ [[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون|جوزف راٽسنگر]]، ۽ شاعر [[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]] شامل آهن.

[[File:Gebäude der Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland 2021.jpg|alt=Endenicher Allee 60|thumb|310x310px|اينڊينيشر آلي 60، [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] جي ڇهن عمارتن مان هڪ]]

يونيورسٽي وٽ [[جرمن سائنس فائونڊيشن]] جي مالي سهڪار سان هلندڙ گڏيل تحقيق جا نَوَ مرڪز ۽ پنج تحقيقي يونٽ موجود آهن، ۽ اها هر سال ٻاهرين ذريعن کان 75 ملين يورو کان وڌيڪ تحقيقي فنڊ حاصل ڪري ٿي.

2006ع ۾ جرمن حڪومت جي ''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[هاوسڊورف سينٽر فار ميٿميٽڪس]] قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو هن منصوبي تحت قائم ڪيل قومي سطح جي سترهن ''ڪلسٽر آف ايڪسيلينس'' مان هڪ هو. ان سان گڏ اڳ ۾ موجود [[بون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]] (BGSE) کي پڻ وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي.

''ايڪسيلينس انيشيئيٽو'' جي نتيجي ۾ [[بون-ڪولون گريجوئيٽ اسڪول آف فزڪس اينڊ آسٽرونامي]] پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏيل سهڪار هيٺ آنرز ماسٽرز ۽ پي ايڇ ڊي پروگرام هلائي ٿو. نومبر 2008ع ۾ بيٿي سينٽر فار ٿيوريٽيڪل فزڪس پڻ قائم ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو مقصد بون ۾ رياضي دانن ۽ نظرياتي طبعيات دانن جي وچ ۾ ويجهو علمي رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو. هي مرڪز باقاعدي مهمان محققن جي آمد، سيمينارن ۽ ورڪشاپن جو پڻ اهتمام ڪري ٿو، جن جا موضوع [[اسٽرنگ نظريو]]، [[ايٽمي طبعيات]]، [[ڪنڊينسڊ ميٽر]] ۽ ٻيا لاڳاپيل شعبا شامل آهن.

===درجابنديون===
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 239
| QS_N = 14
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| THE = 91
| THE_N = 6
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2024ع|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU = 67
| ARWU_N = 4
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023ع جي عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ARWU_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| ARWU_Subject1 = 15
| ARWU_Subject1_N = 1
| ARWU_Subject1_year = 2022
| ARWU_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022|title=شنگهائي رينڪنگ جي علمي مضمونن جي عالمي درجابندي 2022ع|website=[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]|access-date=2023-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| QS_Subject1_title = رياضيات
| QS_Subject1 = 39
| QS_Subject1_N = 1
| QS_Subject1_year = 2023
| QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2022|title=مضمونن موجب ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي 2022ع|date=23 March 2023|website=[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

2024ع جي [[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ بون يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 239هين ۽ جرمني ۾ 14هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; ان کان علاوه، [[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] ۾ يونيورسٽيءَ کي نمايان طور وڌيڪ مٿانهون مقام حاصل ٿيو، جتي اها 2023ع لاءِ عالمي سطح تي 91هين ۽ ملڪ اندر ڇهين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; يونيورسٽيءَ جي سڀ کان مٿانهين مجموعي درجابندي [[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]] ۾ رهي، جنهن ۾ اها 2023ع دوران عالمي سطح تي 67هين ۽ جرمني ۾ چوٿين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt;

2023ع جي رياضيات بابت ڪيو ايس درجابندي موجب، يونيورسٽي عالمي سطح تي 39هين نمبر تي ۽ جرمني جي سڀ کان مٿانهين درجي واري اداري طور پهرين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;/&gt; 2022ع جي رياضيات بابت عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي پڻ هن شهرت کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ يونيورسٽي دنيا ۾ 15هين ۽ جرمني ۾ پهرين نمبر تي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;/&gt;

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ڪيو ايس مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! {{Left|فنون ۽ انسانيات}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;236&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;236
! data-sort-value=&quot;13&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13
|-
| الهيات، ديني علم ۽ مذهبي اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–140&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–140}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–12}}
|-
| آثار قديمه
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| انگريزي ٻولي ۽ ادب
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–12}}
|-
| تاريخ
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
| جديد ٻوليون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;10–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–13}}
|-
| فلسفو
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–7}}
|-
! {{Left|انجنيئرنگ ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي}}
! دستياب ناهي
! دستياب ناهي
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ معلوماتي نظام
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–14}}
|-
! {{Left|حياتياتي سائنسون ۽ طب}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;150&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;150
! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8
|-
| زراعت ۽ ٻيلن جي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;66&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;66}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;117&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;117}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–80&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–80}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}
|-
| طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–13}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جي علم
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–9}}
|-
! {{Left|قدرتي سائنسون}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;96&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;96
! data-sort-value=&quot;7&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7
|-
| ارضياتي ۽ سامونڊي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–7}}
|-
| ارضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| جيوفزڪس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–13}}
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
! {{Left|سماجي سائنسون ۽ انتظام}}
! data-sort-value=&quot;275&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;275
! data-sort-value=&quot;10&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10
|-
| معاشيات ۽ اقتصادسنجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
| قانون ۽ قانوني اڀياس
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9–12&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9–12}}
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن مضمونن جي درجابندي 2023ع&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=مضمونن موجب عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|access-date=27 October 2022|website=[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
| فنون ۽ انسانيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–250&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–250}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–20&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–20}}
|-
| ڪاروبار ۽ معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;71&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;71}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| سماجي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;18–21&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;18–21}}
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;99&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;99}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}
|-
| ڪلينيڪي ۽ صحت جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;176–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;176–200}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11}}
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;86&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=86}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;9&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;9}}
|-
| طبعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}
|-
| نفسيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;251–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;251–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}
|-
|}

{{col-break|gap=0.5em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;
|+ عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابنديءَ جي مضمونن واري درجابندي 2022ع&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;
! مضمون !! عالمي !! قومي
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | قدرتي سائنسون
|-
| رياضيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| طبعيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}
|-
| ڪيميا
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;16–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16–25}}
|-
| ارضياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;17–23&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–23}}
|-
| جاگرافي
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}
|-
| وايومنڊلي سائنس
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;7–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–10}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | انجنيئرنگ
|-
| ڪمپيوٽر سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;11–13&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;11–13}}
|-
| ماحولياتي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ
| data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;22–28&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;22–28}}
|-
| آبي وسيلا
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}
|-
| خوراڪ جي سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}
|-
| حياتياتي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–25&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–25}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | حياتياتي سائنسون
|-
| حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–11}}
|-
| انساني حياتياتي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;6–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–8}}
|-
| زرعي سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;46}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | طبي سائنسون
|-
| ڪلينيڪي طب
| data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;14–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;14–22}}
|-
| عوامي صحت
| data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;12–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–22}}
|-
| ڏندن جي طب ۽ وات جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}
|-
| طبي ٽيڪنالاجي
| data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;13–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–15}}
|-
| دواسازي ۽ دوائن جون سائنسون
| data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;5–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–6}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | سماجي سائنسون
|-
| معاشيات
| data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}
|-
| انگ اکر
| data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}
| data-sort-value=&quot;4–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–6}}
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

=== حڪمت عملي وارا شراڪتي يونيورسٽيون ===

[[بون يونيورسٽي]] دنيا جي مشهور اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان مختلف قسمن جا لاڳاپا برقرار رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University Partnerships |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/international/international-profile/partnerships-and-cooperations-worldwide/university-partnerships |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Universität Bonn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; پنهنجي عالمن، ادارن ۽ فئڪلٽين جي بيشمار تحقيقي سهڪار کان علاوه، بون يونيورسٽي وٽ 70 کان وڌيڪ عالمي اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن سان بين-فئڪلٽي شراڪتداريءَ جو نيٽ ورڪ پڻ موجود آهي. 2023ع ۾ بون پنهنجي اڳوڻين شراڪتي يونيورسٽين سان لاڳاپن کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪندي [[گلوبل يونيورسٽيز فار سوسائٽل امپيڪٽ]] (GUSI) نيٽ ورڪ قائم ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]] ۽ [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]] شامل آهن، ته جيئن تعليم، تحقيق، قيادت ۽ جدت جي شعبن ۾ سهڪار کي فروغ ڏنو وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Global Network Officially Launched |url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/069-2023 |work=Universität Bonn |date=10 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== آفريڪا ====
* گھانا: [[گھانا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST).
* ڪينيا: [[نائيروبي يونيورسٽي]].
* مراڪش: [[محمد پنجين يونيورسٽي]].

==== ايشيا ۽ اوشيانا ====
* آسٽريليا: [[آسٽريليا نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيو سائوٿ ويلز يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميلبورن يونيورسٽي]].
* چين: [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ ٻولي ۽ ثقافت يونيورسٽي]]، [[بيجنگ فارين اسٽڊيز يونيورسٽي]]، [[نانجنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[شنگهائي جياو تونگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽونگجي يونيورسٽي]].
* هانگ ڪانگ: [[چائنيز يونيورسٽي آف هانگ ڪانگ]]، [[هانگ ڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* جاپان: [[ڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[رڪيو يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوڪوبا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[واسيدا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽوڪيو يونيورسٽي]].
* سنگاپور: [[نيشنل يونيورسٽي آف سنگاپور]].
* ڏکڻ ڪوريا: [[ڪوريا يونيورسٽي]]، [[سيئول نيشنل يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوگانگ يونيورسٽي]].
* تائيوان: [[نيشنل چينگچي يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيشنل تائيوان يونيورسٽي]]، [[تامڪانگ يونيورسٽي]].

==== يورپ ====
* چيڪيا: [[چارلس يونيورسٽي]].
* فرانس: {{lang|fr|[[ڪوليج ڊي فرانس]]|italic=no}}، [[پيرس سائنسز اي ليٽرس يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيرس-سڪلي يونيورسٽي]]، [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]].
* اٽلي: [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]].
* لگزمبرگ: [[لگزمبرگ يونيورسٽي]].
* نيدرلينڊ: [[واگيننگن يونيورسٽي اينڊ ريسرچ]].
* پولينڊ: [[وارسا جي ڪارڊينل اسٽيفن ويشينسڪي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي آف لائيف سائنسز]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وروٽسواف يونيورسٽي]].
* اسپين: [[بارسلونا جي خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]]، [[بارسلونا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ليون يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]].
* سوئٽزرلينڊ: [[باسل يونيورسٽي]].
* برطانيا: [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]].

==== اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا ====
* برازيل: [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ريو ڊي جينيرو جي وفاقي يونيورسٽي]].
* چلي: [[ٽالڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي جي پونٽيفيڪل ڪيٿولڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[چلي يونيورسٽي]].
* ڪينيڊا: [[برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ناردرن برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوٽاوا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽورنٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[ميڪ گل يونيورسٽي]]، [[يارڪ يونيورسٽي]].
* ميڪسيڪو: [[پويبلا جي ميرٽوريس خودمختيار يونيورسٽي]].
* آمريڪا: [[ايموري يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪالامازو ڪاليج]]، [[لوزيانا اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اوهايو اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]]، [[اسٽوني بروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[فلوريڊا يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪنساس يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف مسوري–سينٽ لوئس]]، [[نيو ميڪسيڪو يونيورسٽي]]، [[سدرن مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[مسيسيپي يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽينيسي يونيورسٽي]]، [[وسڪانسن–ميڊيسن يونيورسٽي]]، [[واشنگٽن اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]].

==== وچ اوڀر ====
* افغانستان: [[ڪابل يونيورسٽي]].
* اسرائيل: [[يروشلم جي عبراني يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽيڪنيون – اسرائيل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ٽيڪنالاجي]]، [[رائخمان يونيورسٽي]]، [[وائزمين انسٽيٽيوٽ آف سائنس]].

==== علائقائي نيٽ ورڪ ====
* ABCD-J: [[آر ڊبليو ٽي ايڇ آخن يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪولون يونيورسٽي]]، [[هائنرش هائني يونيورسٽي ڊسلڊورف]]، [[فورشونگسزينٽرم يوليش]].
* بون-فرينڪفرٽ-مينز: [[گوئٽي يونيورسٽي فرينڪفرٽ]]، [[مينز يونيورسٽي]].

==== مضمون-مخصوص ====
بون يونيورسٽي هيٺين بين الاقوامي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪن وسيلي ٻين يونيورسٽين سان ويجها لاڳاپا رکي ٿي:

* GlobalMathNetwork: [[ايڪول نارمال سپيريئر (پيرس)]]، [[نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڪيوٽو يونيورسٽي]]، [[پيڪنگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[واروڪ يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، برڪلي]]، [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;docplayer.net&quot;/&gt;
* European Doctoral Programme in Quantitative Economics: [[پومپيو فابرا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يورپي يونيورسٽي انسٽيٽيوٽ]]، [[لنڊن اسڪول آف اڪنامڪس]]، [[ڪي يو ليووين]]، [[ايڇ اي سي پيرس]]، [[تل ابيب يونيورسٽي]].
* TAKeOFF: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[ڪوامي نڪروما سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي يونيورسٽي]] (KNUST)، [[تنزانيا انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ميڊيڪل ريسرچ]]، [[بيوا يونيورسٽي]].
* زرعي جدت: [[ايل ايم يو ميونخ]]، [[هوهنهايم يونيورسٽي]]، [[فورم فار ايگريڪلچرل ريسرچ اِن آفريڪا]] (FARA)، [[AGRODEP]].
* يورپي ثقافت ۽ سڃاڻپ: [[سوربون يونيورسٽي]]، [[فلورنس يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽولوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سينٽ اينڊريوز يونيورسٽي]]، [[سالامانڪا يونيورسٽي]]، [[وارسا يونيورسٽي]]، [[فرائبرگ يونيورسٽي]]، [[صوفيا يونيورسٽي]]، [[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا، اروائن]].
* UN-Bonn-Tokyo: [[گڏيل قومن جي يونيورسٽي]]

== قابل ذڪر شخصيتون ==
{{main|بون يونيورسٽي سان لاڳاپيل شخصيتن جي فهرست}}

هن وقت تائين [[بون يونيورسٽي]] جي استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن کي يارهن [[نوبل انعام]] ۽ پنج [[فيلڊز ميڊل]] ملي چڪا آهن:

* نوبل انعام [[File:Nobel Prize.png|15px]]:
** [[ايميل فشر]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1902ع
** [[ياڪوبس هينريڪس فان 'ٽ هوف]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ڪيميا، 1901ع
** [[هارالڊ زور هاوزن]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 2008ع
** [[والٽر روڊولف هيس]]، استاد: جسمانيات ۽ طب، 1949ع
** [[رائنهارڊ زيلٽن]]، استاد: معاشيات، 1994ع
** [[وولف گانگ پال]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1989ع
** [[لوئيجي پيرانڊيلو]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1934ع
** [[اوٽو والاخ]]، استاد: ڪيميا، 1910ع
** [[پال يوهان لڊوگ فان هائزه]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: ادب، 1910ع
** [[فلپ لينارڊ]]، استاد: طبعيات، 1905ع
** [[رائنهارڊ گينزل]]، اڳوڻو شاگرد: طبعيات، 2020ع

* فيلڊز ميڊل:
** [[گرڊ فالٽنگز]]، 1986ع
** [[ماڪسم ڪونتسيوچ]]، 1998ع
** [[گريگوري مارگولس]]، 1978ع
** [[پيٽر شولتسه]]، 2018ع
** [[مارينا ويازووسڪا]]، 2022ع

بون يونيورسٽي جي مشهور استادن ۽ اڳوڻن شاگردن مان ڪجهه هيٺيان آهن:

* انسانيات جي شعبي ۾:

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ آڊيناور]]&lt;br /&gt;1949ع کان 1963ع تائين [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Ernst_Moritz_Arndt_(cropped).gif|[[ايرنسٽ مورٽز آرنڊٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;مورخ، ليکڪ، شاعر ۽ [[جرمن اتحاد]] جي اوڻيهين صديءَ واري تحريڪ جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
Image:Pope Benedict XVI 2.jpg|[[پوپ بينيڊڪٽ سورهون]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] جو سربراهه ۽ [[ويٽيڪن سٽي]] جو خودمختيار حڪمران
Image:Joseph Karl Stieler's Beethoven mit dem Manuskript der Missa solemnis.jpg|[[لودوگ فان بيتهوون]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ پيانو نواز
Image:Max_bruch.jpg|[[ميڪس بروخ]]&lt;br /&gt;موسيقار ۽ آرڪيسٽرا جو نگران
Image:FranzBoas.jpg|[[فرانز بواس]]&lt;br /&gt;بشريات جو ماهر ۽ جديد بشريات جو باني
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning.jpg|[[هائنرش بروننگ]]&lt;br /&gt;1930ع کان 1932ع تائين [[وائيمار جمهوريه]] دوران [[جرمني جو چانسلر]]
Image:Einde bezoek bondskanselier dr Ludwig Erhard en gaf persconferentie in het Haag, Bestanddeelnr 916-1330.jpg|[[لودوگ ايرهارڊ]]&lt;br /&gt;1963ع کان 1966ع تائين (اولهه) جرمني جو ٻيو چانسلر
Image:Konrad Duden 1829-1911.jpg|[[ڪونراڊ ڊوڊن]]&lt;br /&gt;لسانيات جو ماهر ۽ جرمن لغت [[ڊوڊن]] جو باني
Image:Walter_Eucken2.jpg|[[والٽر اوئڪن]]&lt;br /&gt;[[فرائبرگ اسڪول]] جو معاشيات دان، [[آرڊولبرلزم]] جو باني ۽ [[سماجي منڊي معيشت]] جي تصور جو واضع ڪندڙ
File:Emperor Friedrich III.png|[[فريڊرڪ ٽيون، جرمن شهنشاهه]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-101-20A, Joseph Goebbels.jpg|[[جوزف گوئبلز]]&lt;br /&gt;نازي سياستدان ۽ نازي جرمني جو پروپيگنڊا وارو وزير
File:Habermas10 (14298469242).jpg|[[يورگن هابرماس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ سماجيات جو ماهر
File:Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg|[[هائنرش هائني]]&lt;br /&gt;شاعر، اديب ۽ ادبي نقاد
File:Moses-Hess.jpg|[[موسس هيس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ [[ليبر صهيونيت]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:AxelHonneth2.JPG|[[اڪسل هونيت]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي ۽ ''[[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار سوشل ريسرچ]]'' جو ڊائريڪٽر
File:Sheik-Umarr Mikailu Jah.jpg|[[شيخ عمر ميڪائيلو جاه]]&lt;br /&gt;سرجن ۽ سياستدان
File:2017-03-26 Oskar Lafontaine by Sandro Halank–3.jpg|[[اوسڪار لافونتين]]&lt;br /&gt;[[زارلينڊ]] جو وزيراعليٰ، جرمني جو ناڻي وارو وفاقي وزير، [[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[دي ليفٽ (جرمني)]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Grundsteinlegung MiQua-7004 (cropped).jpg|[[آرمين لاشيٽ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي ڪرسچن ڊيموڪريٽڪ يونين]] جو اڳواڻ ۽ [[اتر رائين-ويسٽفاليا]] جو وزيراعليٰ
File:2020-02-14 Christian Lindner (Bundestagsprojekt 2020) by Sandro Halank–2.jpg|[[ڪرسچن لنڊنر]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمني جي فري ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جو اڳواڻ
File:Bernd Lucke (2014).jpg|[[برنڊ لُڪي]]&lt;br /&gt;معاشيات جو ماهر ۽ ''[[الٽرنيٽو فار جرمني]]'' جو گڏيل باني
File:Thomas Mann in 1926.jpg|[[ٿامس مان]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ادب ۾ نوبل انعام]] يافته ناول نگار
File:Karl Marx 001.jpg|[[ڪارل مارڪس]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، معاشيات دان، مورخ، سماجيات دان، سياسي مفڪر، صحافي ۽ سوشلسٽ انقلابي
File:Josef Mengele, Auschwitz. Album Höcker (cropped) b.jpg|[[جوزف مينگلي]]&lt;br /&gt;[[شوتس شٽافل]] (SS) جو آفيسر، طبيب، بشريات جو ماهر ۽ نازي جنگي ڏوهاري
File:2019-02-05 Andrea Nahles-4936.jpg|[[اينڊريا ناهلس]]&lt;br /&gt;[[جرمن سوشل ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] جي اڳواڻ ۽ اڳوڻي وفاقي وزير براءِ محنت ۽ سماجي معاملا
File:Nietzsche187a.jpg|[[فريڊرڪ نٽشي]]&lt;br /&gt;فلسفي، ثقافتي نقاد، موسيقار، شاعر ۽ لسانيات جو ماهر
File:Thilo Sarrazin Leipziger Buchmesse 2014.JPG|[[ٿيلو سارازين]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ جرمني ۾ مسلمان مهاجرن بابت تڪراري ڪتابن جو ليکڪ
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-19000-2453, Robert Schuman.jpg|[[رابرٽ شومان]]&lt;br /&gt;سياستدان ۽ [[يورپي يونين]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ
File:Joseph Schumpeter ekonomialaria.jpg|[[جوزف شومپيٽر]]&lt;br /&gt;سياسي معاشيات دان
File:Carl-Schurz.jpg|[[ڪارل شورز]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن انقلابي، آمريڪي سياستدان، صحافي، سڌارڪ ۽ آمريڪا جو 13هون گهرو وزير
File:Ferdinand Tönnies.jpg|[[فرڊيننڊ ٽونيز]]&lt;br /&gt;سماجيات دان، معاشيات دان ۽ فلسفي
File:Ministru prezidents Valdis Dombrovskis tiekas ar Vācijas ārlietu ministru Gvido Vestervelli (7849819858) (cropped).jpg|[[گائيڊو ويسٽرويله]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمني جو پرڏيهي وزير، 2009ع کان 2011ع تائين نائب چانسلر، ۽ انهن عهدن تي فائز ٿيندڙ پهريون کليل هم جنس پرست شخص
File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|[[ولهيلم ٻيون]]&lt;br /&gt;جرمن شهنشاهه
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* قدرتي سائنسن جي شعبي ۾:

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
File:Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander 1852.jpg|[[فريڊرش ولهيلم آگسٽ آرگيلينڊر]]&lt;br /&gt;فلڪيات دان
File:Caratheodory Constantin Greek.JPG|[[ڪانسٽنٽين ڪارٿيئڊوري]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.jpg|[[پيٽر گستاف ليجون ڊيرشلي]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Gerd Faltings MFO.jpg|[[گرڊ فالٽنگز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Emil-fischer.jpg|[[ايميل فشر]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Heinrich Geissler.jpg|[[هائنرش گائسلر]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان ۽ [[گائسلر ٽيوب]] جو موجد
File:Reinhard Genzel.jpg|[[رائنهارڊ گينزل]]&lt;br /&gt;فلڪياتي طبعيات دان
File:Hausdorff 1913-1921.jpg|[[فيلڪس هائوسڊورف]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Harald zur Hausen 03.jpg|[[هارالڊ زور هاوزن]]&lt;br /&gt;وائرسيات جو ماهر
File:HEINRICH HERTZ.JPG|[[هائنرش هرٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:Friedrich Hirzebruch.jpeg|[[فريڊرش هرزيبروخ]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Heinrich Eduard Heine 1.jpg|[[ايڊوارڊ هائني]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Walter Hess.jpg|[[والٽر روڊولف هيس]]&lt;br /&gt;جسمانيات جو ماهر
File:Frkekulé.jpg|[[آگسٽ ڪيڪولي]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Vant Hoff.jpg|[[ياڪوبس هينريڪس فان 'ٽ هوف]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعياتي ۽ نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Felix Klein, ante 1897 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0078 B.jpg|[[فيلڪس ڪلائن]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:MaximKontsevich.jpg|[[ماڪسم ڪونتسيوچ]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضياتي طبعيات دان
File:Wolfgang Krull 1967.png|[[وولف گانگ ڪرول]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Phillipp Lenard in 1900.jpg|[[فلپ لينارڊ]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:MJK 20229 Harald Lesch (Republica 2018).jpg|[[هارالڊ ليش]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان، فلڪيات دان، قدرتي فلسفي، ليکڪ ۽ ٽيليويزن پيشڪار
File:Justus von Liebig NIH.jpg|[[جسٽس فان ليبيگ]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا جو باني
File:Maria von Linden in 1894.PNG|[[ماريا فان لنڊن]]&lt;br /&gt;بيڪٽيريات جي ماهر ۽ حياتيات دان
File:RLipschitz.jpeg|[[روڊولف لپشٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Jacob Lueroth.jpeg|[[ياڪوب لوروت]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ ٽي-ورهاءَ (t-Distribution) جو دريافت ڪندڙ
File:Grigory Margulis 1978.jpg|[[گريگوري مارگولس]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Hermann Minkowski Portrait.jpg|[[هرمان منڪووسڪي]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ طبعيات دان
File:Bonner-koepfe-friedrichstrasse-wolfgang-paul-07-2009-03.JPG|[[وولف گانگ پال]]&lt;br /&gt;طبعيات دان
File:Carl adam petri.jpg|[[ڪارل آدم پيٽري]]&lt;br /&gt;ڪمپيوٽر سائنسدان ۽ رياضيدان
File:Julius Plücker.jpg|[[يوليوس پلڪر]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان ۽ تجربيڪار طبعيات دان
File:Peter Scholze (cropped).jpg|[[پيٽر شولتسه]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Schonhage1973 MFO3726.jpg|[[آرنولڊ شونهاگه]]&lt;br /&gt;ڪمپيوٽر سائنسدان ۽ رياضيدان
File:Schur.jpg|[[اِسائي شور]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Toeplitz.jpg|[[اوٽو ٽوئپليٽز]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Maryna Vazovska MFO 2013 crop.jpg|[[مارينا ويازووسڪا]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
File:Otto Wallach 1910.jpg|[[اوٽو والاخ]]&lt;br /&gt;نامياتي ڪيميا دان
File:Karl Weierstrass.jpg|[[ڪارل وائرشٽراس]]&lt;br /&gt;رياضيدان
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[يورپ ۾ جديد دور جي شروعاتي يونيورسٽين جي فهرست]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität}}
* {{Official website|URL=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en}}
* [http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/english يونيورسٽي لائبريري] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203140150/http://www.ulb.uni-bonn.de/english |date=3 February 2017 }}

{{University of Bonn|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{German Excellence Universities}}
{{German U15}}
{{Global Universities for Societal Impact}}
{{Universities and colleges in North Rhine-Westphalia}}
{{Universities in Germany}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonn, University Of}}

[[زمرو:بون يونيورسٽي]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ قائم ٿيل تعليمي ادارا]]
[[زمرو:اتر رائين-ويسٽفاليا جون يونيورسٽيون ۽ ڪاليج]]
[[زمرو:بون جا سياحتي ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:جمعي لائبريريون]]
[[زمرو:بون جون لائبريريون]]
[[زمرو:1818ع ۾ پروشيا ۾ قائم ٿيل ادارا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ هولوڪاسٽ سان لاڳاپيل ماڳ]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون زرعي يونيورسٽيون ۽ ڪاليج]]
[[زمرو:پروشيا جو فريڊرڪ وليم ٽيون]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: | {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA_r}}}}} |  }}}}&lt;!-- --&gt;{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}  | data8 = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}| {{collapsed infobox section begin|{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_graduate|}}}|&amp;#32;([[بيچلر ڊگري|بي.]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;[[ماسٽر ڊگري|ايم.]])}}|ti...</comment>
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| 
}}}}&lt;!--
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{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}|
{{collapsed infobox section begin|{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_graduate|}}}|&amp;#32;([[بيچلر ڊگري|بي.]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;[[ماسٽر ڊگري|ايم.]])}}|titlestyle=background-color:#eee; color:inherit;}}
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| مجموعي تعليمي صورتحال
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| تحقيقي رُخ
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| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي تنظيم
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم دوران سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي شروعاتي مرحلي ۾ سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP_r}}}}}
| 
| پيش ڪيل ڪورس
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| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_G_r}}}}}
| استادن جي سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_G_r}}}}}
| امتحان جي تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_G_r}}}}}
| ليبارٽريءَ ۾ عملي تربيت
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي مهارتن جي تدريس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي ۽ فني رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_G_r}}}}}
| مناسب وقت اندر ڊگريءَ جي تڪميل
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_G_r}}}}}
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| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G_r}}}}}
| ڪم جي ماحول سان رابطو
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| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_G_r}}}}}
| روزگار جي منڊيءَ لاءِ تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_G_r}}}}}
| هر اشاعت لاءِ حوالا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP_r}}}}}
| 
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان ڊاڪٽوريٽون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP_r}}}}}
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| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان اشاعتون
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| تحقيقي ساک
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| هر پروفيسر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP_r}}}}}
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| هر علمي عملي جي ميمبر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPA}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPA_r}}}}}
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| {{#if:{{{THE_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE|}}}
| {{#if:{{{THE_N_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE_N|}}}
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| {{#if:{{{QS_EU_N_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_EU_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_EU_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' روزگار جي قابليت'''{{#if:{{{QS_Employability_year|}}}| {{{QS_Employability_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Employability_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Employability_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_Employability_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_Employability_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_Employability|}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_Employability_N_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_Employability_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_Employability_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' روزگار جي قابليت'''{{#if:{{{THE_Employability_year|}}}| {{{THE_Employability_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Employability_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Employability_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{THE_Employability_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_Employability_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE_Employability|}}}
| {{#if:{{{THE_Employability_N_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_Employability_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE_Employability_N|}}}
}}}}
&lt;!-- مجموعي عالمي درجابنديءَ جي پڄاڻي --&gt;

&lt;!-- مضمونن وارين درجابندين جي شروعات --&gt;
| header3 = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject1|}}}{{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}{{{THE_Subject1|}}}|مضمون موجب — عالمي ۽ قومي}}
| data4 = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject1|}}}{{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}{{{THE_Subject1|}}}|
{{Aligned table
| cols = 3 | fullwidth = on
| col1align = left | col1style = width: 99%
| col2align = center | col2style = white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em
| col3align = center | col3style = white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em
| row1style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject1|}}}||display:none|}}
| row2style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject1|}}}||display:none|}}
| row3style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}||display:none|}}
| row4style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject2|}}}||display:none|}}
| row5style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject2|}}}||display:none|}}
| row6style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject2|}}}||display:none|}}
| row7style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject3|}}}||display:none|}}
| row8style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject3|}}}||display:none|}}
| row9style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject3|}}}||display:none|}}
| row10style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject4|}}}||display:none|}}
| row11style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject4|}}}||display:none|}}
| row12style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject4|}}}||display:none|}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject1_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject1_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject1_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject1|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject1_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject1_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject1_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject1_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject1|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject1_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject1_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject1_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject1_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject1_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject2_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject2_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject2_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject2|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject2_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject2_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject2_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject2_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject2|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject2_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject2_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject2_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject2_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject2|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject2_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject3_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject3_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject3_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject3|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject3_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject3_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject3_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject3_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject3|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject3_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject3_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject3_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject3_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject3|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject3_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject4_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject4_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject4_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject4|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject4_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject4_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject4_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject4_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject4|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject4_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject4_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject4_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject4_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject4|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject4_N|}}}
}}}}
&lt;!-- مضمونن وارين درجابندين جي پڄاڻي --&gt;

&lt;!-- سي ايڇ اي درجابنديءَ جي شروعات --&gt;
| header5 = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|''[[سي ايڇ اي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|سي ايڇ اي درجابندي]]''{{#if:{{{CHE_year|}}}| {{{CHE_year|}}}}} — قومي}}

| data6 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|
{{collapsed infobox section begin|{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_graduate|}}}| ([[بيچلر ڊگري|بي.]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;[[ماسٽر ڊگري|ايم.]])}}|titlestyle=background-color:#eee; color:inherit;}}
}}

| data7 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|
{{Aligned table
| cols = 3 | fullwidth = on
| col1align = left | col1style = font-weight:bold
| col2align = left | col2style = white-space: nowrap;
| col3align = left | col3style = white-space: nowrap; {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_graduate|}}}||display: none;}}
| row1style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row2style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_RO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row3style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row4style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row5style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SSEP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row6style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_CO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row7style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row8style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_EP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row9style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_LI|}}}||display:none|}}
| row10style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC|}}}||display:none|}}
| row11style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row12style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT|}}}||display:none|}}
| row13style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_IO|}}}{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_G|}}}||display:none|}}
| row14style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE|}}}||display:none|}}
| row15style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row16style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_CPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row17style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_DPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row18style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_PPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row19style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_RR|}}}||display:none|}}
| row20style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row21style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA|}}}||display:none|}}
| مجموعي تعليمي صورتحال
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS_G_r}}}}}
| تحقيقي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي تنظيم
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم دوران سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي شروعاتي مرحلي ۾ سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SSEP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SSEP_r}}}}}
|
| پيش ڪيل ڪورس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO_G_r}}}}}
| استادن جي سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS_G_r}}}}}
| امتحان جي تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP_G_r}}}}}
| ليبارٽريءَ ۾ عملي تربيت
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي مهارتن جي تدريس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي ۽ فني رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO_G_r}}}}}
| مناسب وقت اندر ڊگريءَ جي تڪميل
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT_G_r}}}}}
| بين الاقوامي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_G_r}}}}}
| ڪم جي ماحول سان رابطو
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE_G_r}}}}}
| روزگار جي منڊيءَ لاءِ تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP_G_r}}}}}
| هر اشاعت لاءِ حوالا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان ڊاڪٽوريٽون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_DPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_DPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان اشاعتون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_PPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_PPP_r}}}}}
|
| تحقيقي ساک
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_RR}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_RR_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر علمي عملي جي ميمبر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA_r}}}}}
|
}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}

| data8 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}|
{{collapsed infobox section begin|{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_graduate|}}}| ([[بيچلر ڊگري|بي.]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;[[ماسٽر ڊگري|ايم.]])}}|titlestyle=background-color:#eee; color:inherit;}}
}}

| data9 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}|
{{Aligned table
| cols = 3 | fullwidth = on
| col1align = left | col1style = font-weight:bold
| col2align = left | col2style = white-space: nowrap;
| col3align = left | col3style = white-space: nowrap; {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_graduate|}}}||display: none;}}
| row1style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row2style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_RO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row3style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row4style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row5style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row6style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_CO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row7style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row8style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_EP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row9style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_LI|}}}||display:none|}}
| row10style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC|}}}||display:none|}}
| row11style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row12style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT|}}}||display:none|}}
| row13style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_IO|}}}{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G|}}}||display:none|}}
| row14style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE|}}}||display:none|}}
| row15style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row16style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row17style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row18style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_PPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row19style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_RR|}}}||display:none|}}
| row20style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row21style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPA|}}}||display:none|}}
| مجموعي تعليمي صورتحال
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS_G_r}}}}}
| تحقيقي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي تنظيم
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم دوران سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي شروعاتي مرحلي ۾ سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP_r}}}}}
|
| پيش ڪيل ڪورس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_G_r}}}}}
| استادن جي سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_G_r}}}}}
| امتحان جي تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_G_r}}}}}
| ليبارٽريءَ ۾ عملي تربيت
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي مهارتن جي تدريس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي ۽ فني رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_G_r}}}}}
| مناسب وقت اندر ڊگريءَ جي تڪميل
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_G_r}}}}}
| بين الاقوامي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G_r}}}}}
| ڪم جي ماحول سان رابطو
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_G_r}}}}}
| روزگار جي منڊيءَ لاءِ تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_G_r}}}}}
| هر اشاعت لاءِ حوالا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان ڊاڪٽوريٽون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان اشاعتون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_PPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_PPP_r}}}}}
|
| تحقيقي ساک
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_RR}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_RR_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر علمي عملي جي ميمبر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فن</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T12:21:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="22347" sha1="ddddjsqgsvqkdaqxnb4n0us48455ds3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| headerstyle = background:lavender; color:inherit;
| above = &lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;[[ڪاليجن ۽ يونيورسٽين جون درجابنديون|{{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|يونيورسٽي}} جون درجابنديون]]&lt;/span&gt;
| subheader = {{{name|}}}
| type = {{{type|}}}

&lt;!-- مجموعي عالمي درجابنديءَ جي شروعات --&gt;
| header1 = {{#if:{{{ARWU|}}}{{{QS|}}}{{{QS_Employability|}}}{{{THE|}}}{{{THE_Employability|}}}|مجموعي — عالمي ۽ قومي}}
| data2 = {{#if:{{{ARWU|}}}{{{QS|}}}{{{QS_Employability|}}}{{{THE|}}}{{{THE_Employability|}}}|
{{Aligned table
| cols = 3 | fullwidth = on
| col1align = left | col1style = width: 99%
| col2align = center | col2style = white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em
| col3align = center | col3style = white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em
| row1style = {{#if:{{{QS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row2style = {{#if:{{{THE|}}}||display:none|}}
| row3style = {{#if:{{{ARWU|}}}||display:none|}}
| row4style = {{#if:{{{QS_EU|}}}||display:none|}}
| row5style = {{#if:{{{QS_Employability|}}}||display:none|}}
| row6style = {{#if:{{{THE_Employability|}}}||display:none|}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' عالمي'''{{#if:{{{QS_year|}}}| {{{QS_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_ref|}}}|{{{QS_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS|}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_N_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' عالمي'''{{#if:{{{THE_year|}}}| {{{THE_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_ref|}}}|{{{THE_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{THE_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE|}}}
| {{#if:{{{THE_N_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' عالمي'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{ARWU_change|}}}|{{{{{ARWU_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{ARWU|}}}
| {{#if:{{{ARWU_N_change|}}}|{{{{{ARWU_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{ARWU_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' يورپ'''{{#if:{{{QS_EU_year|}}}| {{{QS_EU_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_EU_ref|}}}|{{{QS_EU_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_EU_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_EU_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_EU|}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_EU_N_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_EU_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_EU_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' روزگار جي قابليت'''{{#if:{{{QS_Employability_year|}}}| {{{QS_Employability_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Employability_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Employability_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_Employability_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_Employability_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_Employability|}}}
| {{#if:{{{QS_Employability_N_change|}}}|{{{{{QS_Employability_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{QS_Employability_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' روزگار جي قابليت'''{{#if:{{{THE_Employability_year|}}}| {{{THE_Employability_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Employability_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Employability_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{#if:{{{THE_Employability_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_Employability_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE_Employability|}}}
| {{#if:{{{THE_Employability_N_change|}}}|{{{{{THE_Employability_N_change|}}}|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;|}}{{{THE_Employability_N|}}}
}}}}
&lt;!-- مجموعي عالمي درجابنديءَ جي پڄاڻي --&gt;

&lt;!-- مضمونن وارين درجابندين جي شروعات --&gt;
| header3 = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject1|}}}{{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}{{{THE_Subject1|}}}|مضمون موجب — عالمي ۽ قومي}}
| data4 = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject1|}}}{{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}{{{THE_Subject1|}}}|
{{Aligned table
| cols = 3 | fullwidth = on
| col1align = left | col1style = width: 99%
| col2align = center | col2style = white-space: nowrap; border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-right: 0.5em
| col3align = center | col3style = white-space: nowrap; padding-left: 0.5em
| row1style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject1|}}}||display:none|}}
| row2style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject1|}}}||display:none|}}
| row3style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}||display:none|}}
| row4style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject2|}}}||display:none|}}
| row5style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject2|}}}||display:none|}}
| row6style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject2|}}}||display:none|}}
| row7style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject3|}}}||display:none|}}
| row8style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject3|}}}||display:none|}}
| row9style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject3|}}}||display:none|}}
| row10style = {{#if:{{{QS_Subject4|}}}||display:none|}}
| row11style = {{#if:{{{THE_Subject4|}}}||display:none|}}
| row12style = {{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject4|}}}||display:none|}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject1_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject1_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject1_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject1|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject1_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject1_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject1_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject1_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject1|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject1_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject1_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject1_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject1_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject1|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject1_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject2_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject2_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject2_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject2|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject2_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject2_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject2_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject2_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject2|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject2_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject2_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject2_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject2_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject2|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject2_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject3_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject3_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject3_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject3|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject3_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject3_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject3_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject3_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject3|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject3_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject3_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject3_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject3_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject3_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject3|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject3_N|}}}
| '''''[[ڪيو ايس عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ڪيو ايس]]'' {{{QS_Subject4_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{QS_Subject4_year|}}}| {{{QS_Subject4_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{QS_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{{QS_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{QS_Subject4|}}}
| {{{QS_Subject4_N|}}}
| '''''[[ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|ٽائمز هائر ايجوڪيشن]]'' {{{THE_Subject4_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{THE_Subject4_year|}}}| {{{THE_Subject4_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{THE_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{{THE_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{THE_Subject4|}}}
| {{{THE_Subject4_N|}}}
| '''''[[عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي|عالمي يونيورسٽين جي علمي درجابندي]]'' {{{ARWU_Subject4_title|}}}'''{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject4_year|}}}| {{{ARWU_Subject4_year|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ARWU_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{{ARWU_Subject4_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject4|}}}
| {{{ARWU_Subject4_N|}}}
}}}}
&lt;!-- مضمونن وارين درجابندين جي پڄاڻي --&gt;

&lt;!-- سي ايڇ اي درجابنديءَ جي شروعات --&gt;
| header5 = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|''[[سي ايڇ اي يونيورسٽي درجابندي|سي ايڇ اي درجابندي]]''{{#if:{{{CHE_year|}}}| {{{CHE_year|}}}}} — قومي}}

| data6 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|
{{collapsed infobox section begin|{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_graduate|}}}| ([[بيچلر ڊگري|بي.]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;[[ماسٽر ڊگري|ايم.]])}}|titlestyle=background-color:#eee; color:inherit;}}
}}

| data7 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|
{{Aligned table
| cols = 3 | fullwidth = on
| col1align = left | col1style = font-weight:bold
| col2align = left | col2style = white-space: nowrap;
| col3align = left | col3style = white-space: nowrap; {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_graduate|}}}||display: none;}}
| row1style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row2style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_RO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row3style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row4style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row5style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SSEP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row6style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_CO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row7style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row8style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_EP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row9style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_LI|}}}||display:none|}}
| row10style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC|}}}||display:none|}}
| row11style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row12style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT|}}}||display:none|}}
| row13style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_IO|}}}{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_G|}}}||display:none|}}
| row14style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE|}}}||display:none|}}
| row15style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row16style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_CPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row17style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_DPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row18style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_PPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row19style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_RR|}}}||display:none|}}
| row20style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row21style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA|}}}||display:none|}}
| مجموعي تعليمي صورتحال
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_OSS_G_r}}}}}
| تحقيقي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_RO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي تنظيم
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم دوران سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SS_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي شروعاتي مرحلي ۾ سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SSEP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SSEP_r}}}}}
|
| پيش ڪيل ڪورس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CO_G_r}}}}}
| استادن جي سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TS_G_r}}}}}
| امتحان جي تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_EP_G_r}}}}}
| ليبارٽريءَ ۾ عملي تربيت
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_LI_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي مهارتن جي تدريس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TSC_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي ۽ فني رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_SAO_G_r}}}}}
| مناسب وقت اندر ڊگريءَ جي تڪميل
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_GAT_G_r}}}}}
| بين الاقوامي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_IO_G_r}}}}}
| ڪم جي ماحول سان رابطو
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CWE_G_r}}}}}
| روزگار جي منڊيءَ لاءِ تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_JMP_G_r}}}}}
| هر اشاعت لاءِ حوالا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_CPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_CPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان ڊاڪٽوريٽون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_DPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_DPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان اشاعتون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_PPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_PPP_r}}}}}
|
| تحقيقي ساک
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_RR}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_RR_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر علمي عملي جي ميمبر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA}}}|{{{CHE_Subject1_TPFPA_r}}}}}
|
}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject1|}}}|{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}

| data8 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}|
{{collapsed infobox section begin|{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_ref|}}}|{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}}}{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_graduate|}}}| ([[بيچلر ڊگري|بي.]]&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;[[ماسٽر ڊگري|ايم.]])}}|titlestyle=background-color:#eee; color:inherit;}}
}}

| data9 =
{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}|
{{Aligned table
| cols = 3 | fullwidth = on
| col1align = left | col1style = font-weight:bold
| col2align = left | col2style = white-space: nowrap;
| col3align = left | col3style = white-space: nowrap; {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_graduate|}}}||display: none;}}
| row1style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row2style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_RO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row3style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row4style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row5style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row6style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_CO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row7style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TS|}}}||display:none|}}
| row8style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_EP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row9style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_LI|}}}||display:none|}}
| row10style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC|}}}||display:none|}}
| row11style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO|}}}||display:none|}}
| row12style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT|}}}||display:none|}}
| row13style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_IO|}}}{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G|}}}||display:none|}}
| row14style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE|}}}||display:none|}}
| row15style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row16style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row17style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row18style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_PPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row19style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_RR|}}}||display:none|}}
| row20style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP|}}}||display:none|}}
| row21style = {{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPA|}}}||display:none|}}
| مجموعي تعليمي صورتحال
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_OSS_G_r}}}}}
| تحقيقي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_RO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي تنظيم
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SO_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم دوران سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SS_G_r}}}}}
| تعليم جي شروعاتي مرحلي ۾ سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SSEP_r}}}}}
|
| پيش ڪيل ڪورس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CO_G_r}}}}}
| استادن جي سهائتا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TS_G_r}}}}}
| امتحان جي تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_EP_G_r}}}}}
| ليبارٽريءَ ۾ عملي تربيت
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_LI_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي مهارتن جي تدريس
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TSC_G_r}}}}}
| سائنسي ۽ فني رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_SAO_G_r}}}}}
| مناسب وقت اندر ڊگريءَ جي تڪميل
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_GAT_G_r}}}}}
| بين الاقوامي رُخ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_IO_G_r}}}}}
| ڪم جي ماحول سان رابطو
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CWE_G_r}}}}}
| روزگار جي منڊيءَ لاءِ تياري
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_r}}}}}
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_G}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_JMP_G_r}}}}}
| هر اشاعت لاءِ حوالا
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_CPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان ڊاڪٽوريٽون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_DPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر جي نسبت سان اشاعتون
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_PPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_PPP_r}}}}}
|
| تحقيقي ساک
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_RR}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_RR_r}}}}}
|
| هر پروفيسر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPP_r}}}}}
|
| هر علمي عملي جي ميمبر لاءِ ٽئين ڌر جا فنڊ
| {{Infobox Germany university rankings/CHE|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPA}}}|{{{CHE_Subject2_TPFPA_r}}}}}
|
}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{CHE_Subject2|}}}|{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}

&lt;!-- سي ايڇ اي درجابنديءَ جي پڄاڻي --&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}

&lt;!-- زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي تي شامل ڪريو --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Same position</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100424</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T12:22:24Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[File:{{#switch:{{{1}}}|a=Steady.svg{{!}}{{{size|11}}}|b=Disc Plain yellow dark.svg{{!}}{{{size|15}}}|c=Disc Plain violet.svg{{!}}{{{size|15}}}|d=Steady2.svg{{!}}{{{size|14x12}}}|Steady3.svg{{!}}{{{size|14x12}}}}}px|alt={{{2|Same position}}}|link=|{{{2|Same position}}}]]&lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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{{documentation}}
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="331" sha1="lh0w5dw12aahhi52ry0e7hpxy6tkg0d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:{{#switch:{{{1|}}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Rise</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100425</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T12:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[File:{{#switch:{{{1}}}|a=Increase2.svg{{!}}{{{size|11}}}|b=Green-Up-Arrow.svg{{!}}{{{size|15}}}|n=Red Arrow Up.svg{{!}}{{{size|12}}}|Green Arrow Up Darker.svg{{!}}{{{size|12}}}}}px|alt={{{2|Rise}}}|link=|{{{2|Rise}}}]]&lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="262" sha1="037gfep0douei4x2j0e1ws0dg0ipler" xml:space="preserve">[[File:{{#switch:{{{1}}}|a=Increase2.svg{{!}}{{{size|11}}}|b=Green-Up-Arrow.svg{{!}}{{{size|15}}}|n=Red Arrow Up.svg{{!}}{{{size|12}}}|Green Arrow Up Darker.svg{{!}}{{{size|12}}}}}px|alt={{{2|Rise}}}|link=|{{{2|Rise}}}]]&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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}}px|alt={{{2|وڌيو}}}|link=|{{{2|وڌيو}}}]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>395137</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T12:32:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="211" sha1="56tepok6l439xdamv4sad8jbh6xrnxm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:{{#switch:{{{1|}}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Fall</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395138</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T12:34:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[File:{{#switch:{{{1|}}}  | a = Decrease2.svg  | b = RedDownArrow.svg  | p = Green Arrow Down.svg  | #default = Red Arrow Down.svg }}|{{{size|12}}}px|alt=|link=]] &lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سسيفس</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395147</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T14:18:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}} }  [[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv....</comment>
      <origin>395147</origin>
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      <text bytes="2273" sha1="fhcjrrniofvxbido0ubhe34x5tm44mw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}
}

[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|ᵻ|f|ə|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Sisyphus.wav}}؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|s|ᵻ|ˈ|f|iː|ən}}) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fhcjrrniofvxbido0ubhe34x5tm44mw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395148</id>
      <parentid>395147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T14:18:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2272" sha1="gruoa1neo4aza7r59fz8ey1mcmh4ds1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|ᵻ|f|ə|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Sisyphus.wav}}؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|s|ᵻ|ˈ|f|iː|ən}}) چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ {{transliteration|grc|sophos}} ({{lang|grc|σοφός}}، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو {{transliteration|grc|sisys}} ({{lang|grc|σίσυς}}، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
{{Greek underworld}}

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.</text>
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      <text bytes="22915" sha1="epi75z9s59bwu96g121oxfq4c7lx0hy" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ {{transliteration|grc|sophos}} ({{lang|grc|σοφός}}، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو {{transliteration|grc|sisys}} ({{lang|grc|σίσυς}}، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
{{Greek underworld}}

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي بي انتها ڀيري هڪ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ ڏانهن ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;هومر، ''اوڊيسي'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هن سزا جي اذيت ان ڪري خاص هئي، جو سسيفس پنهنجي غرور ([[هبرس]]) سبب اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس هوشياري زيوس کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو جيئن ئي سسيفس چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچندو هو، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. اهڙيءَ طرح سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بي مقصد محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جو شڪار بڻجي ويو. انهيءَ سبب اڄ به اهڙن بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به نه ختم ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي &quot;'''سسيفسي'''&quot; چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي به چٽيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، 10.31&lt;/ref&gt;

== تشريحون ==
[[File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae MGG 1020.tif|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=يوهان فوگل جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي نقاشي ۾ سسيفس|بي مقصد جنگ جاري رکڻ جي علامت طور سسيفس. [[يوهان فوگل (شاعر)|يوهان فوگل]]: ''Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae''، 1649ع]]

[[شمسي نظريي]] موجب، بادشاهه سسيفس سج جي ان قرص جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هر روز اوڀر کان اڀري ٿو ۽ پوءِ اولهه ۾ لهي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus |volume=25 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين عالمن جي نظر ۾ هو اڀرندڙ ۽ لهندڙ لهرن يا دوکيباز سمنڊ جي تمثيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;/&gt; پهرين صدي ق م جي [[ايپيڪيورين]] فلسفي [[لوڪريشس]]، سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي انهن سياستدانن جي علامت قرار ڏنو، جيڪي سياسي عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ بار بار ناڪام ٿين ٿا؛ سندس خيال ۾ اقتدار جي اها جستجو پاڻ ۾ ئي هڪ &quot;خالي شيءِ&quot; آهي، جيڪا پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ تي ڌڪڻ جهڙي بي نتيجا محنت سان مشابهت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[De Rerum Natura]]'' III&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فريڊرش ويلڪر]] جو خيال هو ته سسيفس علم جي ڳولا ۾ انسان جي اجائي جدوجهد جي علامت آهي، جڏهن ته [[سالومون ريناخ]]&lt;ref&gt;''Revue archéologique'', 1904&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڏني ته سندس سزا ان تصوير تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ سسيفس کي [[اڪروڪورنٿ]] ڏانهن هڪ وڏو پٿر ڌڪيندي ڏيکاريو ويو هو، جيڪو ''سسيفيئم'' جي تعمير لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ مهارت جي علامت هو.

[[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي 1942ع جي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي انساني زندگيءَ جي بي معنويت (Absurdity) جي علامت قرار ڏنو، پر آخر ۾ هن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته &quot;اسان کي سسيفس کي خوش تصور ڪرڻ گهرجي&quot;، ڇاڪاڻ ته &quot;بلندين ڏانهن جدوجهد پاڻ ئي انسان جي دل کي ڀرڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي.&quot;

[[جي. نيگرو سانسونيز]] پنهنجي 1994ع جي ڪتاب ''The Body of Myth'' ۾، [[جارجس ڊوميزيل]] جي تحقيق کي اڳتي وڌائيندي، اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته &quot;سسيفس&quot; نالي جو بڻ شايد ساهه جي نڪ مان اچڻ واري لڳاتار سرسراهٽ جهڙي آواز (&quot;سس... فس&quot;) جي صوتياتي نقل (onomatopoeia) مان نڪتل آهي. هن مطابق سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا جو تعلق قديم [[پروٽو-هند-يورپي مذهب]] جي انهن وجد آڻيندڙ طريقن سان آهي، جيڪي ساهه جي ضابطي سان لاڳاپيل هئا. هن تشريح ۾ ساهه اندر کڻڻ ۽ ٻاهر ڇڏڻ جي ورجائجندڙ عمل کي سسيفس ۽ سندس پٿر جي ٽڪريءَ تي مٿي ۽ هيٺ ٿيندڙ حرڪت سان تشبيهه ڏني وئي.

انهن تجربن ۾، جن ۾ اهو جانچيو ويندو آهي ته ڪم جي معنيٰ گهٽجڻ تي مزدور ڪيئن ردعمل ظاهر ڪن ٿا، آزمائشي حالت کي &quot;سسيفسي حالت&quot; (Sisyphusian condition) سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن تجربن جا ٻه اهم نتيجا نڪتا: پهريون، ماڻهو ان وقت وڌيڪ محنت ڪندا آهن جڏهن کين پنهنجو ڪم وڌيڪ بامعنيٰ محسوس ٿئي؛ ۽ ٻيو، ماڻهو عام طور ڪم جي معنيٰ ۽ ترغيب جي وچ ۾ موجود لاڳاپي کي گهٽ سمجهندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ariely|first=Dan|title=The Upside of Irrationality|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-199503-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ادبي تشريحون ===
[[File:Punishment sisyph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=ٽيشيئن جي سسيفس واري تصوير|''[[سسيفس (ٽيشيئن)|سسيفس]]'' (1548–1549ع)، [[ٽيشيئن]]، [[پراڊو عجائب گهر]]، ميڊرڊ، اسپين]]
[[File:Poster from National Child Labor Committee collection, c. 1913.jpg|thumb|سرمائيداري نظام ۾ ٻارن کان پورهيو وٺڻ جي مذمت لاءِ سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کان متاثر ڪارٽون، لڳ ڀڳ 1913ع]]

* [[هومر]] پنهنجي ''[[ايليڊ]]'' جي ڇهين ڪتاب ۽ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' جي يارهين ڪتاب ۾ سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot; /&gt;
* رومي شاعر [[اووڊ]] ''[[ميٽامورفوسز]]'' ۾ [[اورفيوس ۽ يوريڊائيس]] جي ڪهاڻي دوران سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو. جڏهن اورفيوس هيڊيز ۽ پرسيفوني وٽ وڃي يوريڊائيس کي واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گيت ڳائي ٿو، تڏهن اووڊ بيان ڪري ٿو ته اهو گيت ايترو اثرائتو هو، جو سسيفس به هڪ لمحي لاءِ پنهنجي دائمي محنت ڇڏي پنهنجي پٿر تي ويهي رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 10.44.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[اپالوجي (افلاطون)|اپالوجي]]'' ۾ سقراط چوي ٿو ته هو مرڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس جهڙن ماڻهن سان ملڻ جو خواهشمند آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي ڏاها سمجهن ٿا، جيئن هو سندن سوالن وسيلي معلوم ڪري سگهي ته حقيقت ۾ ڏاهو ڪير آهي ۽ ڪير رڳو پاڻ کي ڏاهو سمجهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Apology, 41c&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي &quot;بي معنويت جو هيرو&quot; قرار ڏئي ٿو.
* [[فرانتس ڪافڪا]] بار بار سسيفس جو حوالو هڪ ڪنوارو مرد طور ڏنو. سندس نظر ۾ &quot;ڪافڪائي&quot; خوبيون اهي هيون، جيڪي سندس پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ سسيفس جهڙيون خصوصيتون ظاهر ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frederick R. Karl|Karl, Frederick]]. ''Franz Kafka: Representative Man.'' New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
* فلسفي [[رچرڊ ڪلائيڊ ٽيلر]] سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي اهڙي زندگيءَ جي تمثيل طور پيش ڪري ٿو، جيڪا محض بي مقصد ورجاءَ تي ٻڌل هئڻ ڪري بي معنيٰ بڻجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Richard. &quot;Time and Life's Meaning.&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 40 (June 1987): 675–686.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[وولفگانگ ميڊر]] سسيفس جي علامت تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي، خاص طور ادارتي، ڪارٽون گڏ ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. ''Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen.'' Vienna: Praesens.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[هولس رابنز]]، اووڊ کي ڪاميو جي مقابلي ۾ پڙهندي، تجويز ڏئي ٿي ته سسيفس جي سزا حقيقت ۾ سزا نه هئي، پر سندس فطرت جي سڃاڻپ هئي؛ يعني قاعدن ۽ حدن جي خلاف هميشه جدوجهد ڪرڻ سندس بنيادي طبيعت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Sisyphus, Unbothered |url=https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/sisyphus-unbothered |website=Anecdotal Value |publisher=Substack |access-date=27 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="27061" sha1="033uhaslxgh4ag7m372bhnem6d32el6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ {{transliteration|grc|sophos}} ({{lang|grc|σοφός}}، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو {{transliteration|grc|sisys}} ({{lang|grc|σίσυς}}، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
{{Greek underworld}}

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي بي انتها ڀيري هڪ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ ڏانهن ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;هومر، ''اوڊيسي'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هن سزا جي اذيت ان ڪري خاص هئي، جو سسيفس پنهنجي غرور ([[هبرس]]) سبب اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس هوشياري زيوس کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو جيئن ئي سسيفس چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچندو هو، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. اهڙيءَ طرح سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بي مقصد محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جو شڪار بڻجي ويو. انهيءَ سبب اڄ به اهڙن بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به نه ختم ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي &quot;'''سسيفسي'''&quot; چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي به چٽيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، 10.31&lt;/ref&gt;

== تشريحون ==
[[File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae MGG 1020.tif|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=يوهان فوگل جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي نقاشي ۾ سسيفس|بي مقصد جنگ جاري رکڻ جي علامت طور سسيفس. [[يوهان فوگل (شاعر)|يوهان فوگل]]: ''Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae''، 1649ع]]

[[شمسي نظريي]] موجب، بادشاهه سسيفس سج جي ان قرص جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هر روز اوڀر کان اڀري ٿو ۽ پوءِ اولهه ۾ لهي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus |volume=25 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين عالمن جي نظر ۾ هو اڀرندڙ ۽ لهندڙ لهرن يا دوکيباز سمنڊ جي تمثيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;/&gt; پهرين صدي ق م جي [[ايپيڪيورين]] فلسفي [[لوڪريشس]]، سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي انهن سياستدانن جي علامت قرار ڏنو، جيڪي سياسي عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ بار بار ناڪام ٿين ٿا؛ سندس خيال ۾ اقتدار جي اها جستجو پاڻ ۾ ئي هڪ &quot;خالي شيءِ&quot; آهي، جيڪا پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ تي ڌڪڻ جهڙي بي نتيجا محنت سان مشابهت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[De Rerum Natura]]'' III&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فريڊرش ويلڪر]] جو خيال هو ته سسيفس علم جي ڳولا ۾ انسان جي اجائي جدوجهد جي علامت آهي، جڏهن ته [[سالومون ريناخ]]&lt;ref&gt;''Revue archéologique'', 1904&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڏني ته سندس سزا ان تصوير تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ سسيفس کي [[اڪروڪورنٿ]] ڏانهن هڪ وڏو پٿر ڌڪيندي ڏيکاريو ويو هو، جيڪو ''سسيفيئم'' جي تعمير لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ مهارت جي علامت هو.

[[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي 1942ع جي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي انساني زندگيءَ جي بي معنويت (Absurdity) جي علامت قرار ڏنو، پر آخر ۾ هن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته &quot;اسان کي سسيفس کي خوش تصور ڪرڻ گهرجي&quot;، ڇاڪاڻ ته &quot;بلندين ڏانهن جدوجهد پاڻ ئي انسان جي دل کي ڀرڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي.&quot;

[[جي. نيگرو سانسونيز]] پنهنجي 1994ع جي ڪتاب ''The Body of Myth'' ۾، [[جارجس ڊوميزيل]] جي تحقيق کي اڳتي وڌائيندي، اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته &quot;سسيفس&quot; نالي جو بڻ شايد ساهه جي نڪ مان اچڻ واري لڳاتار سرسراهٽ جهڙي آواز (&quot;سس... فس&quot;) جي صوتياتي نقل (onomatopoeia) مان نڪتل آهي. هن مطابق سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا جو تعلق قديم [[پروٽو-هند-يورپي مذهب]] جي انهن وجد آڻيندڙ طريقن سان آهي، جيڪي ساهه جي ضابطي سان لاڳاپيل هئا. هن تشريح ۾ ساهه اندر کڻڻ ۽ ٻاهر ڇڏڻ جي ورجائجندڙ عمل کي سسيفس ۽ سندس پٿر جي ٽڪريءَ تي مٿي ۽ هيٺ ٿيندڙ حرڪت سان تشبيهه ڏني وئي.

انهن تجربن ۾، جن ۾ اهو جانچيو ويندو آهي ته ڪم جي معنيٰ گهٽجڻ تي مزدور ڪيئن ردعمل ظاهر ڪن ٿا، آزمائشي حالت کي &quot;سسيفسي حالت&quot; (Sisyphusian condition) سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن تجربن جا ٻه اهم نتيجا نڪتا: پهريون، ماڻهو ان وقت وڌيڪ محنت ڪندا آهن جڏهن کين پنهنجو ڪم وڌيڪ بامعنيٰ محسوس ٿئي؛ ۽ ٻيو، ماڻهو عام طور ڪم جي معنيٰ ۽ ترغيب جي وچ ۾ موجود لاڳاپي کي گهٽ سمجهندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ariely|first=Dan|title=The Upside of Irrationality|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-199503-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ادبي تشريحون ===
[[File:Punishment sisyph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=ٽيشيئن جي سسيفس واري تصوير|''[[سسيفس (ٽيشيئن)|سسيفس]]'' (1548–1549ع)، [[ٽيشيئن]]، [[پراڊو عجائب گهر]]، ميڊرڊ، اسپين]]
[[File:Poster from National Child Labor Committee collection, c. 1913.jpg|thumb|سرمائيداري نظام ۾ ٻارن کان پورهيو وٺڻ جي مذمت لاءِ سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کان متاثر ڪارٽون، لڳ ڀڳ 1913ع]]

* [[هومر]] پنهنجي ''[[ايليڊ]]'' جي ڇهين ڪتاب ۽ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' جي يارهين ڪتاب ۾ سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot; /&gt;
* رومي شاعر [[اووڊ]] ''[[ميٽامورفوسز]]'' ۾ [[اورفيوس ۽ يوريڊائيس]] جي ڪهاڻي دوران سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو. جڏهن اورفيوس هيڊيز ۽ پرسيفوني وٽ وڃي يوريڊائيس کي واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گيت ڳائي ٿو، تڏهن اووڊ بيان ڪري ٿو ته اهو گيت ايترو اثرائتو هو، جو سسيفس به هڪ لمحي لاءِ پنهنجي دائمي محنت ڇڏي پنهنجي پٿر تي ويهي رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 10.44.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[اپالوجي (افلاطون)|اپالوجي]]'' ۾ سقراط چوي ٿو ته هو مرڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس جهڙن ماڻهن سان ملڻ جو خواهشمند آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي ڏاها سمجهن ٿا، جيئن هو سندن سوالن وسيلي معلوم ڪري سگهي ته حقيقت ۾ ڏاهو ڪير آهي ۽ ڪير رڳو پاڻ کي ڏاهو سمجهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Apology, 41c&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي &quot;بي معنويت جو هيرو&quot; قرار ڏئي ٿو.
* [[فرانتس ڪافڪا]] بار بار سسيفس جو حوالو هڪ ڪنوارو مرد طور ڏنو. سندس نظر ۾ &quot;ڪافڪائي&quot; خوبيون اهي هيون، جيڪي سندس پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ سسيفس جهڙيون خصوصيتون ظاهر ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frederick R. Karl|Karl, Frederick]]. ''Franz Kafka: Representative Man.'' New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
* فلسفي [[رچرڊ ڪلائيڊ ٽيلر]] سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي اهڙي زندگيءَ جي تمثيل طور پيش ڪري ٿو، جيڪا محض بي مقصد ورجاءَ تي ٻڌل هئڻ ڪري بي معنيٰ بڻجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Richard. &quot;Time and Life's Meaning.&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 40 (June 1987): 675–686.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[وولفگانگ ميڊر]] سسيفس جي علامت تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي، خاص طور ادارتي، ڪارٽون گڏ ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. ''Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen.'' Vienna: Praesens.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[هولس رابنز]]، اووڊ کي ڪاميو جي مقابلي ۾ پڙهندي، تجويز ڏئي ٿي ته سسيفس جي سزا حقيقت ۾ سزا نه هئي، پر سندس فطرت جي سڃاڻپ هئي؛ يعني قاعدن ۽ حدن جي خلاف هميشه جدوجهد ڪرڻ سندس بنيادي طبيعت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Sisyphus, Unbothered |url=https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/sisyphus-unbothered |website=Anecdotal Value |publisher=Substack |access-date=27 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[نارانٿ ڀرانٿن]]، هندستاني لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ رضاڪارانه طور پٿر ڌڪيندڙ شخصيت
* [[جان ٽريگيگل]]، ڪارنوال جو هڪ مئجسٽريٽ، جنهن کي [[ڊوزمري پول]] کي هڪ صدف جي خول سان خالي ڪرڻ يا [[گوينور ڪوو]] ۾ واريءَ مان رسي اڻڻ جي سزا ڏني وئي
* [[ٽينٽلس]]، جنهن کي به ساڳيءَ طرح نه ختم ٿيندڙ مشقت جي سزا ملي
* [[وو گانگ]]، جنهن کي پڻ هڪ ناممڪن ڪم سونپيو ويو: چنڊ تي پاڻمرادو ٻيهر وڌندڙ وڻ کي وڍڻ
* [[بي معنويت]] – هڪ [[فلسفو|فلسفياتي]] نظريو، جنهن موجب ڪائنات غير منطقي آهي ۽ جيڪي ماڻهو ان ۾ معنيٰ ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا، اهي هيڊيز پاران سسيفس کي ڏنل سزا جهڙي حالت ۾ هوندا آهن.

== نوٽس ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== حوالا ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*[[بائبليوٿيکا (اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، ''The Library''، سر جيمس جارج فريزر جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، ٻن جلدن ۾، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس؛ وليم هائينيمان، لنڊن، 1921ع. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 آن لائن نسخو.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 ساڳئي ويب سائيٽ تي يوناني متن.]
*{{cite book|last=Evslin|first=Bernard|title=Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljjly9Zes9AC|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-84511-321-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[ٽموٿي گانٽز]]، ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources''، جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس، 1996ع.
*هارڊ، رابن، ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology''، 2004ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1924ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''Homeri Opera''، آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1920ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1919ع.
*[[هيروگ ميهلر]]، ''Pindarus Carmina cum fragmentis''، 1989ع.
*{{cite book|last1=Morford|first1=Mark P. O.|last2=Lenardon|first2=Robert J.|title=Classical Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&amp;pg=PA491|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514338-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، بروڪس مور جو ترجمو، 1922ع.
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، لاطيني متن، 1892ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Description of Greece''، 1918ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Graeciae Descriptio''، 1903ع.
{{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{wiktionary|Sisyphean}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}

{{Rulers of Corinth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي چالاڪ شخصيتون]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا شهزادا]]
[[زمرو:آبادين جا ڏندڪٿائي باني]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪي ڏندڪٿائن ۾ زيرزمين جو سفر]]
[[زمرو:ٽارٽارس ۾ سزا يافته روح]]
[[زمرو:ايولائي نسل]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ڪورنٿي]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ٿيساليائي]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:ٿيسالي جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:زيوس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:ايريس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:هبرس بابت ڏندڪٿائون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27095" sha1="p4uavgm74urozjytivtqwl627tsy705" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ {{transliteration|grc|sophos}} ({{lang|grc|σοφός}}، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو {{transliteration|grc|sisys}} ({{lang|grc|σίσυς}}، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
{{Greek underworld}}

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي بي انتها ڀيري هڪ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ ڏانهن ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;هومر، ''اوڊيسي'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هن سزا جي اذيت ان ڪري خاص هئي، جو سسيفس پنهنجي غرور ([[هبرس]]) سبب اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس هوشياري زيوس کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو جيئن ئي سسيفس چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچندو هو، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. اهڙيءَ طرح سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بي مقصد محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جو شڪار بڻجي ويو. انهيءَ سبب اڄ به اهڙن بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به نه ختم ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي &quot;'''سسيفسي'''&quot; چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي به چٽيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، 10.31&lt;/ref&gt;

== تشريحون ==
[[File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae MGG 1020.tif|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=يوهان فوگل جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي نقاشي ۾ سسيفس|بي مقصد جنگ جاري رکڻ جي علامت طور سسيفس. [[يوهان فوگل (شاعر)|يوهان فوگل]]: ''Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae''، 1649ع]]

[[شمسي نظريي]] موجب، بادشاهه سسيفس سج جي ان قرص جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هر روز اوڀر کان اڀري ٿو ۽ پوءِ اولهه ۾ لهي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus |volume=25 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين عالمن جي نظر ۾ هو اڀرندڙ ۽ لهندڙ لهرن يا دوکيباز سمنڊ جي تمثيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;/&gt; پهرين صدي ق م جي [[ايپيڪيورين]] فلسفي [[لوڪريشس]]، سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي انهن سياستدانن جي علامت قرار ڏنو، جيڪي سياسي عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ بار بار ناڪام ٿين ٿا؛ سندس خيال ۾ اقتدار جي اها جستجو پاڻ ۾ ئي هڪ &quot;خالي شيءِ&quot; آهي، جيڪا پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ تي ڌڪڻ جهڙي بي نتيجا محنت سان مشابهت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[De Rerum Natura]]'' III&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فريڊرش ويلڪر]] جو خيال هو ته سسيفس علم جي ڳولا ۾ انسان جي اجائي جدوجهد جي علامت آهي، جڏهن ته [[سالومون ريناخ]]&lt;ref&gt;''Revue archéologique'', 1904&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڏني ته سندس سزا ان تصوير تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ سسيفس کي [[اڪروڪورنٿ]] ڏانهن هڪ وڏو پٿر ڌڪيندي ڏيکاريو ويو هو، جيڪو ''سسيفيئم'' جي تعمير لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ مهارت جي علامت هو.

[[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي 1942ع جي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي انساني زندگيءَ جي بي معنويت (ابسرڊٽي) جي علامت قرار ڏنو، پر آخر ۾ هن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته &quot;اسان کي سسيفس کي خوش تصور ڪرڻ گهرجي&quot;، ڇاڪاڻ ته &quot;بلندين ڏانهن جدوجهد پاڻ ئي انسان جي دل کي ڀرڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي.&quot;

[[جي. نيگرو سانسونيز]] پنهنجي 1994ع جي ڪتاب ''دي باڊي آف مٿ'' ۾، [[جارجس ڊوميزيل]] جي تحقيق کي اڳتي وڌائيندي، اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته &quot;سسيفس&quot; نالي جو بڻ شايد ساهه جي نڪ مان اچڻ واري لڳاتار سرسراهٽ جهڙي آواز (&quot;سس... فس&quot;) جي صوتياتي نقل (اوناميٽوپِيئا) مان نڪتل آهي. هن مطابق سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا جو تعلق قديم [[پروٽو-هند-يورپي مذهب]] جي انهن وجد آڻيندڙ طريقن سان آهي، جيڪي ساهه جي ضابطي سان لاڳاپيل هئا. هن تشريح ۾ ساهه اندر کڻڻ ۽ ٻاهر ڇڏڻ جي ورجائجندڙ عمل کي سسيفس ۽ سندس پٿر جي ٽڪريءَ تي مٿي ۽ هيٺ ٿيندڙ حرڪت سان تشبيهه ڏني وئي.

انهن تجربن ۾، جن ۾ اهو جانچيو ويندو آهي ته ڪم جي معنيٰ گهٽجڻ تي مزدور ڪيئن ردعمل ظاهر ڪن ٿا، آزمائشي حالت کي &quot;سسيفسي حالت&quot; (سسيفسيئن ڪنڊيشن) سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن تجربن جا ٻه اهم نتيجا نڪتا: پهريون، ماڻهو ان وقت وڌيڪ محنت ڪندا آهن جڏهن کين پنهنجو ڪم وڌيڪ بامعنيٰ محسوس ٿئي؛ ۽ ٻيو، ماڻهو عام طور ڪم جي معنيٰ ۽ ترغيب جي وچ ۾ موجود لاڳاپي کي گهٽ سمجهندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ariely|first=Dan|title=The Upside of Irrationality|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-199503-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ادبي تشريحون ===
[[File:Punishment sisyph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=ٽيشيئن جي سسيفس واري تصوير|''[[سسيفس (ٽيشيئن)|سسيفس]]'' (1548–1549ع)، [[ٽيشيئن]]، [[پراڊو عجائب گهر]]، ميڊرڊ، اسپين]]
[[File:Poster from National Child Labor Committee collection, c. 1913.jpg|thumb|سرمائيداري نظام ۾ ٻارن کان پورهيو وٺڻ جي مذمت لاءِ سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کان متاثر ڪارٽون، لڳ ڀڳ 1913ع]]

* [[هومر]] پنهنجي ''[[ايليڊ]]'' جي ڇهين ڪتاب ۽ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' جي يارهين ڪتاب ۾ سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot; /&gt;
* رومي شاعر [[اووڊ]] ''[[ميٽامورفوسز]]'' ۾ [[اورفيوس ۽ يوريڊائيس]] جي ڪهاڻي دوران سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو. جڏهن اورفيوس هيڊيز ۽ پرسيفوني وٽ وڃي يوريڊائيس کي واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گيت ڳائي ٿو، تڏهن اووڊ بيان ڪري ٿو ته اهو گيت ايترو اثرائتو هو، جو سسيفس به هڪ لمحي لاءِ پنهنجي دائمي محنت ڇڏي پنهنجي پٿر تي ويهي رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 10.44.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[اپالوجي (افلاطون)|اپالوجي]]'' ۾ سقراط چوي ٿو ته هو مرڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس جهڙن ماڻهن سان ملڻ جو خواهشمند آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي ڏاها سمجهن ٿا، جيئن هو سندن سوالن وسيلي معلوم ڪري سگهي ته حقيقت ۾ ڏاهو ڪير آهي ۽ ڪير رڳو پاڻ کي ڏاهو سمجهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Apology, 41c&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي &quot;بي معنويت جو هيرو&quot; قرار ڏئي ٿو.
* [[فرانتس ڪافڪا]] بار بار سسيفس جو حوالو هڪ ڪنوارو مرد طور ڏنو. سندس نظر ۾ &quot;ڪافڪائي&quot; خوبيون اهي هيون، جيڪي سندس پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ سسيفس جهڙيون خصوصيتون ظاهر ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frederick R. Karl|Karl, Frederick]]. ''Franz Kafka: Representative Man.'' New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
* فلسفي [[رچرڊ ڪلائيڊ ٽيلر]] سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي اهڙي زندگيءَ جي تمثيل طور پيش ڪري ٿو، جيڪا محض بي مقصد ورجاءَ تي ٻڌل هئڻ ڪري بي معنيٰ بڻجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Richard. &quot;Time and Life's Meaning.&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 40 (June 1987): 675–686.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[وولفگانگ ميڊر]] سسيفس جي علامت تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي، خاص طور ادارتي، ڪارٽون گڏ ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. ''Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen.'' Vienna: Praesens.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[هولس رابنز]]، اووڊ کي ڪاميو جي مقابلي ۾ پڙهندي، تجويز ڏئي ٿي ته سسيفس جي سزا حقيقت ۾ سزا نه هئي، پر سندس فطرت جي سڃاڻپ هئي؛ يعني قاعدن ۽ حدن جي خلاف هميشه جدوجهد ڪرڻ سندس بنيادي طبيعت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Sisyphus, Unbothered |url=https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/sisyphus-unbothered |website=Anecdotal Value |publisher=Substack |access-date=27 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[نارانٿ ڀرانٿن]]، هندستاني لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ رضاڪارانه طور پٿر ڌڪيندڙ شخصيت
* [[جان ٽريگيگل]]، ڪارنوال جو هڪ مئجسٽريٽ، جنهن کي [[ڊوزمري پول]] کي هڪ صدف جي خول سان خالي ڪرڻ يا [[گوينور ڪوو]] ۾ واريءَ مان رسي اڻڻ جي سزا ڏني وئي
* [[ٽينٽلس]]، جنهن کي به ساڳيءَ طرح نه ختم ٿيندڙ مشقت جي سزا ملي
* [[وو گانگ]]، جنهن کي پڻ هڪ ناممڪن ڪم سونپيو ويو: چنڊ تي پاڻمرادو ٻيهر وڌندڙ وڻ کي وڍڻ
* [[بي معنويت]] – هڪ [[فلسفو|فلسفياتي]] نظريو، جنهن موجب ڪائنات غير منطقي آهي ۽ جيڪي ماڻهو ان ۾ معنيٰ ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا، اهي هيڊيز پاران سسيفس کي ڏنل سزا جهڙي حالت ۾ هوندا آهن.

== نوٽس ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== حوالا ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*[[بائبليوٿيکا (اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، ''The Library''، سر جيمس جارج فريزر جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، ٻن جلدن ۾، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس؛ وليم هائينيمان، لنڊن، 1921ع. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 آن لائن نسخو.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 ساڳئي ويب سائيٽ تي يوناني متن.]
*{{cite book|last=Evslin|first=Bernard|title=Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljjly9Zes9AC|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-84511-321-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[ٽموٿي گانٽز]]، ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources''، جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس، 1996ع.
*هارڊ، رابن، ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology''، 2004ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1924ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''Homeri Opera''، آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1920ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1919ع.
*[[هيروگ ميهلر]]، ''Pindarus Carmina cum fragmentis''، 1989ع.
*{{cite book|last1=Morford|first1=Mark P. O.|last2=Lenardon|first2=Robert J.|title=Classical Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&amp;pg=PA491|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514338-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، بروڪس مور جو ترجمو، 1922ع.
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، لاطيني متن، 1892ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Description of Greece''، 1918ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Graeciae Descriptio''، 1903ع.
{{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{wiktionary|Sisyphean}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}

{{Rulers of Corinth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي چالاڪ شخصيتون]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا شهزادا]]
[[زمرو:آبادين جا ڏندڪٿائي باني]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪي ڏندڪٿائن ۾ زيرزمين جو سفر]]
[[زمرو:ٽارٽارس ۾ سزا يافته روح]]
[[زمرو:ايولائي نسل]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ڪورنٿي]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ٿيساليائي]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:ٿيسالي جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:زيوس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:ايريس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:هبرس بابت ڏندڪٿائون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="31157" sha1="bnduki7q6u5ioblqt0vqlrmwiy4jjpt" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ {{transliteration|grc|sophos}} ({{lang|grc|σοφός}}، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو {{transliteration|grc|sisys}} ({{lang|grc|σίσυς}}، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
=== بادشاھي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو، جنهن کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو اصل نالو سمجهيو ويندو آهي. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه ٿيڻ دوران هن [[اسٿميائي رانديون]] [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون، جنهن جو لاش هڪ [[ڊولفن]] [[ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] تي کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]], 2.1.3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس اهي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي عزت ۾ اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايت تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]], fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪ ٻئي جا سخت دشمن هئا. سسيفس [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان صلاح ورتي ته سالمونيوس کي اهڙيءَ ريت ڪيئن قتل ڪري، جو پاڻ ڪنهن سخت نتيجي کان بچي وڃي. [[هومر]] جي زماني کان وٺي سسيفس کي انسانن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص سمجهيو ويندو هو. هن سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ جي هڪ منصوبي تحت سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو، پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي ته سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو، ته هن پنهنجن ئي ٻارن کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، [[زيوس]] جي هڪ راز کي ظاهر ڪري سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهائش واري هنڌ بابت سندس پيءُ، دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو. ان جي بدلي ۾ اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو ته سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ پاڻ ئي ٿاناتوس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙي ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس قيد ٿي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو به ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو انتشار پيدا ٿيو. جنگ جي ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ناراض ٿيو ته سندس جنگيون هاڻي گهٽ دلچسپ رهيون هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مخالف مرندا ئي نه هئا. تنهنڪري هن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن سان ٻيهر موت جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، ۽ پوءِ سسيفس کي سندس حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، [[هيڊيز]] کي سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙڻ لاءِ موڪليو ويو، پر سسيفس هيڊيز کي ئي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪو به ماڻهو مري نه سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون پيش نه ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني ته هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکي بڻائيندا جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو نه رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |website=Mlahanas.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي بي انتها ڀيري هڪ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ ڏانهن ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;هومر، ''اوڊيسي'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هن سزا جي اذيت ان ڪري خاص هئي، جو سسيفس پنهنجي غرور ([[هبرس]]) سبب اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس هوشياري زيوس کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو جيئن ئي سسيفس چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچندو هو، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. اهڙيءَ طرح سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بي مقصد محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جو شڪار بڻجي ويو. انهيءَ سبب اڄ به اهڙن بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به نه ختم ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي &quot;'''سسيفسي'''&quot; چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي به چٽيو هو.

== تشريحون ==
[[File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae MGG 1020.tif|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=يوهان فوگل جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي نقاشي ۾ سسيفس|بي مقصد جنگ جاري رکڻ جي علامت طور سسيفس. [[يوهان فوگل (شاعر)|يوهان فوگل]]: ''Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae''، 1649ع]]

[[شمسي نظريي]] موجب، بادشاهه سسيفس سج جي ان قرص جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هر روز اوڀر کان اڀري ٿو ۽ پوءِ اولهه ۾ لهي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus |volume=25 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين عالمن جي نظر ۾ هو اڀرندڙ ۽ لهندڙ لهرن يا دوکيباز سمنڊ جي تمثيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;/&gt; پهرين صدي ق م جي [[ايپيڪيورين]] فلسفي [[لوڪريشس]]، سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي انهن سياستدانن جي علامت قرار ڏنو، جيڪي سياسي عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ بار بار ناڪام ٿين ٿا؛ سندس خيال ۾ اقتدار جي اها جستجو پاڻ ۾ ئي هڪ &quot;خالي شيءِ&quot; آهي، جيڪا پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ تي ڌڪڻ جهڙي بي نتيجا محنت سان مشابهت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[De Rerum Natura]]'' III&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فريڊرش ويلڪر]] جو خيال هو ته سسيفس علم جي ڳولا ۾ انسان جي اجائي جدوجهد جي علامت آهي، جڏهن ته [[سالومون ريناخ]]&lt;ref&gt;''Revue archéologique'', 1904&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڏني ته سندس سزا ان تصوير تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ سسيفس کي [[اڪروڪورنٿ]] ڏانهن هڪ وڏو پٿر ڌڪيندي ڏيکاريو ويو هو، جيڪو ''سسيفيئم'' جي تعمير لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ مهارت جي علامت هو.

[[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي 1942ع جي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي انساني زندگيءَ جي بي معنويت (ابسرڊٽي) جي علامت قرار ڏنو، پر آخر ۾ هن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته &quot;اسان کي سسيفس کي خوش تصور ڪرڻ گهرجي&quot;، ڇاڪاڻ ته &quot;بلندين ڏانهن جدوجهد پاڻ ئي انسان جي دل کي ڀرڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي.&quot;

[[جي. نيگرو سانسونيز]] پنهنجي 1994ع جي ڪتاب ''دي باڊي آف مٿ'' ۾، [[جارجس ڊوميزيل]] جي تحقيق کي اڳتي وڌائيندي، اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته &quot;سسيفس&quot; نالي جو بڻ شايد ساهه جي نڪ مان اچڻ واري لڳاتار سرسراهٽ جهڙي آواز (&quot;سس... فس&quot;) جي صوتياتي نقل (اوناميٽوپِيئا) مان نڪتل آهي. هن مطابق سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا جو تعلق قديم [[پروٽو-هند-يورپي مذهب]] جي انهن وجد آڻيندڙ طريقن سان آهي، جيڪي ساهه جي ضابطي سان لاڳاپيل هئا. هن تشريح ۾ ساهه اندر کڻڻ ۽ ٻاهر ڇڏڻ جي ورجائجندڙ عمل کي سسيفس ۽ سندس پٿر جي ٽڪريءَ تي مٿي ۽ هيٺ ٿيندڙ حرڪت سان تشبيهه ڏني وئي.

انهن تجربن ۾، جن ۾ اهو جانچيو ويندو آهي ته ڪم جي معنيٰ گهٽجڻ تي مزدور ڪيئن ردعمل ظاهر ڪن ٿا، آزمائشي حالت کي &quot;سسيفسي حالت&quot; (سسيفسيئن ڪنڊيشن) سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن تجربن جا ٻه اهم نتيجا نڪتا: پهريون، ماڻهو ان وقت وڌيڪ محنت ڪندا آهن جڏهن کين پنهنجو ڪم وڌيڪ بامعنيٰ محسوس ٿئي؛ ۽ ٻيو، ماڻهو عام طور ڪم جي معنيٰ ۽ ترغيب جي وچ ۾ موجود لاڳاپي کي گهٽ سمجهندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ariely|first=Dan|title=The Upside of Irrationality|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-199503-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ادبي تشريحون ===
[[File:Punishment sisyph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=ٽيشيئن جي سسيفس واري تصوير|''[[سسيفس (ٽيشيئن)|سسيفس]]'' (1548–1549ع)، [[ٽيشيئن]]، [[پراڊو عجائب گهر]]، ميڊرڊ، اسپين]]
[[File:Poster from National Child Labor Committee collection, c. 1913.jpg|thumb|سرمائيداري نظام ۾ ٻارن کان پورهيو وٺڻ جي مذمت لاءِ سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کان متاثر ڪارٽون، لڳ ڀڳ 1913ع]]

* [[هومر]] پنهنجي ''[[ايليڊ]]'' جي ڇهين ڪتاب ۽ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' جي يارهين ڪتاب ۾ سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot; /&gt;
* رومي شاعر [[اووڊ]] ''[[ميٽامورفوسز]]'' ۾ [[اورفيوس ۽ يوريڊائيس]] جي ڪهاڻي دوران سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو. جڏهن اورفيوس هيڊيز ۽ پرسيفوني وٽ وڃي يوريڊائيس کي واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گيت ڳائي ٿو، تڏهن اووڊ بيان ڪري ٿو ته اهو گيت ايترو اثرائتو هو، جو سسيفس به هڪ لمحي لاءِ پنهنجي دائمي محنت ڇڏي پنهنجي پٿر تي ويهي رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 10.44.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[اپالوجي (افلاطون)|اپالوجي]]'' ۾ سقراط چوي ٿو ته هو مرڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس جهڙن ماڻهن سان ملڻ جو خواهشمند آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي ڏاها سمجهن ٿا، جيئن هو سندن سوالن وسيلي معلوم ڪري سگهي ته حقيقت ۾ ڏاهو ڪير آهي ۽ ڪير رڳو پاڻ کي ڏاهو سمجهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Apology, 41c&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي &quot;بي معنويت جو هيرو&quot; قرار ڏئي ٿو.
* [[فرانتس ڪافڪا]] بار بار سسيفس جو حوالو هڪ ڪنوارو مرد طور ڏنو. سندس نظر ۾ &quot;ڪافڪائي&quot; خوبيون اهي هيون، جيڪي سندس پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ سسيفس جهڙيون خصوصيتون ظاهر ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frederick R. Karl|Karl, Frederick]]. ''Franz Kafka: Representative Man.'' New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
* فلسفي [[رچرڊ ڪلائيڊ ٽيلر]] سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي اهڙي زندگيءَ جي تمثيل طور پيش ڪري ٿو، جيڪا محض بي مقصد ورجاءَ تي ٻڌل هئڻ ڪري بي معنيٰ بڻجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Richard. &quot;Time and Life's Meaning.&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 40 (June 1987): 675–686.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[وولفگانگ ميڊر]] سسيفس جي علامت تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي، خاص طور ادارتي، ڪارٽون گڏ ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. ''Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen.'' Vienna: Praesens.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[هولس رابنز]]، اووڊ کي ڪاميو جي مقابلي ۾ پڙهندي، تجويز ڏئي ٿي ته سسيفس جي سزا حقيقت ۾ سزا نه هئي، پر سندس فطرت جي سڃاڻپ هئي؛ يعني قاعدن ۽ حدن جي خلاف هميشه جدوجهد ڪرڻ سندس بنيادي طبيعت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Sisyphus, Unbothered |url=https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/sisyphus-unbothered |website=Anecdotal Value |publisher=Substack |access-date=27 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[نارانٿ ڀرانٿن]]، هندستاني لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ رضاڪارانه طور پٿر ڌڪيندڙ شخصيت
* [[جان ٽريگيگل]]، ڪارنوال جو هڪ مئجسٽريٽ، جنهن کي [[ڊوزمري پول]] کي هڪ صدف جي خول سان خالي ڪرڻ يا [[گوينور ڪوو]] ۾ واريءَ مان رسي اڻڻ جي سزا ڏني وئي
* [[ٽينٽلس]]، جنهن کي به ساڳيءَ طرح نه ختم ٿيندڙ مشقت جي سزا ملي
* [[وو گانگ]]، جنهن کي پڻ هڪ ناممڪن ڪم سونپيو ويو: چنڊ تي پاڻمرادو ٻيهر وڌندڙ وڻ کي وڍڻ
* [[بي معنويت]] – هڪ [[فلسفو|فلسفياتي]] نظريو، جنهن موجب ڪائنات غير منطقي آهي ۽ جيڪي ماڻهو ان ۾ معنيٰ ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا، اهي هيڊيز پاران سسيفس کي ڏنل سزا جهڙي حالت ۾ هوندا آهن.

== نوٽس ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== حوالا ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*[[بائبليوٿيکا (اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، ''The Library''، سر جيمس جارج فريزر جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، ٻن جلدن ۾، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس؛ وليم هائينيمان، لنڊن، 1921ع. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 آن لائن نسخو.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 ساڳئي ويب سائيٽ تي يوناني متن.]
*{{cite book|last=Evslin|first=Bernard|title=Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljjly9Zes9AC|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-84511-321-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[ٽموٿي گانٽز]]، ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources''، جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس، 1996ع.
*هارڊ، رابن، ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology''، 2004ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1924ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''Homeri Opera''، آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1920ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1919ع.
*[[هيروگ ميهلر]]، ''Pindarus Carmina cum fragmentis''، 1989ع.
*{{cite book|last1=Morford|first1=Mark P. O.|last2=Lenardon|first2=Robert J.|title=Classical Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&amp;pg=PA491|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514338-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، بروڪس مور جو ترجمو، 1922ع.
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، لاطيني متن، 1892ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Description of Greece''، 1918ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Graeciae Descriptio''، 1903ع.
{{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{wiktionary|Sisyphean}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}

{{Rulers of Corinth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي چالاڪ شخصيتون]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا شهزادا]]
[[زمرو:آبادين جا ڏندڪٿائي باني]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪي ڏندڪٿائن ۾ زيرزمين جو سفر]]
[[زمرو:ٽارٽارس ۾ سزا يافته روح]]
[[زمرو:ايولائي نسل]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ڪورنٿي]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ٿيساليائي]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:ٿيسالي جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:زيوس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:ايريس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:هبرس بابت ڏندڪٿائون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33062" sha1="kn7p17s6eouatfc4cf1zk6qm8qqt2bj" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ {{langx|grc|Σίσυφος|Sísyphos}}) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ {{transliteration|grc|sophos}} ({{lang|grc|σοφός}}، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو {{transliteration|grc|sisys}} ({{lang|grc|σίσυς}}، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
=== بادشاھي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو، جنهن کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو اصل نالو سمجهيو ويندو آهي. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه ٿيڻ دوران هن [[اسٿميائي رانديون]] [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون، جنهن جو لاش هڪ [[ڊولفن]] [[ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] تي کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]], 2.1.3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس اهي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي عزت ۾ اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايت تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]], fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪ ٻئي جا سخت دشمن هئا. سسيفس [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان صلاح ورتي ته سالمونيوس کي اهڙيءَ ريت ڪيئن قتل ڪري، جو پاڻ ڪنهن سخت نتيجي کان بچي وڃي. [[هومر]] جي زماني کان وٺي سسيفس کي انسانن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص سمجهيو ويندو هو. هن سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ جي هڪ منصوبي تحت سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو، پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي ته سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو، ته هن پنهنجن ئي ٻارن کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، [[زيوس]] جي هڪ راز کي ظاهر ڪري سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهائش واري هنڌ بابت سندس پيءُ، دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو. ان جي بدلي ۾ اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو ته سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ پاڻ ئي ٿاناتوس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙي ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس قيد ٿي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو به ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو انتشار پيدا ٿيو. جنگ جي ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ناراض ٿيو ته سندس جنگيون هاڻي گهٽ دلچسپ رهيون هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مخالف مرندا ئي نه هئا. تنهنڪري هن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن سان ٻيهر موت جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، ۽ پوءِ سسيفس کي سندس حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، [[هيڊيز]] کي سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙڻ لاءِ موڪليو ويو، پر سسيفس هيڊيز کي ئي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪو به ماڻهو مري نه سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون پيش نه ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني ته هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکي بڻائيندا جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو نه رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |website=Mlahanas.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي بي انتها ڀيري هڪ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ ڏانهن ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;هومر، ''اوڊيسي'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هن سزا جي اذيت ان ڪري خاص هئي، جو سسيفس پنهنجي غرور ([[هبرس]]) سبب اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس هوشياري زيوس کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو جيئن ئي سسيفس چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچندو هو، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. اهڙيءَ طرح سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بي مقصد محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جو شڪار بڻجي ويو. انهيءَ سبب اڄ به اهڙن بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به نه ختم ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي &quot;'''سسيفسي'''&quot; چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي به چٽيو هو.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ اوچي ۽ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ تي هڪ تمام وڏو پٿر هميشه لاءِ مٿي ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هي انتهائي اذيتناڪ سزا سسيفس کي ان ڪري ڏني وئي، جو هو غرور ([[هبرس]]) ۾ اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس چالاڪي خود [[زيوس]] کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو سسيفس جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچڻ کان اڳ ئي اهو پٿر هر ڀيري واپس هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. نتيجي ۾ سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بيڪار محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جي زندگيءَ ۾ ڦاسي پيو. انهيءَ سبب، اهڙن ڪمن کي جيڪي بي مقصد، بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندا هجن، اڄ به '''سسيفسي''' (''سسيفسئين'') چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] به کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي تصويري صورت ۾ پيش ڪيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، 10.31&lt;/ref&gt;

== تشريحون ==
[[File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae MGG 1020.tif|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=يوهان فوگل جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي نقاشي ۾ سسيفس|بي مقصد جنگ جاري رکڻ جي علامت طور سسيفس. [[يوهان فوگل (شاعر)|يوهان فوگل]]: ''Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae''، 1649ع]]

[[شمسي نظريي]] موجب، بادشاهه سسيفس سج جي ان قرص جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هر روز اوڀر کان اڀري ٿو ۽ پوءِ اولهه ۾ لهي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus |volume=25 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين عالمن جي نظر ۾ هو اڀرندڙ ۽ لهندڙ لهرن يا دوکيباز سمنڊ جي تمثيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;/&gt; پهرين صدي ق م جي [[ايپيڪيورين]] فلسفي [[لوڪريشس]]، سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي انهن سياستدانن جي علامت قرار ڏنو، جيڪي سياسي عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ بار بار ناڪام ٿين ٿا؛ سندس خيال ۾ اقتدار جي اها جستجو پاڻ ۾ ئي هڪ &quot;خالي شيءِ&quot; آهي، جيڪا پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ تي ڌڪڻ جهڙي بي نتيجا محنت سان مشابهت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[De Rerum Natura]]'' III&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فريڊرش ويلڪر]] جو خيال هو ته سسيفس علم جي ڳولا ۾ انسان جي اجائي جدوجهد جي علامت آهي، جڏهن ته [[سالومون ريناخ]]&lt;ref&gt;''Revue archéologique'', 1904&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڏني ته سندس سزا ان تصوير تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ سسيفس کي [[اڪروڪورنٿ]] ڏانهن هڪ وڏو پٿر ڌڪيندي ڏيکاريو ويو هو، جيڪو ''سسيفيئم'' جي تعمير لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ مهارت جي علامت هو.

[[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي 1942ع جي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي انساني زندگيءَ جي بي معنويت (ابسرڊٽي) جي علامت قرار ڏنو، پر آخر ۾ هن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته &quot;اسان کي سسيفس کي خوش تصور ڪرڻ گهرجي&quot;، ڇاڪاڻ ته &quot;بلندين ڏانهن جدوجهد پاڻ ئي انسان جي دل کي ڀرڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي.&quot;

[[جي. نيگرو سانسونيز]] پنهنجي 1994ع جي ڪتاب ''دي باڊي آف مٿ'' ۾، [[جارجس ڊوميزيل]] جي تحقيق کي اڳتي وڌائيندي، اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته &quot;سسيفس&quot; نالي جو بڻ شايد ساهه جي نڪ مان اچڻ واري لڳاتار سرسراهٽ جهڙي آواز (&quot;سس... فس&quot;) جي صوتياتي نقل (اوناميٽوپِيئا) مان نڪتل آهي. هن مطابق سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا جو تعلق قديم [[پروٽو-هند-يورپي مذهب]] جي انهن وجد آڻيندڙ طريقن سان آهي، جيڪي ساهه جي ضابطي سان لاڳاپيل هئا. هن تشريح ۾ ساهه اندر کڻڻ ۽ ٻاهر ڇڏڻ جي ورجائجندڙ عمل کي سسيفس ۽ سندس پٿر جي ٽڪريءَ تي مٿي ۽ هيٺ ٿيندڙ حرڪت سان تشبيهه ڏني وئي.

انهن تجربن ۾، جن ۾ اهو جانچيو ويندو آهي ته ڪم جي معنيٰ گهٽجڻ تي مزدور ڪيئن ردعمل ظاهر ڪن ٿا، آزمائشي حالت کي &quot;سسيفسي حالت&quot; (سسيفسيئن ڪنڊيشن) سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن تجربن جا ٻه اهم نتيجا نڪتا: پهريون، ماڻهو ان وقت وڌيڪ محنت ڪندا آهن جڏهن کين پنهنجو ڪم وڌيڪ بامعنيٰ محسوس ٿئي؛ ۽ ٻيو، ماڻهو عام طور ڪم جي معنيٰ ۽ ترغيب جي وچ ۾ موجود لاڳاپي کي گهٽ سمجهندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ariely|first=Dan|title=The Upside of Irrationality|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-199503-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ادبي تشريحون ===
[[File:Punishment sisyph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=ٽيشيئن جي سسيفس واري تصوير|''[[سسيفس (ٽيشيئن)|سسيفس]]'' (1548–1549ع)، [[ٽيشيئن]]، [[پراڊو عجائب گهر]]، ميڊرڊ، اسپين]]
[[File:Poster from National Child Labor Committee collection, c. 1913.jpg|thumb|سرمائيداري نظام ۾ ٻارن کان پورهيو وٺڻ جي مذمت لاءِ سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کان متاثر ڪارٽون، لڳ ڀڳ 1913ع]]

* [[هومر]] پنهنجي ''[[ايليڊ]]'' جي ڇهين ڪتاب ۽ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' جي يارهين ڪتاب ۾ سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot; /&gt;
* رومي شاعر [[اووڊ]] ''[[ميٽامورفوسز]]'' ۾ [[اورفيوس ۽ يوريڊائيس]] جي ڪهاڻي دوران سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو. جڏهن اورفيوس هيڊيز ۽ پرسيفوني وٽ وڃي يوريڊائيس کي واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گيت ڳائي ٿو، تڏهن اووڊ بيان ڪري ٿو ته اهو گيت ايترو اثرائتو هو، جو سسيفس به هڪ لمحي لاءِ پنهنجي دائمي محنت ڇڏي پنهنجي پٿر تي ويهي رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 10.44.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[اپالوجي (افلاطون)|اپالوجي]]'' ۾ سقراط چوي ٿو ته هو مرڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس جهڙن ماڻهن سان ملڻ جو خواهشمند آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي ڏاها سمجهن ٿا، جيئن هو سندن سوالن وسيلي معلوم ڪري سگهي ته حقيقت ۾ ڏاهو ڪير آهي ۽ ڪير رڳو پاڻ کي ڏاهو سمجهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Apology, 41c&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي &quot;بي معنويت جو هيرو&quot; قرار ڏئي ٿو.
* [[فرانتس ڪافڪا]] بار بار سسيفس جو حوالو هڪ ڪنوارو مرد طور ڏنو. سندس نظر ۾ &quot;ڪافڪائي&quot; خوبيون اهي هيون، جيڪي سندس پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ سسيفس جهڙيون خصوصيتون ظاهر ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frederick R. Karl|Karl, Frederick]]. ''Franz Kafka: Representative Man.'' New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
* فلسفي [[رچرڊ ڪلائيڊ ٽيلر]] سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي اهڙي زندگيءَ جي تمثيل طور پيش ڪري ٿو، جيڪا محض بي مقصد ورجاءَ تي ٻڌل هئڻ ڪري بي معنيٰ بڻجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Richard. &quot;Time and Life's Meaning.&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 40 (June 1987): 675–686.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[وولفگانگ ميڊر]] سسيفس جي علامت تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي، خاص طور ادارتي، ڪارٽون گڏ ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. ''Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen.'' Vienna: Praesens.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[هولس رابنز]]، اووڊ کي ڪاميو جي مقابلي ۾ پڙهندي، تجويز ڏئي ٿي ته سسيفس جي سزا حقيقت ۾ سزا نه هئي، پر سندس فطرت جي سڃاڻپ هئي؛ يعني قاعدن ۽ حدن جي خلاف هميشه جدوجهد ڪرڻ سندس بنيادي طبيعت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Sisyphus, Unbothered |url=https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/sisyphus-unbothered |website=Anecdotal Value |publisher=Substack |access-date=27 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[نارانٿ ڀرانٿن]]، هندستاني لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ رضاڪارانه طور پٿر ڌڪيندڙ شخصيت
* [[جان ٽريگيگل]]، ڪارنوال جو هڪ مئجسٽريٽ، جنهن کي [[ڊوزمري پول]] کي هڪ صدف جي خول سان خالي ڪرڻ يا [[گوينور ڪوو]] ۾ واريءَ مان رسي اڻڻ جي سزا ڏني وئي
* [[ٽينٽلس]]، جنهن کي به ساڳيءَ طرح نه ختم ٿيندڙ مشقت جي سزا ملي
* [[وو گانگ]]، جنهن کي پڻ هڪ ناممڪن ڪم سونپيو ويو: چنڊ تي پاڻمرادو ٻيهر وڌندڙ وڻ کي وڍڻ
* [[بي معنويت]] – هڪ [[فلسفو|فلسفياتي]] نظريو، جنهن موجب ڪائنات غير منطقي آهي ۽ جيڪي ماڻهو ان ۾ معنيٰ ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا، اهي هيڊيز پاران سسيفس کي ڏنل سزا جهڙي حالت ۾ هوندا آهن.

== نوٽس ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== حوالا ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*[[بائبليوٿيکا (اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، ''The Library''، سر جيمس جارج فريزر جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، ٻن جلدن ۾، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس؛ وليم هائينيمان، لنڊن، 1921ع. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 آن لائن نسخو.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 ساڳئي ويب سائيٽ تي يوناني متن.]
*{{cite book|last=Evslin|first=Bernard|title=Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljjly9Zes9AC|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-84511-321-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[ٽموٿي گانٽز]]، ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources''، جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس، 1996ع.
*هارڊ، رابن، ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology''، 2004ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1924ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''Homeri Opera''، آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1920ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1919ع.
*[[هيروگ ميهلر]]، ''Pindarus Carmina cum fragmentis''، 1989ع.
*{{cite book|last1=Morford|first1=Mark P. O.|last2=Lenardon|first2=Robert J.|title=Classical Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&amp;pg=PA491|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514338-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، بروڪس مور جو ترجمو، 1922ع.
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، لاطيني متن، 1892ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Description of Greece''، 1918ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Graeciae Descriptio''، 1903ع.
{{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{wiktionary|Sisyphean}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}

{{Rulers of Corinth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي چالاڪ شخصيتون]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا شهزادا]]
[[زمرو:آبادين جا ڏندڪٿائي باني]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪي ڏندڪٿائن ۾ زيرزمين جو سفر]]
[[زمرو:ٽارٽارس ۾ سزا يافته روح]]
[[زمرو:ايولائي نسل]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ڪورنٿي]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ٿيساليائي]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:ٿيسالي جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:زيوس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:ايريس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:هبرس بابت ڏندڪٿائون]]</text>
      <sha1>kn7p17s6eouatfc4cf1zk6qm8qqt2bj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395158</id>
      <parentid>395157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T14:38:52Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="33049" sha1="mjtxhfc9iamh7rqdnynifpirb5vd5w8" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ Σίσυφος (Sísyphos) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ {{transliteration|grc|sophos}} ({{lang|grc|σοφός}}، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو {{transliteration|grc|sisys}} ({{lang|grc|σίσυς}}، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
=== بادشاھي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو، جنهن کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو اصل نالو سمجهيو ويندو آهي. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه ٿيڻ دوران هن [[اسٿميائي رانديون]] [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون، جنهن جو لاش هڪ [[ڊولفن]] [[ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] تي کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]], 2.1.3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس اهي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي عزت ۾ اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايت تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]], fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪ ٻئي جا سخت دشمن هئا. سسيفس [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان صلاح ورتي ته سالمونيوس کي اهڙيءَ ريت ڪيئن قتل ڪري، جو پاڻ ڪنهن سخت نتيجي کان بچي وڃي. [[هومر]] جي زماني کان وٺي سسيفس کي انسانن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص سمجهيو ويندو هو. هن سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ جي هڪ منصوبي تحت سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو، پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي ته سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو، ته هن پنهنجن ئي ٻارن کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، [[زيوس]] جي هڪ راز کي ظاهر ڪري سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهائش واري هنڌ بابت سندس پيءُ، دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو. ان جي بدلي ۾ اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو ته سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ پاڻ ئي ٿاناتوس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙي ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس قيد ٿي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو به ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو انتشار پيدا ٿيو. جنگ جي ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ناراض ٿيو ته سندس جنگيون هاڻي گهٽ دلچسپ رهيون هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مخالف مرندا ئي نه هئا. تنهنڪري هن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن سان ٻيهر موت جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، ۽ پوءِ سسيفس کي سندس حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، [[هيڊيز]] کي سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙڻ لاءِ موڪليو ويو، پر سسيفس هيڊيز کي ئي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪو به ماڻهو مري نه سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون پيش نه ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني ته هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکي بڻائيندا جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو نه رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |website=Mlahanas.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي بي انتها ڀيري هڪ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ ڏانهن ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;هومر، ''اوڊيسي'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هن سزا جي اذيت ان ڪري خاص هئي، جو سسيفس پنهنجي غرور ([[هبرس]]) سبب اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس هوشياري زيوس کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو جيئن ئي سسيفس چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچندو هو، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. اهڙيءَ طرح سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بي مقصد محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جو شڪار بڻجي ويو. انهيءَ سبب اڄ به اهڙن بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به نه ختم ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي &quot;'''سسيفسي'''&quot; چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي به چٽيو هو.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ اوچي ۽ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ تي هڪ تمام وڏو پٿر هميشه لاءِ مٿي ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هي انتهائي اذيتناڪ سزا سسيفس کي ان ڪري ڏني وئي، جو هو غرور ([[هبرس]]) ۾ اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس چالاڪي خود [[زيوس]] کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو سسيفس جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچڻ کان اڳ ئي اهو پٿر هر ڀيري واپس هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. نتيجي ۾ سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بيڪار محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جي زندگيءَ ۾ ڦاسي پيو. انهيءَ سبب، اهڙن ڪمن کي جيڪي بي مقصد، بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندا هجن، اڄ به '''سسيفسي''' (''سسيفسئين'') چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] به کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي تصويري صورت ۾ پيش ڪيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، 10.31&lt;/ref&gt;

== تشريحون ==
[[File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae MGG 1020.tif|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=يوهان فوگل جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي نقاشي ۾ سسيفس|بي مقصد جنگ جاري رکڻ جي علامت طور سسيفس. [[يوهان فوگل (شاعر)|يوهان فوگل]]: ''Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae''، 1649ع]]

[[شمسي نظريي]] موجب، بادشاهه سسيفس سج جي ان قرص جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هر روز اوڀر کان اڀري ٿو ۽ پوءِ اولهه ۾ لهي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus |volume=25 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين عالمن جي نظر ۾ هو اڀرندڙ ۽ لهندڙ لهرن يا دوکيباز سمنڊ جي تمثيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;/&gt; پهرين صدي ق م جي [[ايپيڪيورين]] فلسفي [[لوڪريشس]]، سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي انهن سياستدانن جي علامت قرار ڏنو، جيڪي سياسي عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ بار بار ناڪام ٿين ٿا؛ سندس خيال ۾ اقتدار جي اها جستجو پاڻ ۾ ئي هڪ &quot;خالي شيءِ&quot; آهي، جيڪا پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ تي ڌڪڻ جهڙي بي نتيجا محنت سان مشابهت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[De Rerum Natura]]'' III&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فريڊرش ويلڪر]] جو خيال هو ته سسيفس علم جي ڳولا ۾ انسان جي اجائي جدوجهد جي علامت آهي، جڏهن ته [[سالومون ريناخ]]&lt;ref&gt;''Revue archéologique'', 1904&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڏني ته سندس سزا ان تصوير تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ سسيفس کي [[اڪروڪورنٿ]] ڏانهن هڪ وڏو پٿر ڌڪيندي ڏيکاريو ويو هو، جيڪو ''سسيفيئم'' جي تعمير لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ مهارت جي علامت هو.

[[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي 1942ع جي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي انساني زندگيءَ جي بي معنويت (ابسرڊٽي) جي علامت قرار ڏنو، پر آخر ۾ هن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته &quot;اسان کي سسيفس کي خوش تصور ڪرڻ گهرجي&quot;، ڇاڪاڻ ته &quot;بلندين ڏانهن جدوجهد پاڻ ئي انسان جي دل کي ڀرڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي.&quot;

[[جي. نيگرو سانسونيز]] پنهنجي 1994ع جي ڪتاب ''دي باڊي آف مٿ'' ۾، [[جارجس ڊوميزيل]] جي تحقيق کي اڳتي وڌائيندي، اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته &quot;سسيفس&quot; نالي جو بڻ شايد ساهه جي نڪ مان اچڻ واري لڳاتار سرسراهٽ جهڙي آواز (&quot;سس... فس&quot;) جي صوتياتي نقل (اوناميٽوپِيئا) مان نڪتل آهي. هن مطابق سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا جو تعلق قديم [[پروٽو-هند-يورپي مذهب]] جي انهن وجد آڻيندڙ طريقن سان آهي، جيڪي ساهه جي ضابطي سان لاڳاپيل هئا. هن تشريح ۾ ساهه اندر کڻڻ ۽ ٻاهر ڇڏڻ جي ورجائجندڙ عمل کي سسيفس ۽ سندس پٿر جي ٽڪريءَ تي مٿي ۽ هيٺ ٿيندڙ حرڪت سان تشبيهه ڏني وئي.

انهن تجربن ۾، جن ۾ اهو جانچيو ويندو آهي ته ڪم جي معنيٰ گهٽجڻ تي مزدور ڪيئن ردعمل ظاهر ڪن ٿا، آزمائشي حالت کي &quot;سسيفسي حالت&quot; (سسيفسيئن ڪنڊيشن) سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن تجربن جا ٻه اهم نتيجا نڪتا: پهريون، ماڻهو ان وقت وڌيڪ محنت ڪندا آهن جڏهن کين پنهنجو ڪم وڌيڪ بامعنيٰ محسوس ٿئي؛ ۽ ٻيو، ماڻهو عام طور ڪم جي معنيٰ ۽ ترغيب جي وچ ۾ موجود لاڳاپي کي گهٽ سمجهندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ariely|first=Dan|title=The Upside of Irrationality|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-199503-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ادبي تشريحون ===
[[File:Punishment sisyph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=ٽيشيئن جي سسيفس واري تصوير|''[[سسيفس (ٽيشيئن)|سسيفس]]'' (1548–1549ع)، [[ٽيشيئن]]، [[پراڊو عجائب گهر]]، ميڊرڊ، اسپين]]
[[File:Poster from National Child Labor Committee collection, c. 1913.jpg|thumb|سرمائيداري نظام ۾ ٻارن کان پورهيو وٺڻ جي مذمت لاءِ سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کان متاثر ڪارٽون، لڳ ڀڳ 1913ع]]

* [[هومر]] پنهنجي ''[[ايليڊ]]'' جي ڇهين ڪتاب ۽ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' جي يارهين ڪتاب ۾ سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot; /&gt;
* رومي شاعر [[اووڊ]] ''[[ميٽامورفوسز]]'' ۾ [[اورفيوس ۽ يوريڊائيس]] جي ڪهاڻي دوران سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو. جڏهن اورفيوس هيڊيز ۽ پرسيفوني وٽ وڃي يوريڊائيس کي واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گيت ڳائي ٿو، تڏهن اووڊ بيان ڪري ٿو ته اهو گيت ايترو اثرائتو هو، جو سسيفس به هڪ لمحي لاءِ پنهنجي دائمي محنت ڇڏي پنهنجي پٿر تي ويهي رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 10.44.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[اپالوجي (افلاطون)|اپالوجي]]'' ۾ سقراط چوي ٿو ته هو مرڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس جهڙن ماڻهن سان ملڻ جو خواهشمند آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي ڏاها سمجهن ٿا، جيئن هو سندن سوالن وسيلي معلوم ڪري سگهي ته حقيقت ۾ ڏاهو ڪير آهي ۽ ڪير رڳو پاڻ کي ڏاهو سمجهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Apology, 41c&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي &quot;بي معنويت جو هيرو&quot; قرار ڏئي ٿو.
* [[فرانتس ڪافڪا]] بار بار سسيفس جو حوالو هڪ ڪنوارو مرد طور ڏنو. سندس نظر ۾ &quot;ڪافڪائي&quot; خوبيون اهي هيون، جيڪي سندس پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ سسيفس جهڙيون خصوصيتون ظاهر ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frederick R. Karl|Karl, Frederick]]. ''Franz Kafka: Representative Man.'' New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
* فلسفي [[رچرڊ ڪلائيڊ ٽيلر]] سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي اهڙي زندگيءَ جي تمثيل طور پيش ڪري ٿو، جيڪا محض بي مقصد ورجاءَ تي ٻڌل هئڻ ڪري بي معنيٰ بڻجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Richard. &quot;Time and Life's Meaning.&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 40 (June 1987): 675–686.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[وولفگانگ ميڊر]] سسيفس جي علامت تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي، خاص طور ادارتي، ڪارٽون گڏ ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. ''Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen.'' Vienna: Praesens.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[هولس رابنز]]، اووڊ کي ڪاميو جي مقابلي ۾ پڙهندي، تجويز ڏئي ٿي ته سسيفس جي سزا حقيقت ۾ سزا نه هئي، پر سندس فطرت جي سڃاڻپ هئي؛ يعني قاعدن ۽ حدن جي خلاف هميشه جدوجهد ڪرڻ سندس بنيادي طبيعت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Sisyphus, Unbothered |url=https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/sisyphus-unbothered |website=Anecdotal Value |publisher=Substack |access-date=27 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[نارانٿ ڀرانٿن]]، هندستاني لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ رضاڪارانه طور پٿر ڌڪيندڙ شخصيت
* [[جان ٽريگيگل]]، ڪارنوال جو هڪ مئجسٽريٽ، جنهن کي [[ڊوزمري پول]] کي هڪ صدف جي خول سان خالي ڪرڻ يا [[گوينور ڪوو]] ۾ واريءَ مان رسي اڻڻ جي سزا ڏني وئي
* [[ٽينٽلس]]، جنهن کي به ساڳيءَ طرح نه ختم ٿيندڙ مشقت جي سزا ملي
* [[وو گانگ]]، جنهن کي پڻ هڪ ناممڪن ڪم سونپيو ويو: چنڊ تي پاڻمرادو ٻيهر وڌندڙ وڻ کي وڍڻ
* [[بي معنويت]] – هڪ [[فلسفو|فلسفياتي]] نظريو، جنهن موجب ڪائنات غير منطقي آهي ۽ جيڪي ماڻهو ان ۾ معنيٰ ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا، اهي هيڊيز پاران سسيفس کي ڏنل سزا جهڙي حالت ۾ هوندا آهن.

== نوٽس ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== حوالا ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*[[بائبليوٿيکا (اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، ''The Library''، سر جيمس جارج فريزر جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، ٻن جلدن ۾، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس؛ وليم هائينيمان، لنڊن، 1921ع. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 آن لائن نسخو.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 ساڳئي ويب سائيٽ تي يوناني متن.]
*{{cite book|last=Evslin|first=Bernard|title=Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljjly9Zes9AC|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-84511-321-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[ٽموٿي گانٽز]]، ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources''، جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس، 1996ع.
*هارڊ، رابن، ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology''، 2004ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1924ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''Homeri Opera''، آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1920ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1919ع.
*[[هيروگ ميهلر]]، ''Pindarus Carmina cum fragmentis''، 1989ع.
*{{cite book|last1=Morford|first1=Mark P. O.|last2=Lenardon|first2=Robert J.|title=Classical Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&amp;pg=PA491|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514338-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، بروڪس مور جو ترجمو، 1922ع.
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، لاطيني متن، 1892ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Description of Greece''، 1918ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Graeciae Descriptio''، 1903ع.
{{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{wiktionary|Sisyphean}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}

{{Rulers of Corinth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي چالاڪ شخصيتون]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا شهزادا]]
[[زمرو:آبادين جا ڏندڪٿائي باني]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪي ڏندڪٿائن ۾ زيرزمين جو سفر]]
[[زمرو:ٽارٽارس ۾ سزا يافته روح]]
[[زمرو:ايولائي نسل]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ڪورنٿي]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ٿيساليائي]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:ٿيسالي جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:زيوس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:ايريس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:هبرس بابت ڏندڪٿائون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="32982" sha1="cbyx9dj52zxiggppq973kxke7iuteq7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ ايفيرا جو بادشاهه}}


[[File:Nekyia Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1494 n2.jpg|thumb|alt=ڪاري-شڪل واري امفورا تي سسيفس جي تصوير|[[پرسيفوني]] [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ سسيفس جي نگراني ڪندي، اٽيڪي [[ڪاري-شڪل]] امفورا، {{circa|530}} ق م، [[شتاٽليشه اينٽيڪن زاملونگن]]&lt;ref&gt;عجائب گهر {{abbr|inv.|رجسٽري نمبر}} 1494&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:François Tomb Carlo Ruspi 02.jpg|thumb|سسيفس ۽ [[امفيارائوس]]، [[فرانسوا مقبرو]]، [[ولچي]] جي ڀت تي ٺهيل تصوير جي نقل، جيڪا چوٿين صدي ق م ۾ تيار ڪئي وئي]]

يوناني ڏندڪٿائن ۾ '''سسيفس''' يا '''سسيفوس'''؛ Σίσυφος (Sísyphos) [[قديم ڪورنٿ]] (جنهن کي اڳ ۾ '''ايفيرا''' چيو ويندو هو ۽ هاڻي [[ڪورنٿ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو) جو باني ۽ بادشاهه هو. هن [[زيوس]] پاران [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي اغوا بابت دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو، جنهن سبب زيوس جو غضب مٿس نازل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن موت کي ٻه ڀيرا دوکو ڏنو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾، پوڙهائپ ۾ مرڻ کان پوءِ، کيس [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ هميشه لاءِ سزا ڏني وئي. ديوتائن کيس اهو عذاب ڏنو ته هو هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ تائين ڌڪي کڻي وڃي، پر جيئن ئي اهو چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچي، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي وڃي. اهڙيءَ طرح کيس اهو بيڪار ۽ نه کٽندڙ ڪم هميشه لاءِ ورجائڻو پوي ٿو.

ڪلاسيڪي تهذيب جي جديد ثقافت تي اثر سبب، اهڙن ڏکين، بي نتيجا ۽ ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي اڄ '''سسيفسي''' چيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{OED|Sisyphean}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لفظي بنياد ==
[[آر. ايس. پي. بيڪس]] هن نالي لاءِ [[يوناني کان اڳ واري ٻولي|يوناني کان اڳ واري]] بڻ جو امڪان پيش ڪيو آهي ۽ ان کي لفظ سوفوس (σοφός، ”ڏاهو“) جي پاڙ سان ڳنڍيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.&lt;/ref&gt; جرمن [[ڏندڪٿا نگار]] [[اوٽو گروپه]] جو خيال هو تہ هي نالو سسيس (σίσυς، ”ٻڪريءَ جي کل“) مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو واسطو مينهن وسائڻ واري هڪ رسم سان هو، جنهن ۾ ٻڪرين جون کلون استعمال ڪيون وينديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gruppe, O. ''Griechische Mythologie'' (1906), ii., p. 1021&lt;/ref&gt;

== خاندان ==
سسيفس اصل ۾ [[قديم ٿيسالي|ٿيسالي]] جو هڪ شهزادو هو. هو ايوليا جي بادشاهه [[ايولس (هيلن جو پٽ)|ايولس]] ۽ [[ايناريٽي]] جو پٽ هو؛ ايناريٽي، [[ڊيماخس (ڏندڪٿا)|ڊيماخس]] جي ڌيءَ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[[بائبليوٿيکا (سيوڊو-اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.7.3]&lt;/ref&gt; هو [[اٿامس]]، [[سالمونيوس]]، [[ڪريٿيوس]]، [[پيريريس (ميسينيا جو بادشاهه)|پيريريس]]، [[ڊيئونيوس]]، [[ميگنيس (ايولس جو پٽ)|ميگنيس]]، [[ڪاليڪي (ڏندڪٿا)|ڪاليڪي]]، [[ڪناڪي]]، [[السيوني]]، [[پيسيڊيڪي]] ۽ [[پيريميڊي (ڏندڪٿا)|پيريميڊي]] جو ڀاءُ هو.

سسيفس [[پليئڊس|پليئڊ]] [[ميروپي (پليئڊس)|ميروپي]] سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس [[اورنيشن]] ([[پورفيريون (ڏندڪٿا)|پورفيريون]]&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on [[اپولونيوس آف روڊس]]، ''[[ارگوناٽيڪا]]'' 3.1094&lt;/ref&gt;)، [[گلاڪوس آف ڪورنٿ|گلاڪوس]]، [[ٿيرساندر]] ۽ [[الموس آف اورڪومينوس|الموس]] نالي پٽ ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.4.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:chapter=&amp;highlight=Thersander 2.4.3]&lt;/ref&gt; گلاڪوس وسيلي هو [[بيليروفون]] جو ڏاڏو هو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;اپولوڊورس، [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.9.3&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=9&amp;highlight=Sisyphus 1.9.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]'' 6.152 ۽ اڳتي.&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن تہ الموس وسيلي هو [[مينياز (ڏندڪٿا)|مينياز]] جو ڏاڏو هو، جيڪو [[اورڪومينوس (بوئوشيا)|اورڪومينوس]] جو باني هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'' 3.1553&lt;/ref&gt; هڪ ٻي روايت موجب مينياز، سسيفس جو پوٽو نہ پر سڌو سنئون پٽ هو.&lt;ref&gt;Scholia on Homer, ''Iliad'' 2.511&lt;/ref&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي ٻين روايتن ۾ [[اوڊيسيوس]] جو حقيقي پيءُ [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] بدران سسيفس ۽ سندس ماءُ [[انٽيڪليا]] مان ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 201; [[پلوٽارڪ]]، ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 43; [[سودا]]، s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/240#si.490 Sisyphus]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڏندڪٿا ==
=== بادشاھي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو، جنهن کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو اصل نالو سمجهيو ويندو آهي. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه ٿيڻ دوران هن [[اسٿميائي رانديون]] [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون، جنهن جو لاش هڪ [[ڊولفن]] [[ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] تي کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]], 2.1.3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس اهي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي عزت ۾ اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايت تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]], fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪ ٻئي جا سخت دشمن هئا. سسيفس [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان صلاح ورتي ته سالمونيوس کي اهڙيءَ ريت ڪيئن قتل ڪري، جو پاڻ ڪنهن سخت نتيجي کان بچي وڃي. [[هومر]] جي زماني کان وٺي سسيفس کي انسانن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص سمجهيو ويندو هو. هن سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ جي هڪ منصوبي تحت سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو، پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي ته سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو، ته هن پنهنجن ئي ٻارن کي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، [[زيوس]] جي هڪ راز کي ظاهر ڪري سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهائش واري هنڌ بابت سندس پيءُ، دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي آگاهه ڪيو. ان جي بدلي ۾ اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو ته سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ پاڻ ئي ٿاناتوس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙي ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس قيد ٿي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو به ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو انتشار پيدا ٿيو. جنگ جي ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ناراض ٿيو ته سندس جنگيون هاڻي گهٽ دلچسپ رهيون هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مخالف مرندا ئي نه هئا. تنهنڪري هن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن سان ٻيهر موت جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو، ۽ پوءِ سسيفس کي سندس حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، [[هيڊيز]] کي سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙڻ لاءِ موڪليو ويو، پر سسيفس هيڊيز کي ئي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪو به ماڻهو مري نه سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون پيش نه ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني ته هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکي بڻائيندا جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو نه رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |website=Mlahanas.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== بادشاهي ===
سسيفس ايفيرا جو باني ۽ پهريون بادشاهه هو؛ ايفيرا کي [[قديم ڪورنٿ|ڪورنٿ]] جو پراڻو نالو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]] موجب، بادشاهه هجڻ دوران سسيفس [[اسٿميائي رانديون]]، [[ميليڪيرٽيس]] جي اعزاز ۾ قائم ڪيون. ميليڪيرٽيس جو مئل جسم هڪ [[ڊولفن]]، [[ڪورنٿ جو ڳچيالو|ڪورنٿ جي ڳچيالي]] جي ڪناري تائين کڻي آئي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hard, p. 431; [[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].&lt;/ref&gt; [[پنڊار]] جي هڪ بچيل ٽڪري موجب، سسيفس هي رانديون ميليڪيرٽيس جي اعزاز ۾، اپسرائن جي هڪ ٽولي جي هدايتن تي قائم ڪيون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Gantz, p. 176; [[پنڊار]]، fr. 6.5 (1) Snell-Maehler (Maehler, p. 3).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== سالمونيوس سان تڪرار ===
سسيفس ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سالمونيوس]] هڪٻئي کان سخت نفرت ڪندا هئا. سسيفس، [[ڊيلفي جي پيشگوئي گاهه]] کان اهو ڄاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي تہ سالمونيوس کي ڪهڙيءَ ريت قتل ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيئن ان جا پاڻ تي ڪي سنگين نتيجا نہ پون. [[هومر]] جي دور کان وٺي سسيفس کي سڀني انسانن کان وڌيڪ چالاڪ شخص طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. سالمونيوس کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پنهنجي هڪ منصوبي تحت هن سندس ڌيءَ [[ٽائرو]] کي ورغلايو؛ پر جڏهن ٽائرو کي خبر پئي تہ سسيفس سندن ٻارن کي مستقبل ۾ سندس پيءُ کي تخت تان لاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ گهري ٿو، تڏهن هن پنهنجا ئي ٻار قتل ڪري ڇڏيا.

=== موت کي دوکو ڏيڻ ===
سسيفس، زيوس جي هڪ راز کي پڌرو ڪري، سندس خيانت ڪئي. هن [[اسوپيڊس|اسوپيڊ]] [[ايجينا (ڏندڪٿا)|ايجينا]] جي رهڻ واري هنڌ جي ڄاڻ، سندس پيءُ ۽ دريائي ديوتا [[اسوپوس]] کي ڏني. ان جي بدلي اسوپوس، ڪورنٿ جي [[اڪروپولس]] تي هڪ چشمو جاري ڪيو.

زيوس، [[ٿاناتوس]] کي حڪم ڏنو تہ سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ زنجيرن سان ٻڌي. پر سسيفس سندس اچڻ جو اڳواٽ اندازو لڳائي ورتو ۽ موقعي مان فائدو وٺي، ٿاناتوس کي ئي زنجيرن ۾ قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جڏهن ٿاناتوس مضبوط زنجيرن ۾ جڪڙجي ويو، تڏهن ڌرتيءَ تي ڪو بہ ماڻهو مرڻ ڇڏي ڏنو، جنهن سبب وڏو هنگامو مچي ويو. جنگ جو ديوتا [[ايريس]]، شايد ان ڳالهه کان ڪاوڙيل هو تہ سندس مخالفن جي نہ مرڻ ڪري جنگيون گهٽ وندرائيندڙ ٿي ويون هيون، تنهن مداخلت ڪري ٿاناتوس کي آزاد ڪرايو، جنهن کان پوءِ موت ٻيهر ٿيڻ لڳو. ايريس پوءِ سسيفس کي ٿاناتوس جي حوالي ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Morford|Lenardon|1999|p=491}}

ڪجهه روايتن موجب، سسيفس کي زنجيرن ۾ ٻڌڻ لاءِ [[هيڊيز]] موڪليو ويو هو، پر سسيفس کيس ئي ٻڌي قيد ڪري ڇڏيو. جيستائين هيڊيز قيد رهيو، تيستائين ڪوبہ مري نہ سگهيو. نتيجي ۾ ديوتائن لاءِ قربانيون نہ ٿي سگهيون ۽ پوڙها توڙي بيمار ماڻهو سخت تڪليف ۾ مبتلا رهيا. نيٺ ديوتائن سسيفس کي ڌمڪي ڏني تہ هو سندس زندگي ايتري ڏکوئيندڙ بڻائيندا، جو هو پاڻ موت جي خواهش ڪندو. ان کان پوءِ سسيفس وٽ هيڊيز کي آزاد ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نہ رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |title=Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? |publisher= |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702053105/http://mlahanas.de/Greeks/Death.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The cited website might not be entirely reliable|date=September 2025}}

مرڻ کان اڳ سسيفس پنهنجي زال کي حڪم ڏنو هو تہ سندس اگهاڙو لاش شهر جي عام چوڪ جي وچ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏي؛ چيو وڃي ٿو تہ هن اهڙو حڪم پنهنجي زال جي محبت آزمائڻ لاءِ ڏنو هو. جڏهن سسيفس کي [[يوناني زيرزمين]] ۾ آندو ويو، تڏهن هو [[اسٽڪس]] درياهه جي ڪنارن تي پهتو. هن [[هيڊيز]] يا [[پرسيفوني]] آڏو شڪايت ڪئي تہ سندس لاش کي دفن نہ ڪرڻ ۽ مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ، سندس زال جي بي ادبيءَ جي نشاني آهي. سسيفس پرسيفوني کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪيو تہ کيس [[مٿاهين دنيا (يوناني)|مٿاهين دنيا]] ۾ واپس وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وڃي، جيئن هو پنهنجي زال کي لاش نہ دفنائڻ ۽ محبت ڪندڙ زال وانگر مناسب آخري رسمون ادا نہ ڪرڻ تي ڇينڀي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;Pherecydes frag. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5pxAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA91 FGrH 3 F 119]&lt;/ref&gt; پر جيئرن جي دنيا ۾ واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس زيرزمين ڏانهن موٽڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. گهڻن سالن کان پوءِ هو يا تہ وڏي ڄمار سبب مري ٻيهر اتي پهتو، يا وري [[هرميس]] کيس زوريءَ ڇڪي زيرزمين ڏانهن واپس وٺي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|title=Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus|website=mythweb.com|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329222436/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/sisyphus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- (This version is alluded to by [[Camus]] without citation and also appears in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''2666'', in a context that indicates it may have been made up rather than traditional.) --&gt;

ڏندڪٿا جي هڪ ٻي روايت ۾ سسيفس، پرسيفوني کي دوکو ڏنو تہ کيس غلطيءَ سان ٽارٽارس ۾ آندو ويو آهي؛ تنهنڪري پرسيفوني سندس آزاديءَ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{sfn|Evslin|2006|p=209–210}}

[[سوفوڪليس]] جي ناٽڪ ''[[فيلوڪٽيٽيس (سوفوڪليس جو ناٽڪ)|فيلوڪٽيٽيس]]'' ۾ اوڊيسيوس جي پيءُ جو ذڪر آهي، جيڪو مئلن جي دنيا مان موٽي آيو هو؛ افواهن موجب اهو شخص [[لائرٽيس (اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ)|لائرٽيس]] نہ، پر سسيفس هو، جيتوڻيڪ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' ۾ لائرٽيس کي ئي سندس پيءُ ڄاڻايو ويو آهي.{{clarify|date=March 2022}} [[يوريپڊيز]] پڻ پنهنجي ناٽڪ ''[[سائڪلوپس (ناٽڪ)|سائڪلوپس]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي اوڊيسيوس جو پيءُ قرار ڏنو آهي.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ تمام وڏي پٿر کي بي انتها ڀيري هڪ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ جي چوٽيءَ ڏانهن ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;هومر، ''اوڊيسي'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هن سزا جي اذيت ان ڪري خاص هئي، جو سسيفس پنهنجي غرور ([[هبرس]]) سبب اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس هوشياري زيوس کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو جيئن ئي سسيفس چوٽيءَ جي ويجهو پهچندو هو، پٿر وري هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. اهڙيءَ طرح سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بي مقصد محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جو شڪار بڻجي ويو. انهيءَ سبب اڄ به اهڙن بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به نه ختم ٿيندڙ ڪمن کي &quot;'''سسيفسي'''&quot; چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي به چٽيو هو.

=== زيرزمين ۾ سزا ===
پنهنجن ڏوهن جي سزا طور، [[هيڊيز]] سسيفس کي [[ٽارٽارس]] ۾ هڪ اوچي ۽ ڏاڪي واري ٽڪريءَ تي هڪ تمام وڏو پٿر هميشه لاءِ مٿي ڌڪڻ تي مجبور ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |title=Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13 |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |access-date=2014-10-09 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323153146/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng2:11.13-11.13 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot;&gt;[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' 11.593&lt;/ref&gt; هي انتهائي اذيتناڪ سزا سسيفس کي ان ڪري ڏني وئي، جو هو غرور ([[هبرس]]) ۾ اهو سمجهندو هو ته سندس چالاڪي خود [[زيوس]] کان به وڌيڪ آهي. ان جي جواب ۾ هيڊيز پنهنجي ذهانت جو مظاهرو ڪندي پٿر تي اهڙو جادو ڪيو، جو سسيفس جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچڻ کان اڳ ئي اهو پٿر هر ڀيري واپس هيٺ لڙهي ويندو هو. نتيجي ۾ سسيفس هميشه لاءِ بيڪار محنت ۽ نه کٽندڙ مايوسيءَ جي زندگيءَ ۾ ڦاسي پيو. انهيءَ سبب، اهڙن ڪمن کي جيڪي بي مقصد، بي نتيجا يا ڪڏهن به ختم نه ٿيندا هجن، اڄ به '''سسيفسي''' (''سسيفسئين'') چيو ويندو آهي. سسيفس قديم ليکڪن جو هڪ مشهور موضوع هو، ۽ مصور [[پوليگنوٽس]] به کيس [[ڊيلفي]] جي [[ليش]] جي ڀتين تي تصويري صورت ۾ پيش ڪيو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، 10.31&lt;/ref&gt;

== تشريحون ==
[[File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae MGG 1020.tif|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=يوهان فوگل جي ڪاري ۽ اڇي نقاشي ۾ سسيفس|بي مقصد جنگ جاري رکڻ جي علامت طور سسيفس. [[يوهان فوگل (شاعر)|يوهان فوگل]]: ''Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae''، 1649ع]]

[[شمسي نظريي]] موجب، بادشاهه سسيفس سج جي ان قرص جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هر روز اوڀر کان اڀري ٿو ۽ پوءِ اولهه ۾ لهي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus |volume=25 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين عالمن جي نظر ۾ هو اڀرندڙ ۽ لهندڙ لهرن يا دوکيباز سمنڊ جي تمثيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;eb1911&quot;/&gt; پهرين صدي ق م جي [[ايپيڪيورين]] فلسفي [[لوڪريشس]]، سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي انهن سياستدانن جي علامت قرار ڏنو، جيڪي سياسي عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ بار بار ناڪام ٿين ٿا؛ سندس خيال ۾ اقتدار جي اها جستجو پاڻ ۾ ئي هڪ &quot;خالي شيءِ&quot; آهي، جيڪا پٿر کي ٽڪريءَ تي ڌڪڻ جهڙي بي نتيجا محنت سان مشابهت رکي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[De Rerum Natura]]'' III&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فريڊرش ويلڪر]] جو خيال هو ته سسيفس علم جي ڳولا ۾ انسان جي اجائي جدوجهد جي علامت آهي، جڏهن ته [[سالومون ريناخ]]&lt;ref&gt;''Revue archéologique'', 1904&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڏني ته سندس سزا ان تصوير تي ٻڌل آهي، جنهن ۾ سسيفس کي [[اڪروڪورنٿ]] ڏانهن هڪ وڏو پٿر ڌڪيندي ڏيکاريو ويو هو، جيڪو ''سسيفيئم'' جي تعمير لاءِ گهربل محنت ۽ مهارت جي علامت هو.

[[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي 1942ع جي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي انساني زندگيءَ جي بي معنويت (ابسرڊٽي) جي علامت قرار ڏنو، پر آخر ۾ هن اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته &quot;اسان کي سسيفس کي خوش تصور ڪرڻ گهرجي&quot;، ڇاڪاڻ ته &quot;بلندين ڏانهن جدوجهد پاڻ ئي انسان جي دل کي ڀرڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي.&quot;

[[جي. نيگرو سانسونيز]] پنهنجي 1994ع جي ڪتاب ''دي باڊي آف مٿ'' ۾، [[جارجس ڊوميزيل]] جي تحقيق کي اڳتي وڌائيندي، اهو خيال پيش ڪيو ته &quot;سسيفس&quot; نالي جو بڻ شايد ساهه جي نڪ مان اچڻ واري لڳاتار سرسراهٽ جهڙي آواز (&quot;سس... فس&quot;) جي صوتياتي نقل (اوناميٽوپِيئا) مان نڪتل آهي. هن مطابق سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا جو تعلق قديم [[پروٽو-هند-يورپي مذهب]] جي انهن وجد آڻيندڙ طريقن سان آهي، جيڪي ساهه جي ضابطي سان لاڳاپيل هئا. هن تشريح ۾ ساهه اندر کڻڻ ۽ ٻاهر ڇڏڻ جي ورجائجندڙ عمل کي سسيفس ۽ سندس پٿر جي ٽڪريءَ تي مٿي ۽ هيٺ ٿيندڙ حرڪت سان تشبيهه ڏني وئي.

انهن تجربن ۾، جن ۾ اهو جانچيو ويندو آهي ته ڪم جي معنيٰ گهٽجڻ تي مزدور ڪيئن ردعمل ظاهر ڪن ٿا، آزمائشي حالت کي &quot;سسيفسي حالت&quot; (سسيفسيئن ڪنڊيشن) سڏيو ويندو آهي. انهن تجربن جا ٻه اهم نتيجا نڪتا: پهريون، ماڻهو ان وقت وڌيڪ محنت ڪندا آهن جڏهن کين پنهنجو ڪم وڌيڪ بامعنيٰ محسوس ٿئي؛ ۽ ٻيو، ماڻهو عام طور ڪم جي معنيٰ ۽ ترغيب جي وچ ۾ موجود لاڳاپي کي گهٽ سمجهندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ariely|first=Dan|title=The Upside of Irrationality|year=2010|isbn=978-0-06-199503-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ادبي تشريحون ===
[[File:Punishment sisyph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=ٽيشيئن جي سسيفس واري تصوير|''[[سسيفس (ٽيشيئن)|سسيفس]]'' (1548–1549ع)، [[ٽيشيئن]]، [[پراڊو عجائب گهر]]، ميڊرڊ، اسپين]]
[[File:Poster from National Child Labor Committee collection, c. 1913.jpg|thumb|سرمائيداري نظام ۾ ٻارن کان پورهيو وٺڻ جي مذمت لاءِ سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کان متاثر ڪارٽون، لڳ ڀڳ 1913ع]]

* [[هومر]] پنهنجي ''[[ايليڊ]]'' جي ڇهين ڪتاب ۽ ''[[اوڊيسي]]'' جي يارهين ڪتاب ۾ سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Homer Iliad VI 152ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Odyssey, xi. 593&quot; /&gt;
* رومي شاعر [[اووڊ]] ''[[ميٽامورفوسز]]'' ۾ [[اورفيوس ۽ يوريڊائيس]] جي ڪهاڻي دوران سسيفس جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو. جڏهن اورفيوس هيڊيز ۽ پرسيفوني وٽ وڃي يوريڊائيس کي واپس وٺڻ لاءِ گيت ڳائي ٿو، تڏهن اووڊ بيان ڪري ٿو ته اهو گيت ايترو اثرائتو هو، جو سسيفس به هڪ لمحي لاءِ پنهنجي دائمي محنت ڇڏي پنهنجي پٿر تي ويهي رهيو.&lt;ref&gt;Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 10.44.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[اپالوجي (افلاطون)|اپالوجي]]'' ۾ سقراط چوي ٿو ته هو مرڻ کان پوءِ سسيفس جهڙن ماڻهن سان ملڻ جو خواهشمند آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي ڏاها سمجهن ٿا، جيئن هو سندن سوالن وسيلي معلوم ڪري سگهي ته حقيقت ۾ ڏاهو ڪير آهي ۽ ڪير رڳو پاڻ کي ڏاهو سمجهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;Apology, 41c&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[البرٽ ڪاميو]] پنهنجي مشهور مضمون ''[[سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا]]'' ۾ سسيفس کي &quot;بي معنويت جو هيرو&quot; قرار ڏئي ٿو.
* [[فرانتس ڪافڪا]] بار بار سسيفس جو حوالو هڪ ڪنوارو مرد طور ڏنو. سندس نظر ۾ &quot;ڪافڪائي&quot; خوبيون اهي هيون، جيڪي سندس پنهنجي شخصيت ۾ سسيفس جهڙيون خصوصيتون ظاهر ڪنديون هيون.&lt;ref&gt;[[Frederick R. Karl|Karl, Frederick]]. ''Franz Kafka: Representative Man.'' New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;
* فلسفي [[رچرڊ ڪلائيڊ ٽيلر]] سسيفس جي ڏندڪٿا کي اهڙي زندگيءَ جي تمثيل طور پيش ڪري ٿو، جيڪا محض بي مقصد ورجاءَ تي ٻڌل هئڻ ڪري بي معنيٰ بڻجي وڃي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Richard. &quot;Time and Life's Meaning.&quot; ''Review of Metaphysics'' 40 (June 1987): 675–686.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[وولفگانگ ميڊر]] سسيفس جي علامت تي ٻڌل ڪيترائي، خاص طور ادارتي، ڪارٽون گڏ ڪيا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. ''Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen.'' Vienna: Praesens.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[هولس رابنز]]، اووڊ کي ڪاميو جي مقابلي ۾ پڙهندي، تجويز ڏئي ٿي ته سسيفس جي سزا حقيقت ۾ سزا نه هئي، پر سندس فطرت جي سڃاڻپ هئي؛ يعني قاعدن ۽ حدن جي خلاف هميشه جدوجهد ڪرڻ سندس بنيادي طبيعت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Sisyphus, Unbothered |url=https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/sisyphus-unbothered |website=Anecdotal Value |publisher=Substack |access-date=27 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[نارانٿ ڀرانٿن]]، هندستاني لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ رضاڪارانه طور پٿر ڌڪيندڙ شخصيت
* [[جان ٽريگيگل]]، ڪارنوال جو هڪ مئجسٽريٽ، جنهن کي [[ڊوزمري پول]] کي هڪ صدف جي خول سان خالي ڪرڻ يا [[گوينور ڪوو]] ۾ واريءَ مان رسي اڻڻ جي سزا ڏني وئي
* [[ٽينٽلس]]، جنهن کي به ساڳيءَ طرح نه ختم ٿيندڙ مشقت جي سزا ملي
* [[وو گانگ]]، جنهن کي پڻ هڪ ناممڪن ڪم سونپيو ويو: چنڊ تي پاڻمرادو ٻيهر وڌندڙ وڻ کي وڍڻ
* [[بي معنويت]] – هڪ [[فلسفو|فلسفياتي]] نظريو، جنهن موجب ڪائنات غير منطقي آهي ۽ جيڪي ماڻهو ان ۾ معنيٰ ڳولڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا، اهي هيڊيز پاران سسيفس کي ڏنل سزا جهڙي حالت ۾ هوندا آهن.

== نوٽس ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== حوالا ==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*[[بائبليوٿيکا (اپولوڊورس)|اپولوڊورس]]، ''The Library''، سر جيمس جارج فريزر جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، ٻن جلدن ۾، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس؛ وليم هائينيمان، لنڊن، 1921ع. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 آن لائن نسخو.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 ساڳئي ويب سائيٽ تي يوناني متن.]
*{{cite book|last=Evslin|first=Bernard|title=Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljjly9Zes9AC|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-84511-321-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[ٽموٿي گانٽز]]، ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources''، جانز هاپڪنز يونيورسٽي پريس، 1996ع.
*هارڊ، رابن، ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology''، 2004ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[ايليڊ]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1924ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''Homeri Opera''، آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1920ع.
*[[هومر]]، ''[[اوڊيسي]]''، اي. ٽي. مري جي انگريزي ترجمي سان، هارورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس، 1919ع.
*[[هيروگ ميهلر]]، ''Pindarus Carmina cum fragmentis''، 1989ع.
*{{cite book|last1=Morford|first1=Mark P. O.|last2=Lenardon|first2=Robert J.|title=Classical Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&amp;pg=PA491|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514338-6|access-date=21 October 2020}}
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، بروڪس مور جو ترجمو، 1922ع.
*[[اووڊ]]، ''Metamorphoses''، لاطيني متن، 1892ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Description of Greece''، 1918ع.
*[[پوسانياس (جاگرافي دان)|پوسانياس]]، ''Graeciae Descriptio''، 1903ع.
{{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{wiktionary|Sisyphean}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Sisyphus|short=x}}

{{Rulers of Corinth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي چالاڪ شخصيتون]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا شهزادا]]
[[زمرو:آبادين جا ڏندڪٿائي باني]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:يوناني ڏندڪٿائن جا بادشاهه]]
[[زمرو:ڪلاسيڪي ڏندڪٿائن ۾ زيرزمين جو سفر]]
[[زمرو:ٽارٽارس ۾ سزا يافته روح]]
[[زمرو:ايولائي نسل]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ڪورنٿي]]
[[زمرو:ڏندڪٿائي ٿيساليائي]]
[[زمرو:ڪورنٿ جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:ٿيسالي جون ڏندڪٿائون]]
[[زمرو:زيوس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:ايريس جا ڪارناما]]
[[زمرو:هبرس بابت ڏندڪٿائون]]</text>
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'''Paniala Tehsil''' is a [[tehsil]] of [[Paharpur District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Governor Kundi vows swift development projects for DI Khan region | date=27 April 2025 | url=https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/governor-kundi-vows-swift-development-projects-for-di-khan-region/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Construction of Tehsil Complexes in Khyber Pakhtun | url=https://www.pakistantenders.com/tender/construction-of-tehsil-complexes-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-adp-no-94170643-2025-26-sh-construction-780d045.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=NOTICE INVITING E-PADS (SINGLE STAGE TWO ENVELOPE (XEN BLDG D.I.Khan) &amp;#124; Communication &amp; Works Department, KP | url=https://www.cwd.gkp.pk/public/index.php/tenders/3367a97d-fff1-4953-9377-655fa2d9874c }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Paniala Tehsil''' is a [[tehsil]] of [[Paharpur District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Governor Kundi vows swift development projects for DI Khan region | date=27 April 2025 | url=https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/governor-kundi-vows-swift-development-projects-for-di-khan-region/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Construction of Tehsil Complexes in Khyber Pakhtun | url=https://www.pakistantenders.com/tender/construction-of-tehsil-complexes-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-adp-no-94170643-2025-26-sh-construction-780d045.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=NOTICE INVITING E-PADS (SINGLE STAGE TWO ENVELOPE (XEN BLDG D.I.Khan) &amp;#124; Communication &amp; Works Department, KP | url=https://www.cwd.gkp.pk/public/index.php/tenders/3367a97d-fff1-4953-9377-655fa2d9874c }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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{{Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Paharpur-Union-Councils}}

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'''Paniala Tehsil''' is a [[tehsil]] of [[Paharpur District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Governor Kundi vows swift development projects for DI Khan region | date=27 April 2025 | url=https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/governor-kundi-vows-swift-development-projects-for-di-khan-region/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Construction of Tehsil Complexes in Khyber Pakhtun | url=https://www.pakistantenders.com/tender/construction-of-tehsil-complexes-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-adp-no-94170643-2025-26-sh-construction-780d045.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=NOTICE INVITING E-PADS (SINGLE STAGE TWO ENVELOPE (XEN BLDG D.I.Khan) &amp;#124; Communication &amp; Works Department, KP | url=https://www.cwd.gkp.pk/public/index.php/tenders/3367a97d-fff1-4953-9377-655fa2d9874c }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==
* [[پهاڙ پور تعلقو]]
==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}

{{Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Paharpur-Union-Councils}}

[[زمرو:پنياله تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعي جا تعلقا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2869" sha1="t3ehh2x2nrb3l0fu3e7n0up69nxiv86" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name    = تحصیل پنياله
| native_name             = پنياله تحصیل
| native_name_lang   = 
| settlement_type    = [[تعلقو]]
| image_skyline      = 
| imagesize          = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = 
| image_blank_emblem = 
| blank_emblem_size  = 100px
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| blank_emblem_link  = 
| image_map          = 
| mapsize            = 280px
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| mapsize1           = 
| map_alt1           = 
| map_caption1       = Location within [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type   = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[صوبو]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[ضلعو]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعو]]
|seat=پنياله
| population_total   = 
| population_rural   = 
| population_urban   = 
| population_as_of   = 
| population_est     = 
| pop_est_as_of      = 
| population_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2     = 
| leader_title       = 
| leader_name        = 
| leader_title1      = 
| leader_name1       = 
| blank_name_sec1    = Number of [[town]]s
| blank_info_sec1    = 
| blank_name_sec2    = Number of [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]]
| blank_info_sec2    = 
| timezone1          = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
| leader_party       = 
|name=پنياله تعلقو}}

'''پنياله تعلقو''' (&lt;small&gt;Paniala Tehsil&lt;/small&gt;) [[پاڪستان]] جي [[خيبر پختونخوا]] صوبي جي ضلعي [[ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعو|ڊيرا اسماعيل خان]] جو هڪ [[تعلقو]] آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Governor Kundi vows swift development projects for DI Khan region | date=27 April 2025 | url=https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/governor-kundi-vows-swift-development-projects-for-di-khan-region/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Construction of Tehsil Complexes in Khyber Pakhtun | url=https://www.pakistantenders.com/tender/construction-of-tehsil-complexes-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-adp-no-94170643-2025-26-sh-construction-780d045.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=NOTICE INVITING E-PADS (SINGLE STAGE TWO ENVELOPE (XEN BLDG D.I.Khan) &amp;#124; Communication &amp; Works Department, KP | url=https://www.cwd.gkp.pk/public/index.php/tenders/3367a97d-fff1-4953-9377-655fa2d9874c }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==
* [[پهاڙ پور تعلقو]]
==حوالا==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}

{{Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Paharpur-Union-Councils}}

[[زمرو:پنياله تعلقو]]
[[زمرو:ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]
[[زمرو:ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعي جا تعلقا]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T15:11:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[ڇڙواڳيت]] کي [[انارڪزم]] ڏانھن چوريو: غلط ھجي سان عنوان</comment>
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      <text bytes="30" sha1="sdun0imjdmmzdkuuoo9xob686tqprav" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[انارڪزم]]</text>
      <sha1>sdun0imjdmmzdkuuoo9xob686tqprav</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:پنياله تعلقو</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100430</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-17T15:11:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعو]] [[زمرو:ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعي جا تعلقا]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:ڊيرا اسماعيل خان ضلعي جا تعلقا]]</text>
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    <title>پيرس ڪميون</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}   {{Infobox military conflict | conflict          = پيرس ڪميون | partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا | image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg | caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] فرانس جي قومي محافظ...</comment>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}</text>
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      <text bytes="17833" sha1="3m1r1tigbb1ewmwqiit1yjql4uwotzw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}</text>
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      <text bytes="37572" sha1="brf5ffgup15nzbslv0qhmok56jtaj34" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}</text>
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      <text bytes="41331" sha1="7qq6qr8gy7ppi09n6l30ob3a9t3qdhw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}</text>
      <sha1>3yoktorkz5hh1jy1ctxm7jdg4yaq8lu</sha1>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.</text>
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      <text bytes="69640" sha1="boj4bd2s22r3p5ey4h9pn2calb6b9aa" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="92382" sha1="m88xpzfshkvd7h3lvmfrufxpb2xrrwd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}</text>
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      <text bytes="100832" sha1="kqv35rzh5yj63jdlgnth1esecs2ug78" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}</text>
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      <text bytes="108726" sha1="ef1cpza1h5fq0y362t387xznvhyxjn4" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.</text>
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      <text bytes="125004" sha1="menb2unvub126ccub0vtxc4fljmwdet" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>menb2unvub126ccub0vtxc4fljmwdet</sha1>
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      <id>395187</id>
      <parentid>395186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T15:48:37Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="137942" sha1="q4f10rq02j4d9qg9mrelzvu4snbm2g1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}</text>
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      <text bytes="143998" sha1="a9r6goh5pwww8nuiqupcwkf91l160wp" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}

== ڪميون جي قيدين ۽ جاني نقصان ==

=== قيدي ۽ جلاوطن ===

[[File:Commune de Paris Prisonniers à Satory.jpg|center|450px|thumb|[[ساتوري]] جي ڪيمپ ۾ قيد ڪيل ڪميون جا حامي]]

[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|لوبو فوجي ڇانوڻيءَ ۾ ڪميون جي قيدين جي اجتماعي ڦاسي، فريڊرڪ لڪس جي چٽسالي]]

فرانسيسي فوج جي سرڪاري رڪارڊ موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ۽ ان کان فوراً پوءِ 43,522 قيدي گرفتار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان 1,054 عورتون هيون ۽ 615 جي عمر 16 سالن کان گهٽ هئي. انهن کي 150 يا 200 ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گهوڙيسوارن جي نگراني هيٺ ورسائي يا [[ساتوري]] جي فوجي ڪيمپ ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ ۾ آيو، جتي مقدمي هلڻ تائين کين انتهائي ڀريل ۽ غير صحت بخش حالتن ۾ رکيو ويو. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 22,727 ڄڻا، يا ته حالتن جي نرمي يا انسان دوستي جي بنياد تي مقدمي کان اڳ ئي آزاد ڪيا ويا. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران پيرس تي سرڪاري طور گهيري جي حالت لاڳو هئي، تنهنڪري قيدين جا مقدما فوجي عدالتن ۾ هلايا ويا. 15,895 قيدين تي مقدمو هليو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهاري قرار ڏنا ويا. 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري مشقت، 1,169 کي جلاوطني (اڪثر نيو ڪيلڊونيا)، 3,147 کي سادي جلاوطني، 1,257 کي اڪيلائيءَ واري قيد، 1,305 کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ قيد ۽ 2,054 کي هڪ سال کان گهٽ قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

[[File:Théophile Ferré by Appert.jpg|thumb|upright|ڪميون جو نائب سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]]، جنهن ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل لاءِ حوالي ڪيو هو، نومبر 1871ع ۾ پاڻ به ڦاسي ڏنو ويو.]]

7 آگسٽ کان ڪميون جي انهن اڳواڻن تي الڳ ۽ وڌيڪ باضابطه مقدمو هلايو ويو، جيڪي بچي ويا هئا ۽ گرفتار ٿي چڪا هئا. انهن ۾ تيوفيل فيري به شامل هو، جنهن يرغمالين جي موت واري حڪم تي صحيح ڪئي هئي، ۽ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] به، جنهن پلاس وانڊوم واري ستون کي ڊاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني هئي. سندن مقدمو فوج جي ستن سينيئر آفيسرن جي پينل آڏو هليو. فيري کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، جڏهن ته ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ملي ۽ پوءِ مٿس ستون جي ٻيهر تعمير جو خرچ به وڌو ويو. هن پيرس جي [[سينٽ-پيلاجي جيل]] ۾ سزا جو ڪجهه حصو ڪاٽيو، جتي کيس تصويرون ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسٽينڊ ۽ رنگ رکڻ جي اجازت هئي، پر جيئرا ماڊل سندس سامهون ويهڻ جي اجازت نه هئي. ان دوران هن گلن ۽ ميون جي ''اسٽل لائيف'' تصويرن جو هڪ مشهور سلسلو تيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Riat|1906|pp=120–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هو ستون جي تعمير جو خرچ ادا نه ڪري سگهيو، تنهنڪري سوئٽزرلينڊ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي ادائيگي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي سندس وفات ٿي وئي.

آڪٽوبر 1871ع ۾ قومي اسيمبليءَ جي هڪ ڪميشن سزائن جو جائزو ورتو؛ 310 ڏوهارين کي معافي ڏني وئي، 286 جون سزائون گهٽايون ويون، ۽ 1,295 جون سزائون تبديل ڪيون ويون. موت جي سزا ٻڌايل 270 ماڻهن مان—جن مان 175 کي [[غير موجودگيءَ ۾ مقدمو]] هلائي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي—25 کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ فيري ۽ گستاو ژانتون به شامل هئا، جنهن يرغمالين جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=436–437}} ڪميون جا هزارين حامي، جن ۾ [[فيليڪس پياٽ]] جهڙا اڳواڻ به شامل هئا، ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان اڳ پيرس مان نڪري وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويا ۽ جلاوطن ٿي ويا؛ لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 انگلينڊ، 2,000 کان 3,000 بيلجيم ۽ 1,000 سوئٽزرلينڊ ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=440}}

3 مارچ 1879ع تي جزوي عام معافي ڏني وئي، جنهن تحت نيو ڪيلڊونيا موڪليل 600 جلاوطنن مان 400 کي واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي، ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 2,400 مان 2,000 قيدين کي به موٽڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. 11 جولاءِ 1880ع تي عام معافي جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، جنهن تحت باقي 543 سزا يافته قيدين ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 262 ماڻهن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=120}}

=== جاني نقصان ===

[[File:Commune de Paris enlèvement des cadavres par les parisiens.jpg|thumb|ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پيرسين ڪميون جي حامين جا لاش عارضي اجتماعي قبرن ۾ دفنايا. بعد ۾ انهن کي سرڪاري قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي 6,000 کان 7,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪميون جا حامي دفن ڪيا ويا.]]

تاريخدانن ۾ گهڻي عرصي کان اهو بحث جاري آهي ته ''[[خوني هفتو|خوني هفتي]]'' دوران ڪيترا ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. جنرل فيليڪس انتوان آپير جي سرڪاري فوجي رپورٽ ۾ رڳو فوجي نقصان جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو اپريل کان مئي تائين 877 مارجي ويل، 6,454 زخمي ۽ 183 گم ٿيل سپاهين تي مشتمل هو. رپورٽ ۾ ڪميون جي جاني نقصان بابت ڄاڻ کي صرف &quot;تمام نامڪمل&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 |date=1875 |trans-title=Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection |trans-chapter=appendix to the minutes of the session of 20 July 1875 |chapter=annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875 |place=Versailles |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوني هفتي جي جاني نقصان جو سوال 28 آگسٽ 1871ع تي قومي اسيمبليءَ جي ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ به اٿاريو ويو، جتي مارشل ميڪ ماهون شاهدي ڏني. رڪن ايم. واشيروٽ کيس چيو: &quot;هڪ جنرل مون کي ٻڌايو آهي ته ويڙهه دوران، رڪاوٽن تي يا ويڙهه کان پوءِ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جو انگ 17,000 تائين پهتو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;مون کي خبر ناهي ته اهو اندازو ڪهڙي بنياد تي لڳايو ويو آهي؛ منهنجي خيال ۾ اهو وڌايل آهي. مان رڳو ايترو چئي سگهان ٿو ته باغين جو نقصان اسان کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هو.&quot; واشيروٽ وري چيو: &quot;شايد اهو انگ سڄي گهيري ۽ اِسي ۽ وانو جي قلعن واري ويڙهه کي به شامل ڪري ٿو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو انگ وڌايل آهي.&quot; واشيروٽ وري زور ڀريو: &quot;اها ڄاڻ مون کي جنرل آپير ڏني هئي. شايد هن جو مطلب مارجي ويلن ۽ زخمين ٻنهي مان هو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو وري ٻي ڳالهه آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot;&gt;Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exilés communards à Londres, juin 1872.jpg|thumb|لنڊن ۾ ڪميون جا جلاوطن، جون 1872ع]]

1876ع ۾ [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]]، جيڪو خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهيو هو ۽ پوءِ لنڊن جلاوطن ٿي ويو، ڪميون جي هڪ انتهائي مشهور ۽ همدرداڻِي تاريخ لکي. ڪتاب جي آخر ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;خوني هفتي جي متاثرين جو صحيح انگ ڪنهن کي به معلوم ناهي. فوجي انصاف واري کاتي جي سربراهه دعويٰ ڪئي ته سترهن هزار ماڻهن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&quot; اهو بيان درست نه هو؛ آپير اهڙي ڪا دعويٰ نه ڪئي هئي، هن رڳو قيدين بابت ڳالهايو هو. ليساگاري وڌيڪ لکيو: &quot;پيرس جي [[پيرس جي ميونسپل ڪائونسل|ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] سترهن هزار لاشن جي دفن جو خرچ ادا ڪيو؛ پر ان کان علاوه به ڪيترائي ماڻهو پيرس کان ٻاهر ماريا ويا يا ساڙيا ويا.&quot; بعد وارن تاريخدانن، جن ۾ [[رابرٽ ٽومبس]] به شامل آهي، کي سترهن هزار دفنن بابت ميونسپل ادائيگيءَ جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ ليساگاري به ان بابت ڪا شاهدي پيش نه ڪئي ته هزارين ڪميون جا حامي پيرس کان ٻاهر ساڙيا يا دفنايا ويا هئا. آخر ۾ هن نتيجو ڪڍيو: &quot;ويهه هزار چوڻ مبالغو نه ٿيندو، ۽ اهو انگ فوجي آفيسرن به قبول ڪيو.&quot;{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}} پر حقيقت ۾ نه ميڪ ماهون ۽ نه ئي آپير ويهه هزار مارجي ويلن جو انگ قبول ڪيو هو؛ ٻنهي ان کي وڌايل قرار ڏنو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="163444" sha1="hspnkupdf8yghrsbyh2l41n7ynb0q1v" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}

== ڪميون جي قيدين ۽ جاني نقصان ==

=== قيدي ۽ جلاوطن ===

[[File:Commune de Paris Prisonniers à Satory.jpg|center|450px|thumb|[[ساتوري]] جي ڪيمپ ۾ قيد ڪيل ڪميون جا حامي]]

[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|لوبو فوجي ڇانوڻيءَ ۾ ڪميون جي قيدين جي اجتماعي ڦاسي، فريڊرڪ لڪس جي چٽسالي]]

فرانسيسي فوج جي سرڪاري رڪارڊ موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ۽ ان کان فوراً پوءِ 43,522 قيدي گرفتار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان 1,054 عورتون هيون ۽ 615 جي عمر 16 سالن کان گهٽ هئي. انهن کي 150 يا 200 ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گهوڙيسوارن جي نگراني هيٺ ورسائي يا [[ساتوري]] جي فوجي ڪيمپ ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ ۾ آيو، جتي مقدمي هلڻ تائين کين انتهائي ڀريل ۽ غير صحت بخش حالتن ۾ رکيو ويو. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 22,727 ڄڻا، يا ته حالتن جي نرمي يا انسان دوستي جي بنياد تي مقدمي کان اڳ ئي آزاد ڪيا ويا. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران پيرس تي سرڪاري طور گهيري جي حالت لاڳو هئي، تنهنڪري قيدين جا مقدما فوجي عدالتن ۾ هلايا ويا. 15,895 قيدين تي مقدمو هليو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهاري قرار ڏنا ويا. 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري مشقت، 1,169 کي جلاوطني (اڪثر نيو ڪيلڊونيا)، 3,147 کي سادي جلاوطني، 1,257 کي اڪيلائيءَ واري قيد، 1,305 کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ قيد ۽ 2,054 کي هڪ سال کان گهٽ قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

[[File:Théophile Ferré by Appert.jpg|thumb|upright|ڪميون جو نائب سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]]، جنهن ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل لاءِ حوالي ڪيو هو، نومبر 1871ع ۾ پاڻ به ڦاسي ڏنو ويو.]]

7 آگسٽ کان ڪميون جي انهن اڳواڻن تي الڳ ۽ وڌيڪ باضابطه مقدمو هلايو ويو، جيڪي بچي ويا هئا ۽ گرفتار ٿي چڪا هئا. انهن ۾ تيوفيل فيري به شامل هو، جنهن يرغمالين جي موت واري حڪم تي صحيح ڪئي هئي، ۽ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] به، جنهن پلاس وانڊوم واري ستون کي ڊاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني هئي. سندن مقدمو فوج جي ستن سينيئر آفيسرن جي پينل آڏو هليو. فيري کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، جڏهن ته ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ملي ۽ پوءِ مٿس ستون جي ٻيهر تعمير جو خرچ به وڌو ويو. هن پيرس جي [[سينٽ-پيلاجي جيل]] ۾ سزا جو ڪجهه حصو ڪاٽيو، جتي کيس تصويرون ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسٽينڊ ۽ رنگ رکڻ جي اجازت هئي، پر جيئرا ماڊل سندس سامهون ويهڻ جي اجازت نه هئي. ان دوران هن گلن ۽ ميون جي ''اسٽل لائيف'' تصويرن جو هڪ مشهور سلسلو تيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Riat|1906|pp=120–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هو ستون جي تعمير جو خرچ ادا نه ڪري سگهيو، تنهنڪري سوئٽزرلينڊ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي ادائيگي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي سندس وفات ٿي وئي.

آڪٽوبر 1871ع ۾ قومي اسيمبليءَ جي هڪ ڪميشن سزائن جو جائزو ورتو؛ 310 ڏوهارين کي معافي ڏني وئي، 286 جون سزائون گهٽايون ويون، ۽ 1,295 جون سزائون تبديل ڪيون ويون. موت جي سزا ٻڌايل 270 ماڻهن مان—جن مان 175 کي [[غير موجودگيءَ ۾ مقدمو]] هلائي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي—25 کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ فيري ۽ گستاو ژانتون به شامل هئا، جنهن يرغمالين جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=436–437}} ڪميون جا هزارين حامي، جن ۾ [[فيليڪس پياٽ]] جهڙا اڳواڻ به شامل هئا، ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان اڳ پيرس مان نڪري وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويا ۽ جلاوطن ٿي ويا؛ لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 انگلينڊ، 2,000 کان 3,000 بيلجيم ۽ 1,000 سوئٽزرلينڊ ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=440}}

3 مارچ 1879ع تي جزوي عام معافي ڏني وئي، جنهن تحت نيو ڪيلڊونيا موڪليل 600 جلاوطنن مان 400 کي واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي، ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 2,400 مان 2,000 قيدين کي به موٽڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. 11 جولاءِ 1880ع تي عام معافي جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، جنهن تحت باقي 543 سزا يافته قيدين ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 262 ماڻهن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=120}}

=== جاني نقصان ===

[[File:Commune de Paris enlèvement des cadavres par les parisiens.jpg|thumb|ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پيرسين ڪميون جي حامين جا لاش عارضي اجتماعي قبرن ۾ دفنايا. بعد ۾ انهن کي سرڪاري قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي 6,000 کان 7,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪميون جا حامي دفن ڪيا ويا.]]

تاريخدانن ۾ گهڻي عرصي کان اهو بحث جاري آهي ته ''[[خوني هفتو|خوني هفتي]]'' دوران ڪيترا ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. جنرل فيليڪس انتوان آپير جي سرڪاري فوجي رپورٽ ۾ رڳو فوجي نقصان جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو اپريل کان مئي تائين 877 مارجي ويل، 6,454 زخمي ۽ 183 گم ٿيل سپاهين تي مشتمل هو. رپورٽ ۾ ڪميون جي جاني نقصان بابت ڄاڻ کي صرف &quot;تمام نامڪمل&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 |date=1875 |trans-title=Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection |trans-chapter=appendix to the minutes of the session of 20 July 1875 |chapter=annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875 |place=Versailles |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوني هفتي جي جاني نقصان جو سوال 28 آگسٽ 1871ع تي قومي اسيمبليءَ جي ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ به اٿاريو ويو، جتي مارشل ميڪ ماهون شاهدي ڏني. رڪن ايم. واشيروٽ کيس چيو: &quot;هڪ جنرل مون کي ٻڌايو آهي ته ويڙهه دوران، رڪاوٽن تي يا ويڙهه کان پوءِ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جو انگ 17,000 تائين پهتو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;مون کي خبر ناهي ته اهو اندازو ڪهڙي بنياد تي لڳايو ويو آهي؛ منهنجي خيال ۾ اهو وڌايل آهي. مان رڳو ايترو چئي سگهان ٿو ته باغين جو نقصان اسان کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هو.&quot; واشيروٽ وري چيو: &quot;شايد اهو انگ سڄي گهيري ۽ اِسي ۽ وانو جي قلعن واري ويڙهه کي به شامل ڪري ٿو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو انگ وڌايل آهي.&quot; واشيروٽ وري زور ڀريو: &quot;اها ڄاڻ مون کي جنرل آپير ڏني هئي. شايد هن جو مطلب مارجي ويلن ۽ زخمين ٻنهي مان هو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو وري ٻي ڳالهه آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot;&gt;Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exilés communards à Londres, juin 1872.jpg|thumb|لنڊن ۾ ڪميون جا جلاوطن، جون 1872ع]]

1876ع ۾ [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]]، جيڪو خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهيو هو ۽ پوءِ لنڊن جلاوطن ٿي ويو، ڪميون جي هڪ انتهائي مشهور ۽ همدرداڻِي تاريخ لکي. ڪتاب جي آخر ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;خوني هفتي جي متاثرين جو صحيح انگ ڪنهن کي به معلوم ناهي. فوجي انصاف واري کاتي جي سربراهه دعويٰ ڪئي ته سترهن هزار ماڻهن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&quot; اهو بيان درست نه هو؛ آپير اهڙي ڪا دعويٰ نه ڪئي هئي، هن رڳو قيدين بابت ڳالهايو هو. ليساگاري وڌيڪ لکيو: &quot;پيرس جي [[پيرس جي ميونسپل ڪائونسل|ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] سترهن هزار لاشن جي دفن جو خرچ ادا ڪيو؛ پر ان کان علاوه به ڪيترائي ماڻهو پيرس کان ٻاهر ماريا ويا يا ساڙيا ويا.&quot; بعد وارن تاريخدانن، جن ۾ [[رابرٽ ٽومبس]] به شامل آهي، کي سترهن هزار دفنن بابت ميونسپل ادائيگيءَ جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ ليساگاري به ان بابت ڪا شاهدي پيش نه ڪئي ته هزارين ڪميون جا حامي پيرس کان ٻاهر ساڙيا يا دفنايا ويا هئا. آخر ۾ هن نتيجو ڪڍيو: &quot;ويهه هزار چوڻ مبالغو نه ٿيندو، ۽ اهو انگ فوجي آفيسرن به قبول ڪيو.&quot;{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}} پر حقيقت ۾ نه ميڪ ماهون ۽ نه ئي آپير ويهه هزار مارجي ويلن جو انگ قبول ڪيو هو؛ ٻنهي ان کي وڌايل قرار ڏنو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot; /&gt;

== تنقيد ==

=== همعصر فنڪار ۽ اديب ===

[[File:Paris Commune rue de Rivoli.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي کان پوءِ رو ڊي ريوولي جو ڏيک]]

فرانسيسي اديبن ۽ فنڪارن جا ڪميون بابت سخت ۽ واضح رايا هئا. [[گستاو ڪوربي]] ڪميون ۾ حصو وٺندڙ سڀ کان نمايان فنڪار هو، ۽ هو ان جو سرگرم شريڪ ۽ حامي رهيو، جيتوڻيڪ هن شڪي دشمنن کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پاليسيءَ تي تنقيد ڪئي. ٻئي طرف نوجوان [[اناتول فرانس]] ڪميون کي &quot;قاتلن جي ڪميٽي، غنڊن جو ٽولو [{{lang|fr|فريپوئيار}}]، ۽ ڏوهه ۽ جنون جي حڪومت&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot;&gt;Pivot, Sylvain, &quot;La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire.&quot; December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; روزنامچو لکندڙ [[ايڊمون ڊي گونڪور]] ''خوني هفتي'' کان ٽي ڏينهن پوءِ لکيو: &quot;رت وهائڻ جو ڪم مڪمل نموني ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ اهڙي خونريزي، جيڪا آباديءَ جي باغي حصي کي قتل ڪري ٿي، ايندڙ انقلاب کي پوئتي ڌڪي ڇڏي ٿي.{{nbs}}... پراڻي سماج کي هاڻي ويهن سالن جو امن نصيب ٿيندو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Edmond de Goncourt]], [[Jules de Goncourt]], [[Robert Baldick]], ''Pages from the Goncourt Journal'' (Oxford, 1962), p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;

23 اپريل تي [[جارج سانڊ]]، جيڪا 1848ع جي انقلاب ۾ حصو وٺندڙ هڪ پرجوش جمهوريه پسند هئي، ان جي ابتڙ راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. هن لکيو: &quot;هي هولناڪ مهم اڃا جاري آهي. اهي تاوان وٺن ٿا، ڌمڪيون ڏين ٿا، گرفتار ڪن ٿا ۽ فيصلا ڪن ٿا. هنن سڀني ٽائون هالن ۽ سرڪاري ادارن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو آهي، ۽ گولا بارود ۽ خوراڪ جا ذخيرا لُٽي رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; ڪميون جي شروعات کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ [[گستاو فلوبيئر]] سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو: &quot;[[آسٽريائي سلطنت|آسٽريا]] [[ڪونگريٽز جي جنگ|سادووا]] کان پوءِ انقلاب ۾ نه ويو، نه اٽلي [[نووارا جي جنگ (1849ع)|نووارا]] کان پوءِ، ۽ نه روس [[سيوستوپول جو گهيرو (1854ع–1855ع)|سيوستوپول]] کان پوءِ! پر اسان جا ڀلا فرانسيسي چمنيءَ ۾ باهه لڳندي ئي پنهنجو گهر ڊاهڻ لاءِ ڊوڙي پون ٿا.&quot; ڪميون جي پڄاڻيءَ جي ويجهو فلوبيئر [[فلوبيئر جا خط|ٻيهر کيس لکيو]]: &quot;ڪميون بابت، جيڪا هاڻي مرڻ واري آهي، ايترو چوندس ته اها وچين دور جي آخري نمود آهي.&quot; 10 جون تي، جڏهن ڪميون ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، فلوبيئر سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو:&lt;ref name=&quot;online-literature.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001118/http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ |date=22 March 2014}}. online-literature.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|مان پيرس مان آيو آهيان، ۽ مون کي خبر ناهي ته ڪنهن سان ڳالهايان. منهنجو ساهه گهٽجي رهيو آهي. مان سخت پريشان آهيان، يا چئجي ته اندر ئي اندر ڀڄي پيو آهيان. کنڊرن جو منظر ان عظيم پيرسي جنون جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڪجهه به ناهي. تمام ٿورين استثنائن کان سواءِ، مون کي هر ماڻهو رڳو چريائپ جي قميص پائڻ لائق لڳو. آباديءَ جو هڪ اڌ ٻئي اڌ کي ڦاسي ڏيڻ چاهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو اڌ به ساڳي خواهش جو جواب ڏئي ٿو. اهو واٽهڙن جي اکين ۾ صاف پڙهي سگهجي ٿو.}}

[[وڪٽر هوگو]] ٿئير کي سندس تنگ نظريءَ جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو. جڏهن کيس خبر پئي ته حڪومت توپون قبضي ۾ وٺڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي آهي، تڏهن هن پنهنجي روزنامچي ۾ لکيو: &quot;هن بارود جي پيتيءَ کي باهه ڏيندڙ تار ٻاري ڇڏي. ٿئير جي بي سوچي اڳواٽ سوچيل هئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''Choses vues, 1870–1885''. Paris. Gallimard (1972). {{ISBN|2-07-036141-1}}. p. 159&lt;/ref&gt; ٻئي طرف، هو ڪميون تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر ڪميون جي حامين سان همدردي رکندو هو. اپريل جي شروعات ۾ هو پنهنجي تازو فوت ٿيل پٽ جي خاندان جي سار سنڀال لاءِ برسلز هليو ويو. 9 اپريل تي هن لکيو: &quot;مختصر طور، هي ڪميون ايتري ئي بيوقوف آهي، جيتري قومي اسيمبلي وحشي آهي. ٻنهي پاسن کان چريائپ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هن اهڙا نظم لکيا، جن ۾ حڪومت ۽ انتقامي ڪارروائيءَ لاءِ يرغمال وٺڻ واري ڪميون جي پاليسي، ٻنهي تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي، ۽ وانڊوم ستون جي تباهيءَ جي مذمت ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''L'Année Terrible''&lt;/ref&gt; 25 مئي تي، خوني هفتي دوران، هن لکيو: &quot;هڪ ديوهیکل ڏوهه؛ هنن پيرس کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي آهي. هو برسلز تائين باهه وسائيندڙ ڳولي رهيا آهن.&quot; پر دٻاءَ واري ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ هن ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي پناهه ڏيڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، جنهن بابت هن چيو ته اها &quot;مشڪل سان چونڊيل هئي، ۽ مون ان جي ڪڏهن به منظوري نه ڏني.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هو جلاوطن ڪميون حامين لاءِ عام معافيءَ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ زوردار حامي بڻجي ويو، جيڪا آخرڪار 1880ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=457–460}}

[[ايميل زولا]]، ''{{interlanguage link|لي سيمافور|lt=لي سيمافور ڊي مارسيليا|fr|Le Sémaphore (journal)}}'' لاءِ صحافي جي حيثيت ۾، ڪميون جي زوال بابت رپورٽنگ ڪئي، ۽ خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ پهرين رپورٽرن مان هڪ هو. 25 مئي تي هن رپورٽ ڪيو: &quot;تهذيب يافته زمانن ۾ ڪڏهن به اهڙو هولناڪ ڏوهه ڪنهن وڏي شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو آهي.{{nbs}}... هوٽيل ڊي وِل جا ماڻهو قاتلن ۽ باهه لڳائيندڙن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪجهه نه ٿي سگهيا. شڪست کان پوءِ اهي باقاعده فوج کان چورن وانگر ڀڄي ويا ۽ پوءِ يادگارن ۽ گهرن کان بدلو ورتائون.{{nbs}}... پيرس جي باهين فوج جي ڪاوڙ کي حد کان وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي.{{nbs}}... جيڪي ساڙين ٿا ۽ قتل ڪن ٿا، تن لاءِ سپاهيءَ جي گوليءَ کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا سزا مناسب ناهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 25 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

پر 1 جون تي، جڏهن ويڙهه ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، سندس لهجو بدلجي ويو: &quot;فوجي عدالتون اڃا ويهي رهيون آهن، ۽ مختصر ڦاسيون جاري آهن، جيتوڻيڪ هاڻي گهٽ آهن. فائرنگ ڪندڙ دستن جو آواز، جيڪو اڃا به هن سوڳوار شهر ۾ ٻڌجي ٿو، ان ڀيانڪ خواب کي بي رحميءَ سان ڊگهو ڪري رهيو آهي.{{nbs}}... پيرس ڦاسين کان ٿڪجي پيو آهي. پيرس کي لڳي ٿو ته هر ڪنهن کي گولي هنئي پئي وڃي. پيرس ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي گولي هڻڻ تي شڪايت نٿو ڪري، پر بيگناهه ماڻهن کي مارڻ تي اعتراض ڪري ٿو. هن کي يقين آهي ته انهن ڍيرن ۾ بيگناهه ماڻهو به آهن، ۽ هاڻي وقت اچي ويو آهي ته هر ڦاسيءَ کان اڳ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سنجيده جاچ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وڃي.{{nbs}}... جڏهن آخري گولين جا پڙاڏا به ختم ٿي ويندا، تڏهن انهن ڏهه لک ماڻهن کي، جيڪي ڀيانڪ خوابن ۾ مبتلا آهن ۽ باهه ۽ قتل عام مان ڏڪندا ٻاهر نڪتا آهن، شفا ڏيڻ لاءِ وڏي نرميءَ جي ضرورت پوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 1 June 1871&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="175886" sha1="9jwpx4q14cnw8da5vqld04d1e6skpzk" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}

== ڪميون جي قيدين ۽ جاني نقصان ==

=== قيدي ۽ جلاوطن ===

[[File:Commune de Paris Prisonniers à Satory.jpg|center|450px|thumb|[[ساتوري]] جي ڪيمپ ۾ قيد ڪيل ڪميون جا حامي]]

[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|لوبو فوجي ڇانوڻيءَ ۾ ڪميون جي قيدين جي اجتماعي ڦاسي، فريڊرڪ لڪس جي چٽسالي]]

فرانسيسي فوج جي سرڪاري رڪارڊ موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ۽ ان کان فوراً پوءِ 43,522 قيدي گرفتار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان 1,054 عورتون هيون ۽ 615 جي عمر 16 سالن کان گهٽ هئي. انهن کي 150 يا 200 ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گهوڙيسوارن جي نگراني هيٺ ورسائي يا [[ساتوري]] جي فوجي ڪيمپ ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ ۾ آيو، جتي مقدمي هلڻ تائين کين انتهائي ڀريل ۽ غير صحت بخش حالتن ۾ رکيو ويو. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 22,727 ڄڻا، يا ته حالتن جي نرمي يا انسان دوستي جي بنياد تي مقدمي کان اڳ ئي آزاد ڪيا ويا. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران پيرس تي سرڪاري طور گهيري جي حالت لاڳو هئي، تنهنڪري قيدين جا مقدما فوجي عدالتن ۾ هلايا ويا. 15,895 قيدين تي مقدمو هليو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهاري قرار ڏنا ويا. 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري مشقت، 1,169 کي جلاوطني (اڪثر نيو ڪيلڊونيا)، 3,147 کي سادي جلاوطني، 1,257 کي اڪيلائيءَ واري قيد، 1,305 کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ قيد ۽ 2,054 کي هڪ سال کان گهٽ قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

[[File:Théophile Ferré by Appert.jpg|thumb|upright|ڪميون جو نائب سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]]، جنهن ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل لاءِ حوالي ڪيو هو، نومبر 1871ع ۾ پاڻ به ڦاسي ڏنو ويو.]]

7 آگسٽ کان ڪميون جي انهن اڳواڻن تي الڳ ۽ وڌيڪ باضابطه مقدمو هلايو ويو، جيڪي بچي ويا هئا ۽ گرفتار ٿي چڪا هئا. انهن ۾ تيوفيل فيري به شامل هو، جنهن يرغمالين جي موت واري حڪم تي صحيح ڪئي هئي، ۽ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] به، جنهن پلاس وانڊوم واري ستون کي ڊاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني هئي. سندن مقدمو فوج جي ستن سينيئر آفيسرن جي پينل آڏو هليو. فيري کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، جڏهن ته ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ملي ۽ پوءِ مٿس ستون جي ٻيهر تعمير جو خرچ به وڌو ويو. هن پيرس جي [[سينٽ-پيلاجي جيل]] ۾ سزا جو ڪجهه حصو ڪاٽيو، جتي کيس تصويرون ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسٽينڊ ۽ رنگ رکڻ جي اجازت هئي، پر جيئرا ماڊل سندس سامهون ويهڻ جي اجازت نه هئي. ان دوران هن گلن ۽ ميون جي ''اسٽل لائيف'' تصويرن جو هڪ مشهور سلسلو تيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Riat|1906|pp=120–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هو ستون جي تعمير جو خرچ ادا نه ڪري سگهيو، تنهنڪري سوئٽزرلينڊ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي ادائيگي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي سندس وفات ٿي وئي.

آڪٽوبر 1871ع ۾ قومي اسيمبليءَ جي هڪ ڪميشن سزائن جو جائزو ورتو؛ 310 ڏوهارين کي معافي ڏني وئي، 286 جون سزائون گهٽايون ويون، ۽ 1,295 جون سزائون تبديل ڪيون ويون. موت جي سزا ٻڌايل 270 ماڻهن مان—جن مان 175 کي [[غير موجودگيءَ ۾ مقدمو]] هلائي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي—25 کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ فيري ۽ گستاو ژانتون به شامل هئا، جنهن يرغمالين جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=436–437}} ڪميون جا هزارين حامي، جن ۾ [[فيليڪس پياٽ]] جهڙا اڳواڻ به شامل هئا، ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان اڳ پيرس مان نڪري وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويا ۽ جلاوطن ٿي ويا؛ لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 انگلينڊ، 2,000 کان 3,000 بيلجيم ۽ 1,000 سوئٽزرلينڊ ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=440}}

3 مارچ 1879ع تي جزوي عام معافي ڏني وئي، جنهن تحت نيو ڪيلڊونيا موڪليل 600 جلاوطنن مان 400 کي واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي، ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 2,400 مان 2,000 قيدين کي به موٽڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. 11 جولاءِ 1880ع تي عام معافي جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، جنهن تحت باقي 543 سزا يافته قيدين ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 262 ماڻهن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=120}}

=== جاني نقصان ===

[[File:Commune de Paris enlèvement des cadavres par les parisiens.jpg|thumb|ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پيرسين ڪميون جي حامين جا لاش عارضي اجتماعي قبرن ۾ دفنايا. بعد ۾ انهن کي سرڪاري قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي 6,000 کان 7,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪميون جا حامي دفن ڪيا ويا.]]

تاريخدانن ۾ گهڻي عرصي کان اهو بحث جاري آهي ته ''[[خوني هفتو|خوني هفتي]]'' دوران ڪيترا ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. جنرل فيليڪس انتوان آپير جي سرڪاري فوجي رپورٽ ۾ رڳو فوجي نقصان جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو اپريل کان مئي تائين 877 مارجي ويل، 6,454 زخمي ۽ 183 گم ٿيل سپاهين تي مشتمل هو. رپورٽ ۾ ڪميون جي جاني نقصان بابت ڄاڻ کي صرف &quot;تمام نامڪمل&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 |date=1875 |trans-title=Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection |trans-chapter=appendix to the minutes of the session of 20 July 1875 |chapter=annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875 |place=Versailles |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوني هفتي جي جاني نقصان جو سوال 28 آگسٽ 1871ع تي قومي اسيمبليءَ جي ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ به اٿاريو ويو، جتي مارشل ميڪ ماهون شاهدي ڏني. رڪن ايم. واشيروٽ کيس چيو: &quot;هڪ جنرل مون کي ٻڌايو آهي ته ويڙهه دوران، رڪاوٽن تي يا ويڙهه کان پوءِ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جو انگ 17,000 تائين پهتو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;مون کي خبر ناهي ته اهو اندازو ڪهڙي بنياد تي لڳايو ويو آهي؛ منهنجي خيال ۾ اهو وڌايل آهي. مان رڳو ايترو چئي سگهان ٿو ته باغين جو نقصان اسان کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هو.&quot; واشيروٽ وري چيو: &quot;شايد اهو انگ سڄي گهيري ۽ اِسي ۽ وانو جي قلعن واري ويڙهه کي به شامل ڪري ٿو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو انگ وڌايل آهي.&quot; واشيروٽ وري زور ڀريو: &quot;اها ڄاڻ مون کي جنرل آپير ڏني هئي. شايد هن جو مطلب مارجي ويلن ۽ زخمين ٻنهي مان هو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو وري ٻي ڳالهه آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot;&gt;Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exilés communards à Londres, juin 1872.jpg|thumb|لنڊن ۾ ڪميون جا جلاوطن، جون 1872ع]]

1876ع ۾ [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]]، جيڪو خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهيو هو ۽ پوءِ لنڊن جلاوطن ٿي ويو، ڪميون جي هڪ انتهائي مشهور ۽ همدرداڻِي تاريخ لکي. ڪتاب جي آخر ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;خوني هفتي جي متاثرين جو صحيح انگ ڪنهن کي به معلوم ناهي. فوجي انصاف واري کاتي جي سربراهه دعويٰ ڪئي ته سترهن هزار ماڻهن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&quot; اهو بيان درست نه هو؛ آپير اهڙي ڪا دعويٰ نه ڪئي هئي، هن رڳو قيدين بابت ڳالهايو هو. ليساگاري وڌيڪ لکيو: &quot;پيرس جي [[پيرس جي ميونسپل ڪائونسل|ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] سترهن هزار لاشن جي دفن جو خرچ ادا ڪيو؛ پر ان کان علاوه به ڪيترائي ماڻهو پيرس کان ٻاهر ماريا ويا يا ساڙيا ويا.&quot; بعد وارن تاريخدانن، جن ۾ [[رابرٽ ٽومبس]] به شامل آهي، کي سترهن هزار دفنن بابت ميونسپل ادائيگيءَ جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ ليساگاري به ان بابت ڪا شاهدي پيش نه ڪئي ته هزارين ڪميون جا حامي پيرس کان ٻاهر ساڙيا يا دفنايا ويا هئا. آخر ۾ هن نتيجو ڪڍيو: &quot;ويهه هزار چوڻ مبالغو نه ٿيندو، ۽ اهو انگ فوجي آفيسرن به قبول ڪيو.&quot;{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}} پر حقيقت ۾ نه ميڪ ماهون ۽ نه ئي آپير ويهه هزار مارجي ويلن جو انگ قبول ڪيو هو؛ ٻنهي ان کي وڌايل قرار ڏنو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot; /&gt;

== تنقيد ==

=== همعصر فنڪار ۽ اديب ===

[[File:Paris Commune rue de Rivoli.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي کان پوءِ رو ڊي ريوولي جو ڏيک]]

فرانسيسي اديبن ۽ فنڪارن جا ڪميون بابت سخت ۽ واضح رايا هئا. [[گستاو ڪوربي]] ڪميون ۾ حصو وٺندڙ سڀ کان نمايان فنڪار هو، ۽ هو ان جو سرگرم شريڪ ۽ حامي رهيو، جيتوڻيڪ هن شڪي دشمنن کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پاليسيءَ تي تنقيد ڪئي. ٻئي طرف نوجوان [[اناتول فرانس]] ڪميون کي &quot;قاتلن جي ڪميٽي، غنڊن جو ٽولو [{{lang|fr|فريپوئيار}}]، ۽ ڏوهه ۽ جنون جي حڪومت&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot;&gt;Pivot, Sylvain, &quot;La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire.&quot; December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; روزنامچو لکندڙ [[ايڊمون ڊي گونڪور]] ''خوني هفتي'' کان ٽي ڏينهن پوءِ لکيو: &quot;رت وهائڻ جو ڪم مڪمل نموني ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ اهڙي خونريزي، جيڪا آباديءَ جي باغي حصي کي قتل ڪري ٿي، ايندڙ انقلاب کي پوئتي ڌڪي ڇڏي ٿي.{{nbs}}... پراڻي سماج کي هاڻي ويهن سالن جو امن نصيب ٿيندو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Edmond de Goncourt]], [[Jules de Goncourt]], [[Robert Baldick]], ''Pages from the Goncourt Journal'' (Oxford, 1962), p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;

23 اپريل تي [[جارج سانڊ]]، جيڪا 1848ع جي انقلاب ۾ حصو وٺندڙ هڪ پرجوش جمهوريه پسند هئي، ان جي ابتڙ راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. هن لکيو: &quot;هي هولناڪ مهم اڃا جاري آهي. اهي تاوان وٺن ٿا، ڌمڪيون ڏين ٿا، گرفتار ڪن ٿا ۽ فيصلا ڪن ٿا. هنن سڀني ٽائون هالن ۽ سرڪاري ادارن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو آهي، ۽ گولا بارود ۽ خوراڪ جا ذخيرا لُٽي رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; ڪميون جي شروعات کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ [[گستاو فلوبيئر]] سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو: &quot;[[آسٽريائي سلطنت|آسٽريا]] [[ڪونگريٽز جي جنگ|سادووا]] کان پوءِ انقلاب ۾ نه ويو، نه اٽلي [[نووارا جي جنگ (1849ع)|نووارا]] کان پوءِ، ۽ نه روس [[سيوستوپول جو گهيرو (1854ع–1855ع)|سيوستوپول]] کان پوءِ! پر اسان جا ڀلا فرانسيسي چمنيءَ ۾ باهه لڳندي ئي پنهنجو گهر ڊاهڻ لاءِ ڊوڙي پون ٿا.&quot; ڪميون جي پڄاڻيءَ جي ويجهو فلوبيئر [[فلوبيئر جا خط|ٻيهر کيس لکيو]]: &quot;ڪميون بابت، جيڪا هاڻي مرڻ واري آهي، ايترو چوندس ته اها وچين دور جي آخري نمود آهي.&quot; 10 جون تي، جڏهن ڪميون ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، فلوبيئر سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو:&lt;ref name=&quot;online-literature.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001118/http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ |date=22 March 2014}}. online-literature.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|مان پيرس مان آيو آهيان، ۽ مون کي خبر ناهي ته ڪنهن سان ڳالهايان. منهنجو ساهه گهٽجي رهيو آهي. مان سخت پريشان آهيان، يا چئجي ته اندر ئي اندر ڀڄي پيو آهيان. کنڊرن جو منظر ان عظيم پيرسي جنون جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڪجهه به ناهي. تمام ٿورين استثنائن کان سواءِ، مون کي هر ماڻهو رڳو چريائپ جي قميص پائڻ لائق لڳو. آباديءَ جو هڪ اڌ ٻئي اڌ کي ڦاسي ڏيڻ چاهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو اڌ به ساڳي خواهش جو جواب ڏئي ٿو. اهو واٽهڙن جي اکين ۾ صاف پڙهي سگهجي ٿو.}}

[[وڪٽر هوگو]] ٿئير کي سندس تنگ نظريءَ جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو. جڏهن کيس خبر پئي ته حڪومت توپون قبضي ۾ وٺڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي آهي، تڏهن هن پنهنجي روزنامچي ۾ لکيو: &quot;هن بارود جي پيتيءَ کي باهه ڏيندڙ تار ٻاري ڇڏي. ٿئير جي بي سوچي اڳواٽ سوچيل هئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''Choses vues, 1870–1885''. Paris. Gallimard (1972). {{ISBN|2-07-036141-1}}. p. 159&lt;/ref&gt; ٻئي طرف، هو ڪميون تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر ڪميون جي حامين سان همدردي رکندو هو. اپريل جي شروعات ۾ هو پنهنجي تازو فوت ٿيل پٽ جي خاندان جي سار سنڀال لاءِ برسلز هليو ويو. 9 اپريل تي هن لکيو: &quot;مختصر طور، هي ڪميون ايتري ئي بيوقوف آهي، جيتري قومي اسيمبلي وحشي آهي. ٻنهي پاسن کان چريائپ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هن اهڙا نظم لکيا، جن ۾ حڪومت ۽ انتقامي ڪارروائيءَ لاءِ يرغمال وٺڻ واري ڪميون جي پاليسي، ٻنهي تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي، ۽ وانڊوم ستون جي تباهيءَ جي مذمت ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''L'Année Terrible''&lt;/ref&gt; 25 مئي تي، خوني هفتي دوران، هن لکيو: &quot;هڪ ديوهیکل ڏوهه؛ هنن پيرس کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي آهي. هو برسلز تائين باهه وسائيندڙ ڳولي رهيا آهن.&quot; پر دٻاءَ واري ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ هن ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي پناهه ڏيڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، جنهن بابت هن چيو ته اها &quot;مشڪل سان چونڊيل هئي، ۽ مون ان جي ڪڏهن به منظوري نه ڏني.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هو جلاوطن ڪميون حامين لاءِ عام معافيءَ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ زوردار حامي بڻجي ويو، جيڪا آخرڪار 1880ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=457–460}}

[[ايميل زولا]]، ''{{interlanguage link|لي سيمافور|lt=لي سيمافور ڊي مارسيليا|fr|Le Sémaphore (journal)}}'' لاءِ صحافي جي حيثيت ۾، ڪميون جي زوال بابت رپورٽنگ ڪئي، ۽ خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ پهرين رپورٽرن مان هڪ هو. 25 مئي تي هن رپورٽ ڪيو: &quot;تهذيب يافته زمانن ۾ ڪڏهن به اهڙو هولناڪ ڏوهه ڪنهن وڏي شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو آهي.{{nbs}}... هوٽيل ڊي وِل جا ماڻهو قاتلن ۽ باهه لڳائيندڙن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪجهه نه ٿي سگهيا. شڪست کان پوءِ اهي باقاعده فوج کان چورن وانگر ڀڄي ويا ۽ پوءِ يادگارن ۽ گهرن کان بدلو ورتائون.{{nbs}}... پيرس جي باهين فوج جي ڪاوڙ کي حد کان وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي.{{nbs}}... جيڪي ساڙين ٿا ۽ قتل ڪن ٿا، تن لاءِ سپاهيءَ جي گوليءَ کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا سزا مناسب ناهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 25 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

پر 1 جون تي، جڏهن ويڙهه ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، سندس لهجو بدلجي ويو: &quot;فوجي عدالتون اڃا ويهي رهيون آهن، ۽ مختصر ڦاسيون جاري آهن، جيتوڻيڪ هاڻي گهٽ آهن. فائرنگ ڪندڙ دستن جو آواز، جيڪو اڃا به هن سوڳوار شهر ۾ ٻڌجي ٿو، ان ڀيانڪ خواب کي بي رحميءَ سان ڊگهو ڪري رهيو آهي.{{nbs}}... پيرس ڦاسين کان ٿڪجي پيو آهي. پيرس کي لڳي ٿو ته هر ڪنهن کي گولي هنئي پئي وڃي. پيرس ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي گولي هڻڻ تي شڪايت نٿو ڪري، پر بيگناهه ماڻهن کي مارڻ تي اعتراض ڪري ٿو. هن کي يقين آهي ته انهن ڍيرن ۾ بيگناهه ماڻهو به آهن، ۽ هاڻي وقت اچي ويو آهي ته هر ڦاسيءَ کان اڳ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سنجيده جاچ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وڃي.{{nbs}}... جڏهن آخري گولين جا پڙاڏا به ختم ٿي ويندا، تڏهن انهن ڏهه لک ماڻهن کي، جيڪي ڀيانڪ خوابن ۾ مبتلا آهن ۽ باهه ۽ قتل عام مان ڏڪندا ٻاهر نڪتا آهن، شفا ڏيڻ لاءِ وڏي نرميءَ جي ضرورت پوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 1 June 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انتشار پسند (انارڪسٽ) ===

[[File:Demonstration of 1st May 2026 in Paris — Vive la Commune, circle A and Romani flag.jpg|thumb|1 مئي 2026ع تي پيرس ۾ ٿيل مظاهري دوران هڪ [[انتشار پسند ساٿ|ساٿي]] جو هٿ، [[دائري وارو الف|انتشار پسند الف]] ۽ ''ڪميون زنده باد'' وارو ڀتين تي لکيل نعرو]]

انتشار پسند فلسفي [[جارج ووڊڪاڪ]] چيو ته &quot;ڪميون جي سرگرمين، خاص طور تي سرڪاري خدمتن جي تنظيم ۾، مختلف انتشار پسند ڌڙن جي ميمبرن نمايان حصو ورتو؛ انهن ۾ [[باہميتيت (معاشي نظريو)|باہميتيت پسند]] ڪوربي، لونگي ۽ ورموريل، [[اجتماعيت پسند انتشار پسندي|آزاد خيال اجتماعيت پسند]] وارلين، مالون ۽ ليفرانسي، ۽ باڪونن پسند [[ايلي ريڪلو|ايلي]]، [[ايليزي ريڪلو]] ۽ لوئيز ميشيل شامل هئا.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchism 1962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Woodcock |first=George |chapter=The Destructive Urge |title=[[Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements]] |date=1962 |publisher=The World Publishing Company |author-link=George Woodcock |oclc=179826}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتشار پسند [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ڪميون جو مضبوط حامي هو. هن ڪميون کي سڀ کان پهرين &quot;رياست خلاف بغاوت&quot; طور ڏٺو، ۽ ڪميون جي حامين کي نه رڳو رياست، پر انقلابي آمريت کي به رد ڪرڻ تي ساراهيو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203222328/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm |date=3 February 2014 }}, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

[[لوئيز ميشيل]] پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ اهم شريڪ هئي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪميون کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ تائين کيس باقاعده طور انتشار پسند نظرين سان واقفيت نه ٿي هئي. شروعات ۾ هن ايمبولينس ڪارڪن طور ڪم ڪيو ۽ رڪاوٽن تي زخمي ٿيل ماڻهن جو علاج ڪيو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران هوءَ بنا ٿڪ جي پروشيا وارن خلاف مزاحمت جي تبليغ ڪندي رهي. ڪميون قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هوءَ قومي محافظ دستي ۾ شامل ٿي. هن ٿئير کي گولي هڻڻ جي آڇ ڪئي ۽ شهر جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جي بدلي طور پيرس کي تباهه ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني. ڊسمبر 1871ع ۾ کيس ڇهين فوجي ڪائونسل آڏو پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش، شهرين کي هٿيار کڻڻ لاءِ همٿائڻ، پاڻ هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ فوجي وردي پائڻ سميت ڪيترن ڏوهن جا الزام لڳايا ويا. هن للڪاريندي واعدو ڪيو ته هوءَ ڪڏهن به ڪميون کان هٿ نه کڻندي ۽ ججن کي کيس موت جي سزا ڏيڻ لاءِ چئلينج ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;flag&quot;&gt;[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710222744/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html |date=10 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عدالتي رڪارڊ موجب ميشيل عدالت کي چيو: &quot;جڏهن لڳي ٿو ته آزاديءَ لاءِ ڌڙڪندڙ هر دل کي سيسي جي هڪ ننڍڙي گولي کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو حق ناهي، تڏهن مان به پنهنجو حصو گهران ٿي. جيڪڏهن اوهان مون کي جيئرو ڇڏيو ته مان بدلي جي صدا بلند ڪرڻ ڪڏهن به بند نه ڪنديس.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Édith |title=The Women Incendiaries |title-link=The Women Incendiaries |date=2007 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |isbn=978-1-931859-46-2 |author-link=Édith Thomas |df=dmy-all |orig-year=1966}}&lt;/ref&gt; ميشيل کي [[ڏنڊي جلاوطني]] جي سزا ڏني وئي. 1871ع جي پيرس ڪميون کان پوءِ سڄي [[مزدور تحريڪ]] وانگر انتشار پسند تحريڪ به اڳواڻن کان محروم ٿي وئي ۽ ڪيترن سالن تائين سخت ڪمزور رهي.

=== مارڪسزم ===

ڪميونسٽن، کاٻي ڌر جي سوشلسٽن، انتشار پسندن ۽ ٻين ڪميون کي آزاد سماج جي هڪ نموني يا اڳواٽ صورت طور ڏٺو آهي، جنهن جو سياسي نظام بنيادي سطح کان مٿي ڏانهن [[شرڪتي جمهوريت]] تي ٻڌل هجي. [[ڪارل مارڪس|مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز|اينگلز]]، [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ۽ پوءِ [[ولاديمير لينن|لينن]] ڪميون جي تجربي مان اهم نظرياتي سبق اخذ ڪيا، خاص طور [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ [[رياست جو آهستي آهستي ختم ٿيڻ]] بابت.

مارڪس پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]'' (1871ع) ۾، جيڪو ڪميون دوران لکيو ويو، ڪميون جي ڪاميابين جي واکاڻ ڪئي ۽ ان کي مستقبل جي انقلابي حڪومت جو نمونو، يعني پرولتاريه جي آزاديءَ لاءِ &quot;آخرڪار دريافت ٿيل صورت&quot;، قرار ڏنو. مارڪس لکيو: &quot;مزدورن جو پيرس، پنهنجي ڪميون سان گڏ، نئين سماج جي شاندار اڳواٽ اعلان ڪندڙ طور هميشه ياد رکيو ويندو. ان جا شهيد پورهيت طبقي جي عظيم دل ۾ مقدس جاءِ والارين ٿا. ان کي نابود ڪندڙن کي تاريخ اڳ ئي ان دائمي ذلت جي ٿنڀي تي ٽنگي ڇڏيو آهي، جتان سندن پادرين جون سڀ دعائون به کين آزاد نه ڪرائي سگهنديون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France'', English Edition of 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، پوءِ ذاتي خط و ڪتابت ۾ مارڪس ڪميون بابت هڪ مختلف ۽ وڌيڪ تنقيدي راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. 1881ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊچ دوست [[فرڊينانڊ ڊوميلا نيووينهوئس|نيووينهوئس]] ڏانهن خط ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;ڪميون غير معمولي حالتن ۾ رڳو هڪ شهر جي بغاوت هئي، ۽ ان کان سواءِ ڪميون جي اڪثريت ڪنهن به طرح سوشلسٽ نه هئي، ۽ ٿي به نه سگهي پئي. ٿوري سمجهه سان، هو ورسائي سان عوام جي وڏي اڪثريت لاءِ فائديمند ٺاهه حاصل ڪري سگهن پيا، جيڪو حقيقت ۾ واحد حقيقي امڪان هو.&quot;{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=269}}&lt;ref&gt;Letter in English: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_02_22.htm marxists.org]&lt;/ref&gt;

اينگلز به پنهنجي ساٿيءَ جي ڳالهه کي ورجايو. سندس خيال موجب مستقل فوج جي غير موجودگي، &quot;پاڙن&quot; پاران پنهنجي نگراني پاڻ ڪرڻ ۽ ٻين خصوصيتن سبب ڪميون پراڻي، جبر ڪندڙ مفهوم ۾ هاڻي &quot;رياست&quot; نه رهي هئي. اها هڪ عبوري صورت هئي، جيڪا رياست جي مڪمل خاتمي ڏانهن وڌي رهي هئي. هن اهو مشهور اصطلاح استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو پوءِ لينن ۽ [[بالشويڪ|بالشويڪن]] اختيار ڪيو: سندس چوڻ موجب ڪميون پهرين &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; هئي، يعني مزدورن پاران ۽ مزدورن جي مفاد ۾ هلندڙ رياست. پر مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ڪميون جون اهي ڪمزوريون يا غلطيون به بيان ڪيون، جيڪي سندن نظر ۾ موجود هيون؛ انهن ۾ باقي فرانسيسي عوام سان لاڳاپو قائم نه ڪري سگهڻ، رياستي مشينريءَ کي مڪمل طور ٻيهر منظم نه ڪرڻ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران نمائنده اسيمبليءَ کي تمام جلد اقتدار منتقل ڪرڻ، پوئتي هٽندڙ بورجوازيءَ جو فوراً پيڇو نه ڪرڻ، ۽ اهو نه سمجهڻ شامل هو ته فرانس ۽ پروشيا ڪميون خلاف گڏ ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sison |first=Jose Maria |url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |title=Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |year=2020 |edition=6th |location=Paris |pages=127 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003193555/https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اختلاف جو ٻيو نقطو اختيار جي فتح ۽ عارضي عبوري رياست واري ڪميونسٽ تصور جي [[اختيار مخالف]] سوشلسٽن پاران مخالفت هو. انتشار پسند عام هڙتال ۽ غير مرڪزيت تي ٻڌل مزدور ڪائونسلن جي قيام وسيلي رياست کي فوراً ختم ڪرڻ جا حامي هئا، جيئن ڪميون ۾ ڏٺو ويو هو.

لينن، مارڪس وانگر، ڪميون کي &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; جو زنده مثال سمجهندو هو. پر هن ڪميون جي حامين تي پنهنجي حيثيت محفوظ ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي قدم نه کڻڻ جي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ خاص طور ٻن غلطين کي اجاگر ڪيو. پهرين اها ته ڪميون جا حامي &quot;اڌ رستي تي رڪجي ويا... ۽ ملڪ ۾ وڌيڪ اعليٰ [سرمائيداراڻي] انصاف قائم ڪرڻ جي خوابن ۾ ڀلجي ويا... مثال طور بئنڪن جهڙن ادارن تي قبضو نه ڪيو ويو.&quot; ٻيو، سندس خيال ۾، سندن &quot;حد کان وڌيڪ فياضي&quot; کين [[طبقاتي دشمن]] کي &quot;تباهه ڪرڻ&quot; کان روڪيو. لينن موجب ڪميون جي حامين &quot;گهرو ويڙهه ۾ سڌين فوجي ڪاررواين جي اهميت کي گهٽ سمجهيو؛ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي فتح کي مڪمل ڪندڙ ورسائي خلاف فيصلائتو حملو ڪرڻ بدران، هنن دير ڪئي ۽ ورسائي حڪومت کي اونداهين قوتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ مئي جي رت ۾ ٻڏل هفتي جي تياريءَ لاءِ وقت ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir Ilyich |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm |title=Lenin Collected Works |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |year=2004 |volume=13 |location=Moscow |publication-date=1972 |pages=475–478 |translator-last=Isaacs |translator-first=Bernard |chapter=Lessons of the Commune |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |access-date=12 March 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312200100/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=live |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] and Lenin Internet Archive; originally published in ''Zagranichnaya Gazeta'' (''Foreign Gazette''), No. 2 |orig-year=Originally published 23 March 1908 from speech at Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1926ع ۾ [[مائو زي تنگ]] ''پيرس ڪميون جي ياد ملهائڻ جي اهميت'' شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cai |first1=Xiang |title=Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966) |last2=蔡翔 |date=2016 |others=Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍 |isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9 |location=Durham |pages=423 |oclc=932368688}}&lt;/ref&gt; لينن جي تجزيي وانگر مائو لکيو ته ڪميون جي ناڪاميءَ جا ٻه سبب هئا: (1) ان جي اڳواڻيءَ لاءِ هڪ متحد ۽ منظم پارٽي موجود نه هئي، ۽ (2) اها پنهنجن دشمنن سان حد کان وڌيڪ نرم هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="179221" sha1="5mt6ttsin8zaaz81qerxwbs17i162i0" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}

== ڪميون جي قيدين ۽ جاني نقصان ==

=== قيدي ۽ جلاوطن ===

[[File:Commune de Paris Prisonniers à Satory.jpg|center|450px|thumb|[[ساتوري]] جي ڪيمپ ۾ قيد ڪيل ڪميون جا حامي]]

[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|لوبو فوجي ڇانوڻيءَ ۾ ڪميون جي قيدين جي اجتماعي ڦاسي، فريڊرڪ لڪس جي چٽسالي]]

فرانسيسي فوج جي سرڪاري رڪارڊ موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ۽ ان کان فوراً پوءِ 43,522 قيدي گرفتار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان 1,054 عورتون هيون ۽ 615 جي عمر 16 سالن کان گهٽ هئي. انهن کي 150 يا 200 ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گهوڙيسوارن جي نگراني هيٺ ورسائي يا [[ساتوري]] جي فوجي ڪيمپ ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ ۾ آيو، جتي مقدمي هلڻ تائين کين انتهائي ڀريل ۽ غير صحت بخش حالتن ۾ رکيو ويو. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 22,727 ڄڻا، يا ته حالتن جي نرمي يا انسان دوستي جي بنياد تي مقدمي کان اڳ ئي آزاد ڪيا ويا. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران پيرس تي سرڪاري طور گهيري جي حالت لاڳو هئي، تنهنڪري قيدين جا مقدما فوجي عدالتن ۾ هلايا ويا. 15,895 قيدين تي مقدمو هليو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهاري قرار ڏنا ويا. 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري مشقت، 1,169 کي جلاوطني (اڪثر نيو ڪيلڊونيا)، 3,147 کي سادي جلاوطني، 1,257 کي اڪيلائيءَ واري قيد، 1,305 کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ قيد ۽ 2,054 کي هڪ سال کان گهٽ قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

[[File:Théophile Ferré by Appert.jpg|thumb|upright|ڪميون جو نائب سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]]، جنهن ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل لاءِ حوالي ڪيو هو، نومبر 1871ع ۾ پاڻ به ڦاسي ڏنو ويو.]]

7 آگسٽ کان ڪميون جي انهن اڳواڻن تي الڳ ۽ وڌيڪ باضابطه مقدمو هلايو ويو، جيڪي بچي ويا هئا ۽ گرفتار ٿي چڪا هئا. انهن ۾ تيوفيل فيري به شامل هو، جنهن يرغمالين جي موت واري حڪم تي صحيح ڪئي هئي، ۽ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] به، جنهن پلاس وانڊوم واري ستون کي ڊاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني هئي. سندن مقدمو فوج جي ستن سينيئر آفيسرن جي پينل آڏو هليو. فيري کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، جڏهن ته ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ملي ۽ پوءِ مٿس ستون جي ٻيهر تعمير جو خرچ به وڌو ويو. هن پيرس جي [[سينٽ-پيلاجي جيل]] ۾ سزا جو ڪجهه حصو ڪاٽيو، جتي کيس تصويرون ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسٽينڊ ۽ رنگ رکڻ جي اجازت هئي، پر جيئرا ماڊل سندس سامهون ويهڻ جي اجازت نه هئي. ان دوران هن گلن ۽ ميون جي ''اسٽل لائيف'' تصويرن جو هڪ مشهور سلسلو تيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Riat|1906|pp=120–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هو ستون جي تعمير جو خرچ ادا نه ڪري سگهيو، تنهنڪري سوئٽزرلينڊ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي ادائيگي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي سندس وفات ٿي وئي.

آڪٽوبر 1871ع ۾ قومي اسيمبليءَ جي هڪ ڪميشن سزائن جو جائزو ورتو؛ 310 ڏوهارين کي معافي ڏني وئي، 286 جون سزائون گهٽايون ويون، ۽ 1,295 جون سزائون تبديل ڪيون ويون. موت جي سزا ٻڌايل 270 ماڻهن مان—جن مان 175 کي [[غير موجودگيءَ ۾ مقدمو]] هلائي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي—25 کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ فيري ۽ گستاو ژانتون به شامل هئا، جنهن يرغمالين جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=436–437}} ڪميون جا هزارين حامي، جن ۾ [[فيليڪس پياٽ]] جهڙا اڳواڻ به شامل هئا، ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان اڳ پيرس مان نڪري وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويا ۽ جلاوطن ٿي ويا؛ لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 انگلينڊ، 2,000 کان 3,000 بيلجيم ۽ 1,000 سوئٽزرلينڊ ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=440}}

3 مارچ 1879ع تي جزوي عام معافي ڏني وئي، جنهن تحت نيو ڪيلڊونيا موڪليل 600 جلاوطنن مان 400 کي واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي، ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 2,400 مان 2,000 قيدين کي به موٽڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. 11 جولاءِ 1880ع تي عام معافي جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، جنهن تحت باقي 543 سزا يافته قيدين ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 262 ماڻهن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=120}}

=== جاني نقصان ===

[[File:Commune de Paris enlèvement des cadavres par les parisiens.jpg|thumb|ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پيرسين ڪميون جي حامين جا لاش عارضي اجتماعي قبرن ۾ دفنايا. بعد ۾ انهن کي سرڪاري قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي 6,000 کان 7,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪميون جا حامي دفن ڪيا ويا.]]

تاريخدانن ۾ گهڻي عرصي کان اهو بحث جاري آهي ته ''[[خوني هفتو|خوني هفتي]]'' دوران ڪيترا ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. جنرل فيليڪس انتوان آپير جي سرڪاري فوجي رپورٽ ۾ رڳو فوجي نقصان جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو اپريل کان مئي تائين 877 مارجي ويل، 6,454 زخمي ۽ 183 گم ٿيل سپاهين تي مشتمل هو. رپورٽ ۾ ڪميون جي جاني نقصان بابت ڄاڻ کي صرف &quot;تمام نامڪمل&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 |date=1875 |trans-title=Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection |trans-chapter=appendix to the minutes of the session of 20 July 1875 |chapter=annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875 |place=Versailles |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوني هفتي جي جاني نقصان جو سوال 28 آگسٽ 1871ع تي قومي اسيمبليءَ جي ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ به اٿاريو ويو، جتي مارشل ميڪ ماهون شاهدي ڏني. رڪن ايم. واشيروٽ کيس چيو: &quot;هڪ جنرل مون کي ٻڌايو آهي ته ويڙهه دوران، رڪاوٽن تي يا ويڙهه کان پوءِ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جو انگ 17,000 تائين پهتو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;مون کي خبر ناهي ته اهو اندازو ڪهڙي بنياد تي لڳايو ويو آهي؛ منهنجي خيال ۾ اهو وڌايل آهي. مان رڳو ايترو چئي سگهان ٿو ته باغين جو نقصان اسان کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هو.&quot; واشيروٽ وري چيو: &quot;شايد اهو انگ سڄي گهيري ۽ اِسي ۽ وانو جي قلعن واري ويڙهه کي به شامل ڪري ٿو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو انگ وڌايل آهي.&quot; واشيروٽ وري زور ڀريو: &quot;اها ڄاڻ مون کي جنرل آپير ڏني هئي. شايد هن جو مطلب مارجي ويلن ۽ زخمين ٻنهي مان هو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو وري ٻي ڳالهه آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot;&gt;Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exilés communards à Londres, juin 1872.jpg|thumb|لنڊن ۾ ڪميون جا جلاوطن، جون 1872ع]]

1876ع ۾ [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]]، جيڪو خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهيو هو ۽ پوءِ لنڊن جلاوطن ٿي ويو، ڪميون جي هڪ انتهائي مشهور ۽ همدرداڻِي تاريخ لکي. ڪتاب جي آخر ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;خوني هفتي جي متاثرين جو صحيح انگ ڪنهن کي به معلوم ناهي. فوجي انصاف واري کاتي جي سربراهه دعويٰ ڪئي ته سترهن هزار ماڻهن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&quot; اهو بيان درست نه هو؛ آپير اهڙي ڪا دعويٰ نه ڪئي هئي، هن رڳو قيدين بابت ڳالهايو هو. ليساگاري وڌيڪ لکيو: &quot;پيرس جي [[پيرس جي ميونسپل ڪائونسل|ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] سترهن هزار لاشن جي دفن جو خرچ ادا ڪيو؛ پر ان کان علاوه به ڪيترائي ماڻهو پيرس کان ٻاهر ماريا ويا يا ساڙيا ويا.&quot; بعد وارن تاريخدانن، جن ۾ [[رابرٽ ٽومبس]] به شامل آهي، کي سترهن هزار دفنن بابت ميونسپل ادائيگيءَ جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ ليساگاري به ان بابت ڪا شاهدي پيش نه ڪئي ته هزارين ڪميون جا حامي پيرس کان ٻاهر ساڙيا يا دفنايا ويا هئا. آخر ۾ هن نتيجو ڪڍيو: &quot;ويهه هزار چوڻ مبالغو نه ٿيندو، ۽ اهو انگ فوجي آفيسرن به قبول ڪيو.&quot;{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}} پر حقيقت ۾ نه ميڪ ماهون ۽ نه ئي آپير ويهه هزار مارجي ويلن جو انگ قبول ڪيو هو؛ ٻنهي ان کي وڌايل قرار ڏنو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot; /&gt;

== تنقيد ==

=== همعصر فنڪار ۽ اديب ===

[[File:Paris Commune rue de Rivoli.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي کان پوءِ رو ڊي ريوولي جو ڏيک]]

فرانسيسي اديبن ۽ فنڪارن جا ڪميون بابت سخت ۽ واضح رايا هئا. [[گستاو ڪوربي]] ڪميون ۾ حصو وٺندڙ سڀ کان نمايان فنڪار هو، ۽ هو ان جو سرگرم شريڪ ۽ حامي رهيو، جيتوڻيڪ هن شڪي دشمنن کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پاليسيءَ تي تنقيد ڪئي. ٻئي طرف نوجوان [[اناتول فرانس]] ڪميون کي &quot;قاتلن جي ڪميٽي، غنڊن جو ٽولو [{{lang|fr|فريپوئيار}}]، ۽ ڏوهه ۽ جنون جي حڪومت&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot;&gt;Pivot, Sylvain, &quot;La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire.&quot; December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; روزنامچو لکندڙ [[ايڊمون ڊي گونڪور]] ''خوني هفتي'' کان ٽي ڏينهن پوءِ لکيو: &quot;رت وهائڻ جو ڪم مڪمل نموني ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ اهڙي خونريزي، جيڪا آباديءَ جي باغي حصي کي قتل ڪري ٿي، ايندڙ انقلاب کي پوئتي ڌڪي ڇڏي ٿي.{{nbs}}... پراڻي سماج کي هاڻي ويهن سالن جو امن نصيب ٿيندو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Edmond de Goncourt]], [[Jules de Goncourt]], [[Robert Baldick]], ''Pages from the Goncourt Journal'' (Oxford, 1962), p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;

23 اپريل تي [[جارج سانڊ]]، جيڪا 1848ع جي انقلاب ۾ حصو وٺندڙ هڪ پرجوش جمهوريه پسند هئي، ان جي ابتڙ راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. هن لکيو: &quot;هي هولناڪ مهم اڃا جاري آهي. اهي تاوان وٺن ٿا، ڌمڪيون ڏين ٿا، گرفتار ڪن ٿا ۽ فيصلا ڪن ٿا. هنن سڀني ٽائون هالن ۽ سرڪاري ادارن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو آهي، ۽ گولا بارود ۽ خوراڪ جا ذخيرا لُٽي رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; ڪميون جي شروعات کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ [[گستاو فلوبيئر]] سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو: &quot;[[آسٽريائي سلطنت|آسٽريا]] [[ڪونگريٽز جي جنگ|سادووا]] کان پوءِ انقلاب ۾ نه ويو، نه اٽلي [[نووارا جي جنگ (1849ع)|نووارا]] کان پوءِ، ۽ نه روس [[سيوستوپول جو گهيرو (1854ع–1855ع)|سيوستوپول]] کان پوءِ! پر اسان جا ڀلا فرانسيسي چمنيءَ ۾ باهه لڳندي ئي پنهنجو گهر ڊاهڻ لاءِ ڊوڙي پون ٿا.&quot; ڪميون جي پڄاڻيءَ جي ويجهو فلوبيئر [[فلوبيئر جا خط|ٻيهر کيس لکيو]]: &quot;ڪميون بابت، جيڪا هاڻي مرڻ واري آهي، ايترو چوندس ته اها وچين دور جي آخري نمود آهي.&quot; 10 جون تي، جڏهن ڪميون ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، فلوبيئر سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو:&lt;ref name=&quot;online-literature.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001118/http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ |date=22 March 2014}}. online-literature.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|مان پيرس مان آيو آهيان، ۽ مون کي خبر ناهي ته ڪنهن سان ڳالهايان. منهنجو ساهه گهٽجي رهيو آهي. مان سخت پريشان آهيان، يا چئجي ته اندر ئي اندر ڀڄي پيو آهيان. کنڊرن جو منظر ان عظيم پيرسي جنون جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڪجهه به ناهي. تمام ٿورين استثنائن کان سواءِ، مون کي هر ماڻهو رڳو چريائپ جي قميص پائڻ لائق لڳو. آباديءَ جو هڪ اڌ ٻئي اڌ کي ڦاسي ڏيڻ چاهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو اڌ به ساڳي خواهش جو جواب ڏئي ٿو. اهو واٽهڙن جي اکين ۾ صاف پڙهي سگهجي ٿو.}}

[[وڪٽر هوگو]] ٿئير کي سندس تنگ نظريءَ جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو. جڏهن کيس خبر پئي ته حڪومت توپون قبضي ۾ وٺڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي آهي، تڏهن هن پنهنجي روزنامچي ۾ لکيو: &quot;هن بارود جي پيتيءَ کي باهه ڏيندڙ تار ٻاري ڇڏي. ٿئير جي بي سوچي اڳواٽ سوچيل هئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''Choses vues, 1870–1885''. Paris. Gallimard (1972). {{ISBN|2-07-036141-1}}. p. 159&lt;/ref&gt; ٻئي طرف، هو ڪميون تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر ڪميون جي حامين سان همدردي رکندو هو. اپريل جي شروعات ۾ هو پنهنجي تازو فوت ٿيل پٽ جي خاندان جي سار سنڀال لاءِ برسلز هليو ويو. 9 اپريل تي هن لکيو: &quot;مختصر طور، هي ڪميون ايتري ئي بيوقوف آهي، جيتري قومي اسيمبلي وحشي آهي. ٻنهي پاسن کان چريائپ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هن اهڙا نظم لکيا، جن ۾ حڪومت ۽ انتقامي ڪارروائيءَ لاءِ يرغمال وٺڻ واري ڪميون جي پاليسي، ٻنهي تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي، ۽ وانڊوم ستون جي تباهيءَ جي مذمت ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''L'Année Terrible''&lt;/ref&gt; 25 مئي تي، خوني هفتي دوران، هن لکيو: &quot;هڪ ديوهیکل ڏوهه؛ هنن پيرس کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي آهي. هو برسلز تائين باهه وسائيندڙ ڳولي رهيا آهن.&quot; پر دٻاءَ واري ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ هن ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي پناهه ڏيڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، جنهن بابت هن چيو ته اها &quot;مشڪل سان چونڊيل هئي، ۽ مون ان جي ڪڏهن به منظوري نه ڏني.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هو جلاوطن ڪميون حامين لاءِ عام معافيءَ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ زوردار حامي بڻجي ويو، جيڪا آخرڪار 1880ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=457–460}}

[[ايميل زولا]]، ''{{interlanguage link|لي سيمافور|lt=لي سيمافور ڊي مارسيليا|fr|Le Sémaphore (journal)}}'' لاءِ صحافي جي حيثيت ۾، ڪميون جي زوال بابت رپورٽنگ ڪئي، ۽ خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ پهرين رپورٽرن مان هڪ هو. 25 مئي تي هن رپورٽ ڪيو: &quot;تهذيب يافته زمانن ۾ ڪڏهن به اهڙو هولناڪ ڏوهه ڪنهن وڏي شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو آهي.{{nbs}}... هوٽيل ڊي وِل جا ماڻهو قاتلن ۽ باهه لڳائيندڙن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪجهه نه ٿي سگهيا. شڪست کان پوءِ اهي باقاعده فوج کان چورن وانگر ڀڄي ويا ۽ پوءِ يادگارن ۽ گهرن کان بدلو ورتائون.{{nbs}}... پيرس جي باهين فوج جي ڪاوڙ کي حد کان وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي.{{nbs}}... جيڪي ساڙين ٿا ۽ قتل ڪن ٿا، تن لاءِ سپاهيءَ جي گوليءَ کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا سزا مناسب ناهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 25 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

پر 1 جون تي، جڏهن ويڙهه ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، سندس لهجو بدلجي ويو: &quot;فوجي عدالتون اڃا ويهي رهيون آهن، ۽ مختصر ڦاسيون جاري آهن، جيتوڻيڪ هاڻي گهٽ آهن. فائرنگ ڪندڙ دستن جو آواز، جيڪو اڃا به هن سوڳوار شهر ۾ ٻڌجي ٿو، ان ڀيانڪ خواب کي بي رحميءَ سان ڊگهو ڪري رهيو آهي.{{nbs}}... پيرس ڦاسين کان ٿڪجي پيو آهي. پيرس کي لڳي ٿو ته هر ڪنهن کي گولي هنئي پئي وڃي. پيرس ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي گولي هڻڻ تي شڪايت نٿو ڪري، پر بيگناهه ماڻهن کي مارڻ تي اعتراض ڪري ٿو. هن کي يقين آهي ته انهن ڍيرن ۾ بيگناهه ماڻهو به آهن، ۽ هاڻي وقت اچي ويو آهي ته هر ڦاسيءَ کان اڳ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سنجيده جاچ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وڃي.{{nbs}}... جڏهن آخري گولين جا پڙاڏا به ختم ٿي ويندا، تڏهن انهن ڏهه لک ماڻهن کي، جيڪي ڀيانڪ خوابن ۾ مبتلا آهن ۽ باهه ۽ قتل عام مان ڏڪندا ٻاهر نڪتا آهن، شفا ڏيڻ لاءِ وڏي نرميءَ جي ضرورت پوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 1 June 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انتشار پسند (انارڪسٽ) ===

[[File:Demonstration of 1st May 2026 in Paris — Vive la Commune, circle A and Romani flag.jpg|thumb|1 مئي 2026ع تي پيرس ۾ ٿيل مظاهري دوران هڪ [[انتشار پسند ساٿ|ساٿي]] جو هٿ، [[دائري وارو الف|انتشار پسند الف]] ۽ ''ڪميون زنده باد'' وارو ڀتين تي لکيل نعرو]]

انتشار پسند فلسفي [[جارج ووڊڪاڪ]] چيو ته &quot;ڪميون جي سرگرمين، خاص طور تي سرڪاري خدمتن جي تنظيم ۾، مختلف انتشار پسند ڌڙن جي ميمبرن نمايان حصو ورتو؛ انهن ۾ [[باہميتيت (معاشي نظريو)|باہميتيت پسند]] ڪوربي، لونگي ۽ ورموريل، [[اجتماعيت پسند انتشار پسندي|آزاد خيال اجتماعيت پسند]] وارلين، مالون ۽ ليفرانسي، ۽ باڪونن پسند [[ايلي ريڪلو|ايلي]]، [[ايليزي ريڪلو]] ۽ لوئيز ميشيل شامل هئا.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchism 1962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Woodcock |first=George |chapter=The Destructive Urge |title=[[Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements]] |date=1962 |publisher=The World Publishing Company |author-link=George Woodcock |oclc=179826}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتشار پسند [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ڪميون جو مضبوط حامي هو. هن ڪميون کي سڀ کان پهرين &quot;رياست خلاف بغاوت&quot; طور ڏٺو، ۽ ڪميون جي حامين کي نه رڳو رياست، پر انقلابي آمريت کي به رد ڪرڻ تي ساراهيو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203222328/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm |date=3 February 2014 }}, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

[[لوئيز ميشيل]] پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ اهم شريڪ هئي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪميون کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ تائين کيس باقاعده طور انتشار پسند نظرين سان واقفيت نه ٿي هئي. شروعات ۾ هن ايمبولينس ڪارڪن طور ڪم ڪيو ۽ رڪاوٽن تي زخمي ٿيل ماڻهن جو علاج ڪيو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران هوءَ بنا ٿڪ جي پروشيا وارن خلاف مزاحمت جي تبليغ ڪندي رهي. ڪميون قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هوءَ قومي محافظ دستي ۾ شامل ٿي. هن ٿئير کي گولي هڻڻ جي آڇ ڪئي ۽ شهر جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جي بدلي طور پيرس کي تباهه ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني. ڊسمبر 1871ع ۾ کيس ڇهين فوجي ڪائونسل آڏو پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش، شهرين کي هٿيار کڻڻ لاءِ همٿائڻ، پاڻ هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ فوجي وردي پائڻ سميت ڪيترن ڏوهن جا الزام لڳايا ويا. هن للڪاريندي واعدو ڪيو ته هوءَ ڪڏهن به ڪميون کان هٿ نه کڻندي ۽ ججن کي کيس موت جي سزا ڏيڻ لاءِ چئلينج ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;flag&quot;&gt;[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710222744/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html |date=10 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عدالتي رڪارڊ موجب ميشيل عدالت کي چيو: &quot;جڏهن لڳي ٿو ته آزاديءَ لاءِ ڌڙڪندڙ هر دل کي سيسي جي هڪ ننڍڙي گولي کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو حق ناهي، تڏهن مان به پنهنجو حصو گهران ٿي. جيڪڏهن اوهان مون کي جيئرو ڇڏيو ته مان بدلي جي صدا بلند ڪرڻ ڪڏهن به بند نه ڪنديس.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Édith |title=The Women Incendiaries |title-link=The Women Incendiaries |date=2007 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |isbn=978-1-931859-46-2 |author-link=Édith Thomas |df=dmy-all |orig-year=1966}}&lt;/ref&gt; ميشيل کي [[ڏنڊي جلاوطني]] جي سزا ڏني وئي. 1871ع جي پيرس ڪميون کان پوءِ سڄي [[مزدور تحريڪ]] وانگر انتشار پسند تحريڪ به اڳواڻن کان محروم ٿي وئي ۽ ڪيترن سالن تائين سخت ڪمزور رهي.

=== مارڪسزم ===

ڪميونسٽن، کاٻي ڌر جي سوشلسٽن، انتشار پسندن ۽ ٻين ڪميون کي آزاد سماج جي هڪ نموني يا اڳواٽ صورت طور ڏٺو آهي، جنهن جو سياسي نظام بنيادي سطح کان مٿي ڏانهن [[شرڪتي جمهوريت]] تي ٻڌل هجي. [[ڪارل مارڪس|مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز|اينگلز]]، [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ۽ پوءِ [[ولاديمير لينن|لينن]] ڪميون جي تجربي مان اهم نظرياتي سبق اخذ ڪيا، خاص طور [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ [[رياست جو آهستي آهستي ختم ٿيڻ]] بابت.

مارڪس پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]'' (1871ع) ۾، جيڪو ڪميون دوران لکيو ويو، ڪميون جي ڪاميابين جي واکاڻ ڪئي ۽ ان کي مستقبل جي انقلابي حڪومت جو نمونو، يعني پرولتاريه جي آزاديءَ لاءِ &quot;آخرڪار دريافت ٿيل صورت&quot;، قرار ڏنو. مارڪس لکيو: &quot;مزدورن جو پيرس، پنهنجي ڪميون سان گڏ، نئين سماج جي شاندار اڳواٽ اعلان ڪندڙ طور هميشه ياد رکيو ويندو. ان جا شهيد پورهيت طبقي جي عظيم دل ۾ مقدس جاءِ والارين ٿا. ان کي نابود ڪندڙن کي تاريخ اڳ ئي ان دائمي ذلت جي ٿنڀي تي ٽنگي ڇڏيو آهي، جتان سندن پادرين جون سڀ دعائون به کين آزاد نه ڪرائي سگهنديون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France'', English Edition of 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، پوءِ ذاتي خط و ڪتابت ۾ مارڪس ڪميون بابت هڪ مختلف ۽ وڌيڪ تنقيدي راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. 1881ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊچ دوست [[فرڊينانڊ ڊوميلا نيووينهوئس|نيووينهوئس]] ڏانهن خط ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;ڪميون غير معمولي حالتن ۾ رڳو هڪ شهر جي بغاوت هئي، ۽ ان کان سواءِ ڪميون جي اڪثريت ڪنهن به طرح سوشلسٽ نه هئي، ۽ ٿي به نه سگهي پئي. ٿوري سمجهه سان، هو ورسائي سان عوام جي وڏي اڪثريت لاءِ فائديمند ٺاهه حاصل ڪري سگهن پيا، جيڪو حقيقت ۾ واحد حقيقي امڪان هو.&quot;{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=269}}&lt;ref&gt;Letter in English: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_02_22.htm marxists.org]&lt;/ref&gt;

اينگلز به پنهنجي ساٿيءَ جي ڳالهه کي ورجايو. سندس خيال موجب مستقل فوج جي غير موجودگي، &quot;پاڙن&quot; پاران پنهنجي نگراني پاڻ ڪرڻ ۽ ٻين خصوصيتن سبب ڪميون پراڻي، جبر ڪندڙ مفهوم ۾ هاڻي &quot;رياست&quot; نه رهي هئي. اها هڪ عبوري صورت هئي، جيڪا رياست جي مڪمل خاتمي ڏانهن وڌي رهي هئي. هن اهو مشهور اصطلاح استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو پوءِ لينن ۽ [[بالشويڪ|بالشويڪن]] اختيار ڪيو: سندس چوڻ موجب ڪميون پهرين &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; هئي، يعني مزدورن پاران ۽ مزدورن جي مفاد ۾ هلندڙ رياست. پر مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ڪميون جون اهي ڪمزوريون يا غلطيون به بيان ڪيون، جيڪي سندن نظر ۾ موجود هيون؛ انهن ۾ باقي فرانسيسي عوام سان لاڳاپو قائم نه ڪري سگهڻ، رياستي مشينريءَ کي مڪمل طور ٻيهر منظم نه ڪرڻ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران نمائنده اسيمبليءَ کي تمام جلد اقتدار منتقل ڪرڻ، پوئتي هٽندڙ بورجوازيءَ جو فوراً پيڇو نه ڪرڻ، ۽ اهو نه سمجهڻ شامل هو ته فرانس ۽ پروشيا ڪميون خلاف گڏ ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sison |first=Jose Maria |url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |title=Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |year=2020 |edition=6th |location=Paris |pages=127 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003193555/https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اختلاف جو ٻيو نقطو اختيار جي فتح ۽ عارضي عبوري رياست واري ڪميونسٽ تصور جي [[اختيار مخالف]] سوشلسٽن پاران مخالفت هو. انتشار پسند عام هڙتال ۽ غير مرڪزيت تي ٻڌل مزدور ڪائونسلن جي قيام وسيلي رياست کي فوراً ختم ڪرڻ جا حامي هئا، جيئن ڪميون ۾ ڏٺو ويو هو.

لينن، مارڪس وانگر، ڪميون کي &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; جو زنده مثال سمجهندو هو. پر هن ڪميون جي حامين تي پنهنجي حيثيت محفوظ ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي قدم نه کڻڻ جي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ خاص طور ٻن غلطين کي اجاگر ڪيو. پهرين اها ته ڪميون جا حامي &quot;اڌ رستي تي رڪجي ويا... ۽ ملڪ ۾ وڌيڪ اعليٰ [سرمائيداراڻي] انصاف قائم ڪرڻ جي خوابن ۾ ڀلجي ويا... مثال طور بئنڪن جهڙن ادارن تي قبضو نه ڪيو ويو.&quot; ٻيو، سندس خيال ۾، سندن &quot;حد کان وڌيڪ فياضي&quot; کين [[طبقاتي دشمن]] کي &quot;تباهه ڪرڻ&quot; کان روڪيو. لينن موجب ڪميون جي حامين &quot;گهرو ويڙهه ۾ سڌين فوجي ڪاررواين جي اهميت کي گهٽ سمجهيو؛ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي فتح کي مڪمل ڪندڙ ورسائي خلاف فيصلائتو حملو ڪرڻ بدران، هنن دير ڪئي ۽ ورسائي حڪومت کي اونداهين قوتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ مئي جي رت ۾ ٻڏل هفتي جي تياريءَ لاءِ وقت ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir Ilyich |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm |title=Lenin Collected Works |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |year=2004 |volume=13 |location=Moscow |publication-date=1972 |pages=475–478 |translator-last=Isaacs |translator-first=Bernard |chapter=Lessons of the Commune |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |access-date=12 March 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312200100/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=live |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] and Lenin Internet Archive; originally published in ''Zagranichnaya Gazeta'' (''Foreign Gazette''), No. 2 |orig-year=Originally published 23 March 1908 from speech at Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1926ع ۾ [[مائو زي تنگ]] ''پيرس ڪميون جي ياد ملهائڻ جي اهميت'' شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cai |first1=Xiang |title=Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966) |last2=蔡翔 |date=2016 |others=Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍 |isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9 |location=Durham |pages=423 |oclc=932368688}}&lt;/ref&gt; لينن جي تجزيي وانگر مائو لکيو ته ڪميون جي ناڪاميءَ جا ٻه سبب هئا: (1) ان جي اڳواڻيءَ لاءِ هڪ متحد ۽ منظم پارٽي موجود نه هئي، ۽ (2) اها پنهنجن دشمنن سان حد کان وڌيڪ نرم هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== ٻيا رايا ===

[[File:Jules Bergeret.jpg|thumb|upright|قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جول برژري خوني هفتي دوران پيرس مان ڀڄي ويو ۽ نيويارڪ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي 1905ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي.]]

ڪميون دوران پيرس ۾ آمريڪي سفير [[ايليهو واشبرن]] پنهنجي ذاتي روزنامچي ۾، جنهن جا وڏا اقتباس مشهور تاريخدان [[ڊيوڊ ميڪلو]] جي ڪتاب ''[[دي گريٽر جرني]]'' ([[Simon &amp; Schuster]]، 2011ع) ۾ شامل آهن، ڪميون جي حامين کي &quot;ڌاڙيل&quot;، &quot;قاتل&quot; ۽ &quot;بدڪردار&quot; قرار ڏنو. هن لکيو: &quot;مون وٽ هن وقت پنهنجي نفرت جو اظهار ڪرڻ لاءِ وقت ناهي ... [اهي] ڌمڪي ڏين ٿا ته جيڪڏهن هٿيار نه ڦٽا ڪيا ويا ته پيرس کي تباهه ڪري سڀني کي ان جي کنڊرن هيٺ دفن ڪري ڇڏيندا.&quot;

ايڊون چائلڊ، جيڪو لنڊن جو هڪ نوجوان هو ۽ پيرس ۾ ڪم ڪندو هو، لکي ٿو ته ڪميون دوران &quot;عورتون شينهنين وانگر وڙهنديون هيون، هر هنڌ پيٽرول اڇلائينديون هيون ۽ جنهن شدت سان هوءَ وڙهنديون هيون، تنهن ڪري نمايان نظر اينديون هيون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eye-witness accounts quoted in 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson p. 197 (see bibliography)&lt;/ref&gt; بهرحال، جديد تحقيق موجب دليل ڏنو ويو آهي ته ڪميون جون اهي مشهور عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ، يا {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}}، شايد وڌايل تصور يا هڪ افسانو هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Tombs, ''The War Against Paris: 1871'', Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages {{ISBN|978-0-521-28784-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gay Gullickson, ''Unruly Women of Paris'', Cornell Univ Press, 1996, 304 pages {{ISBN|978-0-8014-8318-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; ليساگاري دعويٰ ڪئي ته هن افسانوي الزام سبب مئي جي آخر ۾ پيرس ۾ سوين پورهيت عورتون قتل ڪيون ويون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کين ڪوڙي طرح {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}} قرار ڏنو ويو؛ پر هن پنهنجي دعويٰ جي حمايت ۾ ڪو به ثبوت پيش نه ڪيو. ليساگاري اهو به لکيو ته خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ لڳل باهين مان شايد اڌ لاءِ فرانسيسي فوج جي توپخاني جي گولاباري ذميوار هئي.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2012|pp=277–278}} تنهن هوندي به، [[ٽويلري محل]]، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۽ ٻين اهم سرڪاري عمارتن جي کنڊرن جون تصويرون ڏيکارين ٿيون ته انهن جون ٻاهريون ڀتيون توپن جي گولاباريءَ کان تقريباً محفوظ رهيون، جڏهن ته اندريون حصا مڪمل طور باهه سبب سڙي ويا هئا؛ ۽ جول برژري جهڙا نمايان ڪميون جا حامي، جيڪي نيويارڪ ڀڄي ويا هئا، پاڻ فخر سان انهن مشهور باهه لڳائڻ وارن واقعن جي ذميواري قبول ڪندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}

== ڪميون جي قيدين ۽ جاني نقصان ==

=== قيدي ۽ جلاوطن ===

[[File:Commune de Paris Prisonniers à Satory.jpg|center|450px|thumb|[[ساتوري]] جي ڪيمپ ۾ قيد ڪيل ڪميون جا حامي]]

[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|لوبو فوجي ڇانوڻيءَ ۾ ڪميون جي قيدين جي اجتماعي ڦاسي، فريڊرڪ لڪس جي چٽسالي]]

فرانسيسي فوج جي سرڪاري رڪارڊ موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ۽ ان کان فوراً پوءِ 43,522 قيدي گرفتار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان 1,054 عورتون هيون ۽ 615 جي عمر 16 سالن کان گهٽ هئي. انهن کي 150 يا 200 ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گهوڙيسوارن جي نگراني هيٺ ورسائي يا [[ساتوري]] جي فوجي ڪيمپ ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ ۾ آيو، جتي مقدمي هلڻ تائين کين انتهائي ڀريل ۽ غير صحت بخش حالتن ۾ رکيو ويو. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 22,727 ڄڻا، يا ته حالتن جي نرمي يا انسان دوستي جي بنياد تي مقدمي کان اڳ ئي آزاد ڪيا ويا. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران پيرس تي سرڪاري طور گهيري جي حالت لاڳو هئي، تنهنڪري قيدين جا مقدما فوجي عدالتن ۾ هلايا ويا. 15,895 قيدين تي مقدمو هليو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهاري قرار ڏنا ويا. 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري مشقت، 1,169 کي جلاوطني (اڪثر نيو ڪيلڊونيا)، 3,147 کي سادي جلاوطني، 1,257 کي اڪيلائيءَ واري قيد، 1,305 کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ قيد ۽ 2,054 کي هڪ سال کان گهٽ قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

[[File:Théophile Ferré by Appert.jpg|thumb|upright|ڪميون جو نائب سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]]، جنهن ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل لاءِ حوالي ڪيو هو، نومبر 1871ع ۾ پاڻ به ڦاسي ڏنو ويو.]]

7 آگسٽ کان ڪميون جي انهن اڳواڻن تي الڳ ۽ وڌيڪ باضابطه مقدمو هلايو ويو، جيڪي بچي ويا هئا ۽ گرفتار ٿي چڪا هئا. انهن ۾ تيوفيل فيري به شامل هو، جنهن يرغمالين جي موت واري حڪم تي صحيح ڪئي هئي، ۽ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] به، جنهن پلاس وانڊوم واري ستون کي ڊاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني هئي. سندن مقدمو فوج جي ستن سينيئر آفيسرن جي پينل آڏو هليو. فيري کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، جڏهن ته ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ملي ۽ پوءِ مٿس ستون جي ٻيهر تعمير جو خرچ به وڌو ويو. هن پيرس جي [[سينٽ-پيلاجي جيل]] ۾ سزا جو ڪجهه حصو ڪاٽيو، جتي کيس تصويرون ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسٽينڊ ۽ رنگ رکڻ جي اجازت هئي، پر جيئرا ماڊل سندس سامهون ويهڻ جي اجازت نه هئي. ان دوران هن گلن ۽ ميون جي ''اسٽل لائيف'' تصويرن جو هڪ مشهور سلسلو تيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Riat|1906|pp=120–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هو ستون جي تعمير جو خرچ ادا نه ڪري سگهيو، تنهنڪري سوئٽزرلينڊ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي ادائيگي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي سندس وفات ٿي وئي.

آڪٽوبر 1871ع ۾ قومي اسيمبليءَ جي هڪ ڪميشن سزائن جو جائزو ورتو؛ 310 ڏوهارين کي معافي ڏني وئي، 286 جون سزائون گهٽايون ويون، ۽ 1,295 جون سزائون تبديل ڪيون ويون. موت جي سزا ٻڌايل 270 ماڻهن مان—جن مان 175 کي [[غير موجودگيءَ ۾ مقدمو]] هلائي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي—25 کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ فيري ۽ گستاو ژانتون به شامل هئا، جنهن يرغمالين جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=436–437}} ڪميون جا هزارين حامي، جن ۾ [[فيليڪس پياٽ]] جهڙا اڳواڻ به شامل هئا، ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان اڳ پيرس مان نڪري وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويا ۽ جلاوطن ٿي ويا؛ لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 انگلينڊ، 2,000 کان 3,000 بيلجيم ۽ 1,000 سوئٽزرلينڊ ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=440}}

3 مارچ 1879ع تي جزوي عام معافي ڏني وئي، جنهن تحت نيو ڪيلڊونيا موڪليل 600 جلاوطنن مان 400 کي واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي، ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 2,400 مان 2,000 قيدين کي به موٽڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. 11 جولاءِ 1880ع تي عام معافي جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، جنهن تحت باقي 543 سزا يافته قيدين ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 262 ماڻهن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=120}}

=== جاني نقصان ===

[[File:Commune de Paris enlèvement des cadavres par les parisiens.jpg|thumb|ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پيرسين ڪميون جي حامين جا لاش عارضي اجتماعي قبرن ۾ دفنايا. بعد ۾ انهن کي سرڪاري قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي 6,000 کان 7,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪميون جا حامي دفن ڪيا ويا.]]

تاريخدانن ۾ گهڻي عرصي کان اهو بحث جاري آهي ته ''[[خوني هفتو|خوني هفتي]]'' دوران ڪيترا ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. جنرل فيليڪس انتوان آپير جي سرڪاري فوجي رپورٽ ۾ رڳو فوجي نقصان جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو اپريل کان مئي تائين 877 مارجي ويل، 6,454 زخمي ۽ 183 گم ٿيل سپاهين تي مشتمل هو. رپورٽ ۾ ڪميون جي جاني نقصان بابت ڄاڻ کي صرف &quot;تمام نامڪمل&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 |date=1875 |trans-title=Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection |trans-chapter=appendix to the minutes of the session of 20 July 1875 |chapter=annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875 |place=Versailles |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوني هفتي جي جاني نقصان جو سوال 28 آگسٽ 1871ع تي قومي اسيمبليءَ جي ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ به اٿاريو ويو، جتي مارشل ميڪ ماهون شاهدي ڏني. رڪن ايم. واشيروٽ کيس چيو: &quot;هڪ جنرل مون کي ٻڌايو آهي ته ويڙهه دوران، رڪاوٽن تي يا ويڙهه کان پوءِ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جو انگ 17,000 تائين پهتو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;مون کي خبر ناهي ته اهو اندازو ڪهڙي بنياد تي لڳايو ويو آهي؛ منهنجي خيال ۾ اهو وڌايل آهي. مان رڳو ايترو چئي سگهان ٿو ته باغين جو نقصان اسان کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هو.&quot; واشيروٽ وري چيو: &quot;شايد اهو انگ سڄي گهيري ۽ اِسي ۽ وانو جي قلعن واري ويڙهه کي به شامل ڪري ٿو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو انگ وڌايل آهي.&quot; واشيروٽ وري زور ڀريو: &quot;اها ڄاڻ مون کي جنرل آپير ڏني هئي. شايد هن جو مطلب مارجي ويلن ۽ زخمين ٻنهي مان هو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو وري ٻي ڳالهه آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot;&gt;Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exilés communards à Londres, juin 1872.jpg|thumb|لنڊن ۾ ڪميون جا جلاوطن، جون 1872ع]]

1876ع ۾ [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]]، جيڪو خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهيو هو ۽ پوءِ لنڊن جلاوطن ٿي ويو، ڪميون جي هڪ انتهائي مشهور ۽ همدرداڻِي تاريخ لکي. ڪتاب جي آخر ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;خوني هفتي جي متاثرين جو صحيح انگ ڪنهن کي به معلوم ناهي. فوجي انصاف واري کاتي جي سربراهه دعويٰ ڪئي ته سترهن هزار ماڻهن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&quot; اهو بيان درست نه هو؛ آپير اهڙي ڪا دعويٰ نه ڪئي هئي، هن رڳو قيدين بابت ڳالهايو هو. ليساگاري وڌيڪ لکيو: &quot;پيرس جي [[پيرس جي ميونسپل ڪائونسل|ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] سترهن هزار لاشن جي دفن جو خرچ ادا ڪيو؛ پر ان کان علاوه به ڪيترائي ماڻهو پيرس کان ٻاهر ماريا ويا يا ساڙيا ويا.&quot; بعد وارن تاريخدانن، جن ۾ [[رابرٽ ٽومبس]] به شامل آهي، کي سترهن هزار دفنن بابت ميونسپل ادائيگيءَ جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ ليساگاري به ان بابت ڪا شاهدي پيش نه ڪئي ته هزارين ڪميون جا حامي پيرس کان ٻاهر ساڙيا يا دفنايا ويا هئا. آخر ۾ هن نتيجو ڪڍيو: &quot;ويهه هزار چوڻ مبالغو نه ٿيندو، ۽ اهو انگ فوجي آفيسرن به قبول ڪيو.&quot;{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}} پر حقيقت ۾ نه ميڪ ماهون ۽ نه ئي آپير ويهه هزار مارجي ويلن جو انگ قبول ڪيو هو؛ ٻنهي ان کي وڌايل قرار ڏنو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot; /&gt;

== تنقيد ==

=== همعصر فنڪار ۽ اديب ===

[[File:Paris Commune rue de Rivoli.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي کان پوءِ رو ڊي ريوولي جو ڏيک]]

فرانسيسي اديبن ۽ فنڪارن جا ڪميون بابت سخت ۽ واضح رايا هئا. [[گستاو ڪوربي]] ڪميون ۾ حصو وٺندڙ سڀ کان نمايان فنڪار هو، ۽ هو ان جو سرگرم شريڪ ۽ حامي رهيو، جيتوڻيڪ هن شڪي دشمنن کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پاليسيءَ تي تنقيد ڪئي. ٻئي طرف نوجوان [[اناتول فرانس]] ڪميون کي &quot;قاتلن جي ڪميٽي، غنڊن جو ٽولو [{{lang|fr|فريپوئيار}}]، ۽ ڏوهه ۽ جنون جي حڪومت&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot;&gt;Pivot, Sylvain, &quot;La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire.&quot; December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; روزنامچو لکندڙ [[ايڊمون ڊي گونڪور]] ''خوني هفتي'' کان ٽي ڏينهن پوءِ لکيو: &quot;رت وهائڻ جو ڪم مڪمل نموني ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ اهڙي خونريزي، جيڪا آباديءَ جي باغي حصي کي قتل ڪري ٿي، ايندڙ انقلاب کي پوئتي ڌڪي ڇڏي ٿي.{{nbs}}... پراڻي سماج کي هاڻي ويهن سالن جو امن نصيب ٿيندو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Edmond de Goncourt]], [[Jules de Goncourt]], [[Robert Baldick]], ''Pages from the Goncourt Journal'' (Oxford, 1962), p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;

23 اپريل تي [[جارج سانڊ]]، جيڪا 1848ع جي انقلاب ۾ حصو وٺندڙ هڪ پرجوش جمهوريه پسند هئي، ان جي ابتڙ راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. هن لکيو: &quot;هي هولناڪ مهم اڃا جاري آهي. اهي تاوان وٺن ٿا، ڌمڪيون ڏين ٿا، گرفتار ڪن ٿا ۽ فيصلا ڪن ٿا. هنن سڀني ٽائون هالن ۽ سرڪاري ادارن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو آهي، ۽ گولا بارود ۽ خوراڪ جا ذخيرا لُٽي رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; ڪميون جي شروعات کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ [[گستاو فلوبيئر]] سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو: &quot;[[آسٽريائي سلطنت|آسٽريا]] [[ڪونگريٽز جي جنگ|سادووا]] کان پوءِ انقلاب ۾ نه ويو، نه اٽلي [[نووارا جي جنگ (1849ع)|نووارا]] کان پوءِ، ۽ نه روس [[سيوستوپول جو گهيرو (1854ع–1855ع)|سيوستوپول]] کان پوءِ! پر اسان جا ڀلا فرانسيسي چمنيءَ ۾ باهه لڳندي ئي پنهنجو گهر ڊاهڻ لاءِ ڊوڙي پون ٿا.&quot; ڪميون جي پڄاڻيءَ جي ويجهو فلوبيئر [[فلوبيئر جا خط|ٻيهر کيس لکيو]]: &quot;ڪميون بابت، جيڪا هاڻي مرڻ واري آهي، ايترو چوندس ته اها وچين دور جي آخري نمود آهي.&quot; 10 جون تي، جڏهن ڪميون ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، فلوبيئر سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو:&lt;ref name=&quot;online-literature.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001118/http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ |date=22 March 2014}}. online-literature.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|مان پيرس مان آيو آهيان، ۽ مون کي خبر ناهي ته ڪنهن سان ڳالهايان. منهنجو ساهه گهٽجي رهيو آهي. مان سخت پريشان آهيان، يا چئجي ته اندر ئي اندر ڀڄي پيو آهيان. کنڊرن جو منظر ان عظيم پيرسي جنون جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڪجهه به ناهي. تمام ٿورين استثنائن کان سواءِ، مون کي هر ماڻهو رڳو چريائپ جي قميص پائڻ لائق لڳو. آباديءَ جو هڪ اڌ ٻئي اڌ کي ڦاسي ڏيڻ چاهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو اڌ به ساڳي خواهش جو جواب ڏئي ٿو. اهو واٽهڙن جي اکين ۾ صاف پڙهي سگهجي ٿو.}}

[[وڪٽر هوگو]] ٿئير کي سندس تنگ نظريءَ جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو. جڏهن کيس خبر پئي ته حڪومت توپون قبضي ۾ وٺڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي آهي، تڏهن هن پنهنجي روزنامچي ۾ لکيو: &quot;هن بارود جي پيتيءَ کي باهه ڏيندڙ تار ٻاري ڇڏي. ٿئير جي بي سوچي اڳواٽ سوچيل هئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''Choses vues, 1870–1885''. Paris. Gallimard (1972). {{ISBN|2-07-036141-1}}. p. 159&lt;/ref&gt; ٻئي طرف، هو ڪميون تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر ڪميون جي حامين سان همدردي رکندو هو. اپريل جي شروعات ۾ هو پنهنجي تازو فوت ٿيل پٽ جي خاندان جي سار سنڀال لاءِ برسلز هليو ويو. 9 اپريل تي هن لکيو: &quot;مختصر طور، هي ڪميون ايتري ئي بيوقوف آهي، جيتري قومي اسيمبلي وحشي آهي. ٻنهي پاسن کان چريائپ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هن اهڙا نظم لکيا، جن ۾ حڪومت ۽ انتقامي ڪارروائيءَ لاءِ يرغمال وٺڻ واري ڪميون جي پاليسي، ٻنهي تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي، ۽ وانڊوم ستون جي تباهيءَ جي مذمت ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''L'Année Terrible''&lt;/ref&gt; 25 مئي تي، خوني هفتي دوران، هن لکيو: &quot;هڪ ديوهیکل ڏوهه؛ هنن پيرس کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي آهي. هو برسلز تائين باهه وسائيندڙ ڳولي رهيا آهن.&quot; پر دٻاءَ واري ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ هن ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي پناهه ڏيڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، جنهن بابت هن چيو ته اها &quot;مشڪل سان چونڊيل هئي، ۽ مون ان جي ڪڏهن به منظوري نه ڏني.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هو جلاوطن ڪميون حامين لاءِ عام معافيءَ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ زوردار حامي بڻجي ويو، جيڪا آخرڪار 1880ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=457–460}}

[[ايميل زولا]]، ''{{interlanguage link|لي سيمافور|lt=لي سيمافور ڊي مارسيليا|fr|Le Sémaphore (journal)}}'' لاءِ صحافي جي حيثيت ۾، ڪميون جي زوال بابت رپورٽنگ ڪئي، ۽ خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ پهرين رپورٽرن مان هڪ هو. 25 مئي تي هن رپورٽ ڪيو: &quot;تهذيب يافته زمانن ۾ ڪڏهن به اهڙو هولناڪ ڏوهه ڪنهن وڏي شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو آهي.{{nbs}}... هوٽيل ڊي وِل جا ماڻهو قاتلن ۽ باهه لڳائيندڙن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪجهه نه ٿي سگهيا. شڪست کان پوءِ اهي باقاعده فوج کان چورن وانگر ڀڄي ويا ۽ پوءِ يادگارن ۽ گهرن کان بدلو ورتائون.{{nbs}}... پيرس جي باهين فوج جي ڪاوڙ کي حد کان وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي.{{nbs}}... جيڪي ساڙين ٿا ۽ قتل ڪن ٿا، تن لاءِ سپاهيءَ جي گوليءَ کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا سزا مناسب ناهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 25 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

پر 1 جون تي، جڏهن ويڙهه ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، سندس لهجو بدلجي ويو: &quot;فوجي عدالتون اڃا ويهي رهيون آهن، ۽ مختصر ڦاسيون جاري آهن، جيتوڻيڪ هاڻي گهٽ آهن. فائرنگ ڪندڙ دستن جو آواز، جيڪو اڃا به هن سوڳوار شهر ۾ ٻڌجي ٿو، ان ڀيانڪ خواب کي بي رحميءَ سان ڊگهو ڪري رهيو آهي.{{nbs}}... پيرس ڦاسين کان ٿڪجي پيو آهي. پيرس کي لڳي ٿو ته هر ڪنهن کي گولي هنئي پئي وڃي. پيرس ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي گولي هڻڻ تي شڪايت نٿو ڪري، پر بيگناهه ماڻهن کي مارڻ تي اعتراض ڪري ٿو. هن کي يقين آهي ته انهن ڍيرن ۾ بيگناهه ماڻهو به آهن، ۽ هاڻي وقت اچي ويو آهي ته هر ڦاسيءَ کان اڳ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سنجيده جاچ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وڃي.{{nbs}}... جڏهن آخري گولين جا پڙاڏا به ختم ٿي ويندا، تڏهن انهن ڏهه لک ماڻهن کي، جيڪي ڀيانڪ خوابن ۾ مبتلا آهن ۽ باهه ۽ قتل عام مان ڏڪندا ٻاهر نڪتا آهن، شفا ڏيڻ لاءِ وڏي نرميءَ جي ضرورت پوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 1 June 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انتشار پسند (انارڪسٽ) ===

[[File:Demonstration of 1st May 2026 in Paris — Vive la Commune, circle A and Romani flag.jpg|thumb|1 مئي 2026ع تي پيرس ۾ ٿيل مظاهري دوران هڪ [[انتشار پسند ساٿ|ساٿي]] جو هٿ، [[دائري وارو الف|انتشار پسند الف]] ۽ ''ڪميون زنده باد'' وارو ڀتين تي لکيل نعرو]]

انتشار پسند فلسفي [[جارج ووڊڪاڪ]] چيو ته &quot;ڪميون جي سرگرمين، خاص طور تي سرڪاري خدمتن جي تنظيم ۾، مختلف انتشار پسند ڌڙن جي ميمبرن نمايان حصو ورتو؛ انهن ۾ [[باہميتيت (معاشي نظريو)|باہميتيت پسند]] ڪوربي، لونگي ۽ ورموريل، [[اجتماعيت پسند انتشار پسندي|آزاد خيال اجتماعيت پسند]] وارلين، مالون ۽ ليفرانسي، ۽ باڪونن پسند [[ايلي ريڪلو|ايلي]]، [[ايليزي ريڪلو]] ۽ لوئيز ميشيل شامل هئا.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchism 1962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Woodcock |first=George |chapter=The Destructive Urge |title=[[Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements]] |date=1962 |publisher=The World Publishing Company |author-link=George Woodcock |oclc=179826}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتشار پسند [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ڪميون جو مضبوط حامي هو. هن ڪميون کي سڀ کان پهرين &quot;رياست خلاف بغاوت&quot; طور ڏٺو، ۽ ڪميون جي حامين کي نه رڳو رياست، پر انقلابي آمريت کي به رد ڪرڻ تي ساراهيو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203222328/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm |date=3 February 2014 }}, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

[[لوئيز ميشيل]] پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ اهم شريڪ هئي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪميون کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ تائين کيس باقاعده طور انتشار پسند نظرين سان واقفيت نه ٿي هئي. شروعات ۾ هن ايمبولينس ڪارڪن طور ڪم ڪيو ۽ رڪاوٽن تي زخمي ٿيل ماڻهن جو علاج ڪيو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران هوءَ بنا ٿڪ جي پروشيا وارن خلاف مزاحمت جي تبليغ ڪندي رهي. ڪميون قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هوءَ قومي محافظ دستي ۾ شامل ٿي. هن ٿئير کي گولي هڻڻ جي آڇ ڪئي ۽ شهر جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جي بدلي طور پيرس کي تباهه ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني. ڊسمبر 1871ع ۾ کيس ڇهين فوجي ڪائونسل آڏو پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش، شهرين کي هٿيار کڻڻ لاءِ همٿائڻ، پاڻ هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ فوجي وردي پائڻ سميت ڪيترن ڏوهن جا الزام لڳايا ويا. هن للڪاريندي واعدو ڪيو ته هوءَ ڪڏهن به ڪميون کان هٿ نه کڻندي ۽ ججن کي کيس موت جي سزا ڏيڻ لاءِ چئلينج ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;flag&quot;&gt;[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710222744/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html |date=10 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عدالتي رڪارڊ موجب ميشيل عدالت کي چيو: &quot;جڏهن لڳي ٿو ته آزاديءَ لاءِ ڌڙڪندڙ هر دل کي سيسي جي هڪ ننڍڙي گولي کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو حق ناهي، تڏهن مان به پنهنجو حصو گهران ٿي. جيڪڏهن اوهان مون کي جيئرو ڇڏيو ته مان بدلي جي صدا بلند ڪرڻ ڪڏهن به بند نه ڪنديس.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Édith |title=The Women Incendiaries |title-link=The Women Incendiaries |date=2007 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |isbn=978-1-931859-46-2 |author-link=Édith Thomas |df=dmy-all |orig-year=1966}}&lt;/ref&gt; ميشيل کي [[ڏنڊي جلاوطني]] جي سزا ڏني وئي. 1871ع جي پيرس ڪميون کان پوءِ سڄي [[مزدور تحريڪ]] وانگر انتشار پسند تحريڪ به اڳواڻن کان محروم ٿي وئي ۽ ڪيترن سالن تائين سخت ڪمزور رهي.

=== مارڪسزم ===

ڪميونسٽن، کاٻي ڌر جي سوشلسٽن، انتشار پسندن ۽ ٻين ڪميون کي آزاد سماج جي هڪ نموني يا اڳواٽ صورت طور ڏٺو آهي، جنهن جو سياسي نظام بنيادي سطح کان مٿي ڏانهن [[شرڪتي جمهوريت]] تي ٻڌل هجي. [[ڪارل مارڪس|مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز|اينگلز]]، [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ۽ پوءِ [[ولاديمير لينن|لينن]] ڪميون جي تجربي مان اهم نظرياتي سبق اخذ ڪيا، خاص طور [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ [[رياست جو آهستي آهستي ختم ٿيڻ]] بابت.

مارڪس پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]'' (1871ع) ۾، جيڪو ڪميون دوران لکيو ويو، ڪميون جي ڪاميابين جي واکاڻ ڪئي ۽ ان کي مستقبل جي انقلابي حڪومت جو نمونو، يعني پرولتاريه جي آزاديءَ لاءِ &quot;آخرڪار دريافت ٿيل صورت&quot;، قرار ڏنو. مارڪس لکيو: &quot;مزدورن جو پيرس، پنهنجي ڪميون سان گڏ، نئين سماج جي شاندار اڳواٽ اعلان ڪندڙ طور هميشه ياد رکيو ويندو. ان جا شهيد پورهيت طبقي جي عظيم دل ۾ مقدس جاءِ والارين ٿا. ان کي نابود ڪندڙن کي تاريخ اڳ ئي ان دائمي ذلت جي ٿنڀي تي ٽنگي ڇڏيو آهي، جتان سندن پادرين جون سڀ دعائون به کين آزاد نه ڪرائي سگهنديون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France'', English Edition of 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، پوءِ ذاتي خط و ڪتابت ۾ مارڪس ڪميون بابت هڪ مختلف ۽ وڌيڪ تنقيدي راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. 1881ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊچ دوست [[فرڊينانڊ ڊوميلا نيووينهوئس|نيووينهوئس]] ڏانهن خط ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;ڪميون غير معمولي حالتن ۾ رڳو هڪ شهر جي بغاوت هئي، ۽ ان کان سواءِ ڪميون جي اڪثريت ڪنهن به طرح سوشلسٽ نه هئي، ۽ ٿي به نه سگهي پئي. ٿوري سمجهه سان، هو ورسائي سان عوام جي وڏي اڪثريت لاءِ فائديمند ٺاهه حاصل ڪري سگهن پيا، جيڪو حقيقت ۾ واحد حقيقي امڪان هو.&quot;{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=269}}&lt;ref&gt;Letter in English: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_02_22.htm marxists.org]&lt;/ref&gt;

اينگلز به پنهنجي ساٿيءَ جي ڳالهه کي ورجايو. سندس خيال موجب مستقل فوج جي غير موجودگي، &quot;پاڙن&quot; پاران پنهنجي نگراني پاڻ ڪرڻ ۽ ٻين خصوصيتن سبب ڪميون پراڻي، جبر ڪندڙ مفهوم ۾ هاڻي &quot;رياست&quot; نه رهي هئي. اها هڪ عبوري صورت هئي، جيڪا رياست جي مڪمل خاتمي ڏانهن وڌي رهي هئي. هن اهو مشهور اصطلاح استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو پوءِ لينن ۽ [[بالشويڪ|بالشويڪن]] اختيار ڪيو: سندس چوڻ موجب ڪميون پهرين &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; هئي، يعني مزدورن پاران ۽ مزدورن جي مفاد ۾ هلندڙ رياست. پر مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ڪميون جون اهي ڪمزوريون يا غلطيون به بيان ڪيون، جيڪي سندن نظر ۾ موجود هيون؛ انهن ۾ باقي فرانسيسي عوام سان لاڳاپو قائم نه ڪري سگهڻ، رياستي مشينريءَ کي مڪمل طور ٻيهر منظم نه ڪرڻ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران نمائنده اسيمبليءَ کي تمام جلد اقتدار منتقل ڪرڻ، پوئتي هٽندڙ بورجوازيءَ جو فوراً پيڇو نه ڪرڻ، ۽ اهو نه سمجهڻ شامل هو ته فرانس ۽ پروشيا ڪميون خلاف گڏ ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sison |first=Jose Maria |url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |title=Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |year=2020 |edition=6th |location=Paris |pages=127 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003193555/https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اختلاف جو ٻيو نقطو اختيار جي فتح ۽ عارضي عبوري رياست واري ڪميونسٽ تصور جي [[اختيار مخالف]] سوشلسٽن پاران مخالفت هو. انتشار پسند عام هڙتال ۽ غير مرڪزيت تي ٻڌل مزدور ڪائونسلن جي قيام وسيلي رياست کي فوراً ختم ڪرڻ جا حامي هئا، جيئن ڪميون ۾ ڏٺو ويو هو.

لينن، مارڪس وانگر، ڪميون کي &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; جو زنده مثال سمجهندو هو. پر هن ڪميون جي حامين تي پنهنجي حيثيت محفوظ ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي قدم نه کڻڻ جي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ خاص طور ٻن غلطين کي اجاگر ڪيو. پهرين اها ته ڪميون جا حامي &quot;اڌ رستي تي رڪجي ويا... ۽ ملڪ ۾ وڌيڪ اعليٰ [سرمائيداراڻي] انصاف قائم ڪرڻ جي خوابن ۾ ڀلجي ويا... مثال طور بئنڪن جهڙن ادارن تي قبضو نه ڪيو ويو.&quot; ٻيو، سندس خيال ۾، سندن &quot;حد کان وڌيڪ فياضي&quot; کين [[طبقاتي دشمن]] کي &quot;تباهه ڪرڻ&quot; کان روڪيو. لينن موجب ڪميون جي حامين &quot;گهرو ويڙهه ۾ سڌين فوجي ڪاررواين جي اهميت کي گهٽ سمجهيو؛ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي فتح کي مڪمل ڪندڙ ورسائي خلاف فيصلائتو حملو ڪرڻ بدران، هنن دير ڪئي ۽ ورسائي حڪومت کي اونداهين قوتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ مئي جي رت ۾ ٻڏل هفتي جي تياريءَ لاءِ وقت ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir Ilyich |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm |title=Lenin Collected Works |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |year=2004 |volume=13 |location=Moscow |publication-date=1972 |pages=475–478 |translator-last=Isaacs |translator-first=Bernard |chapter=Lessons of the Commune |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |access-date=12 March 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312200100/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=live |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] and Lenin Internet Archive; originally published in ''Zagranichnaya Gazeta'' (''Foreign Gazette''), No. 2 |orig-year=Originally published 23 March 1908 from speech at Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1926ع ۾ [[مائو زي تنگ]] ''پيرس ڪميون جي ياد ملهائڻ جي اهميت'' شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cai |first1=Xiang |title=Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966) |last2=蔡翔 |date=2016 |others=Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍 |isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9 |location=Durham |pages=423 |oclc=932368688}}&lt;/ref&gt; لينن جي تجزيي وانگر مائو لکيو ته ڪميون جي ناڪاميءَ جا ٻه سبب هئا: (1) ان جي اڳواڻيءَ لاءِ هڪ متحد ۽ منظم پارٽي موجود نه هئي، ۽ (2) اها پنهنجن دشمنن سان حد کان وڌيڪ نرم هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== ٻيا رايا ===

[[File:Jules Bergeret.jpg|thumb|upright|قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جول برژري خوني هفتي دوران پيرس مان ڀڄي ويو ۽ نيويارڪ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي 1905ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي.]]

ڪميون دوران پيرس ۾ آمريڪي سفير [[ايليهو واشبرن]] پنهنجي ذاتي روزنامچي ۾، جنهن جا وڏا اقتباس مشهور تاريخدان [[ڊيوڊ ميڪلو]] جي ڪتاب ''[[دي گريٽر جرني]]'' ([[Simon &amp; Schuster]]، 2011ع) ۾ شامل آهن، ڪميون جي حامين کي &quot;ڌاڙيل&quot;، &quot;قاتل&quot; ۽ &quot;بدڪردار&quot; قرار ڏنو. هن لکيو: &quot;مون وٽ هن وقت پنهنجي نفرت جو اظهار ڪرڻ لاءِ وقت ناهي ... [اهي] ڌمڪي ڏين ٿا ته جيڪڏهن هٿيار نه ڦٽا ڪيا ويا ته پيرس کي تباهه ڪري سڀني کي ان جي کنڊرن هيٺ دفن ڪري ڇڏيندا.&quot;

ايڊون چائلڊ، جيڪو لنڊن جو هڪ نوجوان هو ۽ پيرس ۾ ڪم ڪندو هو، لکي ٿو ته ڪميون دوران &quot;عورتون شينهنين وانگر وڙهنديون هيون، هر هنڌ پيٽرول اڇلائينديون هيون ۽ جنهن شدت سان هوءَ وڙهنديون هيون، تنهن ڪري نمايان نظر اينديون هيون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eye-witness accounts quoted in 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson p. 197 (see bibliography)&lt;/ref&gt; بهرحال، جديد تحقيق موجب دليل ڏنو ويو آهي ته ڪميون جون اهي مشهور عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ، يا {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}}، شايد وڌايل تصور يا هڪ افسانو هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Tombs, ''The War Against Paris: 1871'', Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages {{ISBN|978-0-521-28784-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gay Gullickson, ''Unruly Women of Paris'', Cornell Univ Press, 1996, 304 pages {{ISBN|978-0-8014-8318-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; ليساگاري دعويٰ ڪئي ته هن افسانوي الزام سبب مئي جي آخر ۾ پيرس ۾ سوين پورهيت عورتون قتل ڪيون ويون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کين ڪوڙي طرح {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}} قرار ڏنو ويو؛ پر هن پنهنجي دعويٰ جي حمايت ۾ ڪو به ثبوت پيش نه ڪيو. ليساگاري اهو به لکيو ته خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ لڳل باهين مان شايد اڌ لاءِ فرانسيسي فوج جي توپخاني جي گولاباري ذميوار هئي.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2012|pp=277–278}} تنهن هوندي به، [[ٽويلري محل]]، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۽ ٻين اهم سرڪاري عمارتن جي کنڊرن جون تصويرون ڏيکارين ٿيون ته انهن جون ٻاهريون ڀتيون توپن جي گولاباريءَ کان تقريباً محفوظ رهيون، جڏهن ته اندريون حصا مڪمل طور باهه سبب سڙي ويا هئا؛ ۽ جول برژري جهڙا نمايان ڪميون جا حامي، جيڪي نيويارڪ ڀڄي ويا هئا، پاڻ فخر سان انهن مشهور باهه لڳائڻ وارن واقعن جي ذميواري قبول ڪندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

== ٿئير جي بحران کي سنڀالڻ بابت علمي اختلاف ==

تاريخدان [[جي. پي. ٽي. بيري]] جو خيال آهي ته ٿئير هن بحران کي بي رحماڻي پر ڪامياب طريقي سان منهن ڏنو، جنهن سان [[فرانس جي ٽئين جمهوريه|ٽئين جمهوريه]] لاءِ هڪ مضبوط بنياد فراهم ٿيو. سندس لفظن ۾، &quot;ايتري وڏي انگ ۾ انتهاپسندن جي جلاوطنيءَ نئين جمهوريه کي [...] پرامن ۽ منظم نموني ترقي ڪرڻ جو موقعو ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bury |first=J.P.T. |title=France, 1814–1940 |edition =6th|date=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415316002 |pages=108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اهوئي موقف فرانسيسي تاريخدان [[الين پليسي]] به اختيار ڪري ٿو، جيڪو لکي ٿو ته &quot;ڪميون جي حامين جي سخت دٻاءُ [...] آخرڪار ٽئين جمهوريه جي قيام کي آسان بڻايو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Plessis |first=Alain |title=The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1985 |isbn=9780521358569 |pages=173}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڊيوڊ ٿامسن (تاريخدان)|ڊيوڊ ٿامسن]] موجب، هڪ اهڙي ملڪ جي وحدت بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ، جيڪو وڏي فوجي شڪست ۽ بي شمار ڌڙن سبب ورهائجي چڪو هو، ٿئير وٽ ٻيو ڪو عملي رستو نه هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=T. |title=Europe 1870–1991 |last2=Murphy |first2=D. |publisher=Collins Educational |year=2000 |isbn=0003271331 |pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٻئي فرانسيسي تاريخدان، [[پال لڊسڪي]]، دليل ڏئي ٿو ته ٿئير پاڻ کي مکيه اخبارن ۽ اهم دانشورن جي دٻاءَ هيٺ محسوس ڪيو، جيڪي &quot;سماجي ۽ جمهوري گند&quot; (''[[لي فيگارو]]'') ۽ &quot;اهي نفرت جوڳا بدمعاش&quot; ([[ڪائونٽيس ڊي سيگور]]) خلاف فيصلائتي ڪارروائي جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lidsky |first=Paul |title=Les écrivains contre la Commune |publisher=François Maspéro |year=1982 |isbn=9782707113412 |location=Paris |pages=72 |language=fr |trans-title=Writers against the Commune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايستائين جو هڪ اعتدال پسند روزاني اخبار ''{{lang|fr|لي ڊراپو ٽريڪولور}}'' به لکي رهي هئي: &quot;ڀلي اسان کي هن بغاوت کي رت ۾ ٻوڙڻو پوي، يا ان کي سڙندڙ شهر جي کنڊرن هيٺ دفن ڪرڻو پوي، پوءِ به ڪنهن به قسم جي سمجهوتي جي ڪا گنجائش نه هوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris |trans-title=The responsibility of the press in the repression of the Paris Commune |url=https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201025/https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/ |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=Le vent se lève |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيئڊور زيلڊن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''France 1848–1945, vol. I'' ۾ ته ايتري حد تائين وڃي ٿو جو هو چوي ٿو ته ٿئير ڄاڻي واڻي پيرس کي خالي ڪرائڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جيئن آباديءَ جي هڪ حصي کي بغاوت لاءِ اڪسائي سگهجي، ۽ پوءِ پيرس کي هڪ باغي قوت قرار ڏئي ان کي چيڀاٽڻ جو جواز حاصل ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=T. |title=Europe, 1870–1991 |last2=Murphy |first2=D. |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]] |year=2000 |isbn=0003271331 |pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="197839" sha1="tvlmhh1tggcgmd2t645n8dy8swvrqmw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1871ع جي انقلابي شهري ڪائونسل}}


{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}

== ڪميون جي قيدين ۽ جاني نقصان ==

=== قيدي ۽ جلاوطن ===

[[File:Commune de Paris Prisonniers à Satory.jpg|center|450px|thumb|[[ساتوري]] جي ڪيمپ ۾ قيد ڪيل ڪميون جا حامي]]

[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|لوبو فوجي ڇانوڻيءَ ۾ ڪميون جي قيدين جي اجتماعي ڦاسي، فريڊرڪ لڪس جي چٽسالي]]

فرانسيسي فوج جي سرڪاري رڪارڊ موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ۽ ان کان فوراً پوءِ 43,522 قيدي گرفتار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان 1,054 عورتون هيون ۽ 615 جي عمر 16 سالن کان گهٽ هئي. انهن کي 150 يا 200 ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گهوڙيسوارن جي نگراني هيٺ ورسائي يا [[ساتوري]] جي فوجي ڪيمپ ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ ۾ آيو، جتي مقدمي هلڻ تائين کين انتهائي ڀريل ۽ غير صحت بخش حالتن ۾ رکيو ويو. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 22,727 ڄڻا، يا ته حالتن جي نرمي يا انسان دوستي جي بنياد تي مقدمي کان اڳ ئي آزاد ڪيا ويا. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران پيرس تي سرڪاري طور گهيري جي حالت لاڳو هئي، تنهنڪري قيدين جا مقدما فوجي عدالتن ۾ هلايا ويا. 15,895 قيدين تي مقدمو هليو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهاري قرار ڏنا ويا. 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري مشقت، 1,169 کي جلاوطني (اڪثر نيو ڪيلڊونيا)، 3,147 کي سادي جلاوطني، 1,257 کي اڪيلائيءَ واري قيد، 1,305 کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ قيد ۽ 2,054 کي هڪ سال کان گهٽ قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

[[File:Théophile Ferré by Appert.jpg|thumb|upright|ڪميون جو نائب سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]]، جنهن ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل لاءِ حوالي ڪيو هو، نومبر 1871ع ۾ پاڻ به ڦاسي ڏنو ويو.]]

7 آگسٽ کان ڪميون جي انهن اڳواڻن تي الڳ ۽ وڌيڪ باضابطه مقدمو هلايو ويو، جيڪي بچي ويا هئا ۽ گرفتار ٿي چڪا هئا. انهن ۾ تيوفيل فيري به شامل هو، جنهن يرغمالين جي موت واري حڪم تي صحيح ڪئي هئي، ۽ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] به، جنهن پلاس وانڊوم واري ستون کي ڊاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني هئي. سندن مقدمو فوج جي ستن سينيئر آفيسرن جي پينل آڏو هليو. فيري کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، جڏهن ته ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ملي ۽ پوءِ مٿس ستون جي ٻيهر تعمير جو خرچ به وڌو ويو. هن پيرس جي [[سينٽ-پيلاجي جيل]] ۾ سزا جو ڪجهه حصو ڪاٽيو، جتي کيس تصويرون ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسٽينڊ ۽ رنگ رکڻ جي اجازت هئي، پر جيئرا ماڊل سندس سامهون ويهڻ جي اجازت نه هئي. ان دوران هن گلن ۽ ميون جي ''اسٽل لائيف'' تصويرن جو هڪ مشهور سلسلو تيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Riat|1906|pp=120–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هو ستون جي تعمير جو خرچ ادا نه ڪري سگهيو، تنهنڪري سوئٽزرلينڊ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي ادائيگي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي سندس وفات ٿي وئي.

آڪٽوبر 1871ع ۾ قومي اسيمبليءَ جي هڪ ڪميشن سزائن جو جائزو ورتو؛ 310 ڏوهارين کي معافي ڏني وئي، 286 جون سزائون گهٽايون ويون، ۽ 1,295 جون سزائون تبديل ڪيون ويون. موت جي سزا ٻڌايل 270 ماڻهن مان—جن مان 175 کي [[غير موجودگيءَ ۾ مقدمو]] هلائي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي—25 کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ فيري ۽ گستاو ژانتون به شامل هئا، جنهن يرغمالين جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=436–437}} ڪميون جا هزارين حامي، جن ۾ [[فيليڪس پياٽ]] جهڙا اڳواڻ به شامل هئا، ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان اڳ پيرس مان نڪري وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويا ۽ جلاوطن ٿي ويا؛ لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 انگلينڊ، 2,000 کان 3,000 بيلجيم ۽ 1,000 سوئٽزرلينڊ ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=440}}

3 مارچ 1879ع تي جزوي عام معافي ڏني وئي، جنهن تحت نيو ڪيلڊونيا موڪليل 600 جلاوطنن مان 400 کي واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي، ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 2,400 مان 2,000 قيدين کي به موٽڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. 11 جولاءِ 1880ع تي عام معافي جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، جنهن تحت باقي 543 سزا يافته قيدين ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 262 ماڻهن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=120}}

=== جاني نقصان ===

[[File:Commune de Paris enlèvement des cadavres par les parisiens.jpg|thumb|ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پيرسين ڪميون جي حامين جا لاش عارضي اجتماعي قبرن ۾ دفنايا. بعد ۾ انهن کي سرڪاري قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي 6,000 کان 7,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪميون جا حامي دفن ڪيا ويا.]]

تاريخدانن ۾ گهڻي عرصي کان اهو بحث جاري آهي ته ''[[خوني هفتو|خوني هفتي]]'' دوران ڪيترا ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. جنرل فيليڪس انتوان آپير جي سرڪاري فوجي رپورٽ ۾ رڳو فوجي نقصان جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو اپريل کان مئي تائين 877 مارجي ويل، 6,454 زخمي ۽ 183 گم ٿيل سپاهين تي مشتمل هو. رپورٽ ۾ ڪميون جي جاني نقصان بابت ڄاڻ کي صرف &quot;تمام نامڪمل&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 |date=1875 |trans-title=Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection |trans-chapter=appendix to the minutes of the session of 20 July 1875 |chapter=annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875 |place=Versailles |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوني هفتي جي جاني نقصان جو سوال 28 آگسٽ 1871ع تي قومي اسيمبليءَ جي ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ به اٿاريو ويو، جتي مارشل ميڪ ماهون شاهدي ڏني. رڪن ايم. واشيروٽ کيس چيو: &quot;هڪ جنرل مون کي ٻڌايو آهي ته ويڙهه دوران، رڪاوٽن تي يا ويڙهه کان پوءِ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جو انگ 17,000 تائين پهتو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;مون کي خبر ناهي ته اهو اندازو ڪهڙي بنياد تي لڳايو ويو آهي؛ منهنجي خيال ۾ اهو وڌايل آهي. مان رڳو ايترو چئي سگهان ٿو ته باغين جو نقصان اسان کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هو.&quot; واشيروٽ وري چيو: &quot;شايد اهو انگ سڄي گهيري ۽ اِسي ۽ وانو جي قلعن واري ويڙهه کي به شامل ڪري ٿو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو انگ وڌايل آهي.&quot; واشيروٽ وري زور ڀريو: &quot;اها ڄاڻ مون کي جنرل آپير ڏني هئي. شايد هن جو مطلب مارجي ويلن ۽ زخمين ٻنهي مان هو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو وري ٻي ڳالهه آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot;&gt;Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exilés communards à Londres, juin 1872.jpg|thumb|لنڊن ۾ ڪميون جا جلاوطن، جون 1872ع]]

1876ع ۾ [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]]، جيڪو خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهيو هو ۽ پوءِ لنڊن جلاوطن ٿي ويو، ڪميون جي هڪ انتهائي مشهور ۽ همدرداڻِي تاريخ لکي. ڪتاب جي آخر ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;خوني هفتي جي متاثرين جو صحيح انگ ڪنهن کي به معلوم ناهي. فوجي انصاف واري کاتي جي سربراهه دعويٰ ڪئي ته سترهن هزار ماڻهن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&quot; اهو بيان درست نه هو؛ آپير اهڙي ڪا دعويٰ نه ڪئي هئي، هن رڳو قيدين بابت ڳالهايو هو. ليساگاري وڌيڪ لکيو: &quot;پيرس جي [[پيرس جي ميونسپل ڪائونسل|ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] سترهن هزار لاشن جي دفن جو خرچ ادا ڪيو؛ پر ان کان علاوه به ڪيترائي ماڻهو پيرس کان ٻاهر ماريا ويا يا ساڙيا ويا.&quot; بعد وارن تاريخدانن، جن ۾ [[رابرٽ ٽومبس]] به شامل آهي، کي سترهن هزار دفنن بابت ميونسپل ادائيگيءَ جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ ليساگاري به ان بابت ڪا شاهدي پيش نه ڪئي ته هزارين ڪميون جا حامي پيرس کان ٻاهر ساڙيا يا دفنايا ويا هئا. آخر ۾ هن نتيجو ڪڍيو: &quot;ويهه هزار چوڻ مبالغو نه ٿيندو، ۽ اهو انگ فوجي آفيسرن به قبول ڪيو.&quot;{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}} پر حقيقت ۾ نه ميڪ ماهون ۽ نه ئي آپير ويهه هزار مارجي ويلن جو انگ قبول ڪيو هو؛ ٻنهي ان کي وڌايل قرار ڏنو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot; /&gt;

== تنقيد ==

=== همعصر فنڪار ۽ اديب ===

[[File:Paris Commune rue de Rivoli.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي کان پوءِ رو ڊي ريوولي جو ڏيک]]

فرانسيسي اديبن ۽ فنڪارن جا ڪميون بابت سخت ۽ واضح رايا هئا. [[گستاو ڪوربي]] ڪميون ۾ حصو وٺندڙ سڀ کان نمايان فنڪار هو، ۽ هو ان جو سرگرم شريڪ ۽ حامي رهيو، جيتوڻيڪ هن شڪي دشمنن کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پاليسيءَ تي تنقيد ڪئي. ٻئي طرف نوجوان [[اناتول فرانس]] ڪميون کي &quot;قاتلن جي ڪميٽي، غنڊن جو ٽولو [{{lang|fr|فريپوئيار}}]، ۽ ڏوهه ۽ جنون جي حڪومت&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot;&gt;Pivot, Sylvain, &quot;La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire.&quot; December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; روزنامچو لکندڙ [[ايڊمون ڊي گونڪور]] ''خوني هفتي'' کان ٽي ڏينهن پوءِ لکيو: &quot;رت وهائڻ جو ڪم مڪمل نموني ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ اهڙي خونريزي، جيڪا آباديءَ جي باغي حصي کي قتل ڪري ٿي، ايندڙ انقلاب کي پوئتي ڌڪي ڇڏي ٿي.{{nbs}}... پراڻي سماج کي هاڻي ويهن سالن جو امن نصيب ٿيندو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Edmond de Goncourt]], [[Jules de Goncourt]], [[Robert Baldick]], ''Pages from the Goncourt Journal'' (Oxford, 1962), p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;

23 اپريل تي [[جارج سانڊ]]، جيڪا 1848ع جي انقلاب ۾ حصو وٺندڙ هڪ پرجوش جمهوريه پسند هئي، ان جي ابتڙ راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. هن لکيو: &quot;هي هولناڪ مهم اڃا جاري آهي. اهي تاوان وٺن ٿا، ڌمڪيون ڏين ٿا، گرفتار ڪن ٿا ۽ فيصلا ڪن ٿا. هنن سڀني ٽائون هالن ۽ سرڪاري ادارن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو آهي، ۽ گولا بارود ۽ خوراڪ جا ذخيرا لُٽي رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; ڪميون جي شروعات کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ [[گستاو فلوبيئر]] سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو: &quot;[[آسٽريائي سلطنت|آسٽريا]] [[ڪونگريٽز جي جنگ|سادووا]] کان پوءِ انقلاب ۾ نه ويو، نه اٽلي [[نووارا جي جنگ (1849ع)|نووارا]] کان پوءِ، ۽ نه روس [[سيوستوپول جو گهيرو (1854ع–1855ع)|سيوستوپول]] کان پوءِ! پر اسان جا ڀلا فرانسيسي چمنيءَ ۾ باهه لڳندي ئي پنهنجو گهر ڊاهڻ لاءِ ڊوڙي پون ٿا.&quot; ڪميون جي پڄاڻيءَ جي ويجهو فلوبيئر [[فلوبيئر جا خط|ٻيهر کيس لکيو]]: &quot;ڪميون بابت، جيڪا هاڻي مرڻ واري آهي، ايترو چوندس ته اها وچين دور جي آخري نمود آهي.&quot; 10 جون تي، جڏهن ڪميون ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، فلوبيئر سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو:&lt;ref name=&quot;online-literature.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001118/http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ |date=22 March 2014}}. online-literature.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|مان پيرس مان آيو آهيان، ۽ مون کي خبر ناهي ته ڪنهن سان ڳالهايان. منهنجو ساهه گهٽجي رهيو آهي. مان سخت پريشان آهيان، يا چئجي ته اندر ئي اندر ڀڄي پيو آهيان. کنڊرن جو منظر ان عظيم پيرسي جنون جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڪجهه به ناهي. تمام ٿورين استثنائن کان سواءِ، مون کي هر ماڻهو رڳو چريائپ جي قميص پائڻ لائق لڳو. آباديءَ جو هڪ اڌ ٻئي اڌ کي ڦاسي ڏيڻ چاهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو اڌ به ساڳي خواهش جو جواب ڏئي ٿو. اهو واٽهڙن جي اکين ۾ صاف پڙهي سگهجي ٿو.}}

[[وڪٽر هوگو]] ٿئير کي سندس تنگ نظريءَ جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو. جڏهن کيس خبر پئي ته حڪومت توپون قبضي ۾ وٺڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي آهي، تڏهن هن پنهنجي روزنامچي ۾ لکيو: &quot;هن بارود جي پيتيءَ کي باهه ڏيندڙ تار ٻاري ڇڏي. ٿئير جي بي سوچي اڳواٽ سوچيل هئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''Choses vues, 1870–1885''. Paris. Gallimard (1972). {{ISBN|2-07-036141-1}}. p. 159&lt;/ref&gt; ٻئي طرف، هو ڪميون تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر ڪميون جي حامين سان همدردي رکندو هو. اپريل جي شروعات ۾ هو پنهنجي تازو فوت ٿيل پٽ جي خاندان جي سار سنڀال لاءِ برسلز هليو ويو. 9 اپريل تي هن لکيو: &quot;مختصر طور، هي ڪميون ايتري ئي بيوقوف آهي، جيتري قومي اسيمبلي وحشي آهي. ٻنهي پاسن کان چريائپ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هن اهڙا نظم لکيا، جن ۾ حڪومت ۽ انتقامي ڪارروائيءَ لاءِ يرغمال وٺڻ واري ڪميون جي پاليسي، ٻنهي تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي، ۽ وانڊوم ستون جي تباهيءَ جي مذمت ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''L'Année Terrible''&lt;/ref&gt; 25 مئي تي، خوني هفتي دوران، هن لکيو: &quot;هڪ ديوهیکل ڏوهه؛ هنن پيرس کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي آهي. هو برسلز تائين باهه وسائيندڙ ڳولي رهيا آهن.&quot; پر دٻاءَ واري ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ هن ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي پناهه ڏيڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، جنهن بابت هن چيو ته اها &quot;مشڪل سان چونڊيل هئي، ۽ مون ان جي ڪڏهن به منظوري نه ڏني.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هو جلاوطن ڪميون حامين لاءِ عام معافيءَ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ زوردار حامي بڻجي ويو، جيڪا آخرڪار 1880ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=457–460}}

[[ايميل زولا]]، ''{{interlanguage link|لي سيمافور|lt=لي سيمافور ڊي مارسيليا|fr|Le Sémaphore (journal)}}'' لاءِ صحافي جي حيثيت ۾، ڪميون جي زوال بابت رپورٽنگ ڪئي، ۽ خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ پهرين رپورٽرن مان هڪ هو. 25 مئي تي هن رپورٽ ڪيو: &quot;تهذيب يافته زمانن ۾ ڪڏهن به اهڙو هولناڪ ڏوهه ڪنهن وڏي شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو آهي.{{nbs}}... هوٽيل ڊي وِل جا ماڻهو قاتلن ۽ باهه لڳائيندڙن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪجهه نه ٿي سگهيا. شڪست کان پوءِ اهي باقاعده فوج کان چورن وانگر ڀڄي ويا ۽ پوءِ يادگارن ۽ گهرن کان بدلو ورتائون.{{nbs}}... پيرس جي باهين فوج جي ڪاوڙ کي حد کان وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي.{{nbs}}... جيڪي ساڙين ٿا ۽ قتل ڪن ٿا، تن لاءِ سپاهيءَ جي گوليءَ کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا سزا مناسب ناهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 25 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

پر 1 جون تي، جڏهن ويڙهه ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، سندس لهجو بدلجي ويو: &quot;فوجي عدالتون اڃا ويهي رهيون آهن، ۽ مختصر ڦاسيون جاري آهن، جيتوڻيڪ هاڻي گهٽ آهن. فائرنگ ڪندڙ دستن جو آواز، جيڪو اڃا به هن سوڳوار شهر ۾ ٻڌجي ٿو، ان ڀيانڪ خواب کي بي رحميءَ سان ڊگهو ڪري رهيو آهي.{{nbs}}... پيرس ڦاسين کان ٿڪجي پيو آهي. پيرس کي لڳي ٿو ته هر ڪنهن کي گولي هنئي پئي وڃي. پيرس ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي گولي هڻڻ تي شڪايت نٿو ڪري، پر بيگناهه ماڻهن کي مارڻ تي اعتراض ڪري ٿو. هن کي يقين آهي ته انهن ڍيرن ۾ بيگناهه ماڻهو به آهن، ۽ هاڻي وقت اچي ويو آهي ته هر ڦاسيءَ کان اڳ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سنجيده جاچ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وڃي.{{nbs}}... جڏهن آخري گولين جا پڙاڏا به ختم ٿي ويندا، تڏهن انهن ڏهه لک ماڻهن کي، جيڪي ڀيانڪ خوابن ۾ مبتلا آهن ۽ باهه ۽ قتل عام مان ڏڪندا ٻاهر نڪتا آهن، شفا ڏيڻ لاءِ وڏي نرميءَ جي ضرورت پوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 1 June 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انتشار پسند (انارڪسٽ) ===

[[File:Demonstration of 1st May 2026 in Paris — Vive la Commune, circle A and Romani flag.jpg|thumb|1 مئي 2026ع تي پيرس ۾ ٿيل مظاهري دوران هڪ [[انتشار پسند ساٿ|ساٿي]] جو هٿ، [[دائري وارو الف|انتشار پسند الف]] ۽ ''ڪميون زنده باد'' وارو ڀتين تي لکيل نعرو]]

انتشار پسند فلسفي [[جارج ووڊڪاڪ]] چيو ته &quot;ڪميون جي سرگرمين، خاص طور تي سرڪاري خدمتن جي تنظيم ۾، مختلف انتشار پسند ڌڙن جي ميمبرن نمايان حصو ورتو؛ انهن ۾ [[باہميتيت (معاشي نظريو)|باہميتيت پسند]] ڪوربي، لونگي ۽ ورموريل، [[اجتماعيت پسند انتشار پسندي|آزاد خيال اجتماعيت پسند]] وارلين، مالون ۽ ليفرانسي، ۽ باڪونن پسند [[ايلي ريڪلو|ايلي]]، [[ايليزي ريڪلو]] ۽ لوئيز ميشيل شامل هئا.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchism 1962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Woodcock |first=George |chapter=The Destructive Urge |title=[[Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements]] |date=1962 |publisher=The World Publishing Company |author-link=George Woodcock |oclc=179826}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتشار پسند [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ڪميون جو مضبوط حامي هو. هن ڪميون کي سڀ کان پهرين &quot;رياست خلاف بغاوت&quot; طور ڏٺو، ۽ ڪميون جي حامين کي نه رڳو رياست، پر انقلابي آمريت کي به رد ڪرڻ تي ساراهيو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203222328/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm |date=3 February 2014 }}, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

[[لوئيز ميشيل]] پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ اهم شريڪ هئي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪميون کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ تائين کيس باقاعده طور انتشار پسند نظرين سان واقفيت نه ٿي هئي. شروعات ۾ هن ايمبولينس ڪارڪن طور ڪم ڪيو ۽ رڪاوٽن تي زخمي ٿيل ماڻهن جو علاج ڪيو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران هوءَ بنا ٿڪ جي پروشيا وارن خلاف مزاحمت جي تبليغ ڪندي رهي. ڪميون قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هوءَ قومي محافظ دستي ۾ شامل ٿي. هن ٿئير کي گولي هڻڻ جي آڇ ڪئي ۽ شهر جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جي بدلي طور پيرس کي تباهه ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني. ڊسمبر 1871ع ۾ کيس ڇهين فوجي ڪائونسل آڏو پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش، شهرين کي هٿيار کڻڻ لاءِ همٿائڻ، پاڻ هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ فوجي وردي پائڻ سميت ڪيترن ڏوهن جا الزام لڳايا ويا. هن للڪاريندي واعدو ڪيو ته هوءَ ڪڏهن به ڪميون کان هٿ نه کڻندي ۽ ججن کي کيس موت جي سزا ڏيڻ لاءِ چئلينج ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;flag&quot;&gt;[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710222744/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html |date=10 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عدالتي رڪارڊ موجب ميشيل عدالت کي چيو: &quot;جڏهن لڳي ٿو ته آزاديءَ لاءِ ڌڙڪندڙ هر دل کي سيسي جي هڪ ننڍڙي گولي کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو حق ناهي، تڏهن مان به پنهنجو حصو گهران ٿي. جيڪڏهن اوهان مون کي جيئرو ڇڏيو ته مان بدلي جي صدا بلند ڪرڻ ڪڏهن به بند نه ڪنديس.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Édith |title=The Women Incendiaries |title-link=The Women Incendiaries |date=2007 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |isbn=978-1-931859-46-2 |author-link=Édith Thomas |df=dmy-all |orig-year=1966}}&lt;/ref&gt; ميشيل کي [[ڏنڊي جلاوطني]] جي سزا ڏني وئي. 1871ع جي پيرس ڪميون کان پوءِ سڄي [[مزدور تحريڪ]] وانگر انتشار پسند تحريڪ به اڳواڻن کان محروم ٿي وئي ۽ ڪيترن سالن تائين سخت ڪمزور رهي.

=== مارڪسزم ===

ڪميونسٽن، کاٻي ڌر جي سوشلسٽن، انتشار پسندن ۽ ٻين ڪميون کي آزاد سماج جي هڪ نموني يا اڳواٽ صورت طور ڏٺو آهي، جنهن جو سياسي نظام بنيادي سطح کان مٿي ڏانهن [[شرڪتي جمهوريت]] تي ٻڌل هجي. [[ڪارل مارڪس|مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز|اينگلز]]، [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ۽ پوءِ [[ولاديمير لينن|لينن]] ڪميون جي تجربي مان اهم نظرياتي سبق اخذ ڪيا، خاص طور [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ [[رياست جو آهستي آهستي ختم ٿيڻ]] بابت.

مارڪس پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]'' (1871ع) ۾، جيڪو ڪميون دوران لکيو ويو، ڪميون جي ڪاميابين جي واکاڻ ڪئي ۽ ان کي مستقبل جي انقلابي حڪومت جو نمونو، يعني پرولتاريه جي آزاديءَ لاءِ &quot;آخرڪار دريافت ٿيل صورت&quot;، قرار ڏنو. مارڪس لکيو: &quot;مزدورن جو پيرس، پنهنجي ڪميون سان گڏ، نئين سماج جي شاندار اڳواٽ اعلان ڪندڙ طور هميشه ياد رکيو ويندو. ان جا شهيد پورهيت طبقي جي عظيم دل ۾ مقدس جاءِ والارين ٿا. ان کي نابود ڪندڙن کي تاريخ اڳ ئي ان دائمي ذلت جي ٿنڀي تي ٽنگي ڇڏيو آهي، جتان سندن پادرين جون سڀ دعائون به کين آزاد نه ڪرائي سگهنديون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France'', English Edition of 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، پوءِ ذاتي خط و ڪتابت ۾ مارڪس ڪميون بابت هڪ مختلف ۽ وڌيڪ تنقيدي راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. 1881ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊچ دوست [[فرڊينانڊ ڊوميلا نيووينهوئس|نيووينهوئس]] ڏانهن خط ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;ڪميون غير معمولي حالتن ۾ رڳو هڪ شهر جي بغاوت هئي، ۽ ان کان سواءِ ڪميون جي اڪثريت ڪنهن به طرح سوشلسٽ نه هئي، ۽ ٿي به نه سگهي پئي. ٿوري سمجهه سان، هو ورسائي سان عوام جي وڏي اڪثريت لاءِ فائديمند ٺاهه حاصل ڪري سگهن پيا، جيڪو حقيقت ۾ واحد حقيقي امڪان هو.&quot;{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=269}}&lt;ref&gt;Letter in English: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_02_22.htm marxists.org]&lt;/ref&gt;

اينگلز به پنهنجي ساٿيءَ جي ڳالهه کي ورجايو. سندس خيال موجب مستقل فوج جي غير موجودگي، &quot;پاڙن&quot; پاران پنهنجي نگراني پاڻ ڪرڻ ۽ ٻين خصوصيتن سبب ڪميون پراڻي، جبر ڪندڙ مفهوم ۾ هاڻي &quot;رياست&quot; نه رهي هئي. اها هڪ عبوري صورت هئي، جيڪا رياست جي مڪمل خاتمي ڏانهن وڌي رهي هئي. هن اهو مشهور اصطلاح استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو پوءِ لينن ۽ [[بالشويڪ|بالشويڪن]] اختيار ڪيو: سندس چوڻ موجب ڪميون پهرين &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; هئي، يعني مزدورن پاران ۽ مزدورن جي مفاد ۾ هلندڙ رياست. پر مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ڪميون جون اهي ڪمزوريون يا غلطيون به بيان ڪيون، جيڪي سندن نظر ۾ موجود هيون؛ انهن ۾ باقي فرانسيسي عوام سان لاڳاپو قائم نه ڪري سگهڻ، رياستي مشينريءَ کي مڪمل طور ٻيهر منظم نه ڪرڻ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران نمائنده اسيمبليءَ کي تمام جلد اقتدار منتقل ڪرڻ، پوئتي هٽندڙ بورجوازيءَ جو فوراً پيڇو نه ڪرڻ، ۽ اهو نه سمجهڻ شامل هو ته فرانس ۽ پروشيا ڪميون خلاف گڏ ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sison |first=Jose Maria |url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |title=Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |year=2020 |edition=6th |location=Paris |pages=127 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003193555/https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اختلاف جو ٻيو نقطو اختيار جي فتح ۽ عارضي عبوري رياست واري ڪميونسٽ تصور جي [[اختيار مخالف]] سوشلسٽن پاران مخالفت هو. انتشار پسند عام هڙتال ۽ غير مرڪزيت تي ٻڌل مزدور ڪائونسلن جي قيام وسيلي رياست کي فوراً ختم ڪرڻ جا حامي هئا، جيئن ڪميون ۾ ڏٺو ويو هو.

لينن، مارڪس وانگر، ڪميون کي &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; جو زنده مثال سمجهندو هو. پر هن ڪميون جي حامين تي پنهنجي حيثيت محفوظ ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي قدم نه کڻڻ جي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ خاص طور ٻن غلطين کي اجاگر ڪيو. پهرين اها ته ڪميون جا حامي &quot;اڌ رستي تي رڪجي ويا... ۽ ملڪ ۾ وڌيڪ اعليٰ [سرمائيداراڻي] انصاف قائم ڪرڻ جي خوابن ۾ ڀلجي ويا... مثال طور بئنڪن جهڙن ادارن تي قبضو نه ڪيو ويو.&quot; ٻيو، سندس خيال ۾، سندن &quot;حد کان وڌيڪ فياضي&quot; کين [[طبقاتي دشمن]] کي &quot;تباهه ڪرڻ&quot; کان روڪيو. لينن موجب ڪميون جي حامين &quot;گهرو ويڙهه ۾ سڌين فوجي ڪاررواين جي اهميت کي گهٽ سمجهيو؛ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي فتح کي مڪمل ڪندڙ ورسائي خلاف فيصلائتو حملو ڪرڻ بدران، هنن دير ڪئي ۽ ورسائي حڪومت کي اونداهين قوتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ مئي جي رت ۾ ٻڏل هفتي جي تياريءَ لاءِ وقت ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir Ilyich |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm |title=Lenin Collected Works |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |year=2004 |volume=13 |location=Moscow |publication-date=1972 |pages=475–478 |translator-last=Isaacs |translator-first=Bernard |chapter=Lessons of the Commune |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |access-date=12 March 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312200100/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=live |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] and Lenin Internet Archive; originally published in ''Zagranichnaya Gazeta'' (''Foreign Gazette''), No. 2 |orig-year=Originally published 23 March 1908 from speech at Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1926ع ۾ [[مائو زي تنگ]] ''پيرس ڪميون جي ياد ملهائڻ جي اهميت'' شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cai |first1=Xiang |title=Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966) |last2=蔡翔 |date=2016 |others=Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍 |isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9 |location=Durham |pages=423 |oclc=932368688}}&lt;/ref&gt; لينن جي تجزيي وانگر مائو لکيو ته ڪميون جي ناڪاميءَ جا ٻه سبب هئا: (1) ان جي اڳواڻيءَ لاءِ هڪ متحد ۽ منظم پارٽي موجود نه هئي، ۽ (2) اها پنهنجن دشمنن سان حد کان وڌيڪ نرم هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== ٻيا رايا ===

[[File:Jules Bergeret.jpg|thumb|upright|قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جول برژري خوني هفتي دوران پيرس مان ڀڄي ويو ۽ نيويارڪ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي 1905ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي.]]

ڪميون دوران پيرس ۾ آمريڪي سفير [[ايليهو واشبرن]] پنهنجي ذاتي روزنامچي ۾، جنهن جا وڏا اقتباس مشهور تاريخدان [[ڊيوڊ ميڪلو]] جي ڪتاب ''[[دي گريٽر جرني]]'' ([[Simon &amp; Schuster]]، 2011ع) ۾ شامل آهن، ڪميون جي حامين کي &quot;ڌاڙيل&quot;، &quot;قاتل&quot; ۽ &quot;بدڪردار&quot; قرار ڏنو. هن لکيو: &quot;مون وٽ هن وقت پنهنجي نفرت جو اظهار ڪرڻ لاءِ وقت ناهي ... [اهي] ڌمڪي ڏين ٿا ته جيڪڏهن هٿيار نه ڦٽا ڪيا ويا ته پيرس کي تباهه ڪري سڀني کي ان جي کنڊرن هيٺ دفن ڪري ڇڏيندا.&quot;

ايڊون چائلڊ، جيڪو لنڊن جو هڪ نوجوان هو ۽ پيرس ۾ ڪم ڪندو هو، لکي ٿو ته ڪميون دوران &quot;عورتون شينهنين وانگر وڙهنديون هيون، هر هنڌ پيٽرول اڇلائينديون هيون ۽ جنهن شدت سان هوءَ وڙهنديون هيون، تنهن ڪري نمايان نظر اينديون هيون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eye-witness accounts quoted in 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson p. 197 (see bibliography)&lt;/ref&gt; بهرحال، جديد تحقيق موجب دليل ڏنو ويو آهي ته ڪميون جون اهي مشهور عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ، يا {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}}، شايد وڌايل تصور يا هڪ افسانو هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Tombs, ''The War Against Paris: 1871'', Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages {{ISBN|978-0-521-28784-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gay Gullickson, ''Unruly Women of Paris'', Cornell Univ Press, 1996, 304 pages {{ISBN|978-0-8014-8318-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; ليساگاري دعويٰ ڪئي ته هن افسانوي الزام سبب مئي جي آخر ۾ پيرس ۾ سوين پورهيت عورتون قتل ڪيون ويون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کين ڪوڙي طرح {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}} قرار ڏنو ويو؛ پر هن پنهنجي دعويٰ جي حمايت ۾ ڪو به ثبوت پيش نه ڪيو. ليساگاري اهو به لکيو ته خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ لڳل باهين مان شايد اڌ لاءِ فرانسيسي فوج جي توپخاني جي گولاباري ذميوار هئي.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2012|pp=277–278}} تنهن هوندي به، [[ٽويلري محل]]، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۽ ٻين اهم سرڪاري عمارتن جي کنڊرن جون تصويرون ڏيکارين ٿيون ته انهن جون ٻاهريون ڀتيون توپن جي گولاباريءَ کان تقريباً محفوظ رهيون، جڏهن ته اندريون حصا مڪمل طور باهه سبب سڙي ويا هئا؛ ۽ جول برژري جهڙا نمايان ڪميون جا حامي، جيڪي نيويارڪ ڀڄي ويا هئا، پاڻ فخر سان انهن مشهور باهه لڳائڻ وارن واقعن جي ذميواري قبول ڪندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

== ٿئير جي بحران کي سنڀالڻ بابت علمي اختلاف ==

تاريخدان [[جي. پي. ٽي. بيري]] جو خيال آهي ته ٿئير هن بحران کي بي رحماڻي پر ڪامياب طريقي سان منهن ڏنو، جنهن سان [[فرانس جي ٽئين جمهوريه|ٽئين جمهوريه]] لاءِ هڪ مضبوط بنياد فراهم ٿيو. سندس لفظن ۾، &quot;ايتري وڏي انگ ۾ انتهاپسندن جي جلاوطنيءَ نئين جمهوريه کي [...] پرامن ۽ منظم نموني ترقي ڪرڻ جو موقعو ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bury |first=J.P.T. |title=France, 1814–1940 |edition =6th|date=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415316002 |pages=108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اهوئي موقف فرانسيسي تاريخدان [[الين پليسي]] به اختيار ڪري ٿو، جيڪو لکي ٿو ته &quot;ڪميون جي حامين جي سخت دٻاءُ [...] آخرڪار ٽئين جمهوريه جي قيام کي آسان بڻايو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Plessis |first=Alain |title=The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1985 |isbn=9780521358569 |pages=173}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڊيوڊ ٿامسن (تاريخدان)|ڊيوڊ ٿامسن]] موجب، هڪ اهڙي ملڪ جي وحدت بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ، جيڪو وڏي فوجي شڪست ۽ بي شمار ڌڙن سبب ورهائجي چڪو هو، ٿئير وٽ ٻيو ڪو عملي رستو نه هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=T. |title=Europe 1870–1991 |last2=Murphy |first2=D. |publisher=Collins Educational |year=2000 |isbn=0003271331 |pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٻئي فرانسيسي تاريخدان، [[پال لڊسڪي]]، دليل ڏئي ٿو ته ٿئير پاڻ کي مکيه اخبارن ۽ اهم دانشورن جي دٻاءَ هيٺ محسوس ڪيو، جيڪي &quot;سماجي ۽ جمهوري گند&quot; (''[[لي فيگارو]]'') ۽ &quot;اهي نفرت جوڳا بدمعاش&quot; ([[ڪائونٽيس ڊي سيگور]]) خلاف فيصلائتي ڪارروائي جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lidsky |first=Paul |title=Les écrivains contre la Commune |publisher=François Maspéro |year=1982 |isbn=9782707113412 |location=Paris |pages=72 |language=fr |trans-title=Writers against the Commune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايستائين جو هڪ اعتدال پسند روزاني اخبار ''{{lang|fr|لي ڊراپو ٽريڪولور}}'' به لکي رهي هئي: &quot;ڀلي اسان کي هن بغاوت کي رت ۾ ٻوڙڻو پوي، يا ان کي سڙندڙ شهر جي کنڊرن هيٺ دفن ڪرڻو پوي، پوءِ به ڪنهن به قسم جي سمجهوتي جي ڪا گنجائش نه هوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris |trans-title=The responsibility of the press in the repression of the Paris Commune |url=https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201025/https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/ |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=Le vent se lève |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيئڊور زيلڊن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''France 1848–1945, vol. I'' ۾ ته ايتري حد تائين وڃي ٿو جو هو چوي ٿو ته ٿئير ڄاڻي واڻي پيرس کي خالي ڪرائڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جيئن آباديءَ جي هڪ حصي کي بغاوت لاءِ اڪسائي سگهجي، ۽ پوءِ پيرس کي هڪ باغي قوت قرار ڏئي ان کي چيڀاٽڻ جو جواز حاصل ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=T. |title=Europe, 1870–1991 |last2=Murphy |first2=D. |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]] |year=2000 |isbn=0003271331 |pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== اثر ۽ ورثو ==

[[File:The red banner from the Commune, brought to Moscow by French communists.jpg|left|thumb|ڪميون جو ڳاڙهو جهنڊو، جيڪو فرانسيسي ڪميونسٽ جون 1924ع ۾ ماسڪو کڻي آيا.&lt;br /&gt; [[ڪليمنت وروشيلوف]] ساڄي پاسي، [[گريگوري زينوويف]] ساڄي کان ٽيون، [[آويل ينوڪيدزي]] چوٿون، ۽ [[نيڪولاءِ انتيپوف]] پنجون بيٺل آهن.]]

پيرس ڪميون ٻين ڪيترين بغاوتن کي متاثر ڪيو، جن کي ڪميون سڏيو ويو يا جيڪي ان نالي سان مشهور ٿيون: [[1905ع جي ماسڪو بغاوت|ماسڪو (ڊسمبر 1905ع)]]؛ [[هنگري سوويت جمهوريه|هنگري (مارچ–جولاءِ 1919ع)]]؛ [[گوانگژو بغاوت|ڪينٽن (ڊسمبر 1927ع)]]؛ ۽ سڀ کان مشهور طور [[فيبروري انقلاب|پيٽروگراڊ (1917ع)]]، [[1927ع جي شنگهائي ڪميون|شنگهائي، 1927ع]] ۽ [[شنگهائي عوامي ڪميون|شنگهائي، 1967ع]]. پوءِ جي ڪميونسٽ ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻن ڪميون کي تعريف ۽ حيرت سان ڏٺو. ولاديمير لينن روسي [[سوويت (ڪائونسل)|سوويتَن]] کي ڪميون جون همعصر صورتون قرار ڏنو&lt;ref name=&quot;cht&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Neil |title=The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought |date=4 December 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139053600 |page=251}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ لکيو: &quot;اسان رڳو انهن ديو قامت ماڻهن جي ڪلهن تي ويٺل بونا آهيون.&quot; جڏهن سندس بالشويڪ حڪومت ٻن مهينن کان وڌيڪ عرصو قائم رهي ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت ڪميون جي مدت کان وڌي وئي، تڏهن هن ماسڪو ۾ برف تي ناچ ڪري جشن ملهايو. بالشويڪ حڪومت جي وزيرن ۽ عملدارن کي ''[[ڪميسار]]'' جو لقب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو سڌيءَ طرح ڪميون جي {{lang|fr|ڪميسير}} مان ورتو ويو هو. ماسڪو ۾ [[لينن جو مقبرو]] ڪميون جي انهن ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو، ۽ اڄ به آهي، جيڪي فرانسيسي ڪميونسٽ 1924ع ۾ ماسڪو آندا هئا.{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=264}} [[جوزف اسٽالن|اسٽالن]] لکيو: &quot;1917ع ۾ اسان سمجهيو ته اسين هڪ ڪميون، يعني مزدورن جي انجمن، قائم ڪنداسين ۽ بيوروڪريسيءَ جو خاتمو آڻينداسين... اهو هڪ اهڙو مقصد آهي، جنهن تائين پهچڻ کان اسين اڃا تمام پري آهيون.&quot;{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=264}} [[بالشويڪ|بالشويڪن]] پنهنجي [[روسي جنگي جهاز سيوستوپول (1911ع)|ڊريڊناٽ جنگي جهاز ''سيوستوپول'']] جو نالو بدلائي {{lang|ru|پاريژسڪايا ڪميونا}} رکيو. [[سوويت يونين]] جي دور ۾ خلائي پرواز [[ووسخود 1]] پاڻ سان ڪميون جي هڪ جهنڊي جو حصو کڻي وئي.

ڪميون جي حامين ڪيترن انتشار پسندن کي متاثر ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پال بروس]]، [[ايريڪو مالاتيستا]]، [[ڪارلو ڪافييرو]] ۽ [[آندريا ڪوسٽا]] شامل هئا. هٿيار کڻڻ سان هنن پنهنجا خيال ان کان وڌيڪ تيزيءَ ۽ زور سان پکيڙيا، جيترو رڳو لکيل لفظ ذريعي ممڪن هجي ها. تاريخدان زوئي بيڪر لکي ٿي ته &quot;جڏهن ڪنهن ڪتاب يا اخبار کي ڪنهن ماڻهوءَ کي شدت پسند بڻائڻ لاءِ ڳولڻو، خريد ڪرڻو ۽ پڙهڻو پوي ٿو، تڏهن هڪ بغاوت تمام تيزيءَ سان ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ جو ڌيان ڇڪائي ٿي، جن ۾ [[خواندگي#صنعتڪاري|اهي ماڻهو به شامل آهن، جيڪي پڙهي نٿا سگهن]]، ۽ کين اهڙي حالت ۾ آڻي ٿي، جتي جاري جدوجهد ۾ کين لازمي طور ڪنهن هڪ پاسي بيهڻو پوي ٿو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Baker, Zoe. “Chapter Six: Insurrectionist Anarchism.” Means and Ends, AK Press, 2023, p. 204.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرانس جي قومي اسيمبلي|قومي اسيمبليءَ]] 24 جولاءِ 1873ع تي [[ساڪري ڪور، پيرس|ساڪري ڪور گرجا]] جي تعمير لاءِ قانون منظور ڪيو، جيڪو [[مونٽ مارتر]] تي توپن واري ميدان جي ويجهو ۽ ان هنڌ جي ڀرسان تعمير ٿيڻو هو، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ جنرل ليڪومت ماريا ويا هئا. قانون ۾ واضح ڪيو ويو ته هي عمارت &quot;ڪميون جي ڏوهن جي ڪفاري&quot; لاءِ اڏي وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No. 1262 – Rapport d'information de M. Bernard Accoyer fait au nom de la mission d'information sur les questions mémorielles |trans-title=No. 1262 – Information report by Mr. Bernard Accoyer made on behalf of the information mission on memory issues |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102901/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=www.assemblee-nationale.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; رو هاڪسو تي هڪ تختي ۽ {{ill|نوتر دام ديز اوتاژ چرچ|lt=نوتر دام ديز اوتاژ|fr|Église Notre-Dame-des-Otages}} (يرغمالين جي پاڪ ماءُ) نالي هڪ گرجا ان هنڌ جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، جتي پادرين، ژاندارمن ۽ چئن عام شهرين سميت پنجاهه يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Gregor Dallas, ''An Exercise in Terror: the Paris Commune 1871'', ''History Today'', Volume 39, Issue 2, 1989&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] ۾ ان ڀت تي به هڪ تختي لڳل آهي، جتي 147 ڪميون جا حامي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيا ويا، ۽ جيڪا عام طور [[ڪميون جي حامين جي ڀت]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref&gt;Cobban, Alfred (1965), ''A History of Modern France'', p. 215. Penguin Books&lt;/ref&gt; ڪميون جي ياد ۾ هر سال مئي مهيني ۾ قبرستان اندر يادگاري تقريبون منعقد ٿين ٿيون. [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي پٺيان لڳل هڪ ٻي تختي ان اجتماعي قبر جي هنڌ جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي، جتي فوج پاران گولي هڻي قتل ڪيل ڪميون جي حامين کي دفنايو ويو هو. پوءِ سندن باقيات کي شهر جي قبرستانن ۾ ٻيهر دفنايو ويو.

[[File:Commune2011.jpg|thumb|[[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] ۾ لڳل هڪ تختي ڪميون جي مارجي ويلن کي ڀيٽا پيش ڪري ٿي.]]

ڪيترن هنڌن جا نالا پيرس ڪميون جي نالي تي رکيا ويا آهن. انهن ۾ پيرس جو {{interlanguage link|پلاس ڊي لا ڪميون-ڊي-پيرس|fr|Place de la Commune-de-Paris (Paris)}}، [[برلن]]، [[جرمني]] جي [[شتراسه دير پاريزر ڪميون]]، [[پراگ]]، [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] جي [[ڪوموناردو]] ۽ [[هو چي منهه شهر]]، [[ويتنام]] جو [[ڪونگ زا پيرس چوڪ]] شامل آهن.

پيرس ڪميون چين جي [[ثقافتي انقلاب]] دوران بار بار سامهون ايندڙ موضوع هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; جڏهن شاگردن [[16 مئي واري اطلاع]] کان پوءِ پهريون [[وڏن اکرن وارو پوسٽر]] لڳايو، تڏهن [[مائو زي تنگ]] ان کي &quot;چين جي ويهين صديءَ واري پيرس ڪميون جو اعلان&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Russo |first=Alessandro |title=Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1218-4 |location=Durham |pages=144 |oclc=1156439609}}&lt;/ref&gt; ثقافتي انقلاب جي شروعاتي دور ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي روزمره زندگيءَ جي خود رو طبيعت ۽ عوامي سياسي شرڪت کي سکڻ لائق سبق سمجهيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Suzy |title=Everyday life in the North Korean revolution, 1945–1950 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5017-0568-7 |location=Ithaca |pages=33 |oclc=950929415}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، 8 آگسٽ 1966ع واري &quot;[[چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي]] جو [[ثقافتي انقلاب|عظيم پرولتاري ثقافتي انقلاب]] بابت فيصلو&quot; ۾ چيو ويو: &quot;ثقافتي انقلابي ٽولن ۽ ڪميٽين جي ميمبرن، ۽ ثقافتي انقلابي ڪانگريسن جي نمائندن جي چونڊ لاءِ پيرس ڪميون جهڙو عام چونڊن جو نظام قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ثقافتي انقلاب جي ان مرحلي دوران، جڏهن عوامي سياسي متحرڪ ٿيڻ گهٽجي رهيو هو، [[شينگ ووليان]]، جيڪو هونان صوبي جو هڪ [[انتهاپسند کاٻي ڌر|انتهاپسند کاٻي ڌر]] وارو گروهه هو، پنهنجي نظريي کي پيرس ڪميون جي بنيادي برابري پسنديءَ واري فطرت تي ترتيب ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Yiching |title=The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis |date=2014 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-41985-8 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=145–146 |oclc=881183403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پول پاٽ]]، [[خمير روج]] جو اڳواڻ، پڻ پيرس ڪميون کان متاثر هو ۽ هن چيو ته ڪميون ان ڪري ختم ڪئي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پرولتاريه بورجوازيءَ مٿان آمريت لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. هن چيو ته هو اها ساڳي غلطي نه ڪندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Short |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&amp;pg=PT326 |title=Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare |date=25 April 2013 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=9781444780307 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111041245/https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&amp;pg=PT326 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021ع ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي 150هين سالگرهه &quot;نمائشن، ليڪچرن، موسيقيءَ جي محفلن، ناٽڪن ۽ شاعري پڙهڻ جي پروگرامن جي هڪ سلسلي&quot; سان ملهائي، جيڪو مارچ کان مئي تائين جاري رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot; /&gt; پيرس جي ميئر [[آن هيدالگو]] مونٽ مارتر ۾ [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا]] جو مقامي يادگاري [[اراوڪاريا]] وڻ پوکيو؛ نيو ڪيلڊونيا اهو هنڌ هو، جتي ڪميون کي چيڀاٽڻ کان پوءِ هزارين ڪميون حامي جلاوطن ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vock |first=Ido |date=2021-03-18 |title=After 150 years, the legacy of the Paris Commune continues to divide France |publisher=[[New Statesman]] |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419032146/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france |archive-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; شهر پاران ڪميون جي ياد ملهائڻ جا منصوبا تڪراري ثابت ٿيا، ۽ شهري ڪائونسل جي ساڄي ڌر جي ميمبرن احتجاج ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conman |first=Julian |date=2021-03-07 |title=Vive la Commune? The working-class insurrection that shook the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010123/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world |archive-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

150 سال گذرڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون هڪ جذباتي ۽ سياسي طور حساس موضوع آهي. 29 مئي 2021ع تي پيرس جي آرچ بشپ ۽ انهن ٻين يرغمالين جي ياد ۾ نڪتل 300 ماڻهن جي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ جلوس تي، جن کي ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، پير لاشيز قبرستان جي ڀرسان ڪميون جو جشن ملهائيندڙ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي فاشزم مخالفن جسماني حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Le Figaro, 30 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=A Paris, une procession catholique attaquée par des antifascistes {{!}} CNEWS |url=https://www.cnews.fr/faits-divers/2021-05-30/paris-une-procession-catholique-attaquee-par-des-antifascistes-1087229 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.cnews.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; کاٻي ڌر جي تشدد سبب سٺ ورهين جي عمر جا ٻه ڪيٿولڪ زمين تي ڪري پيا، جڏهن ته مٿي ۾ زخم لڳل هڪ ماڻهوءَ کي اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

[[بي بي سي نيوز]] موجب، 2021ع تائين پيرس ڪميون جا حامي ان کي &quot;اميد جي هڪ بهار، جنهن کي قدامت پسند قوتن رت سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏيو&quot; سمجهندا هئا، جڏهن ته سياسي ساڄي ڌر جا ماڻهو ڪميون کي &quot;افراتفري ۽ طبقاتي انتقام جو دور&quot; قرار ڏيندا هئا. هو پادرين جي قتل ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل جهڙين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙڻ کي ياد ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schofield |first=Hugh |date=2021-03-18 |title=Paris Commune: The revolt dividing France 150 years on |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010122/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710 |archive-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = پيرس ڪميون
| partof            = [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] دوران [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871)|پيرس جي گهيري]] کان پوءِ جا واقعا
| image             = Barricade18March1871 (cropped).jpg
| caption           = 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[ڪميونارڊ]] [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽ.
| date              = 18 مارچ – 28 مئي 1871ع&lt;br&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=3|month2=5|day1=18|day2=28}})
| place             = [[پيرس]]، [[فرانس]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|type:city(2,100,000)_region:FR-75C|qid=Q90|format=dms|display=it}}
| result            = بغاوت دٻائي وئي
* فرانسيسي حڪومت پاران ٻي قومي محافظ دستي کي ختم ڪيو ويو.
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|France|1794}} [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|فرانسيسي جمهوريه]]
* [[فرانسيسي فوج]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ڪميونارڊ]]&lt;br&gt;[[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[جوزف وينوا]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[گاسٽون ڊي گاليفي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[ارنسٽ ڪورٽو ڊي سيسي]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} {{ill|مارٽن ڊوڊيل|fr|Martin Daudel}}
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]{{KIA}}
*{{Nowrap|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]{{KIA}}}}
}}
| strength1         = 170,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy |trans-title=The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy |url=http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030335/http://www.commune1871.org/bulletins/base/bulletin%2018/Textes/commune02.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| strength2         = 25,000–50,000{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}
| casualties1       = 987–1,162 مارجي ويا&lt;br&gt;6,580–6,755 زخمي&lt;br&gt;183 لاپتا&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;/&gt;
| casualties2       = 6,667&lt;ref name=&quot;RTombs&quot;&gt;[[Robert Tombs|Tombs, Robert]], &quot;How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision&quot;. ''[[The Historical Journal]]'', September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704.&lt;/ref&gt;–20,000 مارجي ويا&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Audin |first=Michele |title=La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes |language=fr |publisher=Libertalia |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=118}}{{Sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}&lt;br&gt;43,000 گرفتار&lt;br&gt;6,500–7,500 ملڪ ڇڏي ڀڄي ويا{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Paris Commune}}
}}

'''پيرس ڪميون''' ({{Langx|fr|Commune de Paris}},  هڪ فرانسيسي انقلابي حڪومت هئي، جنهن 18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[پيرس]] تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ 28 مئي 1871ع تائين شهر جي ڪجهه حصن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو. [[فرانڪو-پروشيا جنگ]] (1870–1871ع) دوران [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] پيرس جو دفاع ڪيو هو، ۽ ان جي سپاهين ۾ [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي انقلابي سوچ وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي. سيپٽمبر 1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه]] جي قيام (۽ فيبروري 1871ع کان [[ادولف ٿئير]] جي سربراهي) کان پوءِ، ۽ مارچ 1871ع تائين جرمن فوجن هٿان [[فرانسيسي فوج]] جي مڪمل شڪست کان پوءِ، قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين 18 مارچ تي شهر جو ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. [[ڪميونارڊ]] ٻن فرانسيسي جنرلن کي قتل ڪيو ۽ ٽين جمهوريه جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ان جي بدران، انهن انقلابي ڌرين پنهنجي هڪ آزاد حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.

ڪميون ٻن مهينن تائين پيرس تي حڪومت ڪئي ۽ اهڙيون پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جيڪي مجموعي طور [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] ۽ [[مذهب دشمني|مذهب مخالف]] نظام ڏانهن مائل هيون ۽ جيڪي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي مختلف فڪري لاڙن جو گڏيل امتزاج هيون. انهن پاليسين ۾ [[مذهب ۽ رياست جي جدائي]]، [[خودانتظامي|خود پوليسنگ]]، گهرن جي ڀاڙي ۾ رعايت، [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ختم ڪرڻ، ۽ [[مزدورن جي خودانتظامي|ملازمن کي مالڪ پاران ڇڏيل ڪاروبار پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺڻ جو حق]] شامل هئا. ڪميون پيرس جون سڀئي [[ڪيٿولڪ گرجا گهر]] ۽ مذهبي اسڪول بند ڪري ڇڏيا. [[حقوقِ نسواں|نسواني تحريڪ]]، [[ڪميونزم]]، پراڻي طرز جي [[سماجي جمهوريت]] (اصلاح پسندي ۽ انقلابيت جو ميلاپ)، [[انارڪزم|انارڪسٽ]] ۽ [[پيئر-جوزف پروڌون|پروڌونسٽ]] لاڙا، ۽ ٻين [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] فڪري اسڪولن ڪميون ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.

مختلف ڪميونارڊن وٽ پنهنجا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن مهينن کان به گهٽ وقت هو، ان کان اڳ جو فرانسيسي قومي فوج 21 مئي 1871ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ {{lang|fr|[[semaine sanglante]]}} (&quot;رت ڀريو هفتو&quot;) دوران ڪميون کي ڪچلي ڇڏيو. ٽين جمهوريه سان وفادار قومي فوجن اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميونارڊن کي يا ته جنگ ۾ قتل ڪيو يا ڦاسي ڏني، جيتوڻيڪ 1876ع جي هڪ غير تصديق ٿيل اندازي موجب هي انگ 20,000 تائين پهچي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audin, Michele 1871&quot; /&gt; ڪميون پنهنجي آخري ڏينهن ۾ [[پيرس جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ آرچ ڊائوسيس|پيرس جي آرچ بشپ]] [[جارج ڊاربوئي]] ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين، جن ۾ گهڻا [[جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارم]] ۽ پادري هئا، کي پڻ قتل ڪيو.

قومي فوج 43,522 ڪميونارڊن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پيرس ڪميون ۾ عورتون|1,054 عورتون]] به شامل هيون. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ جنگ ۾ حصو نه ورتو هو، تنهنڪري کين فوري طور آزاد ڪيو ويو. ٽين جمهوريه لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 ماڻهن تي مقدمو هلايو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهي قرار ڏنا ويا. انهن مان 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري پورهئي، ۽ 1,169 کي جلاوطني (گهڻو ڪري [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا جي تعزيري ڪالوني|نيو ڪيلڊونيا]]) جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ٻيا حامي، جن ۾ ڪجهه اڳواڻ پڻ شامل هئا، انگلينڊ، بيلجيم ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ ڏانهن ڀڄي ويا. 1880ع ۾ سڀني زندهه قيدين ۽ جلاوطن ماڻهن کي عام معافي ملي ۽ هو واپس فرانس موٽي آيا، جتي ڪجهه ماڻهن ٻيهر سياسي سرگرميون شروع ڪيون.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

ڪميون جي پاليسين ۽ ان جي نتيجن بابت ٿيندڙ بحثن [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز]] جي نظرين تي گهرو اثر وڌو. ٻنهي پيرس جي هن حڪومت کي [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] جو پهريون عملي مثال قرار ڏنو. اينگلز لکيو:

{{Quote|
&quot;تازو وري سماجي-جمهوري فلستيني 'پرولتاريه جي آمريت' وارن لفظن کان سخت ڊڄي ويو آهي. چڱو، حضرات، جيڪڏهن توهان ڄاڻڻ چاهيو ٿا ته اها آمريت ڪهڙي هوندي آهي، ته پوءِ پيرس ڪميون ڏانهن نظر ڪريو. اها ئي پرولتاريه جي آمريت هئي.&quot;
}}

{{Sfn|Rougerie|2004|pp=264–270|ps=، فريڊرڪ اينگلز جي 18 مارچ 1891ع تي لنڊن ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي ويهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي ڪيل تقرير مان.}}

== پسمنظر ==

2 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تي [[سيڊان جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانس کي شڪست آئي ۽ شهنشاهه [[نيپولين ٽيون]] گرفتار ٿي ويو. جڏهن ٻئي ڏينهن اها خبر پيرس پهتي ته حيران ۽ ڪاوڙيل ماڻهو گهٽين ۾ نڪري آيا. قائم مقام ريجنٽ [[يوجيني ڊي مونتيجو|ملڪا يوجيني]] شهر ڇڏي ڀڄي وئي، ۽ [[فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت]] جي حڪومت جلدي ئي ختم ٿي وئي. [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جي جمهوري ۽ انقلابي ميمبرن [[فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان (4 سيپٽمبر 1870ع)|نئين فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ۽ جنگ جاري رکڻ جي ارادي سان [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي. ان دوران پروشيائي فوج تيزيءَ سان پيرس ڏانهن وڌڻ لڳي.

=== آبادي ===

1871ع ۾ فرانس وڏي حد تائين ورهايل هو. هڪ پاسي فرانس جي ٻهراڙين جي وڏي، ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند آبادي هئي، جڏهن ته ٻئي پاسي پيرس، مارسيلي، ليون ۽ ڪجهه ٻين شهرن جي وڌيڪ جمهوري ۽ انقلابي آبادي هئي. [[1869ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ]] جي پهرئين مرحلي ۾، جيڪا فرانسيسي سلطنت جي دور ۾ ٿي، 44,38,000 ماڻهن [[بوناپارٽسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪي نيپولين ٽئين جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته 33,50,000 ماڻهن جمهوري يا [[ليجٽمسٽ]] اميدوارن کي ووٽ ڏنو. پر پيرس ۾ جمهوري اميدوارن کي واضح برتري حاصل رهي، جتي انهن کي 234,000 ووٽ مليا، جڏهن ته بوناپارٽسٽن کي صرف 77,000 ووٽ مليا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

1869ع جي سرڪاري مردم شماري موجب، پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ويهه لک آباديءَ مان اٽڪل 500,000 صنعتي مزدور هئا، جيڪي فرانس جي سمورن صنعتي مزدورن جو لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن سيڪڙو هئا، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ 300,000 کان 400,000 ماڻهو ٻين ڪاروبارن ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا. انهن مان رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 ماڻهو ڪارخانن ۽ وڏين صنعتن ۾ ملازم هئا؛ اڪثريت ڪپڙي، فرنيچر ۽ تعميراتي شعبي جي ننڍين صنعتن ۾ ڪم ڪندي هئي. شهر ۾ 115,000 گهريلو ملازم ۽ 45,000 دربان پڻ هئا. مقامي فرانسيسي آبادي کان علاوه، لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 پرڏيهي مزدور ۽ سياسي پناهگير به موجود هئا، جن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اٽلي ۽ پولينڊ مان آيل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

جنگ ۽ [[پيرس جو گهيرو (1870–1871ع)|پيرس جي گهيري]] دوران وچولي ۽ مٿئين طبقي جا ڪيترائي ماڻهو شهر ڇڏي هليا ويا. ساڳئي وقت جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل فرانس جي علائقن مان وڏي انگ ۾ پناهگير پيرس پهتا. جنگ ۽ گهيري سبب صنعتي سرگرمين جي بندش جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثر مزدورن ۽ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ ماڻهن تي پيو، ۽ اهي ئي بعد ۾ ڪميون جي عوامي حمايت جو بنيادي بنياد بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=65}}

=== پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ انقلابي رجحان ===

[[File:Second French Empire (1852-1870) (A10).jpg|thumb|فرانس جي ٻي سلطنت دوران هڪ لوهه ڳارڻ واري ڪارخاني ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻار]]

پيرس ڪميون، ڪجهه حد تائين، پيرس جي مزدورن ۾ وڌندڙ بيچيني ۽ ناراضگيءَ جو نتيجو هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt; هن بيچينيءَ جون پاڙون 1830ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ليون ۽ پيرس ۾ ٿيندڙ مزدورن جي شروعاتي بغاوتن، يعني [[ڪانو بغاوتون|ڪانو بغاوتن]]، تائين پهچن ٿيون. ({{lang|fr|[[canut]]}} ليون جو ريشم اُڻيندڙ مزدور هوندو هو، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري [[جيڪارڊ اُڻت مشين]] تي ڪم ڪندو هو.){{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=1}} ڪيترائي پيرسي، خاص طور مزدور ۽ هيٺئين وچولي طبقي جا ماڻهو، هڪ جمهوري رياست جا حامي هئا. سندن هڪ خاص مطالبو اهو هو ته پيرس کي پنهنجي چونڊيل ڪائونسل ذريعي خود حڪومت جو حق ڏنو وڃي، جيئن فرانس جي ننڍن شهرن کي حاصل هو، پر قومي حڪومت، جيڪا راڄڌاني جي بي قابو سياسي ماحول کان ڊڄندي هئي، اهو حق پيرس کي نه ڏيندي هئي.

[[پهريون انٽرنيشنل|فرسٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جهڙيون اشتراڪي تحريڪون فرانس ۾ سوين لاڳاپيل تنظيمن سان گڏ تيزيءَ سان اثرانداز ٿي رهيون هيون. 1867ع جي شروعات ۾ پيرس جي پتل جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل مالڪن پنهنجي مزدورن جي يونين ٽوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر اها ڪوشش انٽرنيشنل پاران منظم ڪيل هڙتال سبب ناڪام ٿي وئي. ساڳئي سال پيرس ۾ ٿيل هڪ عوامي احتجاج جي جواب ۾ حڪومت انٽرنيشنل جي انتظامي ڪميٽي کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ ان جي اڳواڻن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو. ڇڪتاڻ وڌندي وئي؛ انٽرنيشنلسٽن نئين ڪميٽي چونڊي، وڌيڪ انقلابي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، حڪومت سندن اڳواڻن کي قيد ڪيو، ۽ [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل#1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس|1868ع جي برسلز ڪانگريس]] تائين تنظيم جو رخ وڌيڪ انقلابي بڻجي ويو. انٽرنيشنل جو اثر انهن فرانسيسي مزدورن تي به نمايان هو، جيڪي رسمي طور ان سان لاڳاپيل نه هئا، خاص طور پيرس ۽ ٻين وڏن شهرن ۾.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=3–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

صحافي [[وڪٽر نوار]] جي قتل پيرس جي ماڻهن کي سخت ڪاوڙايو، ۽ شهنشاهه تي تنقيد ڪندڙ صحافين جي گرفتارين به شهر کي پرامن نه بڻايو. جرمن فوجي نمائندي [[الفريڊ فان والڊرزي]] فيبروري ۾ پنهنجي ڊائريءَ ۾ لکيو:

&gt; &quot;هر رات الڳ الڳ هنڌن تي رڪاوٽون بيهاريون وينديون هيون، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري استعمال کان ٻاهر ٿيل گاڏين، خاص طور اومني بسن، مان ٺاهيون وينديون هيون. بي ترتيب فائرنگ ٿيندي هئي، ۽ سوين ماڻهو، جن مان گهڻا بلڪل نوجوان هوندا هئا، هنگامن ۾ حصو وٺندا هئا.&quot;

پر هن اهو پڻ لکيو ته:

&gt; &quot;مزدور، هڪ طبقي جي حيثيت ۾، انهن واقعن ۾ حصو نه وٺندا هئا.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Waldersee |first=Alfred von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |title=A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee |date=2019 |publisher=Borodino Books |isbn=978-1-163-18135-5 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5CkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22working-men+as+a+class%22%22waldersee%22&amp;pg=PT33 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1870ع جي شروعات ۾ بغاوت ذريعي حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي هڪ ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي وئي، پر [[1870ع جي فرانسيسي آئيني ريفرنڊم]] کان پوءِ ڇڪتاڻ ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي اچي وئي. جولاءِ 1870ع ۾ نيپولين ٽئين پاران پروشيا خلاف شروع ڪيل جنگ کي شروعات ۾ وڏي حب الوطنيءَ واري جوش ۽ جذبي سان قبول ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=March |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofparisco00marcrich |title=The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=London, S. Sonnenschein &amp; co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan &amp; co. |year=1896 |pages=7–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انقلابي ۽ انقلاب پسند ===

[[File:Louis Auguste Blanqui.JPG|thumb|upright|[[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]]، ڪميون جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ، ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران قيد ۾ رهيو.]]

پيرس ڊگهي عرصي کان فرانس جي انقلابي تحريڪن جو مرڪز رهيو هو. [[جولاءِ انقلاب|جولاءِ 1830ع جي انقلاب]] ۽ [[1848ع جو فرانسيسي انقلاب]] دوران انقلابين عوامي بغاوتن وسيلي گهٽين ۾ نڪري پنهنجون حڪومتون ڪيرايون. ان کان پوءِ به ڪيترائي ناڪام انقلابي قدم کنيا ويا، جهڙوڪ 1832ع جي [[جون بغاوت]] ۽ [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]].

ڪميون جي زماني ۾ پيرس ۾ سرگرم انقلابي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند گروهه &quot;بنيادپرست جمهوري خواه&quot; (Radical Republicans) هو. هن گروهه ۾ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر ۽ مستقبل جو وزيراعظم [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، جيڪو [[قومي اسيمبلي (فرانس)|قومي اسيمبلي]] جو ميمبر ۽ [[پيرس جو 18هون ارونڊيسمان]] جو ميئر هو. ڪليمانسو ڪميون ۽ حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر ٻنهي ڌرين مٿس اعتماد نه ڪيو. فرانس جي ٻهراڙيءَ مان چونڊيل نمائندن جي نظر ۾ هو انتهائي انقلابي هو، جڏهن ته ڪميون جي اڳواڻن وٽ هو ضرورت کان وڌيڪ اعتدال پسند سمجهيو ويندو هو.

پيرس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير انقلابي [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي]] جا پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪو هڪ ڪرشماتي پيشاور انقلابي هو ۽ جنهن پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جيل ۾ گذاريو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pilbeam |first=Pamela M. |title=French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773583856 |location=Montreal |pages=33 |oclc=767669805}}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار پوئلڳ هئا، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هٿياربند هئا ۽ ڏهن ڄڻن تي ٻڌل [[خفيه سيل نظام|خفيه سيلن]] ۾ منظم ٿيل هئا. هر سيل مڪمل طور آزاد نموني ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين سيلن جي ميمبرن کان بي خبر هوندو هو، جڏهن ته رابطي لاءِ صرف پنهنجي اڳواڻن سان رمزي اشارا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. بلانڪي پنهنجي پوئلڳن جي رهنمائي لاءِ ''[[هٿياربند بغاوت لاءِ هدايتون]]'' (''Instructions for an Armed Uprising'') نالي هڪ رهنمائي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو. جيتوڻيڪ سندن تعداد گهڻو نه هو، پر [[بلانڪيست]] ڪميون کي ڪيترائي انتهائي منظم سپاهي ۽ ان جا ڪيترائي سينيئر اڳواڻ فراهم ڪيا.

=== پيرس جا محافظ ===

[[File:French Garde Nationale soldier with Tabatiere rifle 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|1870ع ۾ [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|فرانسيسي قومي محافظ دستي]] جو هڪ سپاهي]]

20 سيپٽمبر 1870ع تائين [[جرمن شاهي فوج]] پيرس جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ فرانسيسي مورچن کان رڳو {{convert|2000|m|ft}} جي فاصلي تي خيما هڻي ويٺي هئي. پيرس ۾ [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو|جنرل ٽروشو]] جي ڪمان هيٺ باقاعده [[فرانسيسي فوج]] وٽ رڳو 50,000 پيشاور سپاهي هئا. فرانسيسي فوج جا گهڻا پهرين صف جا سپاهي يا ته جنگي قيدي بڻجي چڪا هئا يا [[ميتز]] ۾ جرمن فوج جي گهيري ۾ ڦاٿل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

تنهنڪري باقاعده فوج کي لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 باهه وسائڻ وارن، 3,000 [[قومي جينڊارمري (فرانس)|جينڊارمن]] ۽ 15,000 ملاحن جي مدد حاصل هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}} ان کان علاوه ''[[گارڊ موبيل]]'' پڻ سندن ساٿ ڏنو، جنهن ۾ نوان ڀرتي ٿيل نوجوان شامل هئا، جن وٽ نه مناسب تربيت هئي ۽ نه ئي جنگي تجربو. انهن مان 17,000 پيرس جا رهواسي هئا، جڏهن ته 73,000 [[فرانس جا صوبا|صوبن]] مان آيا هئا. انهن ۾ [[برٽني]] جا ويهه بٽالين پڻ شامل هئا، جن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو فرانسيسي ٻولي به چڱيءَ طرح نه ڳالهائي سگهندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

پيرس جي سڀ کان وڏي هٿياربند قوت [[فرانس جي قومي محافظ دستو|قومي محافظ دستو]] هو، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 300,000 ماڻهو شامل هئا. انهن وٽ پڻ تمام ٿوري تربيت ۽ تجربو هو. اهي پاڙن (محلن) جي بنياد تي منظم ڪيا ويا هئا. [[فرانس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي مٿئين ۽ وچولي طبقي وارن علائقن جا دستا گهڻو ڪري قومي حڪومت جا حامي هئا، جڏهن ته پورهيت طبقن وارن پاڙن جا دستا وڌيڪ انقلابي ۽ سياسي طور سرگرم هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترين ئي يونٽن بابت مشهور هو ته انهن ۾ نظم و ضبط جي کوٽ هئي؛ ڪجهه يونٽ يونيفارم پائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندا هئا، حڪمن تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن تي بحث ڪندا هئا، ۽ پنهنجا آفيسر پاڻ چونڊڻ جو حق گهرندا هئا. پورهيت علائقن سان واسطو رکندڙ قومي محافظ دستي جا ميمبر ئي بعد ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي مکيه هٿياربند قوت بڻيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–145}}

=== پيرس جو گهيرو؛ پهريان احتجاج ===

[[File:Varlin-eugene.jpg|thumb|upright|[[يوجين وارلان]] قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن هزارن سپاهين جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن مارچ ڪيو.]]

جڏهن جرمن فوج شهر جو گهيرو ڪري ورتو، تڏهن بنيادپرست گروهن محسوس ڪيو ته [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] وٽ پنهنجي بچاءَ لاءِ ڪافي سپاهي موجود نه هئا، تنهنڪري هنن حڪومت خلاف پهريان احتجاج شروع ڪيا. 19 سيپٽمبر تي قومي محافظ دستي جون يونٽون، جيڪي پورهيت طبقي جي مکيه پاڙن—[[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[مينيلمونتان]]، [[لا ويليت، سين|لا ويليت]]، [[مونتروژ]]، [[فوبورگ سينٽ-انتوان]] ۽ [[فوبورگ دو ٽامپل]]—سان تعلق رکنديون هيون، شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانيون ٿيون ۽ مطالبو ڪيائون ته هڪ نئين حڪومت، يعني ڪميون، چونڊي وڃي. سندن سامهون قومي دفاع جي حڪومت سان وفادار باقاعده فوج جون يونٽون بيٺيون، ۽ نيٺ احتجاج ڪندڙ پرامن نموني منتشر ٿي ويا.

5 آڪٽوبر تي بيلويل مان لڳ ڀڳ 5,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ڏانهن مارچ ڪري پهتا ۽ فوري بلدياتي چونڊن ۽ رائفلن جي فراهمي جو مطالبو ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي [[پهريون انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻ [[يوجين وارلان]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪيترائي هزار سپاهي &quot;ڪميون زندهه باد!&quot; جا نعرا هڻندا شهر جي مرڪز ڏانهن روانا ٿيا، پر اهي پڻ بنا ڪنهن جهيڙي جي منتشر ٿي ويا.

آڪٽوبر جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ جنرل [[لوئي-جول ٽروشو]] جرمن گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ لاءِ هٿياربند حملن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو، پر انهن ۾ وڏي جاني نقصان باوجود ڪا به ڪاميابي حاصل نه ٿي. 27 سيپٽمبر تي جرمن فوج پيرس کي باقي فرانس سان ڳنڍيندڙ [[برقي تار]] (ٽيليگراف) جي لائين ڪٽي ڇڏي. 6 آڪٽوبر تي دفاع واري وزير [[ليون گامبيتا]] [[گرم هوا جي غباري]] ذريعي شهر ڇڏي ويو ته جيئن جرمنن خلاف سڄي ملڪ ۾ مزاحمت کي منظم ڪري سگهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=143–165}}

=== 31 آڪٽوبر جي بغاوت ===

[[File:Le 31 octobre 1870.jpg|thumb|upright|31 آڪٽوبر 1870ع تي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلابي يونٽن ٿوري وقت لاءِ هوٽيل ڊي وِل تي قبضو ڪيو، پر بغاوت ناڪام ٿي وئي.]]

{{main|1870ع جي پيرس بغاوت}}

28 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس ۾ اها خبر پهتي ته [[ميتز جو گهيرو (1870ع)|آگسٽ کان جرمن فوج جي گهيري]] ۾ ڦاٿل ميتز ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جا 160,000 سپاهي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪري چڪا هئا. ساڳئي ڏينهن اها خبر پڻ پهتي ته [[لي بورجي جي جنگ]] ۾ فرانسيسي فوج جي پيرس جو گهيرو ٽوڙڻ جي هڪ ٻي ڪوشش به وڏي جاني نقصان سان ناڪام ٿي وئي هئي. 31 آڪٽوبر تي پيرس جي مکيه انقلابي گروهن جي اڳواڻن، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]]، [[فيليڪس پيا]] ۽ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] شامل هئا، جنرل ٽروشو ۽ حڪومت خلاف [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي نئين احتجاج جي سڏ ڏني. لڳ ڀڳ 15,000 احتجاج ڪندڙ، جن مان ڪجهه هٿياربند به هئا، تيز برسات جي باوجود هوٽيل ڊي وِل آڏو گڏ ٿيا ۽ ٽروشو جي استعيفيٰ ۽ ڪميون جي قيام جو مطالبو ڪرڻ لڳا. هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، جنهن ۾ هڪ گولي ٿوري فرق سان ٽروشو کي لڳڻ کان بچي وئي. ان کان پوءِ احتجاج ڪندڙ عمارت اندر داخل ٿي ويا، نئين حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيائون ۽ ان جي امڪاني ميمبرن جون فهرستون تيار ڪرڻ لڳا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

سڀ کان وڌيڪ سخت گير ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي ويجهي [[سين (کاتو)|سين جي پريفيڪچر]] ۾ پنهنجو مرڪز قائم ڪيو، جتان هن پنهنجي پوئلڳن کي حڪم ۽ فرمان جاري ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هو پنهنجي حڪومت قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي رهيو هو. جڏهن هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي اندر نئين حڪومت جي جوڙجڪ تي ڪم هلي رهيو هو، تڏهن جنرل ٽروشو سان وفادار قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ''گارڊ موبيل'' جون يونٽون پهچي ويون ۽ بنا ڪنهن خونريزيءَ جي عمارت تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري ورتائون. منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي وڳي احتجاج ڪندڙن کي محفوظ نموني نڪري وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح هي مختصر بغاوت ختم ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=206–213}}

3 نومبر تي شهري اختيارين پيرس جي ووٽرن کان هڪ عوامي راءِ شماري ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ پڇيو ويو ته ڇا کين [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] تي اعتماد آهي يا نه. &quot;ها&quot; جي حق ۾ 557,996 ووٽ پيا، جڏهن ته 62,638 ماڻهن &quot;نه&quot; ۾ ووٽ ڏنو. ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ پيرس جي ويهن ئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي بلدياتي ڪائونسلن ميئر چونڊڻ لاءِ ووٽ ڏنا؛ انهن مان پنجن ڪائونسلن حڪومت مخالف بنيادپرست اميدوار چونڊيا، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] سان تعلق رکندڙ نوجوان ڊاڪٽر [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=212–213}}

=== جرمنن سان ڳالهيون؛ جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ===

سيپٽمبر ۽ آڪٽوبر 1870ع دوران [[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو قومي اسيمبليءَ جي قدامت پسند ڌر جو اڳواڻ هو، يورپ جو دورو ڪيو ۽ [[برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي متحده بادشاھت|برطانيا]]، [[روسي سلطنت]] ۽ [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] جي پرڏيهي وزيرن سان صلاح مشورا ڪيا، پر کيس معلوم ٿيو ته انهن مان ڪو به ملڪ جرمنن خلاف فرانس جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. هن حڪومت کي اطلاع ڏنو ته جنگ بندي (آرمسٽس) تي ڳالهين کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو به رستو موجود نه آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو جرمن قبضي هيٺ آيل [[ٽور]] ويو، جتي 1 نومبر تي سندس ملاقات [[اوٽو فان بسمارڪ]] سان ٿي. [[اتر جرمن اتحاد|جرمن]] چانسلر [[الساس]] جي مڪمل علائقي، [[لورين]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي حوالي ڪرڻ ۽ تمام وڏي پئماني تي جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ان جي باوجود [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جنگ جاري رکڻ ۽ جرمنن سان مقابلي لاءِ نئين فوج تيار ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نئين منظم ڪيل فرانسيسي فوج 10 نومبر تي [[ڪولميئر جي جنگ]] ۾ هڪ اهم فتح حاصل ڪئي، پر 29 نومبر تي جنرل [[آگسٽ-اليگزاندر ڊڪرو]] جي [[ويليئر جي جنگ]] دوران پيرس جي گهيري مان نڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي. هن ويڙهه ۾ فرانس جا 4,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا، جڏهن ته جرمن فوج جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,700 جاني نقصان ٿيا.

[[File:Bombardement de Paris en 1871.jpg|thumb|1870–1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري دوران جرمن توپخاني طرفان پيرس تي بمباري]]

گهيري دوران پيرس جي رهواسين جي روزاني زندگي ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌيڪ ڏکي ٿيندي وئي. ڊسمبر ۾ گرمي پد {{convert|-15|C|F}} تائين لهي ويو، ۽ [[سين]] درياهه ٽن هفتن تائين ڄميل رهيو. پيرس واسي خوراڪ، ٻارڻ جي ڪاٺ، ڪوئلي ۽ دوائن جي سخت کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي رهيا هئا. رات جو سڄو شهر لڳ ڀڳ مڪمل اونداهيءَ ۾ ٻڏي ويندو هو. ٻاهرين دنيا سان رابطي جو واحد ذريعو غبارا، [[ڪبوتر پيغام رساں|پيغام رساں ڪبوتر]] يا لوهه جي گولن ۾ بند خط هئا، جيڪي سين درياهه ۾ وهائي موڪليا ويندا هئا. شهر ۾ افواهون ۽ سازشي نظريا وڏي پيماني تي ڦهلجي ويا. جڏهن عام خوراڪ ختم ٿي وئي ته بک کان مجبور ماڻهن شهر جي [[جاردان دي پلانتس جو جانورن جو باغ|جانورن جي باغ]] جا گهڻا جانور ذبح ڪري کائي ڇڏيا، ۽ آخرڪار چوهڙن تائين کائڻ تي مجبور ٿي ويا.

1871ع جي شروعات تائين بسمارڪ ۽ جرمن به ڊگهي گهيري کان ٿڪجي پيا هئا. هنن پيرس جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ 120 ۽ 150 ملي ميٽر جون ٻاهتر توپون نصب ڪيون، ۽ 5 جنوري کان شهر تي ڏينهن رات مسلسل گولاباري شروع ڪري ڏني. هر روز لڳ ڀڳ 300 کان 600 گولا شهر جي مرڪزي علائقن تي ڪري رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=257–259}}

=== بغاوت ۽ جنگ بندي ===

{{Main|جنوري 1871ع جي پيرس بغاوت|ورسائي جي جنگ بندي}}

11 کان 19 جنوري 1871ع جي وچ ۾ فرانسيسي فوجن کي چئن مختلف محاذن تي شڪست آئي، ۽ پيرس ڏڪار جي خطري کي منهن ڏئي رهيو هو. جنرل ٽروشو کي [[پيرس جو پريفيڪٽ|پيرس جي پريفيڪٽ]] کان رپورٽون مليون ته حڪومت ۽ فوجي قيادت خلاف ناراضگي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[لا شاپيل (پيرس)|لا شاپيل]]، [[مونٽ مارتر]] ۽ [[گرو-ڪائيو]] جي پورهيت پاڙن ۾ قائم سياسي ڪلبن ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي يونٽن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=420–425}}

[[File:Soulèvement du 22 janvier 1871.jpg|thumb|22 جنوري 1871ع تي هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ بغاوت]]

22 جنوري تي منجهند جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽي يا چار سئو قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي ۽ بنيادپرست گروهن جا ميمبر، جن مان گهڻا [[بلانڪيست]] هئا، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي ٻاهران گڏ ٿيا. عمارت جي اندر [[گارڊ موبيل]] جي برٽني سان تعلق رکندڙ هڪ بٽالين موجود هئي، جنهن کي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ عمارت جي حفاظت جو ذمو ڏنو ويو هو. احتجاج ڪندڙن مطالبو ڪيو ته فوج کي شهري حڪومت جي ماتحت آندو وڃي ۽ فوري طور ڪميون جي چونڊ ڪرائي وڃي. ماحول انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ وارو هو، ۽ منجهند کان پوءِ ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ فائرنگ شروع ٿي وئي؛ هر ڌر ٻئي تي پهرين فائرنگ ڪرڻ جو الزام لڳايو. ان واقعي ۾ ڇهه احتجاج ڪندڙ مارجي ويا، ۽ فوج چوراهي کي خالي ڪرائي ڇڏيو. حڪومت فوري طور ڊليسڪلوز جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Reveil}}'' ۽ پيا جي اخبار ''{{lang|fr|Le Combat}}'' تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي ۽ 83 انقلابين کي گرفتار ڪيو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=39}}

ساڳئي وقت، جڏهن پيرس ۾ احتجاج جاري هو، [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] جي اڳواڻن بوردو ۾ اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته جنگ وڌيڪ جاري نٿي رکي سگهجي. 26 جنوري تي هنن جنگ بندي ۽ آرمسٽس تي صحيون ڪيون، جنهن ۾ پيرس لاءِ ڪجهه خاص شرط مقرر ڪيا ويا. شهر تي جرمن قبضو نه ڪندا. باقاعده فرانسيسي فوج پنهنجا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي، پر ان جي سپاهين کي جنگي قيدي نه بڻايو ويندو. پيرس کي 200 ملين فرانڪ جنگي تاوان ادا ڪرڻو پوندو. [[جول فيور]] جي درخواست تي بسمارڪ ان ڳالهه تي به راضي ٿيو ته قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو وڃي، جيئن شهر ۾ امن ۽ امان برقرار رهي سگهي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=40–41}}

=== ادولف ٿئير؛ 1871ع جون پارلياماني چونڊون ===

{{See also|فيبروري 1871ع جي فرانسيسي قانون ساز چونڊ}}

[[File:Adolphe Thiers Nadar 2.JPG|thumb|upright|[[ادولف ٿئير]]، جيڪو ڪميون جي دور ۾ فرانسيسي حڪومت جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه هو]]

بوردو ۾ قائم قومي حڪومت جنوري جي آخر ۾ قومي چونڊن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي صرف ڏهن ڏينهن کان پوءِ، 8 فيبروري تي، منعقد ٿيون. فرانس جي اڪثر ووٽرن جو تعلق ٻهراڙيءَ سان هو، ۽ اهي ڪيٿولڪ ۽ قدامت پسند خيالن جا حامي هئا، جنهن جو اثر چونڊن جي نتيجن ۾ به نمايان نظر آيو. فيبروري ۾ [[بوردو]] ۾ گڏ ٿيل 645 نائبن مان لڳ ڀڳ 400 اهڙي آئيني بادشاهت جا حامي هئا، جيڪا يا ته [[هينري، ڪائونٽ آف شيمبور]] (جيڪو [[فرانس جو شارلس ڏهون|شارلس ڏهين]] جو پوٽو هو) يا [[شهزادو فلپ، ڪائونٽ آف پيرس]] (جيڪو [[لوئي فلپ]] جو پوٽو هو) جي سربراهيءَ ۾ قائم ٿئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|pp=420–421}}

نئين پارليامينٽ جي 200 جمهوري نائبن مان 80 اڳوڻا [[اورليئنسٽ]] (فلپ جا حامي) هئا، جيڪي اعتدال پسند قدامت پرست هئا. انهن جي اڳواڻي ادولف ٿئير ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو 26 انتظامي علائقن مان چونڊجي آيو هو، ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اميدوار کان وڌيڪ علائقن مان ڪامياب ٿيو. ساڳئي تعداد ۾ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست جمهوري اڳواڻ پڻ موجود هئا، جن ۾ [[جول فيور]] ۽ [[جول فيري]] شامل هئا، جيڪي بادشاهت کان سواءِ جمهوري نظام جا حامي هئا ۽ سمجهندا هئا ته امن جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪرڻ کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو رستو نه آهي. پارليامينٽ جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر ۾ بنيادپرست جمهوري ۽ [[اشتراڪيت|اشتراڪي]] اڳواڻ هئا، جن ۾ [[لوئي بلان]]، [[ليون گامبيتا]] ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] شامل هئا. هي گروهه پيرس ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوط هو، جتي هنن 42 مان 37 سيٽون حاصل ڪيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009b|p=421}}

17 فيبروري تي نئين پارليامينٽ 74 ورهين جي ادولف ٿئير کي [[فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه|ٽين جمهوريه]] جو اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه چونڊيو. کيس اهڙو اميدوار سمجهيو ويندو هو، جيڪو امن قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ملڪ ۾ ٻيهر نظم ۽ ضبط بحال ڪرڻ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ صلاحيت رکي ٿو. پروشيا خلاف جنگ جو ڊگهي عرصي کان مخالف رهندڙ ٿئير پارليامينٽ کي قائل ڪيو ته امن قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. ان کان پوءِ هو [[ورسائي جو محل|ورسائي]] ويو، جتي بسمارڪ ۽ [[ولهيلم پهريون، جرمن شهنشاهه|جرمن شهنشاهه ولهيلم پهريون]] سندس انتظار ڪري رهيا هئا، ۽ 24 فيبروري تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي تي صحيون ڪيون ويون.

[[File:Triumphal entry into Paris., by the German army 2.jpg|300px|thumb|center|[[1871ع ۾ پيرس ۾ جرمن فتح جي پريڊ|1 مارچ 1871ع تي جنگ بنديءَ جي معاهدي کان پوءِ جرمن فوجن جي پيرس ۾ فاتحانه داخلا]]]]

== قيام ==

=== پيرس جي توپن بابت تڪرار ===

[[File:Battery of the Montmartre Hills WDL1246.png|thumb|مونٽ مارتر جي ٽڪريءَ تي نصب توپن جي هڪ بيٽري، جنهن جي خريداري پيرس جي رهواسين چندو گڏ ڪري ڪرائي هئي.]]

جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ تي، 400 پراڻيون نال مان ڀرڻ واريون پتل جون [[توپ]]ون، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندو گڏ ڪري خريد ڪيون هيون، شهر ۾ ئي موجود رهيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي، جنهن تي هاڻي بنيادپرست ڌرين جو غلبو هو، فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن توپن کي [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي پورهيت پاڙن وارن باغن ۾ رکيو وڃي، جيئن اهي باقاعده فوج جي پهچ کان ٻاهر رهن ۽ قومي حڪومت جي ڪنهن به حملي جي صورت ۾ شهر جي بچاءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهن. ٻئي طرف، ٿئير به پڪو ارادو ڪري چڪو هو ته انهن توپن کي قومي حڪومت جي قبضي هيٺ آندو وڃي.

ڪليمانسو، جيڪو ڪيترن ئي انقلابين جو دوست هو، ٻنهي ڌرين وچ ۾ ٺاهه ڪرائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. سندس تجويز هئي ته ڪجهه توپون پيرس ۾ ئي رهڻ ڏنيون وڃن ۽ باقي فوج حوالي ڪيون وڃن. پر نه ٿئير ۽ نه ئي قومي اسيمبلي سندس تجويز قبول ڪئي. حڪومت جي اعليٰ انتظامي سربراهه جي حيثيت سان ٿئير چاهيو ٿي ته پيرس ۾ جلد کان جلد نظم ۽ قومي اقتدار بحال ڪيو وڃي، ۽ توپون ان اقتدار جي علامت بڻجي ويون هيون. قومي اسيمبلي جنگ دوران قرضن جي وصوليءَ تي لاڳو ٿيل رعايت واري مهلت کي وڌائڻ کان به انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ ٻن بنيادپرست اخبارن، [[جول والس]] جي ''{{lang|fr|[[Jules Vallès#Le Cri du Peuple|Le Cri du Peuple]]}}'' ۽ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|Le Mot d'Ordre}}''، کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان پيرس جي بنيادپرست عوام ۾ وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ پکڙجي وئي. ٿئير اهو به فيصلو ڪيو ته قومي اسيمبلي ۽ حڪومت کي بوردو بدران ورسائي منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اهي پيرس جي احتجاجن جي دٻاءَ کان پري رهن. هن فيصلي قومي محافظ دستي ۽ بنيادپرست سياسي ڪلبن کي وڌيڪ مشتعل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=8–9}}

17 مارچ 1871ع تي ٿئير ۽ سندس ڪابينا جو اجلاس ٿيو، جنهن ۾ پيرس جو ميئر [[جول فيري]]، قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[لوئي دوريل ڊي پالادين]]، ۽ پيرس ۾ باقاعده فوج جي يونٽن جو ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جوزف وينوا]] پڻ شامل هئا. ٿئير اعلان ڪيو ته ايندڙ ڏينهن فوج موڪلي توپن تي قبضو ڪيو ويندو. جنگ واري وزير [[ادولف لي فلو]]، دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ وينوا هن منصوبي جي مخالفت ڪئي. سندن خيال هو ته فوج وٽ ڪافي سپاهي نه هئا، نظم و ضبط ڪمزور هو، سپاهي مايوس هئا ۽ ڪيترين ئي يونٽن ۾ سياسي اثر وڌي چڪو هو، تنهنڪري اهڙو قدم وقت کان اڳ هوندو. وينوا صلاح ڏني ته انتظار ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين جرمني فرانسيسي جنگي قيدين کي آزاد ڪري ۽ فوج ٻيهر مڪمل طاقت سان بحال نه ٿي وڃي. پر ٿئير اصرار ڪيو ته ڪارروائي جلد کان جلد ڪئي وڃي، جيئن اوچتي حملي جو فائدو حاصل ٿي سگهي. هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ٿي ته حڪومت پيرس جي مرڪز مان نڪري ورسائي هلي ويندي، اتي فوج گڏ ڪندي ۽ پوءِ، جيئن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] دوران ڪيو ويو هو، زبردست فوجي طاقت سان شهر تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪيو ويندو. آخرڪار ڪابينا سندس فيصلي سان اتفاق ڪيو، ۽ جنرل وينوا ايندڙ ڏينهن لاءِ ڪارروائي جا حڪم جاري ڪري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=9–11}}

=== توپن تي قبضي جي ناڪام ڪوشش ۽ حڪومت جي پسپائي ===

[[File:Les pièces de Montmartre.jpg|thumb|ادولف ٿئير پاران موڪليل فوج مونٽ مارتر جون اهي توپون قبضي ۾ وٺي رهي آهي، جيڪي پيرس جي شهرين چندي ذريعي خريد ڪيون هيون. 18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت دوران قومي محافظ دستي انهن کي ٻيهر واپس وٺي ڇڏيو، ۽ اهو ئي واقعو پيرس ڪميون جي شروعات بڻيو.]]

18 مارچ جي صبح سوير فوج جون ٻه بريگيڊون [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي [[ٽڪري]] تي پهتيون، جتي سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 170 توپون، رکيل هيون. اتي اڳ ئي قومي محافظ دستي جي انقلاب پسند سپاهين جو هڪ ننڍڙو دستو موجود هو، ۽ جنرل [[ڪلود ليڪومت]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري بريگيڊ ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ مختصر جهيڙو ٿيو. قومي محافظ دستي جو هڪ سپاهي، ٽرپين نالي، گولي لڳڻ سبب زخمي ٿيو ۽ پوءِ فوت ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 17}}

فائرنگ جي خبر تيزيءَ سان سڄي پاڙي ۾ پکڙجي وئي، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي، ڪيترائي رهواسي، ۽ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ فوجين کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اتي پهچي ويا.

[[File:Commune de Paris Les canons 18 mars 1871.jpg|thumb|left|قومي محافظ دستي پاران فوج کان ٻيهر حاصل ڪيل توپون.]]

جڏهن ته فوج [[بيلويل، پيرس|بيلويل]]، [[بُٽ-شومون]] ۽ ٻين اهم هنڌن تي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي، پر مونٽ مارتر ۾ ماڻهن جو هجوم مسلسل وڌندو رهيو ۽ صورتحال انتهائي ڇڪتاڻ واري بڻجي وئي. توپن کي کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ گهربل گهوڙا وقت تي نه پهتا، جنهن سبب فوج جا دستا اتي ئي بيهي رهيا. جڏهن سپاهي ماڻهن جي گهيري ۾ اچي ويا ته سندن قطارون ٽٽڻ لڳيون ۽ ڪيترائي سپاهي عوام سان وڃي مليا. جنرل ليڪومت پهرين پوئتي هٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پوءِ پنهنجن سپاهين کي حڪم ڏنو ته هو هٿيار ڀرين ۽ سنگينون لڳائن. هن ٽي ڀيرا فائرنگ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه آفيسرن جا هٿيار کسيا ويا ۽ کين ڪليمانسو جي حفاظت هيٺ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال ۾ آندو ويو. جنرل ليڪومت ۽ سندس ساٿي آفيسر گرفتار ڪيا ويا ۽ ڪئپٽن [[سائمن شارل ميئر]] جي حڪم هيٺ قومي محافظ دستي جي مقامي هيڊڪوارٽر، [[شاتو روژ]] جي بال روم، ۾ منتقل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mayer Simon, Charles |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique |language=fr |location=Aubervilliers |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001327/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article209181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; اتي ماڻهن کين پٿر هنيا، بندوقن جي ڪندن سان ماريو، ڌمڪيون ڏنيون ۽ گاريون ڏنيون. منجهند ڌاري، پاڻ کي &quot;18هين ارونڊيسمان جي نگراني ڪميٽي&quot; سڏيندڙ گروهه جا ماڻهو کين [[رو دي روزييه]] نمبر 6 تي وٺي ويا، جتي سندن مقدمو هلائي کين قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=16–18}}

[[File:Jacques Léon Clément-Thomas (1809-1871).jpg|thumb|upright|جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما، جنهن کي قومي محافظ دستي توپن تي قبضي جي ڪوشش سبب قتل ڪيو.]]

شام پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي هڪ ٻيو اهم قيدي پڻ گرفتار ڪيو: جنرل [[ژاڪ ليئون ڪليمان-ٿوما]]. هو هڪ سرگرم جمهوري خواه ۽ سخت نظم و ضبط جو حامي هو، جنهن [[جون 1848ع جي بغاوت]] کي ڪچلڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. پنهنجي جمهوري خيالن سبب هو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ گرفتار ۽ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ سلطنت جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ئي فرانس موٽي آيو هو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران سخت فوجي نظم لاڳو ڪرڻ سبب مونٽ مارتر ۽ بيلويل جي قومي محافظ سپاهين وٽ هو خاص طور ناپسنديده شخص هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=18–19}}

ان ڏينهن هو عام شهري لباس ۾ شهر ۾ حالتن جو جائزو وٺي رهيو هو، جڏهن هڪ سپاهي کيس سڃاڻي ورتو، گرفتار ڪيو، ۽ رو دي روزييه واري عمارت ۾ وٺي آيو. 18 مارچ تي لڳ ڀڳ شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪاوڙيل سپاهين ۽ ليڪومت جي رجيمينٽ مان ڀڄي ويل سپاهين کيس پڪڙي بندوقن جي ڪندن سان سخت تشدد ڪيو، باغ ۾ ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ مٿس بار بار فائرنگ ڪئي. ڪجهه منٽن کان پوءِ جنرل ليڪومت سان به ساڳيو سلوڪ ڪيو ويو. ڊاڪٽر [[ژان ڪازيمير فيليڪس گيون]]، جنهن ٿوري دير بعد ٻنهي لاشن جو معائنو ڪيو، ٻڌايو ته ڪليمان-ٿوما جي جسم ۾ چاليهه گوليون لڳل هيون، جڏهن ته ليڪومت جي پٺ ۾ نو گوليون لڳيون هيون.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=19}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=231}}

صبح جي آخر تائين توپن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ واري ڪارروائي مڪمل طور ناڪام ٿي چڪي هئي، ۽ پيرس جي تقريباً سڀني پورهيت پاڙن ۾ ماڻهو گڏ ٿيڻ ۽ رڪاوٽون ٺاهڻ شروع ڪري چڪا هئا. جنرل وينوا فوج کي سين درياهه جي ٻئي ڪناري ڏانهن واپس وڃڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جڏهن ته ٿئير ورسائي ڏانهن پسپائي منظم ڪرڻ لڳو، جتي هو پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي فوج گڏ ڪري سگهي.

=== قومي محافظ دستو اقتدار سنڀالي ٿو ===

[[File:Barricade18March1871.jpg|right|thumb|18 مارچ 1871ع تي [[قومي محافظ دستو (فرانس)|قومي محافظ دستي]] پاران اڏيل هڪ رڪاوٽ.]]

[[File:Barricades pres de Ministere de la Marine et l'Hötel Crillon.jpg|thumb|پيرس ڪميون دوران [[پلاس ڊي لا ڪونڪورڊ]] جي ڀرسان قائم ڪيل رڪاوٽون.]]

18 مارچ جي منجهند جو، جڏهن حڪومت مونٽ مارتر جي توپن تي قبضو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي، قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ٽن بٽالينن کي [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] تي قبضو ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جو خيال هو ته حڪومت اتي موجود آهي. کين اها خبر نه هئي ته ٿئير، حڪومت ۽ فوجي ڪمانڊر اڳ ئي پرڏيهي معاملن واري وزارت ۾ موجود هئا، جتي دروازا کليل هئا ۽ رڳو ٿورا محافظ مقرر هئا. کين اها به خبر نه هئي ته [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]]، جيڪو پوءِ ڪميون خلاف حڪومتي فوجن جو سپهه سالار بڻيو، جرمني مان قيد مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿوري ئي دير اڳ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي گهر پهتو هو. بغاوت جي خبر ملندي ئي هو ريلوي اسٽيشن ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي شهر ڇڏيندڙ مسافرن جا سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ جاچي رهيا هئا. اسٽيشن جي هڪ همدرد منتظم کيس پنهنجي آفيس ۾ لڪائي ڇڏيو، پوءِ ريل ۾ سوار ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هو شهر مان نڪري ويو. ساڳئي وقت، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران موڪليل قومي محافظ سپاهي سندس گهر تي پهچي کيس ڳولي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=76}}{{sfn|Gluckstein|2006|page=4}}

جنرل وينوا جي صلاح تي ٿئير حڪم ڏنو ته پيرس ۾ موجود سموري باقاعده فوج، جنهن جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 40,000 هو ۽ جنهن ۾ شهر جي چوڌاري قلعن ۾ موجود فوج به شامل هئي، ورسائي منتقل ڪئي وڃي. هن اهو پڻ حڪم ڏنو ته فوج جي سڀني يونٽن کي ورسائي ۾ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو وڃي ۽ حڪومت جون سڀئي وزارتون به پيرس مان منتقل ڪيون وڃن.

فيبروري مهيني دوران، جڏهن قومي حڪومت بوردو ۾ پنهنجو انتظام سنڀالي رهي هئي، تڏهن پيرس ۾ ان جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ نئين اقتدار جو ڍانچو به اڀري رهيو هو. جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن موجب قومي محافظ دستي کي غير هٿياربند نه ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ ڪاغذن تي ان وٽ 260 بٽالينون هيون، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 سپاهي شامل هئا؛ اهڙيءَ طرح مجموعي انگ 390,000 تائين پهچندو هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=35}} 15 کان 24 فيبروري جي وچ ۾ قومي محافظ دستي جا چونڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا پيرس ۾ گڏ ٿيڻ لڳا. 15 مارچ تي، توپن بابت باقاعده فوج ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ کان ٿورو اڳ، قومي محافظ دستي پاران قائم ڪيل تنظيمن جي وفاق جي 1,325 نمائندن [[جيوسيپي گاريبالدي]] کي پنهنجو اڳواڻ چونڊيو (هو ان وقت اٽلي ۾ هو ۽ ادب سان اهو عهدو قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيائين)، ۽ 38 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ مرڪزي ڪميٽي قائم ڪئي، جنهن پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] ۽ [[رو ڊي لا روڪيٽ]] جي وچ ۾ واقع رو باسفروي جي هڪ اسڪول ۾ قائم ڪيو. نئين مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي پهرين فيصلي ۾ ٿئير پاران مقرر ڪيل قومي محافظ دستي جي سرڪاري ڪمانڊر جنرل دوريل ڊي پالادين ۽ پيرس جي فوجي گورنر جنرل وينوا جي اختيار کي تسليم ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=45}}

18 مارچ جي دير سان شام، جڏهن قومي محافظ دستي کي معلوم ٿيو ته باقاعده فوج پيرس ڇڏي رهي آهي، تڏهن ان جا دستا تيزيءَ سان شهر جي اهم هنڌن تي قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ روانا ٿيا. سڀ کان اڳ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] جا حامي [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] ۾ پهتا ۽ [[پانٿيون، پيرس|پانٿيون]] ۾ رکيل بارود تي قبضو ڪري ورتائون، پوءِ [[گار ڊي آسٽرليٽز|اورليئنس ريلوي اسٽيشن]] تي به ڪنٽرول سنڀاليائون. قومي محافظ دستي جون چار بٽالينون [[سين]] درياهه پار ڪري [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]] تي قابض ٿي ويون، جڏهن ته ٻين دستن [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ واقع قومي محافظ دستي جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر ۽ انصاف واري وزارت تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. ساڳئي رات قومي محافظ دستي انهن سرڪاري آفيسن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جيڪي حڪومت خالي ڪري وئي هئي. جلد ئي ماليات، داخلا ۽ [[فرانس جي جنگ واري وزارت|جنگ واري وزارت]] پڻ سندن قبضي ۾ اچي ويون. ايندڙ ڏينهن صبح جو اٺين وڳي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جو اجلاس [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ ٿي رهيو هو. ڏينهن جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين 20,000 قومي محافظ سپاهي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون واري ميدان ۾، ڪيترين ئي توپن سان گڏ، فاتحانه انداز ۾ گڏ ٿي چڪا هئا، ۽ عمارت تي ڳاڙهو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=77}}

مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي انتهائي کاٻي ڌر، جنهن جي اڳواڻي بلانڪيست ڪري رهيا هئا، مطالبو ڪيو ته فوراً ورسائي تي چڙهائي ڪري ٿئير جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو وڃي ۽ سڄي فرانس تي پنهنجو اختيار مڙهيو وڃي. پر اڪثريت جي راءِ هئي ته سڀ کان پهرين پيرس ۾ قانوني اختيار جي وڌيڪ مضبوط بنياد قائم ڪئي وڃي. مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور شهر مان گهيري جي حالت ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، حڪومت هلائڻ لاءِ مختلف ڪميشنون مقرر ڪيون ۽ 23 مارچ تي چونڊون ڪرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. هنن [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ پيرس جي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمانن]] جي ميئرن جو هڪ وفد پڻ ورسائي موڪليو، جيئن ٿئير سان ڳالهين ذريعي پيرس لاءِ هڪ خاص خودمختيار حيثيت حاصل ڪري سگهجي.

22 مارچ 1871ع تي &quot;امن جا دوست&quot; جي نالي سان بينر کڻي احتجاج ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي قومي محافظ دستي [[پلاس وانڊوم]] ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. جڏهن محافظن تي فائرنگ ٿي ته انهن به ميڙ تي گوليون هلائي ڇڏيون. ان واقعي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 12 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ ڪيترائي زخمي ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |title=Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality |date=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300084072 |location=New Haven and London |pages=143–145 |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4h7VyVr4mgC&amp;q=22+March+1871+paris+vendome&amp;pg=PA143 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن واقعي کي [[رو ڊي لا پي]] جو قتلِ عام سڏيو ويو.{{sfn|Horne|2012|loc=Chapter 18}}

=== ڪائونسل جون چونڊون ===

{{see also|پيرس ڪميون جي ڪائونسل}}

[[File:The Commune In Paris Sketch At The Hotel De Ville.png|thumb|هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ خاڪي تصوير]]

پيرس ۾ چونڊيل جمهوري ميئرن، جن ۾ [[جارج ڪليمانسو]] پڻ شامل هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ڏينهون ڏينهن وڌندا پئي ويا. ميئرن جو خيال هو ته هو پيرس جا قانوني نمائندا آهن، جڏهن ته مرڪزي ڪميٽي ان دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي پاڻ کي شهر جي حقيقي حڪومت سمجهندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=97}} 22 مارچ تي، چونڊن کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيو ته پيرس جي جائز حڪومت ميئر نه، پر اها پاڻ آهي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=103}} ڪميٽي اهو پڻ اعلان ڪيو ته ڪليمانسو هاڻي [[مونٽ مارتر]] جو ميئر نه رهيو آهي، ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي ٽائون هال سان گڏوگڏ پهرئين ۽ ٻئي [[پيرس جا ارونڊيسمان|ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هالن تي به قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي وڌيڪ بنيادپرست قومي محافظ سپاهي موجود هئا. ڪليمانسو مايوسيءَ سان چيو: ''&quot;اسان ٻن پاڳلن جي ٽولن جي وچ ۾ ڦاٿل آهيون؛ هڪڙا ورسائي ۾ ويٺا آهن ۽ ٻيا پيرس ۾.&quot;''

26 مارچ تي ٿيل چونڊن ۾ هر ويهن هزار رهواسين جي نمائندگي لاءِ هڪ ميمبر چونڊيو ويو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي ڪائونسل جا ڪل 92 ميمبر چونڊيا ويا. چونڊن کان اڳ مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي اڳواڻن پنهنجون اميدوارن جون فهرستون جاري ڪيون، جن ۾ اڪثر انتهائي کاٻي ڌر سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. اميدوارن وٽ مهم هلائڻ لاءِ رڳو ڪجهه ڏينهن هئا. ورسائي ۾ موجود ٿئير جي حڪومت پيرس واسين کي ووٽ نه ڏيڻ جي اپيل ڪئي. ووٽنگ ختم ٿيڻ تي، رجسٽرڊ 485,000 ووٽرن مان 233,000 ماڻهن ووٽ وڌا، يعني تقريباً 48 سيڪڙو شرڪت ڪئي. امير علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو بائيڪاٽ وڏي پيماني تي ٿيو: ستين ۽ اٺين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 77 سيڪڙو، پندرهين ۾ 68 سيڪڙو، سورهين ۾ 66 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڇهين ۽ نائين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 62 سيڪڙو ووٽرن ووٽ نه وڌو. ان جي ابتڙ، پورهيت علائقن ۾ ووٽنگ جو تناسب تمام گهڻو هو: ويهين ارونڊيسمان ۾ 76 سيڪڙو، اوڻيهين ۾ 65 سيڪڙو، ۽ ڏهين، يارهين ۽ ٻارهين ارونڊيسمانن ۾ 55 کان 60 سيڪڙو تائين ماڻهن ووٽ ڏنو.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|pages=58–60}}

ڪجهه اميدوار، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] پڻ شامل هو (جيڪو ان وقت پيرس کان ٻاهر گرفتار ٿي برٽني جي جيل ۾ قيد هو)، ڪيترن ئي {{lang|fr|arrondissements}} مان ڪامياب ٿيا. ٻيا چونڊيل اميدوار، جن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ويهه اعتدال پسند جمهوري ۽ پنج بنيادپرست اڳواڻ شامل هئا، پنهنجيون سيٽون سنڀالڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو. نتيجي طور، ڪائونسل ۾ رڳو 60 ميمبرن عملي طور ڪم سنڀاليو. انهن مان نَو بلانڪيست هئا (جن مان ڪجهه [[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] سان به لاڳاپيل هئا)، پنجويهه ميمبر، جن ۾ [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]] ۽ [[فيليڪس پيا]] شامل هئا، پاڻ کي &quot;آزاد انقلابي&quot; سڏيندا هئا؛ لڳ ڀڳ پندرهن ميمبر بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن سان واسطو رکندا هئا، جڏهن ته باقي مختلف بنيادپرست گروهن جا نمائندا هئا. مشهور اميدوارن مان هڪ، ڪليمانسو، کي صرف 752 ووٽ مليا. ڪائونسل ۾ 33 مزدور، پنج ننڍا واپاري، 19 ڪلارڪ، اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ ٻيا دفتري ملازم، ٻارهن صحافي، ۽ مختلف آزاد پيشن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو شامل هئا. ويهه ميمبر [[فري ميسنري]] سان وابسته هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=de Jode |first=M.Cara |title=Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie |publisher=Larousse |year=2011 |isbn=978-2035848406 |location=Paris |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀئي چونڊيل ميمبر مرد هئا، ڇو ته عورتن کي ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}}

چونڊن جا نتيجا 27 مارچ تي سرڪاري طور اعلان ڪيا ويا، ۽ ايندڙ ڏينهن قومي محافظ دستي هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي سامهون هڪ وڏي تقريب ۽ فوجي پريڊ منعقد ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ عمارت کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو.

=== تنظيم ۽ شروعاتي ڪم ===

[[File:Les hommes de la Commune.jpg|thumb|''L'Illustration'' رسالي ۾ شايع ٿيل &quot;ڪميون جا ماڻهو&quot;، جولاءِ 1871ع]]

نئين چونڊيل ڪميون 28 مارچ تي انتهائي جوش ۽ جذبي واري ماحول ۾ پنهنجو پهريون اجلاس منعقد ڪيو. ميمبرن ڪيترين ئي تجويزن جي منظوري ڏني، جن ۾ [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي اعزازي صدر مقرر ڪرڻ، [[موت جي سزا]] ختم ڪرڻ، [[لازمي فوجي ڀرتي]] جو خاتمو ڪرڻ، ٻين شهرن ڏانهن نمائندا موڪلڻ ته جيئن اُتي به ڪميونون قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ملي، ۽ اهو اعلان شامل هو ته پيرس ڪميون جي رڪنيت قومي اسيمبلي جي رڪنيت سان گڏ نٿي رکي سگهجي. هن فيصلي جو خاص مقصد [[پير ٽيرار]] هو، جيڪو [[پيرس جو ٻيون ارونڊيسمان|ٻئي ارونڊيسمان]] جو جمهوري ميئر هو ۽ ساڳئي وقت ڪميون ۽ قومي اسيمبلي ٻنهي لاءِ چونڊجي آيو هو. نئين ڪميون جي وڌندڙ بنيادپرست سياسي رخ کي ڏسي ٽيرار ۽ لڳ ڀڳ ويهن جمهوري ميمبرن اهو مناسب سمجهيو ته هو ڪميون مان استعيفيٰ ڏئي ڇڏين. هڪ ڊگهي بحث کان پوءِ اهو فيصلو پڻ ڪيو ويو ته ڪائونسل جون ڪارروائيون ڳجهيون رکيون وينديون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون عملي طور ورسائي واري حڪومت سان جنگ جي حالت ۾ هئي، ۽ پنهنجي منصوبن بابت دشمن کي آگاهه ڪرڻ مناسب نه هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=118–119}}

وڌيڪ بنيادپرست ميمبرن جي تجويز تي نئين حڪومت وٽ نه ڪو صدر هو، نه ميئر ۽ نه ئي ڪو سپهه سالار. ان جي بدران ڪميون پيرس جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ قومي اسيمبلي جي نموني تي نَو ڪميشنون قائم ڪيون. اهي سڀئي ڪميشنون هڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن کي جوابده هيون. سڀ کان پهرين منظور ڪيل قدمن مان هڪ اهو هو ته لازمي فوجي ڀرتي ختم ڪئي وڃي، راڄڌاني ۾ قومي محافظ دستي کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا به فوج نه ٺاهي وڃي ۽ نه ئي داخل ڪئي وڃي، ۽ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد کي قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر قرار ڏنو وڃي. پر هن نئين نظام ۾ هڪ اهم ڪمزوري به موجود هئي: قومي محافظ دستي وٽ هاڻي ٻه جدا جدا قيادتون موجود هيون. اهو هڪ ئي وقت قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميشن ٻنهي کي جوابده هو، ۽ اهو واضح نه هو ته ٿئير جي حڪومت خلاف ايندڙ جنگ ۾ حتمي فوجي اختيار ڪنهن وٽ هوندو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=129}}

== انتظام ۽ ڪارروايون ==

=== پروگرام ===

[[File:communepawnshop.jpg|thumb|ڪميون، گهيري دوران گروي رکيل مزدورن جا اوزار واپس ڪري رهي آهي.]]

پنهنجي مختصر وجود دوران ڪميون اڳ ۾ رد ڪيل [[فرانسيسي جمهوري ڪئلينڊر]] اختيار ڪيو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06724-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/parisiansadventu00robb/page/181 181] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[فرانس جو جهنڊو|جمهوري ٽن رنگن واري جهنڊي]] بدران اشتراڪي [[ڳاڙهو جهنڊو (سياست)|ڳاڙهو جهنڊو]] استعمال ڪيو. اندروني اختلافن باوجود، ڪائونسل ان وقت ويهه لک رهواسين تي مشتمل شهر لاءِ عوامي خدمتن کي منظم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اها ڪجهه اهڙين پاليسين تي به متفق ٿي، جيڪي ترقي پسند، سيڪيولر ۽ [[سماجي جمهوريت|سماجي جمهوري]] رخ رکندڙ هيون. جيئن ته ڪميون کي دٻائڻ کان اڳ ان جو وجود رڳو ٻن مهينن تائين رهيو، تنهنڪري عملي طور رڳو ڪجهه فرمان لاڳو ٿي سگهيا. انهن فرمانن ۾ هيٺيان قدم شامل هئا:

* گهيري جي سڄي عرصي دوران رهيل مسواڙون معاف ڪرڻ، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان عرصي ۾ مسواڙن جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي هئي؛
* [[ٻارن کان پورهيو]] ڪرائڻ ۽ بيڪرين ۾ [[رات جو ڪم]] ڪرائڻ جو خاتمو؛
* عملي خدمت دوران مارجي ويل قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين جي غير شادي شده ساٿين ۽ ٻارن کي پينشن ڏيڻ؛
* گهيري دوران گروي رکيل، وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 فرانڪ ماليت وارا مزدورن جا سڀئي اوزار ۽ گهريلو سامان گروي خانن مان مفت واپس ڪرڻ؛
* واپاري قرضن جي ادائيگي ملتوي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن قرضن تي وياج ختم ڪرڻ؛
* جيڪڏهن ڪنهن ڪاروباري اداري جو مالڪ ان کي ڇڏي وڃي ته [[مزدورن جو خود انتظام|ملازمن کي ان اداري تي قبضو ڪري پاڻ هلائڻ جو حق]] ڏيڻ؛ تنهن هوندي به، ڪميون اڳوڻي مالڪ جي معاوضي واري حق کي تسليم ڪيو؛
* مالڪن پاران مزدورن تي ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪرڻ تي پابندي.&lt;ref&gt;''Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory'' by Timothy McCarthy&lt;/ref&gt;

=== عورتن جي حقن بابت قدم ===

[[File:Louise Michel2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[لوئيز ميشيل]]، انارڪسٽ ۽ مونٽ مارتر جي مشهور &quot;ڳاڙهي ڪنواري&quot;، ڪميون بابت روايتن جي هڪ اهم علامت بڻجي وئي.]]

عورتن ڪميون جي قيام ۽ ان جي انتظام، ٻنهي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ انهن کي ڪميون جي چونڊن ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق حاصل نه هو ۽ ڪميون ۾ ڪا به چونڊيل عورت ميمبر نه هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=109–113}} سندن سرگرمين ۾ رڪاوٽون اڏڻ ۽ زخمي ويڙهاڪن جي سار سنڀال ڪرڻ شامل هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ڌوٻياڻي [[جوزفين مارشي]] 22 ۽ 23 مئي جي ويڙهن دوران بندوق کڻي چيو: ''&quot;اوهان بزدلن جو ٽولو! وڃو ۽ وڙهو! جيڪڏهن مان مارجي ويس ته ان کان اڳ ڪنهن کي ماري چڪي هونديس!&quot;'' کيس باهه لڳائيندڙ عورت جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو، پر ان ڳالهه جو ڪو به دستاويزي ثبوت موجود نه آهي ته هوءَ ڪا [[پيٽروليوز|عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ]] هئي. هن [[انفان پيردو]] سان گڏ [[ويونڊيئر]] طور ڪم ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين پاران ڌوئڻ لاءِ ڏنل ڪپڙا واپس کڻي ويندي، هوءَ پنهنجي محبوب ژان گي جو لاش پڻ پاڻ سان کڻي وئي، جيڪو هڪ قصاب جو شاگرد هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |title=Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780465020171 |location=New Haven and London |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Perny |first=Paul |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |title=Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,... |date=1871 |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411100658/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5447194n |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مختلف اخبارن ۾ عورت باهه لڳائيندڙن بابت رپورٽون شايع ٿيون، پر انهن بابت ثبوت ڪمزور رهيا. ''پيرس جرنل'' موجب فوجين 13 عورتن کي گرفتار ڪيو، جن تي مبينا طور گهرن ۾ پيٽرول اڇلائڻ جو الزام هو. اهي افواهون پڻ پکڙيون ته هر گهر کي باهه ڏيڻ جي بدلي [[پيٽروليوز]] عورتن کي 10 فرانڪ ڏنا ويندا هئا. جيتوڻيڪ اهو واضح هو ته ڪميون جي باهه لڳائيندڙن [[ٽويلري محل]]، هوٽيل ڊي وِل ۽ ٻين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙيو، پر ان وقت عورتن جي شموليت بابت رپورٽن کي گهڻو وڌائي پيش ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman |date=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02017-1 |pages=156–157 |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315192926/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-465-02017-1 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڪجهه عورتن، 1789ع ۽ 1848ع جي اڳوڻين ڪوششن جي تسلسل ۾، [[فرانس ۾ عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|عورتن جي حقن جي تحريڪ]] منظم ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح، اشتراڪي ڪتاب جلدساز [[ناتالي ليميل]] ۽ نوجوان روسي جلاوطن ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ جي ميمبر [[ايلزبيٿ دمتريئف]] 11 اپريل 1871ع تي [[پيرس جي بچاءَ ۽ زخمين جي سار سنڀال لاءِ عورتن جي يونين]] قائم ڪئي. عورتن جي حقن بابت ليکڪا [[آندري ليو]]، جيڪا [[پول منڪ]] جي دوست هئي، پڻ عورتن جي يونين ۾ سرگرم رهي. هن انجمن جو خيال هو ته عورتن جي حالت رڳو سرمائيداري خلاف عالمي جدوجهد ذريعي ئي بهتر ٿي سگهي ٿي. تنهنڪري ان [[جنسي برابري|صنفي برابري]]، [[عورتن لاءِ برابر اجورو|برابر اجوري]]، عورتن لاءِ طلاق جي حق، سيڪيولر تعليم جي حق ۽ ڇوڪرين لاءِ پيشاورانه تعليم جا مطالبا ڪيا.

انجمن شادي شده عورتن ۽ غير شادي شده ساٿين، ۽ جائز ۽ ناجائز ٻارن جي وچ ۾ قانوني فرق ختم ڪرڻ جو پڻ مطالبو ڪيو. ان [[جسم فروشي بابت قانون|جسم فروشي جي خاتمي]] جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ قانوني قحبہ خانن کي بند ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. عورتن جي يونين ڪيترين ئي بلدياتي ڪميشنن ۾ پڻ حصو ورتو ۽ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ورڪشاپون قائم ڪيون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 Women and the Commune]، ''{{lang|fr|ليومانيتي}}''، 19 مارچ 2005ع {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756 |date=12 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[اوجين وارلين]] سان گڏ ناتالي ليميل گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل ريسٽورانٽ ''{{lang|fr|لا مارميت}}'' قائم ڪيو، جيڪو ضرورتمندن کي مفت کاڌو فراهم ڪندو هو. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bodinaux&quot;&gt;François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. &quot;''[http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc On les disait 'pétroleuses'...]''&quot; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175450/http://www.femmesprevoyantes.be/NR/rdonlyres/E9B8FF14-B989-404F-A844-DB71B8D98326/0/PETROLEUSESDEFVERSIONFPS.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

پول منڪ [[سينٽ پيئر ڊي مونٽ مارتر]] جي چرچ ۾ هڪ مفت اسڪول کوليو ۽ [[سينٽ سلپيس، پيرس|سينٽ سلپيس جي چرچ]] ۾، جيڪو [[سين جو کاٻو ڪنارو|کاٻي ڪناري]] تي واقع هو، ''{{lang|fr|ڪلب ڊي لا وڪٽوار}}'' هلائي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt; روسي عورت [[اين ژاڪلار]]، جنهن [[فيودور دوستوفسڪي]] سان شادي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ پوءِ بلانڪيست ڪارڪن [[وڪٽر ژاڪلار]] جي زال بڻجي، آندري ليو سان گڏ ''{{lang|fr|لا سوسيال}}'' اخبار قائم ڪئي. هوءَ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ پول منڪ سان گڏ [[مونٽ مارتر جي نگراني ڪميٽي]] جي ميمبر ۽ پهرين انٽرنيشنل جي روسي شاخ سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هئي.

[[بين الاقوامي مزدور انجمن]] جي ڪارڪنن سان ويجهڙائي رکندڙ [[وڪٽورين بروشي]]، جنهن 1867ع ۾ گڏيل سهڪار تي ٻڌل هڪ بيڪري قائم ڪئي هئي، پڻ ڪميون ۽ خوني هفتي دوران وڙهي.&lt;ref name=Bodinaux/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eichner |first=Carolyn |title=The Paris Commune: A Brief History |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2022 |location=Camden}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[لوئيز ميشيل]]، جنهن کي پوءِ [[نيو ڪيليڊونيا]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، انهن عورتن مان هڪ هئي، جيڪي بغاوت جي واقعن ۾ عورتن جي محدود پر سرگرم شموليت جي علامت بڻيون. قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ عورتن واري بٽالين حڪومتي دٻاءَ دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] جو دفاع ڪيو.

=== بئنڪ آف فرانس ===

ڪميون [[فرانسوا ژورد]] کي مالياتي ڪميشن جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو. اڳوڻو نوٽري ڪلارڪ، بئنڪ اڪائونٽنٽ ۽ شهر جي پلن ۽ رستن واري کاتي جو ملازم رهندڙ ژورد ڪميون جا حساب ڪتاب احتياط سان سنڀاليا. پيرس مان حاصل ٿيندڙ محصولن جي آمدني 20 ملين فرانڪ هئي، جڏهن ته وڌيڪ ڇهه ملين فرانڪ هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان هٿ ڪيا ويا. ڪميون جا خرچ 42 ملين فرانڪ هئا، جن جو سڀ کان وڏو حصو قومي محافظ دستي جي روزاني پگهارن تي خرچ ٿيندو هو. ژورد پهرين [[روٿسچائلڊ اينڊ ڪمپني|روٿسچائلڊ بئنڪ]] کان قرض ورتو، پوءِ شهر جي کاتي مان بل ادا ڪيا، جيڪو جلد ئي خالي ٿي ويو.

[[بئنڪ آف فرانس]] جا سون جا ذخيرا حفاظت خاطر آگسٽ 1870ع ۾ پيرس کان ٻاهر منتقل ڪيا ويا هئا؛ انهن کان سواءِ شهر ۾ 88 ملين فرانڪ جا سون جا سڪا ۽ 166 ملين فرانڪ جا بئنڪ نوٽ موجود هئا. جڏهن ٿئير جي حڪومت مارچ ۾ پيرس ڇڏي، تڏهن وٽن نه ايترو وقت هو ۽ نه اهڙا ڀروسي جوڳا سپاهي، جو اها رقم پاڻ سان کڻي سگهن. ذخيرن جي حفاظت 500 قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جيڪي پاڻ بئنڪ آف فرانس جا ملازم هئا.

ڪجهه ڪميون حامين سماجي منصوبن لاءِ بئنڪ جا ذخيرا قبضي ۾ وٺڻ گهريا، پر ژورد ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. هن وضاحت ڪئي ته سون جي ذخيرن کان سواءِ ڪرنسي تباهه ٿي ويندي ۽ ڪميون وٽ موجود سموري رقم بي قدر ٿي ويندي. ڪميون [[شارل بيسلي]] کي بئنڪ آف فرانس جو ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو، ۽ هن اهڙو انتظام ڪيو، جنهن هيٺ بئنڪ ڪميون کي روزانو 400,000 فرانڪ قرض ڏيندي هئي. ٿئير پڻ ان انتظام جي منظوري ڏني، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جرمن مستقبل جي امن معاهدي لاءِ پنج ارب فرانڪ جنگي تاوان جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا؛ فرانڪ جي قدر مستحڪم رکڻ ۽ تاوان ادا ڪرڻ لاءِ سون جا ذخيرا ضروري هئا. ژورد جي انهن قدمن تي پوءِ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] ۽ ٻين مارڪسي مفڪرن تنقيد ڪئي، جن جو خيال هو ته ڪميون کي بئنڪ جا ذخيرا ضبط ڪرڻ گهرجن ها.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx: ''Selected Writings'' (ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اخبارون ===

[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre1 1 0.png|thumb|upright|''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}''، [[پلاس وانڊوم#وانڊوم ستون|وانڊوم ستون]] جي چوٽيءَ تي لڳل [[نيپولين]] جي مجسمي ڏانهن ڏسي رهيو آهي، جنهن کي ڪميون جا حامي ڊاهڻ وارا هئا.]]

21 مارچ کان قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ورسائي جي حمايت ڪندڙ وڏين اخبارن، ''{{lang|fr|[[لي گولوا]]}}'' ۽ ''{{lang|fr|[[لي فيگارو]]}}''، تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. ڪميون جي حامين جا ميڙ انهن جي آفيسن ۾ داخل ٿيا ۽ کين بند ڪري ڇڏيو. 18 اپريل کان پوءِ ورسائي سان همدردي رکندڙ ٻيون اخبارون پڻ بند ڪيون ويون. ان جي جواب ۾ ورسائي جي حڪومت سخت سينسرشپ لاڳو ڪئي ۽ ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ هر قسم جي اشاعت تي پابندي وڌي.

ساڳئي وقت، ڪميون جي دور ۾ پيرس اندر ڪميون جي حمايت ڪندڙ اخبارن ۽ رسالن جو انگ تمام تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. انهن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول اخبار [[جول والس]] جي شايع ڪيل ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' هئي، جيڪا 22 فيبروري کان 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. هڪ ٻي تمام مشهور اشاعت ''{{lang|fr|[[لي پير دوشين (اوڻويهين صدي)|لي پير دوشين]]}}'' هئي، جيڪا 1790ع کان 1794ع تائين شايع ٿيندڙ [[لي پير دوشين|ساڳئي نالي واري اخبار]] کان متاثر هئي. 6 مارچ تي ان جو پهريون شمارو نڪرڻ کان پوءِ جنرل وينوا ان کي عارضي طور بند ڪيو، پر اها ٻيهر شايع ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ 23 مئي تائين جاري رهي. اها اخبار مزاح، بازاري ٻولي ۽ ڪميون جي مخالفن خلاف انتهائي سخت تنقيد لاءِ مشهور هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=250}}

جمهوري اخبارون پڻ وڏي پيماني تي شايع ٿيون. انهن ۾ [[هنري روشفور]] جي ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' شامل هئي، جيڪا هڪ طرف ورسائي جي سخت مخالف هئي، ته ٻئي طرف ڪميون جي غلطين ۽ زيادتين تي به تنقيد ڪندي هئي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول جمهوري اخبار ''{{lang|fr|[[لي راپل]]}}'' هئي، جنهن ٿئير ۽ ڪميون حامين پاران جنرل ليڪومت ۽ ڪليمان-ٿوما جي قتل، ٻنهي جي مذمت ڪئي. ان جو ايڊيٽر [[اوگسٽ واڪري]]، [[وڪٽر هوگو]] جو ويجهو ساٿي هو، ۽ هوگو جو پٽ [[فرانسوا-وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ هن اخبار لاءِ لکندو هو. اخبار جي ايڊيٽرن لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اسان قومي اسيمبليءَ جي خلاف آهيون، پر ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ به نه آهيون. جنهن شيءِ جو اسين دفاع ڪريون ٿا، جنهن سان اسين محبت ڪريون ٿا ۽ جنهن کي اسين ساراهيون ٿا، اها پيرس آهي.&quot;{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=253}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== پادريت مخالف پاليسي ===

[[File:Commune de Paris réunion de femmes (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]] جي چرچ کي ٿوري وقت لاءِ اشتراڪي عورتن جي ڪلب ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو.]]

شروعات کان ئي ڪميون جا [[فرانس ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] سان لاڳاپا دشمنيءَ وارا هئا. 2 اپريل تي، ڪميون جي قيام کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ، هڪ فرمان منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي &quot;بادشاهت جي ڏوهن ۾ ساٿ ڏيڻ&quot; جو الزام لڳايو ويو. فرمان ۾ چرچ ۽ رياست جي الڳ ٿيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، چرچ لاءِ مختص سرڪاري رقم ضبط ڪئي وئي، مذهبي جماعتن جي ملڪيت قبضي ۾ ورتي وئي، ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن]] کي مذهبي تعليم بند ڪري سيڪيولر تعليم اختيار ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ويو.

ايندڙ ستن هفتن دوران لڳ ڀڳ ٻه سئو پادري، راهبائون ۽ راهب گرفتار ڪيا ويا، جڏهن ته ڇويهه چرچ عوام لاءِ بند ڪيا ويا. وڌيڪ بنيادپرست اخبارن جي زور ڀرڻ تي قومي محافظ دستي جا دستا چرچن جي هيٺاهين خانن جي تلاشي وٺندا رهيا، جتي هو مبينا طور بي رحماڻي ۽ ڏوهاري عملن جا ثبوت ڳوليندا هئا. قومي محافظ دستي جي وڌيڪ انتهاپسند عنصرن مذهبي جلوسن ۽ عبادتي رسمن جون ٺٺوليون به ڪيون. ڪجهه چرچ، جهڙوڪ [[سينٽ-جرمين لوسيروا]]، اشتراڪي گڏجاڻين جي ڪلبن ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.

مئي جي شروعات ۾ ڪجهه سياسي ڪلبن پيرس جي آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ جيل ۾ قيد ٻين پادرين کي فوري طور قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو شروع ڪيو. خوني هفتي دوران باقاعده فوج پاران ڪميون جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ آرچ بشپ ۽ ڪيترن پادرين کي ڦاسي ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=350–354}}

=== وانڊوم ستون جي تباهي ===

[[File:Souvenirs de la Commune de Paris, renversement de la colonne Vendôme, 1871.jpg|thumb|left|16 مئي 1871ع تي [[وانڊوم ستون]] کي ڪيرايو پيو وڃي. ستون جي تباهيءَ سان مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] جي گذريل سيپٽمبر ۾ پيش ڪيل سرڪاري تجويز پوري ٿي. ڪميون جي خاتمي کان پوءِ ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ڏني وئي ۽ پوءِ ستون ٻيهر اڏائڻ جا خرچ ادا ڪرڻ جو حڪم پڻ مليو. هو اهي خرچ ڪڏهن به ادا نه ڪري سگهيو ۽ ٿوري ئي عرصي کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ ۾ فوت ٿي ويو.]]

[[File:Colonne Vendôme à terre.jpg|thumb|زمين تي پيل شهنشاهه نيپولين پهرئين جو مجسمو، جنهن کي شاهي آمريت جي علامت سمجهيو ويندو هو.]]

[[نيپولين پهريون]] جي فتحن جي ياد ۾ ٺهيل ۽ مٿان [[فرانسيسين جو شهنشاهه|شهنشاهه]] جو مجسمو رکندڙ [[وانڊوم ستون]] جي تباهي ڪميون جي دور جي سڀ کان نمايان شهري واقعن مان هڪ هئي. 12 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ستون ڊاهڻ جي منظوري ڏني ۽ ان کي &quot;بربريت جي يادگار&quot; ۽ &quot;ڪچي طاقت ۽ ڪوڙي غرور جي علامت&quot; قرار ڏنو. اهو خيال اصل ۾ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] پيش ڪيو هو، جنهن 4 سيپٽمبر تي [[قومي دفاع جي حڪومت]] کي خط لکي ستون ڊاهڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو هو. آڪٽوبر ۾ هن ڳريل جرمن توپن مان هڪ نئون ستون ٺاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني، جنهن کي هن &quot;قومَن جو ستون، جرمني ۽ فرانس جو ستون، جيڪي هميشه لاءِ وفاق ۾ گڏ هجن&quot; سڏيو.

ڪوربي 16 اپريل تي ڪميون جي ڪائونسل لاءِ چونڊيو ويو، جڏهن ستون ڊاهڻ جو فيصلو اڳ ئي ٿي چڪو هو. ستون کي رسماً 16 مئي تي ڊاٺو ويو. قومي محافظ دستي جي ٻن بٽالينن ۽ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن جي موجودگيءَ ۾ هڪ موسيقي ٽولي &quot;[[لا مارسييز]]&quot; ۽ &quot;[[شان دو ديپار]]&quot; وڄايا. ستون کي ڪيرائڻ جي پهرين ڪوشش ناڪام ٿي، پر شام ساڍي پنجين وڳي اهو بنياد کان ٽٽي ٽن حصن ۾ پئجي ويو. ان جي چبوتري کي ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان ڍڪيو ويو، ۽ مجسمي جا ٽڪرا ڳارڻ ۽ سڪا ٺاهڻ لاءِ کڻي ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=294–296}}

12 مئي تي ڪميون پاران منظم ڪيل هڪ ميڙ [[پلاس سينٽ-جارج]] تي واقع ٽين جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ ادولف ٿئير جي رهائشگاهه تباهه ڪري ڇڏي. ''{{lang|fr|لي مو دوردر}}'' جي ايڊيٽر هنري روشفور اها تجويز 6 اپريل تي پيش ڪئي هئي، پر ڪميون ان تي 10 مئي تائين ووٽ نه ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=296–298}}

== قومي حڪومت سان جنگ ==

=== ٻنهي ڌرين جي فوجي تياري ۽ حڪومتي فوج جو حملو ===

ورسائي ۾ ٿئير اندازو لڳايو هو ته پيرس تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪرڻ لاءِ کيس 150,000 سپاهين جي ضرورت پوندي، جڏهن ته وٽس رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 20,000 ڀروسي جوڳا پهرين صف جا سپاهي ۽ اٽڪل 5,000 ژاندارم موجود هئا. هن تيزيءَ سان هڪ نئين ۽ ڀروسي جوڳي باقاعده فوج گڏ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي. گهڻا سپاهي جنگي قيدي هئا، جن کي جنگ بنديءَ جي شرطن تحت جرمنن تازو آزاد ڪيو هو. ٻيا سپاهي فرانس جي مختلف صوبن ۾ موجود فوجي يونٽن مان موڪليا ويا. نئين فوج جي قيادت لاءِ ٿئير [[پيٽريس ڊي ميڪ ماهون]] کي چونڊيو، جيڪو نيپولين ٽئين جي دور ۾ اٽلي ۾ [[اٽلي جي آزاديءَ جي ٻي جنگ|آسٽريا وارن خلاف وڙهندي]] شهرت ماڻي چڪو هو ۽ سيڊان جي جنگ ۾ سخت زخمي ٿيو هو. هو فوج ۽ ملڪ، ٻنهي ۾ گهڻو مقبول هو. 30 مارچ تائين، مونٽ مارتر ۾ فوج جي شڪست کان ٻن هفتن کان به گهٽ عرصي اندر، حڪومتي فوج پيرس جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ قومي محافظ دستي سان جهڙپن ۾ مصروف ٿي وئي.

پهريون حملو ورسائي جي فوج ڪيو. 21 مارچ تي ان مونٽ-واليرين جي قلعي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جتي ڪميون جي [[فيڊري#1871ع|فيڊري]] دستن پنهنجو بندوبست نه ڪيو هو. هيءَ جڳهه پيرس جي اولهندي ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن تي حاوي هئي ۽ حڪومتي فوج کي اهم فوجي برتري فراهم ڪندي هئي. 30 مارچ تي جنرل ڊي گاليفي ڪوربوا جي گول چڪر تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ 2 اپريل تي ورسائي جي فوج ڪوربوا ۽ پوتو تي قبضو ڪري ورتو، جڏهن ته فيڊري دستا نيوئي ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي ويا.

=== ورسائي ڏانهن مارچ جي ناڪامي ===

[[File:ROUQUETTE(1871) p237 Affaire du Mont-Valerien.jpg|thumb|3 اپريل تي [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] مان ٿيندڙ توپخاني جي فائرنگ سبب فيڊري دستن کي نانتيئر جي ميدان ڏانهن پوئتي ڌڪيو ويو.]]

پيرس ۾ فوجي ڪميشن، ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي جا ميمبر 1 اپريل تي گڏ ٿيا. هنن پنجن ڏينهن اندر ورسائي ۾ موجود فوج خلاف حملو شروع ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. پهريون حملو 2 اپريل جي صبح جو پنجن بٽالينن ڪيو، جيڪي [[پون ڊي نيوئي]] وٽان سين درياهه پار ڪري اڳتي وڌيون. قومي محافظ دستي جا سپاهي حڪومتي فوج هٿان جلدي شڪست کائي موٽي ويا، ۽ سندن لڳ ڀڳ ٻارهن سپاهي مارجي ويا. ورسائي فوج جو هڪ آفيسر، جيڪو طبي دستي جو جراح هو، پڻ مارجي ويو؛ قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين سندس وردي کي ژاندارم جي وردي سمجهي ورتو هو. پنج قومي محافظ سپاهي باقاعده فوج هٿان گرفتار ٿيا؛ انهن مان ٻه فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هئا ۽ ٻه هٿيارن سميت پڪڙيا ويا. پيرس جي فوجي ضلعي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل وينوا حڪم ڏنو هو ته جيڪي به قيدي فوج مان ڀڄل سپاهي هجن، تن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو وڃي. باقاعده فوج جي ڪمانڊر ڪرنل [[جارج ارنسٽ بولانجي]] ان کان به اڳتي وڌي، چئن ئي قيدين کي مختصر ڪارروائي کان پوءِ گولي هڻڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ايندڙ هفتن جي سخت ويڙهه دوران هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪرڻ عام رواج بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=138–139}}

هن پهرين ناڪاميءَ باوجود ڪميون جي اڳواڻن کي اڃا به يقين هو ته مونٽ مارتر وانگر فرانسيسي فوج جا سپاهي قومي محافظ دستي تي فائرنگ ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪندا. هنن 27,000 قومي محافظ سپاهين تي مشتمل هڪ وڏي حملي جي تياري ڪئي، جن کي ٽن جدا جدا قطارن ۾ اڳتي وڌڻو هو. اميد هئي ته اهي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر [[ورسائي محل]] جي دروازن وٽ گڏ ٿي ويندا. 3 اپريل جي صبح اهي اڳتي وڌيا، پر سندن پاسن جي حفاظت لاءِ گهوڙيسوار دستا موجود نه هئا، توپخانو ساڻن نه هو، کاڌي ۽ گولا بارود جا ذخيرا نه هئا ۽ نه ئي ايمبولينسون هيون؛ تنهن هوندي به هو تيز ڪاميابيءَ بابت پراعتماد هئا. اهي شهر کان ٻاهر قلعن جي قطار وٽان لنگهيا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ سندن خيال هو ته اهي قلعا قومي محافظ دستي جي قبضي ۾ آهن. حقيقت ۾ فوج 28 مارچ تي ڇڏيل قلعن تي ٻيهر قبضو ڪري چڪي هئي. قومي محافظ دستو جلد ئي سخت توپخاني ۽ رائفلن جي فائرنگ هيٺ اچي ويو؛ سندن صفون ٽٽي پيون ۽ هو پيرس ڏانهن ڀڄي موٽيا. هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل قومي محافظ سپاهين کي حڪومتي فوجي يونٽن باقاعدي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=141–152}}

=== يرغمالين بابت فرمان ===

فوج پاران قيدين کي قتل ڪرڻ جي جواب ۾ ڪميون جي اڳواڻن 5 اپريل تي هڪ نئون حڪم منظور ڪيو، جيڪو &quot;يرغمالين بابت فرمان&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو؛ پر ان تي عملي عملدرآمد بغاوت جي دٻجڻ واري مرحلي، يعني خوني هفتي، دوران ٿيو. فرمان موجب ورسائي حڪومت سان سهڪار جي الزام هيٺ آيل ڪنهن به شخص کي فوراً گرفتار، قيد ۽ هڪ خاص الزام مقرر ڪندڙ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪري سگهجي پيو. جن ماڻهن کي جيوري ڏوهاري قرار ڏيندي، تن کي &quot;پيرس جي عوام جا يرغمالي&quot; قرار ڏنو ويندو. فرمان جي پنجين شق ۾ چيو ويو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;جنگي قيدي يا پيرس ڪميون جي حڪومت جي ڪنهن حامي کي قتل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، چوٿين شق تحت قيد ڪيل يرغمالين مان ٽي ڀيرا وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي فوراً قتل ڪيو ويندو.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

جنگي قيدين کي هڪ جيوري آڏو پيش ڪيو ويندو، جيڪا فيصلو ڪندي ته کين آزاد ڪيو وڃي يا يرغمالي طور قيد رکيو وڃي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}

ورسائي ۾ قومي اسيمبلي ايندڙ ڏينهن هن فرمان جو جواب ڏنو. اسيمبلي اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن تحت فوجي عدالتن کي شڪي ماڻهن تي 24 ڪلاڪن اندر مقدمو هلائي سزا ڏيڻ جو اختيار ڏنو ويو. [[ايميل زولا]] لکيو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;اهڙيءَ طرح اسين پيرس جا شهري ٻن خوفناڪ قانونن جي وچ ۾ اچي ويا آهيون؛ ڪميون پاران ٻيهر نافذ ڪيل [[شڪ وارن ماڻهن جو قانون]] ۽ تيز ڦاسين وارو اهو قانون، جنهن کي اسيمبلي يقيناً منظور ڪندي. اهي توپن جي گولن سان نه پيا وڙهن، پر فرمانن وسيلي هڪ ٻئي کي ذبح ڪري رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zola, Emile, ''La Cloche'', 8 April 1871&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ڪميون پنهنجي خاتمي کان اڳ آرچ بشپ سميت لڳ ڀڳ هڪ سئو يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=153}}
=== وڌيڪ بنيادپرستي ===

[[File:Edwin Buckman - A Republican Procession in London Sunday Morning - manifestation de soutien à la Commune de Paris le 16 avril 1871.jpg|thumb|16 اپريل 1871ع، آچر جي ڏينهن، لنڊن ۾ ڪلارڪن ويل گرين کان هائيڊ پارڪ تائين ست هزار مزدورن جو جلوس، جيڪو پيرس ڪميون جي حمايت ۾ ڪڍيو ويو.]]

اپريل تائين، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون آهستي آهستي پيرس ڏانهن وڌنديون رهيون، تيئن ڪميون جي اندر اختلاف پيدا ٿيڻ لڳا ته ڇا فوجي دفاع کي مڪمل ترجيح ڏني وڃي يا سياسي ۽ سماجي آزادين ۽ سڌارن کي. اڪثريت، جنهن ۾ بلانڪيست ۽ وڌيڪ بنيادپرست انقلابي شامل هئا، ۽ جن کي پياٽ جي ''{{lang|fr|لي وانژور}}'' ۽ ورميرش جي ''{{lang|fr|لي پير دوشين}}'' جي حمايت حاصل هئي، فوجي معاملن کي اوليت ڏيڻ جي حمايت ڪئي. ٻئي طرف ''{{lang|fr|لا ڪميون}}''، ''{{lang|fr|لا جسٽيس}}'' ۽ والس جي ''{{lang|fr|لي ڪري دو پيپل}}'' کي خدشو هو ته وڌيڪ آمرانه حڪومت ان سماجي جمهوريه کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندي، جنهن کي هو قائم ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا. آخرڪار، ڪميون جي ڪائونسل سخت مخالفت جي باوجود [[عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي (1871ع)|عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي]] قائم ڪرڻ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيڪا [[دهشت جي دور]] (1793–1794ع) دوران ڪم ڪندڙ ساڳئي نالي واري ڪميٽي جي نموني تي ٺاهي وئي هئي. ان جي نالي سان وابسته تاريخي تاثر سبب ڪميون جا ڪيترائي ميمبر ان جي قيام جا مخالف هئا.

هن ڪميٽي کي ڪميون جي دشمنن کي ڳولي گرفتار ڪرڻ ۽ قيد ۾ رکڻ جا وسيع اختيار ڏنا ويا. [[رائول ريگول]] جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ هن غداري، دشمن سان ڳجهن لاڳاپن يا ڪميون جي توهين جي شڪ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي گرفتار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. گرفتار ٿيلن ۾ [[ليزانواليڊ]] جو گورنر جنرل [[ايڊمون-شارل ڊي مارٽيمپري]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن تي 1851ع جي ڊسمبر ۾ انقلابين جي قتل جو الزام هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه تازا ڪمانڊر، جن ۾ [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] به شامل هو. اعليٰ مذهبي اڳواڻن کي به گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ آرچ بشپ داربوا، وائڪر جنرل ابي لاگارڊ ۽ [[لا مادلين]] جي پادري ابي ڊيگيري شامل هئا. ممڪن انتقامي ڪارروائين لاءِ يرغمال رکڻ واري پاليسي تي ڪميون جي ڪجهه حامين به تنقيد ڪئي، جن ۾ [[وڪٽر هوگو]] پڻ شامل هو، جنهن 21 اپريل تي برسلز ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي نظم ''&quot;ڪو به انتقام نه&quot;'' ۾ ان جي مخالفت ڪئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=346–347}}

12 اپريل تي ريگول تجويز ڏني ته آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ڪجهه ٻين پادرين جي بدلي ۾ قيد ٿيل [[لوئي آگسٽ بلانڪي|بلانڪي]] کي آزاد ڪيو وڃي. ٿئير هن تجويز کي رد ڪندي چيو ته اهڙي تبادلي سان وڌيڪ يرغمال بڻائڻ جي همت افزائي ٿيندي. 14 مئي تي ريگول وري ستر يرغمالين جي بدلي ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻ بلانڪي کي آزاد ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني، پر ٿئير ٻيهر انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=345–350}}

=== قومي محافظ دستي جي جوڙجڪ ===

[[File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg|thumb|اپريل 1871ع ۾ ڪميون پاران [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي، هوٽيل ڊي وِل جي ويجهو، تعمير ڪيل هڪ رڪاوٽ. تصوير ۾ موجود ماڻهو ڪئميرا جي ڊگهي ايڪسپوژر سبب ڌنڌلا نظر اچن ٿا، جيڪو ابتدائي فوٽوگرافيءَ جو عام اثر هو.]]

ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيرس ۾ هر صحتمند بالغ مرد لاءِ قومي محافظ دستي جو ميمبر ٿيڻ لازمي هو، تنهنڪري 6 مئي تي ڪاغذن موجب ڪميون وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 200,000 سپاهين تي مشتمل فوج موجود هئي. حقيقت ۾ انهن جو انگ گهڻو گهٽ هو ۽ اندازاً 25,000 کان 50,000 جي وچ ۾ هو. مئي جي شروعات ۾ رپورٽ موجب قومي محافظ دستي جا ويهه سيڪڙو سپاهي بغير موڪل جي غير حاضر هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

ڪميون جي خاتمي تائين 43,522 ماڻهو گرفتار ڪيا ويا، 7,000 کان 8,000 ڪميون جا حامي ملڪ کان ٻاهر جلاوطن ٿيا، ۽ اندازاً 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. اهڙيءَ طرح ڪميون جي مجموعي فوجي قوت جو انگ لڳ ڀڳ 65,000 هو.

قومي محافظ دستي وٽ سوين توپون ۽ هزارين بندوقون موجود هيون، پر انهن مان رڳو اڌ توپون ۽ ٻه ٽيون بندوقون ئي عملي طور استعمال ٿيون. پيرس جي [[ٿئير ڀت|شهرپناهه]] تي وڏيون بحري توپون نصب هيون، پر انهن کي هلائڻ جي تربيت رکندڙ قومي محافظ سپاهي تمام ٿورا هئا. اپريل جي آخر کان 20 مئي تائين تربيت يافته توپچين جو انگ 5,445 مان گهٽجي 2,340 رهجي ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=319}}

قومي محافظ دستي جا آفيسر سپاهي پاڻ چونڊيندا هئا، تنهنڪري سندن قيادتي صلاحيتن ۽ فوجي مهارت ۾ وڏو فرق هوندو هو. 1 مئي تي برطرف ٿيڻ تائين قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] فوج ۾ وڌيڪ نظم و ضبط آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. هن ڪيترن غير ڀروسي جوڳن يونٽن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو ۽ سپاهين کي گهرن بدران فوجي بيرڪن ۾ رهڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. هن فوجي تجربو رکندڙ آفيسر به ڀرتي ڪيا، خاص طور تي [[پولينڊي ماڻهو|پولينڊي]]، جيڪي 1863ع ۾ [[جنوري بغاوت]] کي روسين جي دٻائڻ کان پوءِ فرانس ڀڄي آيا هئا؛ انهن ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ نمايان ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=317}}

انهن آفيسرن مان هڪ جنرل [[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]] (فرانسيسي ۾ ''Jaroslav Dombrowski'') هو، جيڪو هڪ پولستاني امير ۽ اڳوڻو [[روسي شاهي فوج]] جو آفيسر هو. کيس سين درياهه جي ساڄي ڪناري تي ڪميون جي فوجن جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ڪيو ويو. 5 مئي تي کيس ڪميون جي سموري فوج جو سپهه سالار مقرر ڪيو ويو. ڊومبروفسڪي 23 مئي تائين ان عهدي تي رهيو، جڏهن هو شهر جي رڪاوٽن جو دفاع ڪندي مارجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zdrada |first=Jerzy |url=http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |title=Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |year=1973 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220011704/http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=144915&amp;from=FBC |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اِسي قلعي تي قبضو ===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|29 اپريل 1871ع تي [[فرانس ۾ فري ميسنري|فري ميسنن]] پورت مايو جي مورچن تي پرامن نموني پنهنجا جهنڊا نصب ڪيا، جيئن ورسائي جي فوجن کان بمباري بند ڪرڻ ۽ ڳالهين ذريعي مسئلو حل ڪرڻ جي اپيل ڪري سگهن.]]

پيرس جي چوڌاري اهم فوجي هنڌن مان هڪ [[فورٽ ڊي اِسي]] هو، جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[پورٽ ڊي ورسائي]] جي ويجهو واقع هو ۽ حڪومتي فوج جي پيرس ڏانهن ايندڙ رستي کي روڪيندو هو. هن قلعي جي دستي جي قيادت ليون ميگي ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪو اڳوڻو مشين ساز ۽ سرگرم بلانڪيست هو. هڪ پوليس اهلڪار کي قتل ڪرڻ جي الزام ۾ کيس ويهن سالن جي سخت پورهئي جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي. آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هن مارسيليا جي پريفيڪچر تي بنيادپرست انقلابين جي قبضي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. جڏهن هو پيرس موٽي آيو ته قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي کيس ڪرنل جو عهدو ڏنو ۽ 13 اپريل تي فورٽ ڊي اِسي جي ڪمان سندس حوالي ڪئي.

فوجي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[ارنسٽ ڪورتو ڊي سيسي]] قلعي جو منظم گهيرو ڪيو ۽ مسلسل ٽن ڏينهن ۽ ٽن راتين تائين ان تي سخت بمباري جاري رکي. ساڳئي وقت، مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي اجازت سان جنرل سيسي ڪرنل ميگي ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو، جنهن ۾ واعدو ڪيو ويو ته جيڪڏهن هو قلعو حوالي ڪري ڇڏين ته ان جي محافظن جون حياتيون بخشيون وينديون ۽ کين پنهنجا ذاتي سامان ۽ هٿيار کڻي واپس پيرس وڃڻ جي اجازت هوندي. ڪرنل ميگي اهو حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ 29 ۽ 30 اپريل جي وچ واري رات اڪثر سپاهي قلعو خالي ڪري پيرس موٽي ويا. پر قلعي جي خالي ٿيڻ جي خبر قومي محافظ دستي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي ۽ ڪميون تائين پهچي وئي. ان کان اڳ جو جنرل سيسي ۽ ورسائي جي فوج قلعو سنڀالي سگهي، قومي محافظ دستي اضافي فوجون اتي موڪليون، جن سڀئي مورچا ٻيهر پنهنجي قبضي ۾ وٺي ورتا. قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[گستاو ڪلوزري]] کي برطرف ڪري قيد ڪيو ويو. جنرل سيسي ٻيهر قلعي تي شديد بمباري شروع ڪئي. محافظن 7 ۽ 8 مئي جي وچ واري رات تائين مزاحمت جاري رکي، پر آخرڪار جڏهن وڌيڪ حملن کي روڪڻ ممڪن نه رهيو ته باقي بچيل قومي محافظ سپاهين قلعو ڇڏڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. قومي محافظ دستي جي نئين ڪمانڊر [[لوئي روسيل]] مختصر بيان جاري ڪندي چيو: ''&quot;ڪالهه دستي پاران ڇڏيل اِسي جي قلعي تي هاڻي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪي رهيو آهي.&quot;'' قلعي جي وڃائڻ کان پوءِ ڪميون روسيل کي برطرف ڪري سندس جاءِ تي [[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز|ڊليسڪلوز]] کي مقرر ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ سرگرم ڪميون حامي هو، پر فوجي ماڻهو نه بلڪه صحافي هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=327–330}}

ان کان پوءِ سخت ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيئن ميڪ ماهون جي فوج آهستي آهستي منظم انداز ۾ [[ٿئير ڀت|پيرس جي شهرپناهه]] ڏانهن وڌندي رهي. 20 مئي تي ميڪ ماهون جي توپخاني [[مونٽريتو]]، مونٽ-واليرين، [[بولون-بيانڪور]]، [[اِسي-لي-مولينو]] ۽ [[وانو]] مان شهر جي اولهندي پاڙن—[[اوتوي]]، [[پاسي]] ۽ [[ٽروڪاڊيرو]]—تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي، جنهن جا گولا [[پلاس شارل ڊي گول|ليتوال]] جي ويجهو ڪري رهيا هئا. ڊومبروفسڪي اطلاع ڏنو ته جن سپاهين کي هن پوائنٽ دو ژور ۽ پورٽ دوتوي جي وچ واري شهرپناهه جي دفاع لاءِ موڪليو هو، اهي شهر ڏانهن پوئتي هٽي آيا هئا، ۽ هاڻي وٽس لا ميوئت ۾ رڳو 4,000، [[نيوئي-سور-سين]] ۾ 2,000، ۽ [[ازنيئر-سور-سين]] ۽ [[سينٽ-اوئن-سور-سين]] ۾ رڳو 200 سپاهي بچيا هئا. هن چيو: ''&quot;مون وٽ نه ڪافي توپچي آهن ۽ نه ئي اهڙا ماڻهو، جيڪي هن تباهي کي روڪي سگهن.&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=337}}

19 مئي تي، جڏهن ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ڪميٽي اڳوڻي فوجي ڪمانڊر ڪلوزري خلاف اِسي جي قلعي جي وڃائڻ بابت مقدمو ٻڌي رهي هئي، تڏهن کين اطلاع مليو ته مارشل ميڪ ماهون جون فوجون پيرس جي شهرپناهه تائين پهچي چڪيون آهن.

== &quot;خوني هفتو&quot; {{anchor|bloody week}} ==

{{See also|خوني هفتو}}

[[File:Versaillais(--)Communards.jpg|left|thumb|پيرس ڪميون ۽ &quot;خوني هفتي&quot; جو نقشو، جيڪو ميشيل اودان جي فرانسيسي ڪتاب ''خوني هفتو، مئي 1871ع: روايتون ۽ انگ اکر''، لبرٽاليا پبليڪيشنز، مونٽريئل، 2021ع، {{ISBN|978-2-37729-176-2}} موجب تيار ڪيو ويو.]]

=== 21 مئي: فوج جو پيرس ۾ داخل ٿيڻ ===

[[File:JAROSŁAW ŻĄDŁO DĄBROWSKI herbu (coat of arms) RADWAN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ياروسواف ڊومبروفسڪي]]، هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن ۽ اڳوڻو فوجي آفيسر، قومي محافظ دستي جي ٿورن قابل ڪمانڊرن مان هڪ هو. هو خوني هفتي جي شروعات ۾ مارجي ويو.]]

ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پاران پيرس خلاف آخري حملو آچر، 21 مئي تي شروع ٿيو. ڏکڻ-اولهندي محاذ تي شهر کان ٿورو ٻاهر خيما کوڙي ويٺل سپاهين کي شهر جي ڀتين اندر موجود هڪ ايجنٽ کان خبر پئي ته قومي محافظ دستو پوائنٽ-دو-ژور وٽ شهرپناهه جي هڪ حصي تان هٽي ويو آهي ۽ اتي جا مورچا بي دفاع آهن. هڪ فوجي انجنيئر کاهي پار ڪري خالي مورچن جو معائنو ڪيو ۽ ترت اها خبر تار وسيلي مارشل ميڪ ماهون ڏانهن موڪلي، جيڪو ٿئير سان گڏ [[مونٽ-واليرين قلعو|مونٽ-واليرين قلعي]] ۾ موجود هو. ميڪ ماهون فوراً حڪم جاري ڪيو، ۽ ٻه بٽالينون بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي مورچن مان گذري ويون. ورسائي جي فوج شهر جي اندرئين پاسي کان [[پيرس جا شهري دروازا|شهر جي دروازن]]، پورٽ ڊي سينٽ-ڪلو، لا ميوئت ۽ پورٽ ڊي ورسائي تي تيزيءَ سان قبضو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي وئي. صبح جو چئين وڳي تائين پنجاهه هزار سپاهي شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪا هئا ۽ [[شانز ايليزي]] تائين اڳتي وڌي ويا هئا.{{Sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=379–380}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tombs|2009|pp=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي کيس خبر ڏني ته فوج پيرس اندر داخل ٿي چڪي آهي، تڏهن ڪميون جي اڳواڻ ڊليسڪلوز ان ڳالهه کي مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ايندڙ صبح تائين شهر کي خبردار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهنڊ وڄائڻ کان به انڪار ڪندو رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 2009 p. 320-321&quot;/&gt; ڪميون ۾ اڳوڻي ڪمانڊر گستاو ڪلوزري خلاف مقدمو اڃا جاري هو، جڏهن کين جنرل ڊومبروفسڪي جو پيغام مليو ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي چڪي آهي. هن اضافي فوج جو مطالبو ڪيو ۽ فوري جوابي حملي جي تجويز ڏني. هن لکيو: ''&quot;پرسڪون رهو، ۽ سڀ ڪجهه بچي ويندو. اسان کي شڪست نه کائڻ گهرجي!&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=381}} اها خبر ملڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون جي ايگزيڪيوٽو ميمبرن ڪلوزري جي قسمت بابت پنهنجا بحث ٻيهر شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ان شام اٺين وڳي تائين جاري رهيا.

قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪيترن ئي سپاهين جو پهريون ردعمل اهو هو ته ڪنهن کي ذميوار قرار ڏنو وڃي، ۽ سڀ کان پهرين ڊومبروفسڪي تي الزام لڳايو ويو. اهي افواهون پکڙيون ته هن شهر دشمن حوالي ڪرڻ لاءِ ڏهه لک فرانڪ قبول ڪيا هئا. انهن افواهن کيس سخت ڏک پهچايو. اهي افواهون ٻن ڏينهن کان پوءِ بند ٿيون، جڏهن ڊومبروفسڪي رڪاوٽن تي لڳل زخمن سبب فوت ٿي ويو. سندس آخري بيان ڪيل لفظ هئا: ''&quot;ڇا اهي اڃا به چون ٿا ته مان غدار هئس؟&quot;''{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

=== 22 مئي: رڪاوٽون ۽ پهرين گهٽين واريون ويڙهيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris barricade Place Blanche.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي دوران [[پلاس بلانش]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ، جنهن جي محافظن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] ۽ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ دستو به شامل هو.]]

22 مئي جي صبح جو آخرڪار سڄي شهر ۾ گهنڊ وڄايا ويا، ۽ ڪميون جي جنگي معاملن واري نمائندي ڊليسڪلوز هڪ اعلان جاري ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي پيرس ۾ لڳايو ويو:

{{blockquote|هن شاندار فرانس جي نالي ۾، جيڪو سڀني عوامي انقلابن جي ماءُ ۽ انصاف ۽ يڪجهتيءَ جي انهن خيالن جو دائمي گهر آهي، جيڪي دنيا جا قانون ٿيڻ گهرجن ۽ ضرور ٿيندا، دشمن ڏانهن وڌو، ۽ پنهنجي انقلابي سگهه سان کيس ڏيکاريو ته ڪو ماڻهو پيرس کي وڪڻي ته سگهي ٿو، پر ڪوبه ان کي دشمن حوالي يا فتح نٿو ڪري سگهي! ڪميون اوهان تي ڀروسو ڪري ٿي، اوهان به ڪميون تي ڀروسو ڪريو!&lt;ref&gt;''Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris'', ''[[Journal officiel de la République française|Journal officiel]],'' 22 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;}}

عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي پڻ پنهنجو فرمان جاري ڪيو:

{{blockquote|هٿيار کڻو! پيرس رڪاوٽن سان ڀرجي وڃي، ۽ انهن عارضي مورچن جي پٺيان هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر پنهنجي جنگي صدا، پنهنجي فخر جي صدا، پنهنجي للڪار جي صدا، پر ساڳئي وقت فتح جي صدا به بلند ڪري؛ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ رڪاوٽن سان ڀريل پيرس ناقابل شڪست آهي... اهو انقلابي پيرس، عظيم ڏينهن وارو پيرس، پنهنجو فرض نڀائي؛ ڪميون ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي به پنهنجو فرض نڀائينديون!{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=386}}}}

[[File:Maximilien Luce - A Street in Paris in May 1871 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''مئي 1871ع ۾ پيرس جي هڪ گهٽي''، [[ميڪسيميليئن لوس]] جي تصوير.]]

انهن اپيلن باوجود رڳو پندرهن کان ويهه هزار ماڻهن، جن ۾ گهڻيون عورتون ۽ ٻار به شامل هئا، جواب ڏنو. ڪميون جي فوج جي ڀيٽ ۾ مارشل ميڪ ماهون جي فوج پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Da Costa, Gaston, ''La Commune vecue'', 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, ''La Commune de Paris'', p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

جڏهن پيرس اندر ويڙهه شروع ٿي، تڏهن پاڙيسري علائقن سان اها مضبوط وابستگي، جيڪا اڳ ڪميون جي طاقت هئي، ڪجهه حد تائين ڪمزوري بڻجي وئي. هڪ گڏيل رٿابنديءَ تحت دفاع ڪرڻ بدران هر پاڙي پنهنجي بقا لاءِ الڳ ۽ سخت مزاحمت ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ هڪ ٻئي پٺيان شڪست کائيندو ويو. اڳين پيرسي انقلابن دوران سوڙهين گهٽين جو ڄار سڄن ضلعن کي تقريباً ناقابل تسخير بڻائيندو هو، پر شهر جي مرڪز ۾ [[اوسمان پاران پيرس جي نئين سر تعمير]] دوران انهن جي جاءِ ويڪرن [[بولوارڊ|شاهراهن]] والاري ڇڏي هئي. ورسائي جي فوج وٽ مرڪزي ڪمانڊ، وڌيڪ سپاهي ۽ بهتر تنظيم موجود هئي. ايترو ئي اهم اهو به هو ته هنن 1848ع ۽ اڳين بغاوتن مان گهٽين ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جا طريقا سکي ورتا هئا. اهي ڪميون جي رڪاوٽن تي سڌو حملو ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪندا هئا. هو ڀرپاسي وارن گهرن جون ڀتيون ڀڃي رڪاوٽن کان مٿانهين هنڌن تي مورچا قائم ڪندا ۽ آهستي آهستي انهن جي چوڌاري ۽ پٺيان پهچي ويندا هئا، جنهن ڪري اڪثر ڪميون جي محافظن کي بنا ويڙهه جي پوئتي هٽڻو پوندو هو. پيرس جون گهڻيون رڪاوٽون بنا مقابلي جي ڇڏي ڏنيون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351&lt;/ref&gt;

22 مئي جي صبح جو باقاعده فوج پورٽ دوفين کان [[شان ڊي مارس]] ۽ [[ايڪول ميليٽيئر]] تائين، جتي جنرل سيسي پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر قائم ڪيو، ۽ اتان پورٽ ڊي وانو تائين هڪ وڏو علائقو قبضي ۾ وٺي چڪي هئي. ٿوري ئي وقت ۾ فوج جو پنجون ڪور [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ [[پلاس ڪليشي]] ڏانهن وڌيو، جڏهن ته جنرل [[فيليڪس دوئي]] [[پلاس ڊي ليتوال]] ۽ جنرل ڪليشان [[گار سينٽ-لازار]] تي قبضو ڪيو. اولهندي پيرس ۾ کين تمام ٿوري مزاحمت ملي، پر فوج بنا تڪڙ جي آهستي ۽ احتياط سان اڳتي وڌندي رهي.

ڪنهن کي به اميد نه هئي ته فوج شهر ۾ داخل ٿي ويندي، تنهنڪري اڳواٽ رڳو ڪجهه وڏيون رڪاوٽون [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[اَوَينيو ڊي لوپيرا]] ۽ [[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي تيار هيون. رڪاوٽون اڳواٽ ٺاهيون نه ويون هيون؛ لڳ ڀڳ نَو سئو رڪاوٽون جلديءَ ۾ پٿرن ۽ مٽيءَ جي ٻورين مان ٺاهيون ويون. ٻين ڪيترن ماڻهن هيٺاهين خانن ۾ پناهه گاهون تيار ڪيون. پهرين سخت ويڙهه 22 مئي جي منجهند جو ٿي، جڏهن [[ڪي دورسي]] ۽ مادلين وٽ باقاعده فوج جي توپخاني ۽ ٽويلري محل جي ڇت تي قومي محافظ دستي جي توپن وچ ۾ گولاباري ٿي. ساڳئي ڏينهن پيرس اندر باقاعده فوج پاران قومي محافظ دستي جي سپاهين کي قتل ڪرڻ جا پهريان واقعا پڻ پيش آيا؛ [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]] تي گرفتار ڪيل لڳ ڀڳ سورهن قيدين جي مختصر ٻڌڻي ڪئي وئي ۽ پوءِ کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Milza|Milza, Pierre]], &quot;La Commune&quot;, p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 23 مئي: مونٽ مارتر جي جنگ؛ ٽويلري محل کي باهه ===

[[File:Combats dans la rue Rivoli.jpg|thumb|[[رو ڊي ريوولي]] تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جو دفاع ڪندڙ ڪميون جا حامي.]]

[[File:Commune de Paris nuit du 23 au 24 mai incendies dans Paris.jpg|thumb|23 ۽ 24 مئي جي وچ واري رات ڪميون پاران پيرس ۾ لڳايل باهيون.]]

23 مئي تي فوج جو ايندڙ مقصد [[مونٽ مارتر]] جي ٽڪري هئي، جتان بغاوت شروع ٿي هئي. قومي محافظ دستي ٽڪري جي چوڌاري رڪاوٽن ۽ عارضي قلعن جو هڪ گهيرو تعمير ڪري ان تي محافظ مقرر ڪيا هئا. ڪميون جي شروعات ۾ فوج کان قبضي ۾ ورتل پنجاسي توپون ۽ ويهه تيز فائر ڪندڙ بندوقون اڃا اتي موجود هيون، پر ڪنهن کي به حملي جي اميد نه هئي، تنهنڪري وٽن نه گولا بارود هو، نه بارود جا ڪارتوس ۽ نه تربيت يافته توپچي.&lt;ref&gt;Lissagaray (1896), p. 318&lt;/ref&gt;

شوسي ڪلينانڪور تي هڪ رڪاوٽ جي دستي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽيهه عورتن تي مشتمل هڪ بٽالين شامل هئي، جنهن ۾ [[لوئيز ميشيل]] به هئي. باقاعده فوجين کيس پڪڙي رڪاوٽ جي سامهون واري کاهيءَ ۾ اڇلائي ڇڏيو ۽ مئل سمجهي ڇڏيائون. هوءَ اتان ڀڄي نڪتي، پر ٿوري ئي دير کان پوءِ پنهنجي ماءُ جي گرفتاري روڪڻ لاءِ پاڻ فوج آڏو پيش ٿي وئي. قومي محافظ دستي جون بٽالينون باقاعده فوج جو مقابلو نه ڪري سگهيون؛ 23 مئي جي منجهند تائين حڪومتي سپاهي مونٽ مارتر جي چوٽيءَ تي پهچي ويا ۽ سولفيرينو ٽاور تي ٽن رنگن وارو جهنڊو ڦڙڪايو ويو. سپاهين 42 قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ ڪيترين عورتن کي گرفتار ڪري رو ڊي روزيي واري ساڳئي گهر ڏانهن وٺي ويا، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ ليڪومت کي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ اتي کين گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو. [[رو رويال، پيرس|رو رويال]] تي سپاهين [[لا مادلين، پيرس|مادلين چرچ]] جي چوڌاري ٺهيل مضبوط رڪاوٽ تي قبضو ڪيو؛ اتي هٿيارن سميت گرفتار ٿيل 300 قيدين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جيڪو باغين جي سڀ کان وڏي اجتماعي قتلن مان هڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=394}}

ساڳئي ڏينهن فوج خلاف جنگ ۾ ٿوري ڪاميابي ملڻ سبب قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪجهه يونٽن حڪومت جي علامت سمجهيل [[پيرس ڪميون دوران لڳل باهيون|سرڪاري عمارتن کي ساڙي]] بدلو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو. ڪميون جي شروعاتي اڳواڻن مان هڪ [[پال برونيل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ قومي محافظ سپاهي تيل جا دٻا کڻي رو رويال ۽ [[رو دو فوبور سينٽ-اونوري]] جي ويجهو عمارتن کي باهه ڏيڻ لڳا. برونيل جي مثال تي هلندي ٻين محافظن [[رو سينٽ-فلورانتن، پيرس|رو سينٽ-فلورانتن]]، [[رو ڊي ريوولي]]، [[رو دو باڪ، پيرس|رو دو باڪ]]، رو ڊي ليل ۽ ٻين گهٽين ۾ ڪيترين عمارتن کي باهه ڏني.

[[ٽويلري محل]]، جيڪو [[فرانس جو هينري چوٿون|هينري چوٿين]] کان نيپولين ٽئين تائين فرانس جي گهڻن بادشاهن ۽ شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهه رهيو هو، ان جو دفاع لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سئو قومي محافظ سپاهي ڪري رهيا هئا، جڏهن ته باغ ۾ ٽيهه توپون رکيل هيون. اهي سڄو ڏينهن باقاعده فوج سان توپخاني جي ويڙهه ۾ مصروف رهيا. شام لڳ ڀڳ ستين وڳي دستي جي ڪمانڊر جول برژري محل کي باهه ڏيڻ جو حڪم ڏنو. ڀتين، فرشن، پردن ۽ ڪاٺ جي ڪم کي تيل ۽ تارپين سان ڀڄايو ويو، جڏهن ته بارود جا پيپا وڏي ڏاڪڻ ۽ صحن جي هيٺان رکيا ويا، پوءِ باهه ڏني وئي. اها باهه 48 ڪلاڪن تائين جاري رهي ۽ محل جو گهڻو حصو ساڙي اندر کان خالي ڪري ڇڏيو؛ رڳو ڏکڻ وارو آخري حصو، ''{{lang|fr|پاويو دو فلور}}''، بچي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1956 |title=Paris |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=17 |page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

برژري هوٽيل ڊي وِل ڏانهن پيغام موڪليو:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;بادشاهت جا آخري نشان هاڻي غائب ٿي ويا آهن. منهنجي خواهش آهي ته پيرس جي سڀني يادگارن سان به ساڳيو ئي ٿئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Joanna Richardson, ''Paris under Siege'' Folio Society London 1982 p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ٽويلري سان ڳنڍيل [[لوور محل|لوور]] جي رشيليو لائبريريءَ کي به باهه ڏني وئي ۽ اها مڪمل طور تباهه ٿي وئي. لوور جو باقي حصو عجائب گهر جي منتظمن ۽ باهه وسائيندڙ دستن جي ڪوششن سان بچايو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Rene Heron de Villefosse, ''Histoire de Paris'', Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires&lt;/ref&gt; پوءِ جي تاريخدانن جو عام اتفاق آهي ته گهڻيون وڏيون باهيون قومي محافظ دستي ۽ ڪميون جي ڪجهه منظم گروهن لڳايون، جڏهن ته عورتن پاران باهه لڳائڻ جا واقعا يا ته تمام ٿورا هئا يا بلڪل نه هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}} سرڪاري عمارتن کان سواءِ قومي محافظ دستي نيپولين ٽئين جي حڪومت سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترن رهواسين جي گهرن کي پڻ باهه ڏني، جن ۾ تاريخدان ۽ ناٽڪ نويس [[پراسپر ميري مي]] جو گهر به شامل هو، جيڪو [[ڪارمين (ناولٽ)|''ڪارمين'']] جو ليکڪ هو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

=== 24 مئي: هوٽل ڊي وِل کي باهه؛ ڪميون جي حامين، آرچ بشپ ۽ يرغمالين جون ڦاسيون ===

[[File:Commune de Paris 24 mai incendie de l'Hôtel de Ville.jpg|thumb|[[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۾ باهه، جيڪو ڪميون جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو، ورسائي جي فوج ان تي حملو ڪيو ۽ قومي محافظ دستي ان کي ساڙي ڇڏيو.]]

24 مئي جي رات ٻن وڳي برونيل ۽ سندس ماڻهو هوٽيل ڊي وِل پهتا، جيڪو اڃا ڪميون ۽ ان جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز جو هيڊڪوارٽر هو. عمارت جي هالن ۾ زخمين جي سار سنڀال ڪئي پئي وئي، جڏهن ته قومي محافظ دستي جا ڪجهه آفيسر ۽ ڪميون جا ميمبر پنهنجيون ورديون لاهي عام شهري لباس پائي رهيا هئا ۽ ڏاڙهيون ڪوڙي رهيا هئا، جيئن شهر مان فرار ٿي سگهن. ڊليسڪلوز سڀني کي عمارت خالي ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، ۽ برونيل جي ماڻهن ان کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=397–398}}

24 مئي تي ڏينهن جي روشنيءَ سان ويڙهه ٻيهر شروع ٿي، جڏهن ساڙيل محلن ۽ وزارتن جي دونهين سبب آسمان ڪارو ٿي ويو هو. ڪميون جي پاسي نه ڪا گڏيل هم آهنگي هئي ۽ نه مرڪزي قيادت؛ هر پاڙو پاڻمرادو وڙهندو رهيو. قومي محافظ دستو ٽٽي پيو، ڪيترائي سپاهي عام لباس پائي شهر مان ڀڄي ويا، ۽ رڪاوٽن جي دفاع لاءِ رڳو 10,000 کان 15,000 ڪميون حامي رهجي ويا. ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر هوٽيل ڊي وِل مان [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهين ارونڊيسمان]] جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي. وڌيڪ سرڪاري عمارتن کي به باهه ڏني وئي، جن ۾ [[پالي ڊي جسٽس، پيرس|پالي ڊي جسٽس]]، [[پيرس پوليس پريفيڪچر|پوليس پريفيڪچر]]، [[ٿيئٽر دو شاتلي|شاتلي]] ۽ [[ٿيئٽر ڊي لا پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن|پورٽ سينٽ-مارٽن]] جا ٿيئٽر ۽ [[سينٽ-اوستاش، پيرس|سينٽ-اوستاش چرچ]] شامل هئا. پالي ڊي جسٽس جو گهڻو حصو تباهه ٿي ويو، پر [[سينٽ-شاپيل]] بچي وئي. [[لوور محل]]، [[پالي-رويال]] ۽ [[نوتر دام ڊي پيرس|نوتر دام]] ۾ لڳايل باهيون وڏي نقصان کان اڳ وسايون ويون.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 ''The Paris Commune 1871''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201026/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGTJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=22 May 2020 }}, Robert Tombs, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exécution de communards parisiens par les troupes versaillaises.jpg|thumb|ورسائي جي فوجين پاران ڪميون جي حامين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو پيو وڃي.]]

جيئن فوج منظم نموني اڳتي وڌندي رهي، تيئن گرفتار ڪيل ڪميون سپاهين کي مختصر ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ قتل ڪرڻ جو سلسلو پڻ جاري رهيو. [[مختصر ڦاسي|مختصر سزائن]] لاءِ غير رسمي [[فوجي عدالت|فوجي عدالتون]] ''{{lang|fr|[[ايڪول پوليٽيڪنيڪ]]|italic=no}}''، [[پلاس دو شاتلي|شاتلي]]، [[لگزمبرگ محل]]، [[پارڪ مونسو]] ۽ پيرس جي ٻين هنڌن تي قائم ڪيون ويون. گرفتار قيدين جا هٿ جاچيا ويندا هئا ته معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته هنن هٿيار هلايا هئا يا نه. قيدي پنهنجي سڃاڻپ ٻڌائيندا، ٻن يا ٽن ژاندارم آفيسرن تي مشتمل عدالت فيصلو ٻڌائيندي، پوءِ قيدين کي ٻاهر وٺي وڃي سزا فوراً لاڳو ڪئي ويندي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=401}}

شهر جي مختلف حصن ۾ فوج پاران وڌندڙ قتلن جون خبرون اچڻ دوران ڪميون جي حامين به ناڪام انتقامي ڪوشش طور پنهنجون ڦاسيون شروع ڪيون. عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي سربراهه رائول ريگول ڪميون جي اجازت کان سواءِ چئن قيدين جي هڪ ٽولي کي قتل ڪرايو، پر پوءِ پاڻ فوجي گشت هٿان گرفتار ٿي گولي جو نشانو بڻيو. 24 مئي تي قومي محافظ دستي جي هڪ وفد ۽ عوامي سلامتي ڪميٽي جي ميمبر گستاو ژانتون يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ قائم ڪميون جي نئين هيڊڪوارٽر پهچي [[لا روڪيٽ جيلون|لا روڪيٽ جيل]] ۾ رکيل يرغمالين کي فوراً قتل ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. ڪميون جي نئين سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]] ڪجهه دير هٻڪڻ کان پوءِ هڪ حڪم لکيو: ''&quot;لا روڪيٽ جي شهري ڊائريڪٽر کي ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل ڪرڻ جو حڪم.&quot;''

ژانتون گولي هلائيندڙ دستي لاءِ رضاڪار گهريا ۽ لا روڪيٽ جيل ڏانهن روانو ٿيو، جتي ڪيترائي يرغمالي قيد هئا. کيس يرغمالين جي فهرست ڏني وئي، جنهن مان هن ڇهه نالا چونڊيا، جن ۾ پيرس جو آرچ بشپ [[جارج داربوا]] ۽ ٽي پادري شامل هئا. جيل جي گورنر مسيو فرانسوا ڪميون جي واضح حڪم کان سواءِ آرچ بشپ کي حوالي ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. ژانتون هڪ نائب کي سرڪاري وڪيل ڏانهن واپس موڪليو، جنهن پنهنجي حڪم جي هيٺان لکيو: ''&quot;۽ خاص طور آرچ بشپ.&quot;'' آرچ بشپ داربوا ۽ ٻين پنجن يرغمالين کي فوراً جيل جي صحن ۾ وٺي وڃي ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=403–404}}

=== 25 مئي: ڊليسڪلوز جي موت ===

[[File:Louis Charles Delescluze.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[لوئي شارل ڊليسڪلوز]]، ڪميون جو آخري فوجي اڳواڻ، هٿيار کان سواءِ هڪ رڪاوٽ جي چوٽيءَ تي بيهڻ کان پوءِ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.]]

24 مئي جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين باقاعده فوج [[لاطيني پاڙو، پيرس|لاطيني پاڙي]] جي اڪثر رڪاوٽن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو هو ۽ پيرس جي لڳ ڀڳ ٽي پنجون حصو سندن قبضي ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ميڪ ماهون پنهنجو هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪي دورسي]] تي قائم ڪيو. باغين وٽ رڳو [[پيرس جو يارهون ارونڊيسمان|يارهون]]، [[پيرس جو ٻارهون ارونڊيسمان|ٻارهون]]، [[پيرس جو اوڻيهون ارونڊيسمان|اوڻيهون]] ۽ [[پيرس جو ويهون ارونڊيسمان|ويهون ارونڊيسمان]]، ۽ [[پيرس جو ٽيون ارونڊيسمان|ٽئين]]، [[پيرس جو پنجون ارونڊيسمان|پنجين]] ۽ [[پيرس جو تيرهون ارونڊيسمان|تيرهين ارونڊيسمان]] جا ڪجهه حصا بچيا هئا. ڊليسڪلوز ۽ ڪميون جا لڳ ڀڳ ويهه باقي اڳواڻ [[پلاس وولٽيئر]] تي واقع تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ۾ موجود هئا. تيرهين ارونڊيسمان ۽ موفيتار ضلعي جي لڳ ڀڳ 1,500 قومي محافظ سپاهين، جن جي قيادت [[واليري انتوني وروبليفسڪي]] ڪري رهيو هو—جيڪو هڪ پولستاني جلاوطن هو ۽ [[جنوري بغاوت|1863ع واري روسين خلاف بغاوت]] ۾ حصو وٺي چڪو هو—۽ جنرل ڊي سيسي جي قيادت هيٺ ٽن فوجي بريگيڊن وچ ۾ سخت ويڙهه ٿي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=404–407}}

25 مئي دوران باغين تيرهين ارونڊيسمان جو ٽائون هال وڃائي ڇڏيو ۽ [[پلاس ژان دارڪ]] تي قائم هڪ رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هٽي ويا، جتي 700 ماڻهو قيدي بڻايا ويا. وروبليفسڪي ۽ سندس ڪجهه ساٿي يارهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال تائين پهچي ويا، جتي هنن ڪميون جي انتظامي سربراهه ڊليسڪلوز سان ملاقات ڪئي. ڪميون جا ٻيا ڪيترائي اڳواڻ، جن ۾ برونيل به شامل هو، زخمي ٿي چڪا هئا، جڏهن ته پياٽ غائب ٿي ويو هو. ڊليسڪلوز وروبليفسڪي کي ڪميون جي فوجن جي قيادت سنڀالڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، پر هن اهو چئي انڪار ڪيو ته هو هڪ عام سپاهي جي حيثيت سان وڙهڻ کي ترجيح ڏئي ٿو. شام لڳ ڀڳ ساڍي ستين وڳي ڊليسڪلوز پنهنجي عهدي واري ڳاڙهي پٽي ٻڌي، بنا هٿيارن جي [[پلاس ڊي لا ريپبلڪ|پلاس دو شاتو-دو]] تي قائم رڪاوٽ ڏانهن هليو، ان جي چوٽيءَ تي چڙهي سپاهين جي سامهون بيٺو، ۽ فوراً گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|pp=355–356}}

=== 26 مئي: پلاس ڊي لا باستيل تي قبضو؛ وڌيڪ ڦاسيون ===

26 مئي جي منجهند، ڇهن ڪلاڪن جي شديد ويڙهه کان پوءِ، باقاعده فوج [[پلاس ڊي لا باستيل]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. قومي محافظ دستي وٽ اڃا به ٽئين ارونڊيسمان جا ڪجهه حصا، [[ڪارو دو تمپل]] کان [[آرٽس اي ميتيي پيرس ٽيڪ]] تائين، موجود هئا، ۽ سندن [[مضبوط مورچو|مضبوط مورچا]] بٽ-شومون ۽ پير-لاشيز ۾ توپخانو اڃا سرگرم هو، جتان هو [[سينٽ مارٽن واهه]] جي ڪناري موجود باقاعده فوج تي گولاباري ڪندا رهيا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=410}}

انتوان ڪلاوييه، جيڪو هڪ ڪميسار هو، ۽ قومي محافظ دستي جي ڪرنل ايميل گوا جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيترن ئي درجن قومي محافظ سپاهين جو هڪ دستو لا روڪيٽ جيل پهتو ۽ اتي موجود باقي يرغمالين کي بندوقن جي زور تي حوالي ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. انهن يرغمالين ۾ ڏهه پادري، پنجٽيهه پوليس وارا ۽ ژاندارم، ۽ ٻه شهري شامل هئا. انهن کي پهرين ويهين ارونڊيسمان جي ٽائون هال ڏانهن وٺي ويا، پر ان ضلعي جي ڪميون اڳواڻ پنهنجي ٽائون هال کي قتل جي جاءِ طور استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني. تنهنڪري ڪلاوييه ۽ گوا کين [[رو هاڪسو]] ڏانهن وٺي ويا. يرغمالين جي جلوس سان قومي محافظ سپاهين ۽ عام شهرين جو هڪ وڏو ۽ سخت ڪاوڙيل هجوم به شامل ٿي ويو، جيڪو يرغمالين کي گاريون ڏيندو، مٿن ٿڪ اڇلائيندو ۽ کين ڌڪا ۽ ڌڪ هڻندو رهيو. جڏهن اهي هڪ کليل ميدان ۾ پهتا ته کين ڀت اڳيان قطار ۾ بيهاريو ويو ۽ [[رو هاڪسو قتل عام|ڏهن ڏهن ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو]]. هجوم ۾ موجود قومي محافظ سپاهين پڻ فائرنگ واري دستي سان گڏ گوليون هلايون. يرغمالين تي هر طرف کان فائرنگ ڪئي وئي، پوءِ بندوقن جي ڪنڌين سان ماريو ويو ۽ سنگينن سان وار ڪيا ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=411–412}}

ڪميون جي حامي [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]] موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ڪميون مجموعي طور 63 ماڻهن کي قتل ڪرايو.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}}

== ڪميون جي قيدين ۽ جاني نقصان ==

=== قيدي ۽ جلاوطن ===

[[File:Commune de Paris Prisonniers à Satory.jpg|center|450px|thumb|[[ساتوري]] جي ڪيمپ ۾ قيد ڪيل ڪميون جا حامي]]

[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|لوبو فوجي ڇانوڻيءَ ۾ ڪميون جي قيدين جي اجتماعي ڦاسي، فريڊرڪ لڪس جي چٽسالي]]

فرانسيسي فوج جي سرڪاري رڪارڊ موجب، خوني هفتي دوران ۽ ان کان فوراً پوءِ 43,522 قيدي گرفتار ڪيا ويا. انهن مان 1,054 عورتون هيون ۽ 615 جي عمر 16 سالن کان گهٽ هئي. انهن کي 150 يا 200 ڄڻن جي ٽولن ۾ گهوڙيسوارن جي نگراني هيٺ ورسائي يا [[ساتوري]] جي فوجي ڪيمپ ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ ۾ آيو، جتي مقدمي هلڻ تائين کين انتهائي ڀريل ۽ غير صحت بخش حالتن ۾ رکيو ويو. قيدين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 22,727 ڄڻا، يا ته حالتن جي نرمي يا انسان دوستي جي بنياد تي مقدمي کان اڳ ئي آزاد ڪيا ويا. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪميون جي سڄي عرصي دوران پيرس تي سرڪاري طور گهيري جي حالت لاڳو هئي، تنهنڪري قيدين جا مقدما فوجي عدالتن ۾ هلايا ويا. 15,895 قيدين تي مقدمو هليو، جن مان 13,500 ڏوهاري قرار ڏنا ويا. 95 کي موت جي سزا، 251 کي جبري مشقت، 1,169 کي جلاوطني (اڪثر نيو ڪيلڊونيا)، 3,147 کي سادي جلاوطني، 1,257 کي اڪيلائيءَ واري قيد، 1,305 کي هڪ سال کان وڌيڪ قيد ۽ 2,054 کي هڪ سال کان گهٽ قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=431–432}}

[[File:Théophile Ferré by Appert.jpg|thumb|upright|ڪميون جو نائب سرڪاري وڪيل [[تيوفيل فيري]]، جنهن ڇهن يرغمالين کي قتل لاءِ حوالي ڪيو هو، نومبر 1871ع ۾ پاڻ به ڦاسي ڏنو ويو.]]

7 آگسٽ کان ڪميون جي انهن اڳواڻن تي الڳ ۽ وڌيڪ باضابطه مقدمو هلايو ويو، جيڪي بچي ويا هئا ۽ گرفتار ٿي چڪا هئا. انهن ۾ تيوفيل فيري به شامل هو، جنهن يرغمالين جي موت واري حڪم تي صحيح ڪئي هئي، ۽ مصور [[گستاو ڪوربي]] به، جنهن پلاس وانڊوم واري ستون کي ڊاهڻ جي تجويز ڏني هئي. سندن مقدمو فوج جي ستن سينيئر آفيسرن جي پينل آڏو هليو. فيري کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، جڏهن ته ڪوربي کي ڇهن مهينن جي قيد جي سزا ملي ۽ پوءِ مٿس ستون جي ٻيهر تعمير جو خرچ به وڌو ويو. هن پيرس جي [[سينٽ-پيلاجي جيل]] ۾ سزا جو ڪجهه حصو ڪاٽيو، جتي کيس تصويرون ٺاهڻ لاءِ اسٽينڊ ۽ رنگ رکڻ جي اجازت هئي، پر جيئرا ماڊل سندس سامهون ويهڻ جي اجازت نه هئي. ان دوران هن گلن ۽ ميون جي ''اسٽل لائيف'' تصويرن جو هڪ مشهور سلسلو تيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Riat|1906|pp=120–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; آزادي ملڻ کان پوءِ هو ستون جي تعمير جو خرچ ادا نه ڪري سگهيو، تنهنڪري سوئٽزرلينڊ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي ادائيگي ڪرڻ کان اڳ ئي سندس وفات ٿي وئي.

آڪٽوبر 1871ع ۾ قومي اسيمبليءَ جي هڪ ڪميشن سزائن جو جائزو ورتو؛ 310 ڏوهارين کي معافي ڏني وئي، 286 جون سزائون گهٽايون ويون، ۽ 1,295 جون سزائون تبديل ڪيون ويون. موت جي سزا ٻڌايل 270 ماڻهن مان—جن مان 175 کي [[غير موجودگيءَ ۾ مقدمو]] هلائي سزا ٻڌائي وئي هئي—25 کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو، جن ۾ فيري ۽ گستاو ژانتون به شامل هئا، جنهن يرغمالين جي چونڊ ڪئي هئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=436–437}} ڪميون جا هزارين حامي، جن ۾ [[فيليڪس پياٽ]] جهڙا اڳواڻ به شامل هئا، ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان اڳ پيرس مان نڪري وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويا ۽ جلاوطن ٿي ويا؛ لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 انگلينڊ، 2,000 کان 3,000 بيلجيم ۽ 1,000 سوئٽزرلينڊ ويا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|p=440}}

3 مارچ 1879ع تي جزوي عام معافي ڏني وئي، جنهن تحت نيو ڪيلڊونيا موڪليل 600 جلاوطنن مان 400 کي واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي، ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 2,400 مان 2,000 قيدين کي به موٽڻ جي اجازت ڏني وئي. 11 جولاءِ 1880ع تي عام معافي جو اعلان ڪيو ويو، جنهن تحت باقي 543 سزا يافته قيدين ۽ غير موجودگيءَ ۾ سزا ٻڌايل 262 ماڻهن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|page=120}}

=== جاني نقصان ===

[[File:Commune de Paris enlèvement des cadavres par les parisiens.jpg|thumb|ويڙهه ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پيرسين ڪميون جي حامين جا لاش عارضي اجتماعي قبرن ۾ دفنايا. بعد ۾ انهن کي سرڪاري قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جتي 6,000 کان 7,000 جي وچ ۾ ڪميون جا حامي دفن ڪيا ويا.]]

تاريخدانن ۾ گهڻي عرصي کان اهو بحث جاري آهي ته ''[[خوني هفتو|خوني هفتي]]'' دوران ڪيترا ڪميون جا حامي مارجي ويا. جنرل فيليڪس انتوان آپير جي سرڪاري فوجي رپورٽ ۾ رڳو فوجي نقصان جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو، جيڪو اپريل کان مئي تائين 877 مارجي ويل، 6,454 زخمي ۽ 183 گم ٿيل سپاهين تي مشتمل هو. رپورٽ ۾ ڪميون جي جاني نقصان بابت ڄاڻ کي صرف &quot;تمام نامڪمل&quot; قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versailles1875&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 |date=1875 |trans-title=Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection |trans-chapter=appendix to the minutes of the session of 20 July 1875 |chapter=annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875 |place=Versailles |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خوني هفتي جي جاني نقصان جو سوال 28 آگسٽ 1871ع تي قومي اسيمبليءَ جي ٻڌڻيءَ ۾ به اٿاريو ويو، جتي مارشل ميڪ ماهون شاهدي ڏني. رڪن ايم. واشيروٽ کيس چيو: &quot;هڪ جنرل مون کي ٻڌايو آهي ته ويڙهه دوران، رڪاوٽن تي يا ويڙهه کان پوءِ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جو انگ 17,000 تائين پهتو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;مون کي خبر ناهي ته اهو اندازو ڪهڙي بنياد تي لڳايو ويو آهي؛ منهنجي خيال ۾ اهو وڌايل آهي. مان رڳو ايترو چئي سگهان ٿو ته باغين جو نقصان اسان کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هو.&quot; واشيروٽ وري چيو: &quot;شايد اهو انگ سڄي گهيري ۽ اِسي ۽ وانو جي قلعن واري ويڙهه کي به شامل ڪري ٿو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو انگ وڌايل آهي.&quot; واشيروٽ وري زور ڀريو: &quot;اها ڄاڻ مون کي جنرل آپير ڏني هئي. شايد هن جو مطلب مارجي ويلن ۽ زخمين ٻنهي مان هو.&quot; ميڪ ماهون جواب ڏنو: &quot;اهو وري ٻي ڳالهه آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot;&gt;Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Exilés communards à Londres, juin 1872.jpg|thumb|لنڊن ۾ ڪميون جا جلاوطن، جون 1872ع]]

1876ع ۾ [[پراسپر اوليوييه ليساگاري]]، جيڪو خوني هفتي دوران رڪاوٽن تي وڙهيو هو ۽ پوءِ لنڊن جلاوطن ٿي ويو، ڪميون جي هڪ انتهائي مشهور ۽ همدرداڻِي تاريخ لکي. ڪتاب جي آخر ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;خوني هفتي جي متاثرين جو صحيح انگ ڪنهن کي به معلوم ناهي. فوجي انصاف واري کاتي جي سربراهه دعويٰ ڪئي ته سترهن هزار ماڻهن کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو.&quot; اهو بيان درست نه هو؛ آپير اهڙي ڪا دعويٰ نه ڪئي هئي، هن رڳو قيدين بابت ڳالهايو هو. ليساگاري وڌيڪ لکيو: &quot;پيرس جي [[پيرس جي ميونسپل ڪائونسل|ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] سترهن هزار لاشن جي دفن جو خرچ ادا ڪيو؛ پر ان کان علاوه به ڪيترائي ماڻهو پيرس کان ٻاهر ماريا ويا يا ساڙيا ويا.&quot; بعد وارن تاريخدانن، جن ۾ [[رابرٽ ٽومبس]] به شامل آهي، کي سترهن هزار دفنن بابت ميونسپل ادائيگيءَ جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ ليساگاري به ان بابت ڪا شاهدي پيش نه ڪئي ته هزارين ڪميون جا حامي پيرس کان ٻاهر ساڙيا يا دفنايا ويا هئا. آخر ۾ هن نتيجو ڪڍيو: &quot;ويهه هزار چوڻ مبالغو نه ٿيندو، ۽ اهو انگ فوجي آفيسرن به قبول ڪيو.&quot;{{sfn|Lissagaray|2000|p=383}} پر حقيقت ۾ نه ميڪ ماهون ۽ نه ئي آپير ويهه هزار مارجي ويلن جو انگ قبول ڪيو هو؛ ٻنهي ان کي وڌايل قرار ڏنو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac-Mahon 1871 p. 183&quot; /&gt;

== تنقيد ==

=== همعصر فنڪار ۽ اديب ===

[[File:Paris Commune rue de Rivoli.jpg|thumb|خوني هفتي کان پوءِ رو ڊي ريوولي جو ڏيک]]

فرانسيسي اديبن ۽ فنڪارن جا ڪميون بابت سخت ۽ واضح رايا هئا. [[گستاو ڪوربي]] ڪميون ۾ حصو وٺندڙ سڀ کان نمايان فنڪار هو، ۽ هو ان جو سرگرم شريڪ ۽ حامي رهيو، جيتوڻيڪ هن شڪي دشمنن کي قتل ڪرڻ واري پاليسيءَ تي تنقيد ڪئي. ٻئي طرف نوجوان [[اناتول فرانس]] ڪميون کي &quot;قاتلن جي ڪميٽي، غنڊن جو ٽولو [{{lang|fr|فريپوئيار}}]، ۽ ڏوهه ۽ جنون جي حڪومت&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot;&gt;Pivot, Sylvain, &quot;La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire.&quot; December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; روزنامچو لکندڙ [[ايڊمون ڊي گونڪور]] ''خوني هفتي'' کان ٽي ڏينهن پوءِ لکيو: &quot;رت وهائڻ جو ڪم مڪمل نموني ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ اهڙي خونريزي، جيڪا آباديءَ جي باغي حصي کي قتل ڪري ٿي، ايندڙ انقلاب کي پوئتي ڌڪي ڇڏي ٿي.{{nbs}}... پراڻي سماج کي هاڻي ويهن سالن جو امن نصيب ٿيندو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Edmond de Goncourt]], [[Jules de Goncourt]], [[Robert Baldick]], ''Pages from the Goncourt Journal'' (Oxford, 1962), p. 194&lt;/ref&gt;

23 اپريل تي [[جارج سانڊ]]، جيڪا 1848ع جي انقلاب ۾ حصو وٺندڙ هڪ پرجوش جمهوريه پسند هئي، ان جي ابتڙ راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. هن لکيو: &quot;هي هولناڪ مهم اڃا جاري آهي. اهي تاوان وٺن ٿا، ڌمڪيون ڏين ٿا، گرفتار ڪن ٿا ۽ فيصلا ڪن ٿا. هنن سڀني ٽائون هالن ۽ سرڪاري ادارن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو آهي، ۽ گولا بارود ۽ خوراڪ جا ذخيرا لُٽي رهيا آهن.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; ڪميون جي شروعات کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ [[گستاو فلوبيئر]] سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو: &quot;[[آسٽريائي سلطنت|آسٽريا]] [[ڪونگريٽز جي جنگ|سادووا]] کان پوءِ انقلاب ۾ نه ويو، نه اٽلي [[نووارا جي جنگ (1849ع)|نووارا]] کان پوءِ، ۽ نه روس [[سيوستوپول جو گهيرو (1854ع–1855ع)|سيوستوپول]] کان پوءِ! پر اسان جا ڀلا فرانسيسي چمنيءَ ۾ باهه لڳندي ئي پنهنجو گهر ڊاهڻ لاءِ ڊوڙي پون ٿا.&quot; ڪميون جي پڄاڻيءَ جي ويجهو فلوبيئر [[فلوبيئر جا خط|ٻيهر کيس لکيو]]: &quot;ڪميون بابت، جيڪا هاڻي مرڻ واري آهي، ايترو چوندس ته اها وچين دور جي آخري نمود آهي.&quot; 10 جون تي، جڏهن ڪميون ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، فلوبيئر سانڊ ڏانهن لکيو:&lt;ref name=&quot;online-literature.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001118/http://www.online-literature.com/gustave-flaubert/sand-flaubert-letters/4/ |date=22 March 2014}}. online-literature.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|مان پيرس مان آيو آهيان، ۽ مون کي خبر ناهي ته ڪنهن سان ڳالهايان. منهنجو ساهه گهٽجي رهيو آهي. مان سخت پريشان آهيان، يا چئجي ته اندر ئي اندر ڀڄي پيو آهيان. کنڊرن جو منظر ان عظيم پيرسي جنون جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڪجهه به ناهي. تمام ٿورين استثنائن کان سواءِ، مون کي هر ماڻهو رڳو چريائپ جي قميص پائڻ لائق لڳو. آباديءَ جو هڪ اڌ ٻئي اڌ کي ڦاسي ڏيڻ چاهي ٿو، ۽ ٻيو اڌ به ساڳي خواهش جو جواب ڏئي ٿو. اهو واٽهڙن جي اکين ۾ صاف پڙهي سگهجي ٿو.}}

[[وڪٽر هوگو]] ٿئير کي سندس تنگ نظريءَ جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو. جڏهن کيس خبر پئي ته حڪومت توپون قبضي ۾ وٺڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿي وئي آهي، تڏهن هن پنهنجي روزنامچي ۾ لکيو: &quot;هن بارود جي پيتيءَ کي باهه ڏيندڙ تار ٻاري ڇڏي. ٿئير جي بي سوچي اڳواٽ سوچيل هئي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''Choses vues, 1870–1885''. Paris. Gallimard (1972). {{ISBN|2-07-036141-1}}. p. 159&lt;/ref&gt; ٻئي طرف، هو ڪميون تي تنقيد ڪندو هو، پر ڪميون جي حامين سان همدردي رکندو هو. اپريل جي شروعات ۾ هو پنهنجي تازو فوت ٿيل پٽ جي خاندان جي سار سنڀال لاءِ برسلز هليو ويو. 9 اپريل تي هن لکيو: &quot;مختصر طور، هي ڪميون ايتري ئي بيوقوف آهي، جيتري قومي اسيمبلي وحشي آهي. ٻنهي پاسن کان چريائپ آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هن اهڙا نظم لکيا، جن ۾ حڪومت ۽ انتقامي ڪارروائيءَ لاءِ يرغمال وٺڻ واري ڪميون جي پاليسي، ٻنهي تي تنقيد ڪئي وئي، ۽ وانڊوم ستون جي تباهيءَ جي مذمت ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, Victor, ''L'Année Terrible''&lt;/ref&gt; 25 مئي تي، خوني هفتي دوران، هن لکيو: &quot;هڪ ديوهیکل ڏوهه؛ هنن پيرس کي باهه ڏئي ڇڏي آهي. هو برسلز تائين باهه وسائيندڙ ڳولي رهيا آهن.&quot; پر دٻاءَ واري ڪارروائيءَ کان پوءِ هن ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي پناهه ڏيڻ جي آڇ ڪئي، جنهن بابت هن چيو ته اها &quot;مشڪل سان چونڊيل هئي، ۽ مون ان جي ڪڏهن به منظوري نه ڏني.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pivot, Sylvain 2003&quot; /&gt; هو جلاوطن ڪميون حامين لاءِ عام معافيءَ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ زوردار حامي بڻجي ويو، جيڪا آخرڪار 1880ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=457–460}}

[[ايميل زولا]]، ''{{interlanguage link|لي سيمافور|lt=لي سيمافور ڊي مارسيليا|fr|Le Sémaphore (journal)}}'' لاءِ صحافي جي حيثيت ۾، ڪميون جي زوال بابت رپورٽنگ ڪئي، ۽ خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ پهرين رپورٽرن مان هڪ هو. 25 مئي تي هن رپورٽ ڪيو: &quot;تهذيب يافته زمانن ۾ ڪڏهن به اهڙو هولناڪ ڏوهه ڪنهن وڏي شهر کي تباهه نه ڪيو آهي.{{nbs}}... هوٽيل ڊي وِل جا ماڻهو قاتلن ۽ باهه لڳائيندڙن کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪجهه نه ٿي سگهيا. شڪست کان پوءِ اهي باقاعده فوج کان چورن وانگر ڀڄي ويا ۽ پوءِ يادگارن ۽ گهرن کان بدلو ورتائون.{{nbs}}... پيرس جي باهين فوج جي ڪاوڙ کي حد کان وڌائي ڇڏيو آهي.{{nbs}}... جيڪي ساڙين ٿا ۽ قتل ڪن ٿا، تن لاءِ سپاهيءَ جي گوليءَ کان سواءِ ٻي ڪا سزا مناسب ناهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 25 May 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

پر 1 جون تي، جڏهن ويڙهه ختم ٿي چڪي هئي، سندس لهجو بدلجي ويو: &quot;فوجي عدالتون اڃا ويهي رهيون آهن، ۽ مختصر ڦاسيون جاري آهن، جيتوڻيڪ هاڻي گهٽ آهن. فائرنگ ڪندڙ دستن جو آواز، جيڪو اڃا به هن سوڳوار شهر ۾ ٻڌجي ٿو، ان ڀيانڪ خواب کي بي رحميءَ سان ڊگهو ڪري رهيو آهي.{{nbs}}... پيرس ڦاسين کان ٿڪجي پيو آهي. پيرس کي لڳي ٿو ته هر ڪنهن کي گولي هنئي پئي وڃي. پيرس ڪميون جي ميمبرن کي گولي هڻڻ تي شڪايت نٿو ڪري، پر بيگناهه ماڻهن کي مارڻ تي اعتراض ڪري ٿو. هن کي يقين آهي ته انهن ڍيرن ۾ بيگناهه ماڻهو به آهن، ۽ هاڻي وقت اچي ويو آهي ته هر ڦاسيءَ کان اڳ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سنجيده جاچ ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وڃي.{{nbs}}... جڏهن آخري گولين جا پڙاڏا به ختم ٿي ويندا، تڏهن انهن ڏهه لک ماڻهن کي، جيڪي ڀيانڪ خوابن ۾ مبتلا آهن ۽ باهه ۽ قتل عام مان ڏڪندا ٻاهر نڪتا آهن، شفا ڏيڻ لاءِ وڏي نرميءَ جي ضرورت پوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deslettres.fr/ 11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180843/https://deslettres.fr/ |date=22 January 2022}}, 1 June 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

=== انتشار پسند (انارڪسٽ) ===

[[File:Demonstration of 1st May 2026 in Paris — Vive la Commune, circle A and Romani flag.jpg|thumb|1 مئي 2026ع تي پيرس ۾ ٿيل مظاهري دوران هڪ [[انتشار پسند ساٿ|ساٿي]] جو هٿ، [[دائري وارو الف|انتشار پسند الف]] ۽ ''ڪميون زنده باد'' وارو ڀتين تي لکيل نعرو]]

انتشار پسند فلسفي [[جارج ووڊڪاڪ]] چيو ته &quot;ڪميون جي سرگرمين، خاص طور تي سرڪاري خدمتن جي تنظيم ۾، مختلف انتشار پسند ڌڙن جي ميمبرن نمايان حصو ورتو؛ انهن ۾ [[باہميتيت (معاشي نظريو)|باہميتيت پسند]] ڪوربي، لونگي ۽ ورموريل، [[اجتماعيت پسند انتشار پسندي|آزاد خيال اجتماعيت پسند]] وارلين، مالون ۽ ليفرانسي، ۽ باڪونن پسند [[ايلي ريڪلو|ايلي]]، [[ايليزي ريڪلو]] ۽ لوئيز ميشيل شامل هئا.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchism 1962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Woodcock |first=George |chapter=The Destructive Urge |title=[[Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements]] |date=1962 |publisher=The World Publishing Company |author-link=George Woodcock |oclc=179826}}&lt;/ref&gt; انتشار پسند [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ڪميون جو مضبوط حامي هو. هن ڪميون کي سڀ کان پهرين &quot;رياست خلاف بغاوت&quot; طور ڏٺو، ۽ ڪميون جي حامين کي نه رڳو رياست، پر انقلابي آمريت کي به رد ڪرڻ تي ساراهيو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203222328/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/paris-commune.htm |date=3 February 2014 }}, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

[[لوئيز ميشيل]] پيرس ڪميون جي هڪ اهم شريڪ هئي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪميون کان پوءِ جلاوطنيءَ تائين کيس باقاعده طور انتشار پسند نظرين سان واقفيت نه ٿي هئي. شروعات ۾ هن ايمبولينس ڪارڪن طور ڪم ڪيو ۽ رڪاوٽن تي زخمي ٿيل ماڻهن جو علاج ڪيو. پيرس جي گهيري دوران هوءَ بنا ٿڪ جي پروشيا وارن خلاف مزاحمت جي تبليغ ڪندي رهي. ڪميون قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هوءَ قومي محافظ دستي ۾ شامل ٿي. هن ٿئير کي گولي هڻڻ جي آڇ ڪئي ۽ شهر جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جي بدلي طور پيرس کي تباهه ڪرڻ جي تجويز ڏني. ڊسمبر 1871ع ۾ کيس ڇهين فوجي ڪائونسل آڏو پيش ڪيو ويو ۽ حڪومت جو تختو اونڌو ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش، شهرين کي هٿيار کڻڻ لاءِ همٿائڻ، پاڻ هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ فوجي وردي پائڻ سميت ڪيترن ڏوهن جا الزام لڳايا ويا. هن للڪاريندي واعدو ڪيو ته هوءَ ڪڏهن به ڪميون کان هٿ نه کڻندي ۽ ججن کي کيس موت جي سزا ڏيڻ لاءِ چئلينج ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;flag&quot;&gt;[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710222744/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws98/ws55_louise.html |date=10 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; عدالتي رڪارڊ موجب ميشيل عدالت کي چيو: &quot;جڏهن لڳي ٿو ته آزاديءَ لاءِ ڌڙڪندڙ هر دل کي سيسي جي هڪ ننڍڙي گولي کان سواءِ ٻيو ڪو حق ناهي، تڏهن مان به پنهنجو حصو گهران ٿي. جيڪڏهن اوهان مون کي جيئرو ڇڏيو ته مان بدلي جي صدا بلند ڪرڻ ڪڏهن به بند نه ڪنديس.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Édith |title=The Women Incendiaries |title-link=The Women Incendiaries |date=2007 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |isbn=978-1-931859-46-2 |author-link=Édith Thomas |df=dmy-all |orig-year=1966}}&lt;/ref&gt; ميشيل کي [[ڏنڊي جلاوطني]] جي سزا ڏني وئي. 1871ع جي پيرس ڪميون کان پوءِ سڄي [[مزدور تحريڪ]] وانگر انتشار پسند تحريڪ به اڳواڻن کان محروم ٿي وئي ۽ ڪيترن سالن تائين سخت ڪمزور رهي.

=== مارڪسزم ===

ڪميونسٽن، کاٻي ڌر جي سوشلسٽن، انتشار پسندن ۽ ٻين ڪميون کي آزاد سماج جي هڪ نموني يا اڳواٽ صورت طور ڏٺو آهي، جنهن جو سياسي نظام بنيادي سطح کان مٿي ڏانهن [[شرڪتي جمهوريت]] تي ٻڌل هجي. [[ڪارل مارڪس|مارڪس]] ۽ [[فريڊرڪ اينگلز|اينگلز]]، [[ميخائل باڪونن]] ۽ پوءِ [[ولاديمير لينن|لينن]] ڪميون جي تجربي مان اهم نظرياتي سبق اخذ ڪيا، خاص طور [[پرولتاريه جي آمريت]] ۽ [[رياست جو آهستي آهستي ختم ٿيڻ]] بابت.

مارڪس پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[فرانس ۾ گهرو ويڙهه]]'' (1871ع) ۾، جيڪو ڪميون دوران لکيو ويو، ڪميون جي ڪاميابين جي واکاڻ ڪئي ۽ ان کي مستقبل جي انقلابي حڪومت جو نمونو، يعني پرولتاريه جي آزاديءَ لاءِ &quot;آخرڪار دريافت ٿيل صورت&quot;، قرار ڏنو. مارڪس لکيو: &quot;مزدورن جو پيرس، پنهنجي ڪميون سان گڏ، نئين سماج جي شاندار اڳواٽ اعلان ڪندڙ طور هميشه ياد رکيو ويندو. ان جا شهيد پورهيت طبقي جي عظيم دل ۾ مقدس جاءِ والارين ٿا. ان کي نابود ڪندڙن کي تاريخ اڳ ئي ان دائمي ذلت جي ٿنڀي تي ٽنگي ڇڏيو آهي، جتان سندن پادرين جون سڀ دعائون به کين آزاد نه ڪرائي سگهنديون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France'', English Edition of 1871&lt;/ref&gt;

تنهن هوندي به، پوءِ ذاتي خط و ڪتابت ۾ مارڪس ڪميون بابت هڪ مختلف ۽ وڌيڪ تنقيدي راءِ ظاهر ڪئي. 1881ع ۾ پنهنجي ڊچ دوست [[فرڊينانڊ ڊوميلا نيووينهوئس|نيووينهوئس]] ڏانهن خط ۾ هن لکيو: &quot;ڪميون غير معمولي حالتن ۾ رڳو هڪ شهر جي بغاوت هئي، ۽ ان کان سواءِ ڪميون جي اڪثريت ڪنهن به طرح سوشلسٽ نه هئي، ۽ ٿي به نه سگهي پئي. ٿوري سمجهه سان، هو ورسائي سان عوام جي وڏي اڪثريت لاءِ فائديمند ٺاهه حاصل ڪري سگهن پيا، جيڪو حقيقت ۾ واحد حقيقي امڪان هو.&quot;{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=269}}&lt;ref&gt;Letter in English: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_02_22.htm marxists.org]&lt;/ref&gt;

اينگلز به پنهنجي ساٿيءَ جي ڳالهه کي ورجايو. سندس خيال موجب مستقل فوج جي غير موجودگي، &quot;پاڙن&quot; پاران پنهنجي نگراني پاڻ ڪرڻ ۽ ٻين خصوصيتن سبب ڪميون پراڻي، جبر ڪندڙ مفهوم ۾ هاڻي &quot;رياست&quot; نه رهي هئي. اها هڪ عبوري صورت هئي، جيڪا رياست جي مڪمل خاتمي ڏانهن وڌي رهي هئي. هن اهو مشهور اصطلاح استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو پوءِ لينن ۽ [[بالشويڪ|بالشويڪن]] اختيار ڪيو: سندس چوڻ موجب ڪميون پهرين &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; هئي، يعني مزدورن پاران ۽ مزدورن جي مفاد ۾ هلندڙ رياست. پر مارڪس ۽ اينگلز ڪميون جون اهي ڪمزوريون يا غلطيون به بيان ڪيون، جيڪي سندن نظر ۾ موجود هيون؛ انهن ۾ باقي فرانسيسي عوام سان لاڳاپو قائم نه ڪري سگهڻ، رياستي مشينريءَ کي مڪمل طور ٻيهر منظم نه ڪرڻ، مرڪزي ڪميٽي پاران نمائنده اسيمبليءَ کي تمام جلد اقتدار منتقل ڪرڻ، پوئتي هٽندڙ بورجوازيءَ جو فوراً پيڇو نه ڪرڻ، ۽ اهو نه سمجهڻ شامل هو ته فرانس ۽ پروشيا ڪميون خلاف گڏ ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sison |first=Jose Maria |url=https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |title=Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |year=2020 |edition=6th |location=Paris |pages=127 |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003193555/https://foreignlanguages.press/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/S20-Basic-Principles-of-ML-A-Primer.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

اختلاف جو ٻيو نقطو اختيار جي فتح ۽ عارضي عبوري رياست واري ڪميونسٽ تصور جي [[اختيار مخالف]] سوشلسٽن پاران مخالفت هو. انتشار پسند عام هڙتال ۽ غير مرڪزيت تي ٻڌل مزدور ڪائونسلن جي قيام وسيلي رياست کي فوراً ختم ڪرڻ جا حامي هئا، جيئن ڪميون ۾ ڏٺو ويو هو.

لينن، مارڪس وانگر، ڪميون کي &quot;پرولتاريه جي آمريت&quot; جو زنده مثال سمجهندو هو. پر هن ڪميون جي حامين تي پنهنجي حيثيت محفوظ ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي قدم نه کڻڻ جي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ خاص طور ٻن غلطين کي اجاگر ڪيو. پهرين اها ته ڪميون جا حامي &quot;اڌ رستي تي رڪجي ويا... ۽ ملڪ ۾ وڌيڪ اعليٰ [سرمائيداراڻي] انصاف قائم ڪرڻ جي خوابن ۾ ڀلجي ويا... مثال طور بئنڪن جهڙن ادارن تي قبضو نه ڪيو ويو.&quot; ٻيو، سندس خيال ۾، سندن &quot;حد کان وڌيڪ فياضي&quot; کين [[طبقاتي دشمن]] کي &quot;تباهه ڪرڻ&quot; کان روڪيو. لينن موجب ڪميون جي حامين &quot;گهرو ويڙهه ۾ سڌين فوجي ڪاررواين جي اهميت کي گهٽ سمجهيو؛ پيرس ۾ پنهنجي فتح کي مڪمل ڪندڙ ورسائي خلاف فيصلائتو حملو ڪرڻ بدران، هنن دير ڪئي ۽ ورسائي حڪومت کي اونداهين قوتن کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ مئي جي رت ۾ ٻڏل هفتي جي تياريءَ لاءِ وقت ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir Ilyich |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm |title=Lenin Collected Works |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |year=2004 |volume=13 |location=Moscow |publication-date=1972 |pages=475–478 |translator-last=Isaacs |translator-first=Bernard |chapter=Lessons of the Commune |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |access-date=12 March 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312200100/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mar/23.htm |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=live |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] and Lenin Internet Archive; originally published in ''Zagranichnaya Gazeta'' (''Foreign Gazette''), No. 2 |orig-year=Originally published 23 March 1908 from speech at Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1926ع ۾ [[مائو زي تنگ]] ''پيرس ڪميون جي ياد ملهائڻ جي اهميت'' شايع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cai |first1=Xiang |title=Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966) |last2=蔡翔 |date=2016 |others=Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍 |isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9 |location=Durham |pages=423 |oclc=932368688}}&lt;/ref&gt; لينن جي تجزيي وانگر مائو لکيو ته ڪميون جي ناڪاميءَ جا ٻه سبب هئا: (1) ان جي اڳواڻيءَ لاءِ هڪ متحد ۽ منظم پارٽي موجود نه هئي، ۽ (2) اها پنهنجن دشمنن سان حد کان وڌيڪ نرم هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== ٻيا رايا ===

[[File:Jules Bergeret.jpg|thumb|upright|قومي محافظ دستي جو ڪمانڊر جول برژري خوني هفتي دوران پيرس مان ڀڄي ويو ۽ نيويارڪ جلاوطن ٿي ويو، جتي 1905ع ۾ سندس وفات ٿي.]]

ڪميون دوران پيرس ۾ آمريڪي سفير [[ايليهو واشبرن]] پنهنجي ذاتي روزنامچي ۾، جنهن جا وڏا اقتباس مشهور تاريخدان [[ڊيوڊ ميڪلو]] جي ڪتاب ''[[دي گريٽر جرني]]'' ([[Simon &amp; Schuster]]، 2011ع) ۾ شامل آهن، ڪميون جي حامين کي &quot;ڌاڙيل&quot;، &quot;قاتل&quot; ۽ &quot;بدڪردار&quot; قرار ڏنو. هن لکيو: &quot;مون وٽ هن وقت پنهنجي نفرت جو اظهار ڪرڻ لاءِ وقت ناهي ... [اهي] ڌمڪي ڏين ٿا ته جيڪڏهن هٿيار نه ڦٽا ڪيا ويا ته پيرس کي تباهه ڪري سڀني کي ان جي کنڊرن هيٺ دفن ڪري ڇڏيندا.&quot;

ايڊون چائلڊ، جيڪو لنڊن جو هڪ نوجوان هو ۽ پيرس ۾ ڪم ڪندو هو، لکي ٿو ته ڪميون دوران &quot;عورتون شينهنين وانگر وڙهنديون هيون، هر هنڌ پيٽرول اڇلائينديون هيون ۽ جنهن شدت سان هوءَ وڙهنديون هيون، تنهن ڪري نمايان نظر اينديون هيون.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eye-witness accounts quoted in 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson p. 197 (see bibliography)&lt;/ref&gt; بهرحال، جديد تحقيق موجب دليل ڏنو ويو آهي ته ڪميون جون اهي مشهور عورت باهه لڳائيندڙ، يا {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}}، شايد وڌايل تصور يا هڪ افسانو هيون.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Tombs, ''The War Against Paris: 1871'', Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages {{ISBN|978-0-521-28784-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gay Gullickson, ''Unruly Women of Paris'', Cornell Univ Press, 1996, 304 pages {{ISBN|978-0-8014-8318-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; ليساگاري دعويٰ ڪئي ته هن افسانوي الزام سبب مئي جي آخر ۾ پيرس ۾ سوين پورهيت عورتون قتل ڪيون ويون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کين ڪوڙي طرح {{lang|fr|[[پيٽروليوز]]}} قرار ڏنو ويو؛ پر هن پنهنجي دعويٰ جي حمايت ۾ ڪو به ثبوت پيش نه ڪيو. ليساگاري اهو به لکيو ته خوني هفتي دوران شهر ۾ لڳل باهين مان شايد اڌ لاءِ فرانسيسي فوج جي توپخاني جي گولاباري ذميوار هئي.{{sfn|Lissagaray|2012|pp=277–278}} تنهن هوندي به، [[ٽويلري محل]]، [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] ۽ ٻين اهم سرڪاري عمارتن جي کنڊرن جون تصويرون ڏيکارين ٿيون ته انهن جون ٻاهريون ڀتيون توپن جي گولاباريءَ کان تقريباً محفوظ رهيون، جڏهن ته اندريون حصا مڪمل طور باهه سبب سڙي ويا هئا؛ ۽ جول برژري جهڙا نمايان ڪميون جا حامي، جيڪي نيويارڪ ڀڄي ويا هئا، پاڻ فخر سان انهن مشهور باهه لڳائڻ وارن واقعن جي ذميواري قبول ڪندا هئا.{{sfn|Milza|2009a|pp=396–397}}

== ٿئير جي بحران کي سنڀالڻ بابت علمي اختلاف ==

تاريخدان [[جي. پي. ٽي. بيري]] جو خيال آهي ته ٿئير هن بحران کي بي رحماڻي پر ڪامياب طريقي سان منهن ڏنو، جنهن سان [[فرانس جي ٽئين جمهوريه|ٽئين جمهوريه]] لاءِ هڪ مضبوط بنياد فراهم ٿيو. سندس لفظن ۾، &quot;ايتري وڏي انگ ۾ انتهاپسندن جي جلاوطنيءَ نئين جمهوريه کي [...] پرامن ۽ منظم نموني ترقي ڪرڻ جو موقعو ڏنو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bury |first=J.P.T. |title=France, 1814–1940 |edition =6th|date=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415316002 |pages=108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اهوئي موقف فرانسيسي تاريخدان [[الين پليسي]] به اختيار ڪري ٿو، جيڪو لکي ٿو ته &quot;ڪميون جي حامين جي سخت دٻاءُ [...] آخرڪار ٽئين جمهوريه جي قيام کي آسان بڻايو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Plessis |first=Alain |title=The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1985 |isbn=9780521358569 |pages=173}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ڊيوڊ ٿامسن (تاريخدان)|ڊيوڊ ٿامسن]] موجب، هڪ اهڙي ملڪ جي وحدت بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ، جيڪو وڏي فوجي شڪست ۽ بي شمار ڌڙن سبب ورهائجي چڪو هو، ٿئير وٽ ٻيو ڪو عملي رستو نه هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=T. |title=Europe 1870–1991 |last2=Murphy |first2=D. |publisher=Collins Educational |year=2000 |isbn=0003271331 |pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ٻئي فرانسيسي تاريخدان، [[پال لڊسڪي]]، دليل ڏئي ٿو ته ٿئير پاڻ کي مکيه اخبارن ۽ اهم دانشورن جي دٻاءَ هيٺ محسوس ڪيو، جيڪي &quot;سماجي ۽ جمهوري گند&quot; (''[[لي فيگارو]]'') ۽ &quot;اهي نفرت جوڳا بدمعاش&quot; ([[ڪائونٽيس ڊي سيگور]]) خلاف فيصلائتي ڪارروائي جو مطالبو ڪري رهيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lidsky |first=Paul |title=Les écrivains contre la Commune |publisher=François Maspéro |year=1982 |isbn=9782707113412 |location=Paris |pages=72 |language=fr |trans-title=Writers against the Commune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايستائين جو هڪ اعتدال پسند روزاني اخبار ''{{lang|fr|لي ڊراپو ٽريڪولور}}'' به لکي رهي هئي: &quot;ڀلي اسان کي هن بغاوت کي رت ۾ ٻوڙڻو پوي، يا ان کي سڙندڙ شهر جي کنڊرن هيٺ دفن ڪرڻو پوي، پوءِ به ڪنهن به قسم جي سمجهوتي جي ڪا گنجائش نه هوندي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris |trans-title=The responsibility of the press in the repression of the Paris Commune |url=https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201025/https://lvsl.fr/responsabilite-de-presse-repression-de-commune-de-paris/ |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=Le vent se lève |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ٿيئڊور زيلڊن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''France 1848–1945, vol. I'' ۾ ته ايتري حد تائين وڃي ٿو جو هو چوي ٿو ته ٿئير ڄاڻي واڻي پيرس کي خالي ڪرائڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، جيئن آباديءَ جي هڪ حصي کي بغاوت لاءِ اڪسائي سگهجي، ۽ پوءِ پيرس کي هڪ باغي قوت قرار ڏئي ان کي چيڀاٽڻ جو جواز حاصل ڪري سگهجي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=T. |title=Europe, 1870–1991 |last2=Murphy |first2=D. |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]] |year=2000 |isbn=0003271331 |pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== اثر ۽ ورثو ==

[[File:The red banner from the Commune, brought to Moscow by French communists.jpg|left|thumb|ڪميون جو ڳاڙهو جهنڊو، جيڪو فرانسيسي ڪميونسٽ جون 1924ع ۾ ماسڪو کڻي آيا.&lt;br /&gt; [[ڪليمنت وروشيلوف]] ساڄي پاسي، [[گريگوري زينوويف]] ساڄي کان ٽيون، [[آويل ينوڪيدزي]] چوٿون، ۽ [[نيڪولاءِ انتيپوف]] پنجون بيٺل آهن.]]

پيرس ڪميون ٻين ڪيترين بغاوتن کي متاثر ڪيو، جن کي ڪميون سڏيو ويو يا جيڪي ان نالي سان مشهور ٿيون: [[1905ع جي ماسڪو بغاوت|ماسڪو (ڊسمبر 1905ع)]]؛ [[هنگري سوويت جمهوريه|هنگري (مارچ–جولاءِ 1919ع)]]؛ [[گوانگژو بغاوت|ڪينٽن (ڊسمبر 1927ع)]]؛ ۽ سڀ کان مشهور طور [[فيبروري انقلاب|پيٽروگراڊ (1917ع)]]، [[1927ع جي شنگهائي ڪميون|شنگهائي، 1927ع]] ۽ [[شنگهائي عوامي ڪميون|شنگهائي، 1967ع]]. پوءِ جي ڪميونسٽ ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي اڳواڻن ڪميون کي تعريف ۽ حيرت سان ڏٺو. ولاديمير لينن روسي [[سوويت (ڪائونسل)|سوويتَن]] کي ڪميون جون همعصر صورتون قرار ڏنو&lt;ref name=&quot;cht&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Neil |title=The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought |date=4 December 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139053600 |page=251}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ لکيو: &quot;اسان رڳو انهن ديو قامت ماڻهن جي ڪلهن تي ويٺل بونا آهيون.&quot; جڏهن سندس بالشويڪ حڪومت ٻن مهينن کان وڌيڪ عرصو قائم رهي ۽ اهڙيءَ ريت ڪميون جي مدت کان وڌي وئي، تڏهن هن ماسڪو ۾ برف تي ناچ ڪري جشن ملهايو. بالشويڪ حڪومت جي وزيرن ۽ عملدارن کي ''[[ڪميسار]]'' جو لقب ڏنو ويو، جيڪو سڌيءَ طرح ڪميون جي {{lang|fr|ڪميسير}} مان ورتو ويو هو. ماسڪو ۾ [[لينن جو مقبرو]] ڪميون جي انهن ڳاڙهن جهنڊن سان سينگاريو ويو هو، ۽ اڄ به آهي، جيڪي فرانسيسي ڪميونسٽ 1924ع ۾ ماسڪو آندا هئا.{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=264}} [[جوزف اسٽالن|اسٽالن]] لکيو: &quot;1917ع ۾ اسان سمجهيو ته اسين هڪ ڪميون، يعني مزدورن جي انجمن، قائم ڪنداسين ۽ بيوروڪريسيءَ جو خاتمو آڻينداسين... اهو هڪ اهڙو مقصد آهي، جنهن تائين پهچڻ کان اسين اڃا تمام پري آهيون.&quot;{{sfn|Rougerie|2004|p=264}} [[بالشويڪ|بالشويڪن]] پنهنجي [[روسي جنگي جهاز سيوستوپول (1911ع)|ڊريڊناٽ جنگي جهاز ''سيوستوپول'']] جو نالو بدلائي {{lang|ru|پاريژسڪايا ڪميونا}} رکيو. [[سوويت يونين]] جي دور ۾ خلائي پرواز [[ووسخود 1]] پاڻ سان ڪميون جي هڪ جهنڊي جو حصو کڻي وئي.

ڪميون جي حامين ڪيترن انتشار پسندن کي متاثر ڪيو، جن ۾ [[پال بروس]]، [[ايريڪو مالاتيستا]]، [[ڪارلو ڪافييرو]] ۽ [[آندريا ڪوسٽا]] شامل هئا. هٿيار کڻڻ سان هنن پنهنجا خيال ان کان وڌيڪ تيزيءَ ۽ زور سان پکيڙيا، جيترو رڳو لکيل لفظ ذريعي ممڪن هجي ها. تاريخدان زوئي بيڪر لکي ٿي ته &quot;جڏهن ڪنهن ڪتاب يا اخبار کي ڪنهن ماڻهوءَ کي شدت پسند بڻائڻ لاءِ ڳولڻو، خريد ڪرڻو ۽ پڙهڻو پوي ٿو، تڏهن هڪ بغاوت تمام تيزيءَ سان ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ جو ڌيان ڇڪائي ٿي، جن ۾ [[خواندگي#صنعتڪاري|اهي ماڻهو به شامل آهن، جيڪي پڙهي نٿا سگهن]]، ۽ کين اهڙي حالت ۾ آڻي ٿي، جتي جاري جدوجهد ۾ کين لازمي طور ڪنهن هڪ پاسي بيهڻو پوي ٿو.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Baker, Zoe. “Chapter Six: Insurrectionist Anarchism.” Means and Ends, AK Press, 2023, p. 204.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرانس جي قومي اسيمبلي|قومي اسيمبليءَ]] 24 جولاءِ 1873ع تي [[ساڪري ڪور، پيرس|ساڪري ڪور گرجا]] جي تعمير لاءِ قانون منظور ڪيو، جيڪو [[مونٽ مارتر]] تي توپن واري ميدان جي ويجهو ۽ ان هنڌ جي ڀرسان تعمير ٿيڻو هو، جتي جنرل ڪليمان-ٿوما ۽ جنرل ليڪومت ماريا ويا هئا. قانون ۾ واضح ڪيو ويو ته هي عمارت &quot;ڪميون جي ڏوهن جي ڪفاري&quot; لاءِ اڏي وڃي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No. 1262 – Rapport d'information de M. Bernard Accoyer fait au nom de la mission d'information sur les questions mémorielles |trans-title=No. 1262 – Information report by Mr. Bernard Accoyer made on behalf of the information mission on memory issues |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102901/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rap-info/i1262.asp |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=www.assemblee-nationale.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; رو هاڪسو تي هڪ تختي ۽ {{ill|نوتر دام ديز اوتاژ چرچ|lt=نوتر دام ديز اوتاژ|fr|Église Notre-Dame-des-Otages}} (يرغمالين جي پاڪ ماءُ) نالي هڪ گرجا ان هنڌ جي نشاندهي ڪن ٿا، جتي پادرين، ژاندارمن ۽ چئن عام شهرين سميت پنجاهه يرغمالين کي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Gregor Dallas, ''An Exercise in Terror: the Paris Commune 1871'', ''History Today'', Volume 39, Issue 2, 1989&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] ۾ ان ڀت تي به هڪ تختي لڳل آهي، جتي 147 ڪميون جا حامي گولي هڻي قتل ڪيا ويا، ۽ جيڪا عام طور [[ڪميون جي حامين جي ڀت]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref&gt;Cobban, Alfred (1965), ''A History of Modern France'', p. 215. Penguin Books&lt;/ref&gt; ڪميون جي ياد ۾ هر سال مئي مهيني ۾ قبرستان اندر يادگاري تقريبون منعقد ٿين ٿيون. [[هوٽيل ڊي وِل، پيرس|هوٽيل ڊي وِل]] جي پٺيان لڳل هڪ ٻي تختي ان اجتماعي قبر جي هنڌ جي نشاندهي ڪري ٿي، جتي فوج پاران گولي هڻي قتل ڪيل ڪميون جي حامين کي دفنايو ويو هو. پوءِ سندن باقيات کي شهر جي قبرستانن ۾ ٻيهر دفنايو ويو.

[[File:Commune2011.jpg|thumb|[[پير لاشيز قبرستان]] ۾ لڳل هڪ تختي ڪميون جي مارجي ويلن کي ڀيٽا پيش ڪري ٿي.]]

ڪيترن هنڌن جا نالا پيرس ڪميون جي نالي تي رکيا ويا آهن. انهن ۾ پيرس جو {{interlanguage link|پلاس ڊي لا ڪميون-ڊي-پيرس|fr|Place de la Commune-de-Paris (Paris)}}، [[برلن]]، [[جرمني]] جي [[شتراسه دير پاريزر ڪميون]]، [[پراگ]]، [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] جي [[ڪوموناردو]] ۽ [[هو چي منهه شهر]]، [[ويتنام]] جو [[ڪونگ زا پيرس چوڪ]] شامل آهن.

پيرس ڪميون چين جي [[ثقافتي انقلاب]] دوران بار بار سامهون ايندڙ موضوع هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; جڏهن شاگردن [[16 مئي واري اطلاع]] کان پوءِ پهريون [[وڏن اکرن وارو پوسٽر]] لڳايو، تڏهن [[مائو زي تنگ]] ان کي &quot;چين جي ويهين صديءَ واري پيرس ڪميون جو اعلان&quot; قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Russo |first=Alessandro |title=Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1218-4 |location=Durham |pages=144 |oclc=1156439609}}&lt;/ref&gt; ثقافتي انقلاب جي شروعاتي دور ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي روزمره زندگيءَ جي خود رو طبيعت ۽ عوامي سياسي شرڪت کي سکڻ لائق سبق سمجهيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Suzy |title=Everyday life in the North Korean revolution, 1945–1950 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5017-0568-7 |location=Ithaca |pages=33 |oclc=950929415}}&lt;/ref&gt; مثال طور، 8 آگسٽ 1966ع واري &quot;[[چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي مرڪزي ڪميٽي]] جو [[ثقافتي انقلاب|عظيم پرولتاري ثقافتي انقلاب]] بابت فيصلو&quot; ۾ چيو ويو: &quot;ثقافتي انقلابي ٽولن ۽ ڪميٽين جي ميمبرن، ۽ ثقافتي انقلابي ڪانگريسن جي نمائندن جي چونڊ لاءِ پيرس ڪميون جهڙو عام چونڊن جو نظام قائم ڪرڻ ضروري آهي.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ثقافتي انقلاب جي ان مرحلي دوران، جڏهن عوامي سياسي متحرڪ ٿيڻ گهٽجي رهيو هو، [[شينگ ووليان]]، جيڪو هونان صوبي جو هڪ [[انتهاپسند کاٻي ڌر|انتهاپسند کاٻي ڌر]] وارو گروهه هو، پنهنجي نظريي کي پيرس ڪميون جي بنيادي برابري پسنديءَ واري فطرت تي ترتيب ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Yiching |title=The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis |date=2014 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-41985-8 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=145–146 |oclc=881183403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[پول پاٽ]]، [[خمير روج]] جو اڳواڻ، پڻ پيرس ڪميون کان متاثر هو ۽ هن چيو ته ڪميون ان ڪري ختم ڪئي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پرولتاريه بورجوازيءَ مٿان آمريت لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. هن چيو ته هو اها ساڳي غلطي نه ڪندو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Short |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&amp;pg=PT326 |title=Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare |date=25 April 2013 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=9781444780307 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111041245/https://books.google.com/books?id=lU85AgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22The+Commune+had+been+overthrown%22&amp;pg=PT326 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2021ع ۾ پيرس ڪميون جي 150هين سالگرهه &quot;نمائشن، ليڪچرن، موسيقيءَ جي محفلن، ناٽڪن ۽ شاعري پڙهڻ جي پروگرامن جي هڪ سلسلي&quot; سان ملهائي، جيڪو مارچ کان مئي تائين جاري رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot; /&gt; پيرس جي ميئر [[آن هيدالگو]] مونٽ مارتر ۾ [[نيو ڪيلڊونيا]] جو مقامي يادگاري [[اراوڪاريا]] وڻ پوکيو؛ نيو ڪيلڊونيا اهو هنڌ هو، جتي ڪميون کي چيڀاٽڻ کان پوءِ هزارين ڪميون حامي جلاوطن ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vock |first=Ido |date=2021-03-18 |title=After 150 years, the legacy of the Paris Commune continues to divide France |publisher=[[New Statesman]] |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419032146/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2021/03/after-150-years-legacy-paris-commune-continues-divide-france |archive-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; شهر پاران ڪميون جي ياد ملهائڻ جا منصوبا تڪراري ثابت ٿيا، ۽ شهري ڪائونسل جي ساڄي ڌر جي ميمبرن احتجاج ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conman |first=Julian |date=2021-03-07 |title=Vive la Commune? The working-class insurrection that shook the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010123/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world |archive-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

150 سال گذرڻ کان پوءِ به ڪميون هڪ جذباتي ۽ سياسي طور حساس موضوع آهي. 29 مئي 2021ع تي پيرس جي آرچ بشپ ۽ انهن ٻين يرغمالين جي ياد ۾ نڪتل 300 ماڻهن جي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ جلوس تي، جن کي ڪميون جي آخري ڏينهن ۾ گولي هڻي قتل ڪيو ويو هو، پير لاشيز قبرستان جي ڀرسان ڪميون جو جشن ملهائيندڙ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي فاشزم مخالفن جسماني حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Le Figaro, 30 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=A Paris, une procession catholique attaquée par des antifascistes {{!}} CNEWS |url=https://www.cnews.fr/faits-divers/2021-05-30/paris-une-procession-catholique-attaquee-par-des-antifascistes-1087229 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.cnews.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; کاٻي ڌر جي تشدد سبب سٺ ورهين جي عمر جا ٻه ڪيٿولڪ زمين تي ڪري پيا، جڏهن ته مٿي ۾ زخم لڳل هڪ ماڻهوءَ کي اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

[[بي بي سي نيوز]] موجب، 2021ع تائين پيرس ڪميون جا حامي ان کي &quot;اميد جي هڪ بهار، جنهن کي قدامت پسند قوتن رت سان چيڀاٽي ڇڏيو&quot; سمجهندا هئا، جڏهن ته سياسي ساڄي ڌر جا ماڻهو ڪميون کي &quot;افراتفري ۽ طبقاتي انتقام جو دور&quot; قرار ڏيندا هئا. هو پادرين جي قتل ۽ هوٽيل ڊي وِل جهڙين اهم عمارتن کي ساڙڻ کي ياد ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schofield |first=Hugh |date=2021-03-18 |title=Paris Commune: The revolt dividing France 150 years on |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010122/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710 |archive-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
{{Portal|انتشار پسندي|ڪميونزم|سوشلزم|فرانس}}
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em |
* [[ڪارٽاخينا جو ڪينٽن]]
* [[ڪميون جا ڏوهه]]
* [[رومي جمهوريه (1849ع–1850ع)]]
* [[ڪومونيروس جي بغاوت|ڪاسٽيلين ڪميونٽين جي جنگ]]
* [[گستاو پال ڪلوزاري]]
* [[گستاو فلورينس]]
* [[ليئو فرانڪل]]
* [[آندري گِل]]
* [[پاسڪال گروسيت]]
* [[پيرس ڪميون جي تاريخ نگاري]]
* [[پال لافارگ]]
* [[ايڊوار ماني]]
* [[وچئين دور جي ڪميون]]
* [[نادار (فوٽوگرافر)|فيليڪس نادار]]
* [[يوجين ايڊين پوٽيئر]]
* [[ايليزي ريڪلو]]
* [[آرٿر ريمبو]]
* [[لوئي روسيل]]
* [[جول واليس]]
* [[پال ورلين]]
* [[جنوري طوفان]]
* [[اسٽراندژا ڪميون]]
* [[تارنوبژگ جمهوريه]]
* [[1877ع جي پٽسبرگ ريلوي هڙتال]]
* [[پاميات پاريژسڪوئي ڪميوني]]
* [[پيرس ڪميون دوران باهيون]]
* [[ڪيپيٽول هل تي قبضي وارو احتجاج]]
* [[پيرس ڪميون بابت مقالا]]
* [[مارسيل ڪميون]]
* [[18 مارچ 1871ع جي بغاوت]]}}

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== حوالو ڏنل تصنيفون ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* Butterworth, Alex. ''The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Police'' (Pantheon Books, 2010)
* {{Cite book |last=De la Croix de Castries |first=René |author-link=René de La Croix de Castries |title=Monsieur Thiers |publisher=Librarie Academique Perrin |year=1983 |isbn=2-262-00299-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=du Camp |first=Maxime |author-link=Maxime Du Camp |url=https://archive.org/details/lesconvulsionsde03ducauoft |title=Les Convulsions de Paris |publisher=Hachette |year=1881 |location=Paris}}
* {{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Stewart |title=The Paris Commune 1871 |publisher=Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode |year=1971 |isbn=0-413-28110-8 |location=London}}
* Eichner, Carolyn J. ''Surmounting the barricades: women in the Paris Commune'' (Indiana UP, 2004).
* {{Cite book |last=Gluckstein |first=Donny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhciAQAAIAAJ |title=The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy |date=2006 |publisher=Bookmarks |isbn=978-1-90-519214-4 |location=London |author-link=Donny Gluckstein |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329125846/https://books.google.com/books?id=MhciAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}
* [[راجر وي. گولڊ|Gould, Roger V.]] &quot;Multiple networks and mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871.&quot; ''American Sociological Review'' (1991): 716–729 [https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/GouldParis.pdf آن لائين] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128093329/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/GouldParis.pdf |date=28 November 2020 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Guiral |first=Pierre |author-link=:fr:Pierre Guiral |title=Adolphe Thiers ou De la nécessité en politique |publisher=Fayard |year=1986 |isbn=2-213-01825-1 |location=Paris}}
* {{in lang|de}} Haupt, Gerhard; Hausen, Karin: ''Die Pariser Kommune: Erfolg und Scheitern einer Revolution''. Frankfurt 1979. Campus Verlag. {{ISBN|3-593-32607-8}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Horne |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Horne |title=The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71 |date=2012 |publisher=Picador |oclc=922079975 }}
* [[:de:Frank Jellinek|Jellinek, Frank]]. ''The Paris commune of 1871'' (1937) [https://archive.org/details/pariscommunejellinek آن لائين]
* Johnson, Martin Phillip. ''The paradise of association: Political culture and popular organizations in the Paris Commune of 1871'' (University of Michigan Press, 1996).
* {{Cite book |last=Lissagaray |first=Prosper-Olivier |author-link=Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray |title=Histoire de la Commune de 1871 |publisher=La Decouverte/Poche |year=2000 |isbn=978-2-70-714520-8 |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=1871ع واري ڪميون جي تاريخ |orig-year=1876}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lissagaray |first=Prosper-Olivier |author-link=Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray |title=Histoire de la Commune de 1871 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |year=2012 |location=London |language=fr |trans-title=1871ع واري ڪميون جي تاريخ |orig-year=1876}}
* {{Cite book |last=Milza |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre Milza |title=L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) |publisher=Perrin |year=2009a |isbn=978-2-262-03073-5 |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=هولناڪ سال: ڪميون (مارچ–جون 1871ع)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Milza |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre Milza |title=L'année terrible: La guerre franco-prussienne (septembre 1870 – mars 1871) |publisher=Perrin |year=2009b |isbn=978-2-262-02498-7 |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=هولناڪ سال: فرانسيسي-پروشيائي جنگ (سيپٽمبر 1870ع – مارچ 1871ع)}}
* Price, R. D. &quot;Ideology and Motivation in the Paris Commune of 1871.&quot; ''Historical Journal'' 15#1 (1972): 75–86. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638185 آن لائين] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203191426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638185 |date=3 February 2021 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Riat |first=Georges |author-link=:fr:Georges Riat |url=https://archive.org/details/gustavecourbetpe00riat |title=Gustave Courbet – peintre |date=1906 |publisher=Floury |location=Paris |oclc=902368834}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |author-link=Jacques Rougerie (architect) |title=La Commune de 1871 |publisher=[[Presses universitaires de France]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-2-13-062078-5 |location=Paris}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |author-link=Jacques Rougerie (architect) |title=Paris libre 1871 |publisher=Editions du Seuil |year=2004 |isbn=2-02-055465-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tombs |first=Robert |title=La Guerre Contre Paris |publisher=Flammarion |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-0802-4351-5 |location=Paris |language=fr}}
* Tombs, Robert. ''The Paris Commune 1871'' (Routledge, 2014).
{{refend}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Avrich |first=Paul |title=Anarchist Portraits |title-link=Anarchist Portraits |date=1988 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-04753-9 |location=Princeton |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anarchistportrai00avri/page/229 229–239] |language=en |chapter=پيرس ڪميون ۽ ان جو ورثو |oclc=17727270 |author-link=Paul Avrich}}
* Eichner, Carolyn J. (2022). ''The Paris Commune: A Brief History''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. {{ISBN|978-1978827684}}. [[ڊيوڊ اي. بيل]] جو [https://www.thenation.com/article/world/paris-commune/#:~:text=The%20Paris%20Commune%3A%20A%20Brief%20History&amp;text=In%20mid%2DMarch%2C%20the%20city%27s,French%20Revolutionary%20terminology%2C%20the%20Commune. جائزو]
* [[جان ايم. ميريمن|Merriman, John]] (2014). ''Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune''. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-02017-1}}. [[رابرٽ او. پيڪسٽن]] جو [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/19/bloodiest-urban-revolution/ جائزو]
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Kristin |author-link=Kristin Ross |title=Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune |publisher=Verso |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78168-839-7 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Smee |first=Sebastian |author-link=Sebastian Smee |date=2024 |title=Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism |url= |location= |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |isbn=978-1-324-00695-4}}
{{refend}}

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/search?p=59&amp;ot=objekte&amp;inp=fulltext:Collection%20caricatures%20charges%20guerre 1870ع–1871ع جي جنگ ۽ انقلاب جي تاريخ لاءِ طنزيه تصويرن ۽ خاڪن جو مجموعو]، هائيڊلبرگ يونيورسٽي لائبريري
* [https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/caricatures/1 1870ع–1871ع جي جنگ ۽ انقلاب جي تاريخ لاءِ طنزيه تصويرن ۽ خاڪن جو مجموعو]، ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي لائبريري
* [http://jeanpaulachard.com/Commune1871/index.html جي. پي. آشارد پاران 1871ع جي ڪميون] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429094248/http://jeanpaulachard.com/Commune1871/index.html |date=29 April 2023 }} (فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ ۾)
* [[مارڪسسٽس انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو]] تي [http://www.marxists.org/history/france/paris-commune/index.htm پيرس ڪميون محفوظات]
* [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/pariscommune/Pariscommunearchive.html انتشار پسند محفوظات ۾ پيرس ڪميون محفوظات]
* [https://archive.org/details/marxengelsonthepariscommune ''پيرس ڪميون بابت'']، مارڪس ۽ اينگلز جي لکڻين جو مجموعو
* [[سي. ايل. آر. جيمس]] پاران [http://libcom.org/library/marx-paris-commune-james-clr ڪارل مارڪس ۽ پيرس ڪميون]، 1946ع
* پال ڊورن پاران [http://www.runmuki.com/paul/writing/marx.html پيرس ڪميون ۽ مارڪس جو انقلاب بابت نظريو]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190401145905/http://www.commune1871.org/ پيرس ڪميون جي دوستن جي انجمن (1871ع)] (فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ ۾)
* [[نارٿ ويسٽرن يونيورسٽي لائبريري]] جي خاص مجموعن ۾ [https://dc.library.northwestern.edu/collections/5a3744f2-5cbc-4edc-bb16-1bad7265e41c ڊجيٽل مجموعو] ۽ [https://libguides.northwestern.edu/siegeandcommune تحقيقي رهنمائي]
* &quot;فرانسيسي-پروشيائي جنگ ۽ پيرس ڪميون جون طنزيه تصويرون (1870ع–1871ع)&quot;: ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي لائبريريءَ جي [https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/caricatures/ مجازي نمائش] ۽ [https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/stories/caricatures-franco-prussian-war-and-paris-commune-1870-71 ڪهاڻي]
* ''[[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا]]'' تي [https://www.britannica.com/event/Commune-of-Paris-1871 پيرس ڪميون]
* انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ڊاٽ ڪام تي [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-CommuneP.html پيرس ڪميون]
* [https://www.cinearchives.org/Catalogue-d-exploitation-494-179-0-9.html دستاويزي فلم (فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ ۾): پيرس ڪميون] (جاري ٿيڻ: 1951ع)، هدايتڪار {{ill|رابرٽ مينيگوز|fr|Robert Ménégoz}} (مدت: 24 منٽ ۽ 55 سيڪنڊ)؛ پيرس ڪميون ۽ ان جي خوني هفتي جي ڊرامائي تاريخي عڪاسي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي دستاويز، تصويرون ۽ خاڪا خاص اثرن سان متحرڪ ڪري ۽ موسيقيءَ سان پيش ڪيا ويا آهن؛ فلم ڪميون جي اهم واقعن کي بيان ڪندي ان جي اڳواڻن جو تعارف پڻ ڪرائي ٿي.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVka5oZoey8 فلم (پولش ٻوليءَ ۾): ياروسلاف ڊومبرووسڪي] (جاري ٿيڻ: 26 جنوري 1976ع)، هدايتڪار [[:pl:Bohdan Poręba|بوهدان پورينبا]] (مدت: 2 ڪلاڪ ۽ 12 منٽ)؛ موسيقي [[وائيچيخ ڪيلار]] جي؛ شروعاتي عنوانن کان پوءِ 03:37 تي 1871ع جي پيرس جي گهيري ۽ ڪميون جا تفصيلي منظر شروع ٿين ٿا.

{{Paris Commune|state=expanded}}
{{France topics}}

{{Anarcho-communism}}
{{Libertarian socialism navbox}}
{{Anarchism}}
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[[زمرو:پيرس ڪميون| ]]
[[زمرو:1870ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ پيرس]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ 1871ع جون قائم ٿيل شيون]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ 1871ع جون ختم ٿيل شيون]]
[[زمرو:1871ع جا فساد]]
[[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا انقلاب]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ انتشار پسندي]]
[[زمرو:انتشار پسند بغاوتون]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي رياستن ۽ ماڻهن سان لاڳاپيل گهرو جنگيون]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ ڪميونزم]]
[[زمرو:ڪميونسٽ انقلاب]]
[[زمرو:مذهب مخالف تحريڪ]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ انتهائي کاٻي ڌر جي سياست]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ کاٻي ڌر جي عواميت]]
[[زمرو:مئي 1871ع يورپ ۾]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ فساد ۽ شهري بدامني]]
[[زمرو:فرانس سان لاڳاپيل گهيرا]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ سوشلزم]]
[[زمرو:1871ع ۾ قائم ٿيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:1871ع ۾ ختم ٿيل رياستون ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:فرانس ۾ بغاوتون]]
[[زمرو:مختصر عرصي واريون رياستون]]
[[زمرو:انقلابي ڪميونون]]
[[زمرو:فرانس سان لاڳاپيل جنگيون]]</text>
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        <id>8681</id>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} | alias = فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه | shortname alias = فرانس | flag alias = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} &lt;noinclude&gt; | redir1 = Third French Republic | redir2 = FRA-3 | related1 = France | related2 = French First Republic | related3 = French Second Republic | related4 = French Four...</comment>
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      <text bytes="593" sha1="7sz01hdssd9a9ht58kbhz210tha3p88" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه
| shortname alias = فرانس
| flag alias = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| altvar = {{{altvar|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Third French Republic
| redir2 = FRA-3
| related1 = France
| related2 = French First Republic
| related3 = French Second Republic
| related4 = French Fourth Republic
| related5 = Kingdom of France
| related6 = Vichy France
| related7 = Bourbon Restoration
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>7sz01hdssd9a9ht58kbhz210tha3p88</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Country data Third French Republic</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395169</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T15:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} | alias = فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه | shortname alias = فرانس | flag alias = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} &lt;noinclude&gt; | redir1 = فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه | redir2 = FRA-3 | related1 = فرانس | related2 = فرانس جي پهرين جمهوريه | related3 = فرا...</comment>
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      <text bytes="689" sha1="ng1qvgrlwb5qmejjb3xwmu4l5u88u5q" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه
| shortname alias = فرانس
| flag alias = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| altvar = {{{altvar|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = فرانس جي ٽين جمهوريه
| redir2 = FRA-3
| related1 = فرانس
| related2 = فرانس جي پهرين جمهوريه
| related3 = فرانس جي ٻي جمهوريه
| related4 = فرانس جي چوٿين جمهوريه
| related5 = فرانس جي بادشاھت
| related6 = ويشي فرانس
| related7 = بوربون بحالي
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>ng1qvgrlwb5qmejjb3xwmu4l5u88u5q</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Campaignbox Paris Commune</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395170</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T15:20:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Campaignbox |name=Campaignbox Paris Commune |title=[[پيرس ڪميون]] |listclass = hlist |battles= *[[ڪوربوا جي جنگ]] *[[روئيل جي جنگ]] *[[ميودون جي جنگ]] *[[فور دِ اِسي جي جنگ]] *[[رت ڀريو هفتو]] *[[رو هاڪسو قتل عام]] *[[بُٽ-او-ڪائي جي جنگ]] }}&lt;noinclude&gt; &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>395170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="359" sha1="fvze21tg58wh9esnizmnpxau3fmt0zk" xml:space="preserve">{{Campaignbox
|name=Campaignbox Paris Commune
|title=[[پيرس ڪميون]]
|listclass = hlist
|battles=
*[[ڪوربوا جي جنگ]]
*[[روئيل جي جنگ]]
*[[ميودون جي جنگ]]
*[[فور دِ اِسي جي جنگ]]
*[[رت ڀريو هفتو]]
*[[رو هاڪسو قتل عام]]
*[[بُٽ-او-ڪائي جي جنگ]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fvze21tg58wh9esnizmnpxau3fmt0zk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ٽرئير</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395197</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T16:17:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}} {{Other uses}} {{Redirect|Treves|other uses|Treves (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox German place | German_name        = &lt;small&gt;{{nativename|lb|ٽرئير}}&lt;/small&gt; | type               = City | image_photo        = {{multiple image | perrow             = 1/2/2/1 | border             = infobox | total_width        = 280 | image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG | caption...</comment>
      <origin>395197</origin>
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      <text bytes="7412" sha1="8nw4ocka89me1mdx5b6ob2mdwti35f3" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Treves|other uses|Treves (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = &lt;small&gt;{{nativename|lb|ٽرئير}}&lt;/small&gt;
| type               = City
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               = 17 BC&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئير''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>395198</id>
      <parentid>395197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T16:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[ٽرائر]] کي [[ٽرئير]] ڏانھن چوريو: غلط ھجي سان عنوان</comment>
      <origin>395197</origin>
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      <text bytes="7412" sha1="8nw4ocka89me1mdx5b6ob2mdwti35f3" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Treves|other uses|Treves (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = &lt;small&gt;{{nativename|lb|ٽرئير}}&lt;/small&gt;
| type               = City
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               = 17 BC&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئير''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.</text>
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      <text bytes="7349" sha1="iiu3dqdlno9in4f76dvvwu8ssh6dgha" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = &lt;small&gt;{{nativename|lb|ٽرئير}}&lt;/small&gt;
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17 ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.</text>
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{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.</text>
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      <text bytes="21627" sha1="2pgvwhqaxhz3t56lgwnlngh22kytvi6" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}</text>
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      <text bytes="34139" sha1="lmpr7ngmcmycz0u29dx8hghnzlcmmth" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}</text>
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      <text bytes="34918" sha1="fac9xxdyp2iico8md5i8gckwmi573vt" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|ٽرئير جي آباديءَ جي واڌ ويجهه]]. ''wikipedia.de'' (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾). حاصل ڪيل 4 جنوري 2021ع.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;

+پرڏيهي رهواسين جا سڀ کان وڏا گروهه
! ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ
-
{{POL}}
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{{FRA}}
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{{LUX}}
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{{UKR}}
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{{RUS}}
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}
{{clr}}</text>
      <sha1>fac9xxdyp2iico8md5i8gckwmi573vt</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
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      <text bytes="34894" sha1="k1q5xawxh9mmc438qez27tvrfgnp8k2" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|ٽرئير جي آباديءَ جي واڌ ويجهه]]. ''wikipedia.de'' (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾). حاصل ڪيل 4 جنوري 2021ع.
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}</text>
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      <text bytes="46211" sha1="909yasbggksf3jk91jkgn99foq6lo2c" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|ٽرئير جي آباديءَ جي واڌ ويجهه]]. ''wikipedia.de'' (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾). حاصل ڪيل 4 جنوري 2021ع.
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.</text>
      <sha1>909yasbggksf3jk91jkgn99foq6lo2c</sha1>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
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      <text bytes="57528" sha1="jz9czsgywv9tjhxlr3d3bycu3u9ktfw" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|ٽرئير جي آباديءَ جي واڌ ويجهه]]. ''wikipedia.de'' (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾). حاصل ڪيل 4 جنوري 2021ع.
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.</text>
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      <text bytes="57545" sha1="o3i2sva9rnnpolx46an7uddilbdih5v" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.</text>
      <sha1>o3i2sva9rnnpolx46an7uddilbdih5v</sha1>
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      <text bytes="46228" sha1="s4tkr20rgrt3ojdt0cbjl4qcyfjluzj" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.</text>
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      <text bytes="48404" sha1="6v7dlxszaiu9jefj5a2l3o3baz3e9kd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="50022" sha1="n8wjqb0ej7n76yg5j2eig4taq3w0emd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="50727" sha1="povxfododlxvljvex3j6goypb3836uf" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رانديون ==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|موزيل اسٽيڊيم، ٽرئير]]

ٽرئير جا اهم راندين وارا ڪلب هي آهن:

* [[ايس وي آئنٽراخت ٽرئير 05]]، [[فٽبال]]
* [[گليڊيئيٽرز ٽرئير]]، [[باسڪيٽ بال]] (اڳوڻو [[ٽي بي بي ٽرئير]])
* [[ڊي جي ڪي/ايم جي سي ٽرئير]]، عورتن جي [[هينڊ بال]]
* [[ٽرئير ڪارڊينلز]]، [[بيس بال]]
* [[پي ايس ٽي ٽرئير اسٽيمپرز]]، [[آمريڪي فٽبال]]
* [[ايف ايس وي ٽرئير-ٽارفورسٽ]]، جنهن ۾ [[فٽبال]]، [[رگبي]] ۽ ٻيون رانديون شامل آهن.</text>
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      <text bytes="60205" sha1="hlodyhzcpfpr9zlhdxgjqnvkb784e3z" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|جرمني جي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ رياست جو شهر}}

{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي {{ill|QuattroPole|de}} نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رانديون ==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|موزيل اسٽيڊيم، ٽرئير]]

ٽرئير جا اهم راندين وارا ڪلب هي آهن:

* [[ايس وي آئنٽراخت ٽرئير 05]]، [[فٽبال]]
* [[گليڊيئيٽرز ٽرئير]]، [[باسڪيٽ بال]] (اڳوڻو [[ٽي بي بي ٽرئير]])
* [[ڊي جي ڪي/ايم جي سي ٽرئير]]، عورتن جي [[هينڊ بال]]
* [[ٽرئير ڪارڊينلز]]، [[بيس بال]]
* [[پي ايس ٽي ٽرئير اسٽيمپرز]]، [[آمريڪي فٽبال]]
* [[ايف ايس وي ٽرئير-ٽارفورسٽ]]، جنهن ۾ [[فٽبال]]، [[رگبي]] ۽ ٻيون رانديون شامل آهن.

== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ==
ٽرئير، [[لگزمبرگ شهر|لگزمبرگ]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[ميتس]] سان گڏ شهرن جي ڪواٽروپول اتحاد جو رڪن آهي. اهي شهر پاڙيسري ملڪن [[لگزمبرگ]] ۽ [[فرانس]] ۾ واقع آهن.

=== جاڙا شهر ۽ ڀينر شهر ===
{{Main|جرمني جي جاڙن شهرن ۽ ڀينر شهرن جي فهرست}}

ٽرئير جا هيٺين شهرن سان [[ڀينر شهر|جاڙن شهرن]] وارا لاڳاپا آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.trier.de/rathaus-buerger-in/internationale-beziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften/ |website=trier.de |publisher=Trier |language=de |access-date=2021-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[گلاسٽر]]، انگلينڊ، برطانيا (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ميتس]]، فرانس (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[اسڪولي پيچينو]]، اٽلي (1958ع)
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[سيرٽوگنبوش]]، نيدرلينڊز (1968ع)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[پولا]]، ڪروشيا (1971ع)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[وائمار]]، جرمني (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[فورٽ ورٿ، ٽيڪساس|فورٽ ورٿ]]، آمريڪا (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ناگائوڪا، نيگاتا|ناگائوڪا]]، جاپان (2006ع)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[شيامن]]، چين (2010ع)
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[ازيم]]، يوڪرين (2024ع)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg |language=de |date=2024-03-08 |publisher=The city administration of Trier |url=https://www.trier.de/startseite/broker.jsp?uMen=0af70f72-90a0-9c31-9577-29a532ead2aa&amp;uCon=fe172e30-36e1-e817-853d-73250004fea5&amp;uTem=76d7090b-49e4-7271-94e8-c0f4087257ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Neue Partnerstadt. Trier geht zehnten Städtebund mit Isjum ein |language=de |journal=Trierer Wochenspiegel |editor-first=Arnt |editor-last=Finkenberg |place=Trier |date=14 March 2024 |issue=11 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نالي سان منسوب ماڳ ===

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، ڪڪ ڪائونٽي، الينوائي|نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ]]، الينوائي، آمريڪا؛ هن علائقي ۾ شروعاتي آبادڪاري ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن ڪئي هئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير، مينيسوٽا|نيو ٽرئير]]، مينيسوٽا، آمريڪا؛ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 1856ع ۾ ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن آبادڪاري ڪئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير هاءِ اسڪول]]، الينوائي جو هڪ اسڪول، جنهن جو نالو ٽرئير تان رکيو ويو آهي.

== نامور شخصيتون ==

&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري الف-ب وار ترتيب برقرار رکو. --&gt;* [[ڊورس آنن]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، سياستدان
* [[هانس آم اينڊي]] (1864ع–1918ع)، مصور
* [[امبروز]] (لڳ ڀڳ 340ع–397ع)، مقدس شخص
* [[ٽول جي اپرونيا]] (ڇهين صدي)، راهبه ۽ مقدس شخصيت
* [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس]] (296ع يا 298ع–373ع)، مقدس شخصيت؛ لڳ ڀڳ 335ع ۾ جلاوطنيءَ دوران هتي رهيو
* [[اوسونيوس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 310ع–395ع)، رومي قونصل ۽ شاعر
* [[مارٽن بامباوئر]] (پيدائش 1970ع)، گرجاگھر جو موسيقار
* [[رائن هولڊ بارٽل]] (1926ع–1996ع)، اوپيرا جو ٽينر ڳائڻو
* [[وولف گراف فون بائوڊيسن]] (1907ع–1993ع)، جنرل، فوجي رٿابندي ڪندڙ ۽ [[امن ۽ تڪرار جو مطالعو|امن جو محقق]]
* [[آگسٽ بيئر]] (1825ع–1863ع)، سائنسدان
* [[ڪانسٽانٽيوس ڪلوروس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–306ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ارنسٽ اولرش ڊوئڪر]] (پيدائش 1954ع)، موسيقار
* [[يوڪاريوس]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 250ع)، ٽرئير جو پهريون بشپ
* [[فرينڪ فنڊائيس]] (پيدائش 1971ع)، شاعر
* [[شارل ڊي گال]] (1890ع–1970ع)، جنرل ۽ فرانسيسي مدبر؛ [[رائن لينڊ تي قبضي|رائن لينڊ تي فرانسيسي قبضي]] دوران شاسور فوجي دستي جي هڪ بٽالين جو ڪمانڊر رهيو
* [[فرانتس گرنڊهيبر]] (1937ع–2025ع)، بيريٽون ڳائڻو
* [[هيلينا، قسطنطين پهرئين جي ماءُ|هيلينا]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–330ع)، مقدس شخصيت ۽ قسطنطين اعظم جي ماءُ؛ روايت موجب ٽرئير ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪئي
* [[رائن هارڊ هيس]] (1904ع–1998ع)، مصور ۽ شيشي تي نقش نگاري ڪندڙ
* [[ارنسٽ هوبرٽي]] (1927ع–2023ع)، راندين جو مبصر
* [[ايرڪ ييلن]] (پيدائش 1965ع)، ٽينس رانديگر
* [[لوڊوگ ڪاس]] (1881ع–1952ع)، ڪيٿولڪ پادري ۽ سياستدان، [[مرڪزي پارٽي، جرمني|زينٽرم]] جو رڪن
* [[آنيا ڪيسماخر]] (پيدائش 1974ع)، اوپيرا جي سوپرانو ڳائڻي
* [[اورزولا ڪريخل]] (پيدائش 1947ع)، ليکڪا ۽ شاعره
* [[گٽا لنڊ]] (1925ع–1974ع)، ڳائڻي
* [[زيويئر بوٽ ڊي مارنياڪ]] (پيدائش 1951ع)، فرانسيسي جنرل ۽ [[ڪوسوو فورس|ڪي فور]] جو اڳوڻو ڪمانڊر
* [[هائنرش مارڪس]] (1777ع–1838ع)، وڪيل ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو والد
* [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ|هينريئيٽ مارڪس]] (1788ع–1863ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جي ماءُ
* [[جيني مارڪس]] (1814ع–1881ع)، انقلابي ۽ ناٽڪ نقاد
* [[ڪارل مارڪس]] (1818ع–1883ع)، سماجي فلسفي ۽ انقلابي
* [[ميڪسيمين]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–310ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[گيئورگ مائر، شطرنج رانديگر|گيئورگ مائر]] (پيدائش 1987ع)، جرمن شطرنج گرانڊ ماسٽر
* [[سينٽ موڊيسٽا]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 680ع)، اورين خانقاهه جي باني ۽ ايبيس
* [[اوسوالڊ فون نيل-بروننگ]] (1890ع–1991ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ڪاسپار اوليويانس]] (1536ع–1587ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ٽرئير جو پالينس|پالينس]] (وفات 358ع)، ٽرئير جو بشپ
* [[يوهان انٽون رامبو]] (1790ع–1866ع)، مصور
* [[سالويان]] (پنجين صدي)، عيسائي ليکڪ ۽ 406ع ۾ ٽرئير جي لٽ مار جو اکين ڏٺو شاهد&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Jeremiah |title=The Writings of Salvian the Presbyter |date=1947 |publisher=CIMA Publishing Co. |location=New York |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsofsalvia0003salv/page/2/mode/2up |access-date=4 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اوڊو زاميل]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، اداڪار
* [[گرٽروڊ شلوس]] (1899ع–1943ع)، ليکڪا
* [[فريڊرڪ اي شروڊر]] (1833ع–1899ع)، آمريڪي سياستدان ۽ [[بروڪلن]] جو ميئر
* [[اوٽمار زوئل]] (پيدائش 1943ع)، وڪيل ۽ پروفيسر
* [[گونٽر شٽائنس]] (1928ع–1982ع)، رانديگر
* [[پيٽر ٿولن]] (1907ع–1996ع)، جرمن-ايڪواڊوري رياضيدان
* [[ويلنٽينيان پهريون]] (321ع–375ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ٽريوز جو ويليريوس|ويليريوس]] (وفات 320ع)، ٽرئير جو ٻيو بشپ
* [[فرانسوا وائيگل]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، فرانسيسي پيانو نواز، موسيقار ۽ سازين جو اڳواڻ
* [[لوڊوگ فون ويسٽفالن]] (1770ع–1842ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جو سهرو
* [[ايڊگر فون ويسٽفالن]] (1819ع–1890ع)، ڪميونسٽ سياستدان ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو سالو
* [[هيلگا زيپ-لا روش]] (پيدائش 1948ع)، صحافڻ ۽ سياستدان
* [[رابرٽ زمر، فلسفي|رابرٽ زمر]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، فلسفي ۽ مضمون نگار

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، الينوائي]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==

* هائنز مونتس (2000ع): ''ٽرئيرر بيوگرافشس ليڪسيڪون''. ڪوبلينتس: لانڊس آرشيف فيروالٽونگ رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ. 539 صفحا. {{ISBN|3-931014-49-5}}.

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Trier}}
{{Wikivoyage|Trier}}

* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Treves|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Trier |volume=27 |pages=268–269 |first=Alfred Bradley |last=Gough |short=1}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ٽرئير| ]]
[[زمرو:رومي سلطنت ۾ 10ع واري ڏهاڪي ق م جون قائم ڪيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:گاليا بيلجيڪا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون اهم نشانيون]]
[[زمرو:پهرين صدي ق م ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جا رومي شهر ۽ وسنديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهري ضلعا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]]</text>
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{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي [[ڪواٽروپول]] نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رانديون ==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|موزيل اسٽيڊيم، ٽرئير]]

ٽرئير جا اهم راندين وارا ڪلب هي آهن:

* [[ايس وي آئنٽراخت ٽرئير 05]]، [[فٽبال]]
* [[گليڊيئيٽرز ٽرئير]]، [[باسڪيٽ بال]] (اڳوڻو [[ٽي بي بي ٽرئير]])
* [[ڊي جي ڪي/ايم جي سي ٽرئير]]، عورتن جي [[هينڊ بال]]
* [[ٽرئير ڪارڊينلز]]، [[بيس بال]]
* [[پي ايس ٽي ٽرئير اسٽيمپرز]]، [[آمريڪي فٽبال]]
* [[ايف ايس وي ٽرئير-ٽارفورسٽ]]، جنهن ۾ [[فٽبال]]، [[رگبي]] ۽ ٻيون رانديون شامل آهن.

== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ==
ٽرئير، [[لگزمبرگ شهر|لگزمبرگ]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[ميتس]] سان گڏ شهرن جي ڪواٽروپول اتحاد جو رڪن آهي. اهي شهر پاڙيسري ملڪن [[لگزمبرگ]] ۽ [[فرانس]] ۾ واقع آهن.

=== جاڙا شهر ۽ ڀينر شهر ===
{{Main|جرمني جي جاڙن شهرن ۽ ڀينر شهرن جي فهرست}}

ٽرئير جا هيٺين شهرن سان [[ڀينر شهر|جاڙن شهرن]] وارا لاڳاپا آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.trier.de/rathaus-buerger-in/internationale-beziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften/ |website=trier.de |publisher=Trier |language=de |access-date=2021-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[گلاسٽر]]، انگلينڊ، برطانيا (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ميتس]]، فرانس (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[اسڪولي پيچينو]]، اٽلي (1958ع)
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[سيرٽوگنبوش]]، نيدرلينڊز (1968ع)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[پولا]]، ڪروشيا (1971ع)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[وائمار]]، جرمني (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[فورٽ ورٿ، ٽيڪساس|فورٽ ورٿ]]، آمريڪا (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ناگائوڪا، نيگاتا|ناگائوڪا]]، جاپان (2006ع)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[شيامن]]، چين (2010ع)
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[ازيم]]، يوڪرين (2024ع)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg |language=de |date=2024-03-08 |publisher=The city administration of Trier |url=https://www.trier.de/startseite/broker.jsp?uMen=0af70f72-90a0-9c31-9577-29a532ead2aa&amp;uCon=fe172e30-36e1-e817-853d-73250004fea5&amp;uTem=76d7090b-49e4-7271-94e8-c0f4087257ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Neue Partnerstadt. Trier geht zehnten Städtebund mit Isjum ein |language=de |journal=Trierer Wochenspiegel |editor-first=Arnt |editor-last=Finkenberg |place=Trier |date=14 March 2024 |issue=11 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نالي سان منسوب ماڳ ===

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، ڪڪ ڪائونٽي، الينوائي|نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ]]، الينوائي، آمريڪا؛ هن علائقي ۾ شروعاتي آبادڪاري ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن ڪئي هئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير، مينيسوٽا|نيو ٽرئير]]، مينيسوٽا، آمريڪا؛ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 1856ع ۾ ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن آبادڪاري ڪئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير هاءِ اسڪول]]، الينوائي جو هڪ اسڪول، جنهن جو نالو ٽرئير تان رکيو ويو آهي.

== نامور شخصيتون ==

&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري الف-ب وار ترتيب برقرار رکو. --&gt;* [[ڊورس آنن]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، سياستدان
* [[هانس آم اينڊي]] (1864ع–1918ع)، مصور
* [[امبروز]] (لڳ ڀڳ 340ع–397ع)، مقدس شخص
* [[ٽول جي اپرونيا]] (ڇهين صدي)، راهبه ۽ مقدس شخصيت
* [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس]] (296ع يا 298ع–373ع)، مقدس شخصيت؛ لڳ ڀڳ 335ع ۾ جلاوطنيءَ دوران هتي رهيو
* [[اوسونيوس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 310ع–395ع)، رومي قونصل ۽ شاعر
* [[مارٽن بامباوئر]] (پيدائش 1970ع)، گرجاگھر جو موسيقار
* [[رائن هولڊ بارٽل]] (1926ع–1996ع)، اوپيرا جو ٽينر ڳائڻو
* [[وولف گراف فون بائوڊيسن]] (1907ع–1993ع)، جنرل، فوجي رٿابندي ڪندڙ ۽ [[امن ۽ تڪرار جو مطالعو|امن جو محقق]]
* [[آگسٽ بيئر]] (1825ع–1863ع)، سائنسدان
* [[ڪانسٽانٽيوس ڪلوروس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–306ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ارنسٽ اولرش ڊوئڪر]] (پيدائش 1954ع)، موسيقار
* [[يوڪاريوس]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 250ع)، ٽرئير جو پهريون بشپ
* [[فرينڪ فنڊائيس]] (پيدائش 1971ع)، شاعر
* [[شارل ڊي گال]] (1890ع–1970ع)، جنرل ۽ فرانسيسي مدبر؛ [[رائن لينڊ تي قبضي|رائن لينڊ تي فرانسيسي قبضي]] دوران شاسور فوجي دستي جي هڪ بٽالين جو ڪمانڊر رهيو
* [[فرانتس گرنڊهيبر]] (1937ع–2025ع)، بيريٽون ڳائڻو
* [[هيلينا، قسطنطين پهرئين جي ماءُ|هيلينا]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–330ع)، مقدس شخصيت ۽ قسطنطين اعظم جي ماءُ؛ روايت موجب ٽرئير ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪئي
* [[رائن هارڊ هيس]] (1904ع–1998ع)، مصور ۽ شيشي تي نقش نگاري ڪندڙ
* [[ارنسٽ هوبرٽي]] (1927ع–2023ع)، راندين جو مبصر
* [[ايرڪ ييلن]] (پيدائش 1965ع)، ٽينس رانديگر
* [[لوڊوگ ڪاس]] (1881ع–1952ع)، ڪيٿولڪ پادري ۽ سياستدان، [[مرڪزي پارٽي، جرمني|زينٽرم]] جو رڪن
* [[آنيا ڪيسماخر]] (پيدائش 1974ع)، اوپيرا جي سوپرانو ڳائڻي
* [[اورزولا ڪريخل]] (پيدائش 1947ع)، ليکڪا ۽ شاعره
* [[گٽا لنڊ]] (1925ع–1974ع)، ڳائڻي
* [[زيويئر بوٽ ڊي مارنياڪ]] (پيدائش 1951ع)، فرانسيسي جنرل ۽ [[ڪوسوو فورس|ڪي فور]] جو اڳوڻو ڪمانڊر
* [[هائنرش مارڪس]] (1777ع–1838ع)، وڪيل ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو والد
* [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ|هينريئيٽ مارڪس]] (1788ع–1863ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جي ماءُ
* [[جيني مارڪس]] (1814ع–1881ع)، انقلابي ۽ ناٽڪ نقاد
* [[ڪارل مارڪس]] (1818ع–1883ع)، سماجي فلسفي ۽ انقلابي
* [[ميڪسيمين]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–310ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[گيئورگ مائر، شطرنج رانديگر|گيئورگ مائر]] (پيدائش 1987ع)، جرمن شطرنج گرانڊ ماسٽر
* [[سينٽ موڊيسٽا]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 680ع)، اورين خانقاهه جي باني ۽ ايبيس
* [[اوسوالڊ فون نيل-بروننگ]] (1890ع–1991ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ڪاسپار اوليويانس]] (1536ع–1587ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ٽرئير جو پالينس|پالينس]] (وفات 358ع)، ٽرئير جو بشپ
* [[يوهان انٽون رامبو]] (1790ع–1866ع)، مصور
* [[سالويان]] (پنجين صدي)، عيسائي ليکڪ ۽ 406ع ۾ ٽرئير جي لٽ مار جو اکين ڏٺو شاهد&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Jeremiah |title=The Writings of Salvian the Presbyter |date=1947 |publisher=CIMA Publishing Co. |location=New York |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsofsalvia0003salv/page/2/mode/2up |access-date=4 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اوڊو زاميل]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، اداڪار
* [[گرٽروڊ شلوس]] (1899ع–1943ع)، ليکڪا
* [[فريڊرڪ اي شروڊر]] (1833ع–1899ع)، آمريڪي سياستدان ۽ [[بروڪلن]] جو ميئر
* [[اوٽمار زوئل]] (پيدائش 1943ع)، وڪيل ۽ پروفيسر
* [[گونٽر شٽائنس]] (1928ع–1982ع)، رانديگر
* [[پيٽر ٿولن]] (1907ع–1996ع)، جرمن-ايڪواڊوري رياضيدان
* [[ويلنٽينيان پهريون]] (321ع–375ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ٽريوز جو ويليريوس|ويليريوس]] (وفات 320ع)، ٽرئير جو ٻيو بشپ
* [[فرانسوا وائيگل]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، فرانسيسي پيانو نواز، موسيقار ۽ سازين جو اڳواڻ
* [[لوڊوگ فون ويسٽفالن]] (1770ع–1842ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جو سهرو
* [[ايڊگر فون ويسٽفالن]] (1819ع–1890ع)، ڪميونسٽ سياستدان ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو سالو
* [[هيلگا زيپ-لا روش]] (پيدائش 1948ع)، صحافڻ ۽ سياستدان
* [[رابرٽ زمر، فلسفي|رابرٽ زمر]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، فلسفي ۽ مضمون نگار

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، الينوائي]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==

* هائنز مونتس (2000ع): ''ٽرئيرر بيوگرافشس ليڪسيڪون''. ڪوبلينتس: لانڊس آرشيف فيروالٽونگ رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ. 539 صفحا. {{ISBN|3-931014-49-5}}.

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Trier}}
{{Wikivoyage|Trier}}

* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Treves|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Trier |volume=27 |pages=268–269 |first=Alfred Bradley |last=Gough |short=1}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ٽرئير| ]]
[[زمرو:رومي سلطنت ۾ 10ع واري ڏهاڪي ق م جون قائم ڪيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:گاليا بيلجيڪا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون اهم نشانيون]]
[[زمرو:پهرين صدي ق م ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جا رومي شهر ۽ وسنديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهري ضلعا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]]</text>
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{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''آفزِشٽس ۽ ڊينسٽ لائسٽونگس ڊائريڪشن: سپروائيزري خدمتن واري ڊائريڪٽوريٽ'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي [[ڪواٽروپول]] نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي {{lang|la|in Trēverīs}} مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان {{lang|la|[[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]]}} موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ {{lang|la|Augusta Treverorum}} قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني {{lang|la|[[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس|līmes]]}}، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.

{{lang|de|italic=no|Zuckerbergstrasse}} تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري {{lang|de|italic=no|[[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]}} دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي {{lang|de|italic=no|[[شٽولپرشٽائن]]}} نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Trier|ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان {{lang|de|رومربروڪي}}، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، {{lang|de|Mariensäule}}، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، {{lang|de|Petrisberg}}}}
== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رانديون ==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|موزيل اسٽيڊيم، ٽرئير]]

ٽرئير جا اهم راندين وارا ڪلب هي آهن:

* [[ايس وي آئنٽراخت ٽرئير 05]]، [[فٽبال]]
* [[گليڊيئيٽرز ٽرئير]]، [[باسڪيٽ بال]] (اڳوڻو [[ٽي بي بي ٽرئير]])
* [[ڊي جي ڪي/ايم جي سي ٽرئير]]، عورتن جي [[هينڊ بال]]
* [[ٽرئير ڪارڊينلز]]، [[بيس بال]]
* [[پي ايس ٽي ٽرئير اسٽيمپرز]]، [[آمريڪي فٽبال]]
* [[ايف ايس وي ٽرئير-ٽارفورسٽ]]، جنهن ۾ [[فٽبال]]، [[رگبي]] ۽ ٻيون رانديون شامل آهن.

== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ==
ٽرئير، [[لگزمبرگ شهر|لگزمبرگ]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[ميتس]] سان گڏ شهرن جي ڪواٽروپول اتحاد جو رڪن آهي. اهي شهر پاڙيسري ملڪن [[لگزمبرگ]] ۽ [[فرانس]] ۾ واقع آهن.

=== جاڙا شهر ۽ ڀينر شهر ===
{{Main|جرمني جي جاڙن شهرن ۽ ڀينر شهرن جي فهرست}}

ٽرئير جا هيٺين شهرن سان [[ڀينر شهر|جاڙن شهرن]] وارا لاڳاپا آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.trier.de/rathaus-buerger-in/internationale-beziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften/ |website=trier.de |publisher=Trier |language=de |access-date=2021-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[گلاسٽر]]، انگلينڊ، برطانيا (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ميتس]]، فرانس (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[اسڪولي پيچينو]]، اٽلي (1958ع)
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[سيرٽوگنبوش]]، نيدرلينڊز (1968ع)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[پولا]]، ڪروشيا (1971ع)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[وائمار]]، جرمني (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[فورٽ ورٿ، ٽيڪساس|فورٽ ورٿ]]، آمريڪا (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ناگائوڪا، نيگاتا|ناگائوڪا]]، جاپان (2006ع)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[شيامن]]، چين (2010ع)
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[ازيم]]، يوڪرين (2024ع)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg |language=de |date=2024-03-08 |publisher=The city administration of Trier |url=https://www.trier.de/startseite/broker.jsp?uMen=0af70f72-90a0-9c31-9577-29a532ead2aa&amp;uCon=fe172e30-36e1-e817-853d-73250004fea5&amp;uTem=76d7090b-49e4-7271-94e8-c0f4087257ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Neue Partnerstadt. Trier geht zehnten Städtebund mit Isjum ein |language=de |journal=Trierer Wochenspiegel |editor-first=Arnt |editor-last=Finkenberg |place=Trier |date=14 March 2024 |issue=11 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نالي سان منسوب ماڳ ===

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، ڪڪ ڪائونٽي، الينوائي|نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ]]، الينوائي، آمريڪا؛ هن علائقي ۾ شروعاتي آبادڪاري ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن ڪئي هئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير، مينيسوٽا|نيو ٽرئير]]، مينيسوٽا، آمريڪا؛ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 1856ع ۾ ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن آبادڪاري ڪئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير هاءِ اسڪول]]، الينوائي جو هڪ اسڪول، جنهن جو نالو ٽرئير تان رکيو ويو آهي.

== نامور شخصيتون ==

&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري الف-ب وار ترتيب برقرار رکو. --&gt;* [[ڊورس آنن]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، سياستدان
* [[هانس آم اينڊي]] (1864ع–1918ع)، مصور
* [[امبروز]] (لڳ ڀڳ 340ع–397ع)، مقدس شخص
* [[ٽول جي اپرونيا]] (ڇهين صدي)، راهبه ۽ مقدس شخصيت
* [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس]] (296ع يا 298ع–373ع)، مقدس شخصيت؛ لڳ ڀڳ 335ع ۾ جلاوطنيءَ دوران هتي رهيو
* [[اوسونيوس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 310ع–395ع)، رومي قونصل ۽ شاعر
* [[مارٽن بامباوئر]] (پيدائش 1970ع)، گرجاگھر جو موسيقار
* [[رائن هولڊ بارٽل]] (1926ع–1996ع)، اوپيرا جو ٽينر ڳائڻو
* [[وولف گراف فون بائوڊيسن]] (1907ع–1993ع)، جنرل، فوجي رٿابندي ڪندڙ ۽ [[امن ۽ تڪرار جو مطالعو|امن جو محقق]]
* [[آگسٽ بيئر]] (1825ع–1863ع)، سائنسدان
* [[ڪانسٽانٽيوس ڪلوروس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–306ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ارنسٽ اولرش ڊوئڪر]] (پيدائش 1954ع)، موسيقار
* [[يوڪاريوس]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 250ع)، ٽرئير جو پهريون بشپ
* [[فرينڪ فنڊائيس]] (پيدائش 1971ع)، شاعر
* [[شارل ڊي گال]] (1890ع–1970ع)، جنرل ۽ فرانسيسي مدبر؛ [[رائن لينڊ تي قبضي|رائن لينڊ تي فرانسيسي قبضي]] دوران شاسور فوجي دستي جي هڪ بٽالين جو ڪمانڊر رهيو
* [[فرانتس گرنڊهيبر]] (1937ع–2025ع)، بيريٽون ڳائڻو
* [[هيلينا، قسطنطين پهرئين جي ماءُ|هيلينا]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–330ع)، مقدس شخصيت ۽ قسطنطين اعظم جي ماءُ؛ روايت موجب ٽرئير ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪئي
* [[رائن هارڊ هيس]] (1904ع–1998ع)، مصور ۽ شيشي تي نقش نگاري ڪندڙ
* [[ارنسٽ هوبرٽي]] (1927ع–2023ع)، راندين جو مبصر
* [[ايرڪ ييلن]] (پيدائش 1965ع)، ٽينس رانديگر
* [[لوڊوگ ڪاس]] (1881ع–1952ع)، ڪيٿولڪ پادري ۽ سياستدان، [[مرڪزي پارٽي، جرمني|زينٽرم]] جو رڪن
* [[آنيا ڪيسماخر]] (پيدائش 1974ع)، اوپيرا جي سوپرانو ڳائڻي
* [[اورزولا ڪريخل]] (پيدائش 1947ع)، ليکڪا ۽ شاعره
* [[گٽا لنڊ]] (1925ع–1974ع)، ڳائڻي
* [[زيويئر بوٽ ڊي مارنياڪ]] (پيدائش 1951ع)، فرانسيسي جنرل ۽ [[ڪوسوو فورس|ڪي فور]] جو اڳوڻو ڪمانڊر
* [[هائنرش مارڪس]] (1777ع–1838ع)، وڪيل ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو والد
* [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ|هينريئيٽ مارڪس]] (1788ع–1863ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جي ماءُ
* [[جيني مارڪس]] (1814ع–1881ع)، انقلابي ۽ ناٽڪ نقاد
* [[ڪارل مارڪس]] (1818ع–1883ع)، سماجي فلسفي ۽ انقلابي
* [[ميڪسيمين]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–310ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[گيئورگ مائر، شطرنج رانديگر|گيئورگ مائر]] (پيدائش 1987ع)، جرمن شطرنج گرانڊ ماسٽر
* [[سينٽ موڊيسٽا]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 680ع)، اورين خانقاهه جي باني ۽ ايبيس
* [[اوسوالڊ فون نيل-بروننگ]] (1890ع–1991ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ڪاسپار اوليويانس]] (1536ع–1587ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ٽرئير جو پالينس|پالينس]] (وفات 358ع)، ٽرئير جو بشپ
* [[يوهان انٽون رامبو]] (1790ع–1866ع)، مصور
* [[سالويان]] (پنجين صدي)، عيسائي ليکڪ ۽ 406ع ۾ ٽرئير جي لٽ مار جو اکين ڏٺو شاهد&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Jeremiah |title=The Writings of Salvian the Presbyter |date=1947 |publisher=CIMA Publishing Co. |location=New York |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsofsalvia0003salv/page/2/mode/2up |access-date=4 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اوڊو زاميل]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، اداڪار
* [[گرٽروڊ شلوس]] (1899ع–1943ع)، ليکڪا
* [[فريڊرڪ اي شروڊر]] (1833ع–1899ع)، آمريڪي سياستدان ۽ [[بروڪلن]] جو ميئر
* [[اوٽمار زوئل]] (پيدائش 1943ع)، وڪيل ۽ پروفيسر
* [[گونٽر شٽائنس]] (1928ع–1982ع)، رانديگر
* [[پيٽر ٿولن]] (1907ع–1996ع)، جرمن-ايڪواڊوري رياضيدان
* [[ويلنٽينيان پهريون]] (321ع–375ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ٽريوز جو ويليريوس|ويليريوس]] (وفات 320ع)، ٽرئير جو ٻيو بشپ
* [[فرانسوا وائيگل]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، فرانسيسي پيانو نواز، موسيقار ۽ سازين جو اڳواڻ
* [[لوڊوگ فون ويسٽفالن]] (1770ع–1842ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جو سهرو
* [[ايڊگر فون ويسٽفالن]] (1819ع–1890ع)، ڪميونسٽ سياستدان ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو سالو
* [[هيلگا زيپ-لا روش]] (پيدائش 1948ع)، صحافڻ ۽ سياستدان
* [[رابرٽ زمر، فلسفي|رابرٽ زمر]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، فلسفي ۽ مضمون نگار

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، الينوائي]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==

* هائنز مونتس (2000ع): ''ٽرئيرر بيوگرافشس ليڪسيڪون''. ڪوبلينتس: لانڊس آرشيف فيروالٽونگ رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ. 539 صفحا. {{ISBN|3-931014-49-5}}.

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Trier}}
{{Wikivoyage|Trier}}

* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Treves|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Trier |volume=27 |pages=268–269 |first=Alfred Bradley |last=Gough |short=1}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ٽرئير| ]]
[[زمرو:رومي سلطنت ۾ 10ع واري ڏهاڪي ق م جون قائم ڪيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:گاليا بيلجيڪا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون اهم نشانيون]]
[[زمرو:پهرين صدي ق م ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جا رومي شهر ۽ وسنديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهري ضلعا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]]</text>
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{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''آفزِشٽس ۽ ڊينسٽ لائسٽونگس ڊائريڪشن: سپروائيزري خدمتن واري ڊائريڪٽوريٽ'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي [[ڪواٽروپول]] نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي آگسٽا ٽريورورم جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي ٽريورس مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان [[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]] موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ آگسٽا ٽريورورم  قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني [[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.


زُڪربرگ شٽراسي (زُڪربرگ روڊ) تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري [[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]. دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي [[شٽولپرشٽائن]] نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان [[رومربروڪي]]، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، (ماريئن زائولي)، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، (پيٽرسبرگ)}}

== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رانديون ==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|موزيل اسٽيڊيم، ٽرئير]]

ٽرئير جا اهم راندين وارا ڪلب هي آهن:

* [[ايس وي آئنٽراخت ٽرئير 05]]، [[فٽبال]]
* [[گليڊيئيٽرز ٽرئير]]، [[باسڪيٽ بال]] (اڳوڻو [[ٽي بي بي ٽرئير]])
* [[ڊي جي ڪي/ايم جي سي ٽرئير]]، عورتن جي [[هينڊ بال]]
* [[ٽرئير ڪارڊينلز]]، [[بيس بال]]
* [[پي ايس ٽي ٽرئير اسٽيمپرز]]، [[آمريڪي فٽبال]]
* [[ايف ايس وي ٽرئير-ٽارفورسٽ]]، جنهن ۾ [[فٽبال]]، [[رگبي]] ۽ ٻيون رانديون شامل آهن.

== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ==
ٽرئير، [[لگزمبرگ شهر|لگزمبرگ]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[ميتس]] سان گڏ شهرن جي ڪواٽروپول اتحاد جو رڪن آهي. اهي شهر پاڙيسري ملڪن [[لگزمبرگ]] ۽ [[فرانس]] ۾ واقع آهن.

=== جاڙا شهر ۽ ڀينر شهر ===
{{Main|جرمني جي جاڙن شهرن ۽ ڀينر شهرن جي فهرست}}

ٽرئير جا هيٺين شهرن سان [[ڀينر شهر|جاڙن شهرن]] وارا لاڳاپا آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.trier.de/rathaus-buerger-in/internationale-beziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften/ |website=trier.de |publisher=Trier |language=de |access-date=2021-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[گلاسٽر]]، انگلينڊ، برطانيا (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ميتس]]، فرانس (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[اسڪولي پيچينو]]، اٽلي (1958ع)
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[سيرٽوگنبوش]]، نيدرلينڊز (1968ع)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[پولا]]، ڪروشيا (1971ع)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[وائمار]]، جرمني (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[فورٽ ورٿ، ٽيڪساس|فورٽ ورٿ]]، آمريڪا (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ناگائوڪا، نيگاتا|ناگائوڪا]]، جاپان (2006ع)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[شيامن]]، چين (2010ع)
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[ازيم]]، يوڪرين (2024ع)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg |language=de |date=2024-03-08 |publisher=The city administration of Trier |url=https://www.trier.de/startseite/broker.jsp?uMen=0af70f72-90a0-9c31-9577-29a532ead2aa&amp;uCon=fe172e30-36e1-e817-853d-73250004fea5&amp;uTem=76d7090b-49e4-7271-94e8-c0f4087257ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Neue Partnerstadt. Trier geht zehnten Städtebund mit Isjum ein |language=de |journal=Trierer Wochenspiegel |editor-first=Arnt |editor-last=Finkenberg |place=Trier |date=14 March 2024 |issue=11 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نالي سان منسوب ماڳ ===

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، ڪڪ ڪائونٽي، الينوائي|نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ]]، الينوائي، آمريڪا؛ هن علائقي ۾ شروعاتي آبادڪاري ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن ڪئي هئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير، مينيسوٽا|نيو ٽرئير]]، مينيسوٽا، آمريڪا؛ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 1856ع ۾ ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن آبادڪاري ڪئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير هاءِ اسڪول]]، الينوائي جو هڪ اسڪول، جنهن جو نالو ٽرئير تان رکيو ويو آهي.

== نامور شخصيتون ==

&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري الف-ب وار ترتيب برقرار رکو. --&gt;* [[ڊورس آنن]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، سياستدان
* [[هانس آم اينڊي]] (1864ع–1918ع)، مصور
* [[امبروز]] (لڳ ڀڳ 340ع–397ع)، مقدس شخص
* [[ٽول جي اپرونيا]] (ڇهين صدي)، راهبه ۽ مقدس شخصيت
* [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس]] (296ع يا 298ع–373ع)، مقدس شخصيت؛ لڳ ڀڳ 335ع ۾ جلاوطنيءَ دوران هتي رهيو
* [[اوسونيوس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 310ع–395ع)، رومي قونصل ۽ شاعر
* [[مارٽن بامباوئر]] (پيدائش 1970ع)، گرجاگھر جو موسيقار
* [[رائن هولڊ بارٽل]] (1926ع–1996ع)، اوپيرا جو ٽينر ڳائڻو
* [[وولف گراف فون بائوڊيسن]] (1907ع–1993ع)، جنرل، فوجي رٿابندي ڪندڙ ۽ [[امن ۽ تڪرار جو مطالعو|امن جو محقق]]
* [[آگسٽ بيئر]] (1825ع–1863ع)، سائنسدان
* [[ڪانسٽانٽيوس ڪلوروس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–306ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ارنسٽ اولرش ڊوئڪر]] (پيدائش 1954ع)، موسيقار
* [[يوڪاريوس]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 250ع)، ٽرئير جو پهريون بشپ
* [[فرينڪ فنڊائيس]] (پيدائش 1971ع)، شاعر
* [[شارل ڊي گال]] (1890ع–1970ع)، جنرل ۽ فرانسيسي مدبر؛ [[رائن لينڊ تي قبضي|رائن لينڊ تي فرانسيسي قبضي]] دوران شاسور فوجي دستي جي هڪ بٽالين جو ڪمانڊر رهيو
* [[فرانتس گرنڊهيبر]] (1937ع–2025ع)، بيريٽون ڳائڻو
* [[هيلينا، قسطنطين پهرئين جي ماءُ|هيلينا]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–330ع)، مقدس شخصيت ۽ قسطنطين اعظم جي ماءُ؛ روايت موجب ٽرئير ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪئي
* [[رائن هارڊ هيس]] (1904ع–1998ع)، مصور ۽ شيشي تي نقش نگاري ڪندڙ
* [[ارنسٽ هوبرٽي]] (1927ع–2023ع)، راندين جو مبصر
* [[ايرڪ ييلن]] (پيدائش 1965ع)، ٽينس رانديگر
* [[لوڊوگ ڪاس]] (1881ع–1952ع)، ڪيٿولڪ پادري ۽ سياستدان، [[مرڪزي پارٽي، جرمني|زينٽرم]] جو رڪن
* [[آنيا ڪيسماخر]] (پيدائش 1974ع)، اوپيرا جي سوپرانو ڳائڻي
* [[اورزولا ڪريخل]] (پيدائش 1947ع)، ليکڪا ۽ شاعره
* [[گٽا لنڊ]] (1925ع–1974ع)، ڳائڻي
* [[زيويئر بوٽ ڊي مارنياڪ]] (پيدائش 1951ع)، فرانسيسي جنرل ۽ [[ڪوسوو فورس|ڪي فور]] جو اڳوڻو ڪمانڊر
* [[هائنرش مارڪس]] (1777ع–1838ع)، وڪيل ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو والد
* [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ|هينريئيٽ مارڪس]] (1788ع–1863ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جي ماءُ
* [[جيني مارڪس]] (1814ع–1881ع)، انقلابي ۽ ناٽڪ نقاد
* [[ڪارل مارڪس]] (1818ع–1883ع)، سماجي فلسفي ۽ انقلابي
* [[ميڪسيمين]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–310ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[گيئورگ مائر، شطرنج رانديگر|گيئورگ مائر]] (پيدائش 1987ع)، جرمن شطرنج گرانڊ ماسٽر
* [[سينٽ موڊيسٽا]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 680ع)، اورين خانقاهه جي باني ۽ ايبيس
* [[اوسوالڊ فون نيل-بروننگ]] (1890ع–1991ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ڪاسپار اوليويانس]] (1536ع–1587ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ٽرئير جو پالينس|پالينس]] (وفات 358ع)، ٽرئير جو بشپ
* [[يوهان انٽون رامبو]] (1790ع–1866ع)، مصور
* [[سالويان]] (پنجين صدي)، عيسائي ليکڪ ۽ 406ع ۾ ٽرئير جي لٽ مار جو اکين ڏٺو شاهد&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Jeremiah |title=The Writings of Salvian the Presbyter |date=1947 |publisher=CIMA Publishing Co. |location=New York |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsofsalvia0003salv/page/2/mode/2up |access-date=4 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اوڊو زاميل]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، اداڪار
* [[گرٽروڊ شلوس]] (1899ع–1943ع)، ليکڪا
* [[فريڊرڪ اي شروڊر]] (1833ع–1899ع)، آمريڪي سياستدان ۽ [[بروڪلن]] جو ميئر
* [[اوٽمار زوئل]] (پيدائش 1943ع)، وڪيل ۽ پروفيسر
* [[گونٽر شٽائنس]] (1928ع–1982ع)، رانديگر
* [[پيٽر ٿولن]] (1907ع–1996ع)، جرمن-ايڪواڊوري رياضيدان
* [[ويلنٽينيان پهريون]] (321ع–375ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ٽريوز جو ويليريوس|ويليريوس]] (وفات 320ع)، ٽرئير جو ٻيو بشپ
* [[فرانسوا وائيگل]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، فرانسيسي پيانو نواز، موسيقار ۽ سازين جو اڳواڻ
* [[لوڊوگ فون ويسٽفالن]] (1770ع–1842ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جو سهرو
* [[ايڊگر فون ويسٽفالن]] (1819ع–1890ع)، ڪميونسٽ سياستدان ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو سالو
* [[هيلگا زيپ-لا روش]] (پيدائش 1948ع)، صحافڻ ۽ سياستدان
* [[رابرٽ زمر، فلسفي|رابرٽ زمر]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، فلسفي ۽ مضمون نگار

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، الينوائي]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==

* هائنز مونتس (2000ع): ''ٽرئيرر بيوگرافشس ليڪسيڪون''. ڪوبلينتس: لانڊس آرشيف فيروالٽونگ رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ. 539 صفحا. {{ISBN|3-931014-49-5}}.

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Trier}}
{{Wikivoyage|Trier}}

* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Treves|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Trier |volume=27 |pages=268–269 |first=Alfred Bradley |last=Gough |short=1}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ٽرئير| ]]
[[زمرو:رومي سلطنت ۾ 10ع واري ڏهاڪي ق م جون قائم ڪيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:گاليا بيلجيڪا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون اهم نشانيون]]
[[زمرو:پهرين صدي ق م ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جا رومي شهر ۽ وسنديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهري ضلعا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]]</text>
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{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = ٽرئير
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''آفزِشٽس ۽ ڊينسٽ لائسٽونگس ڊائريڪشن: سپروائيزري خدمتن واري ڊائريڪٽوريٽ'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي [[ڪواٽروپول]] نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي آگسٽا ٽريورورم جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي ٽريورس مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان [[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]] موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ آگسٽا ٽريورورم  قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني [[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.


زُڪربرگ شٽراسي (زُڪربرگ روڊ) تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري [[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]. دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي [[شٽولپرشٽائن]] نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان [[رومربروڪي]]، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، (ماريئن زائولي)، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، (پيٽرسبرگ)}}

== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رانديون ==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|موزيل اسٽيڊيم، ٽرئير]]

ٽرئير جا اهم راندين وارا ڪلب هي آهن:

* [[ايس وي آئنٽراخت ٽرئير 05]]، [[فٽبال]]
* [[گليڊيئيٽرز ٽرئير]]، [[باسڪيٽ بال]] (اڳوڻو [[ٽي بي بي ٽرئير]])
* [[ڊي جي ڪي/ايم جي سي ٽرئير]]، عورتن جي [[هينڊ بال]]
* [[ٽرئير ڪارڊينلز]]، [[بيس بال]]
* [[پي ايس ٽي ٽرئير اسٽيمپرز]]، [[آمريڪي فٽبال]]
* [[ايف ايس وي ٽرئير-ٽارفورسٽ]]، جنهن ۾ [[فٽبال]]، [[رگبي]] ۽ ٻيون رانديون شامل آهن.

== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ==
ٽرئير، [[لگزمبرگ شهر|لگزمبرگ]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[ميتس]] سان گڏ شهرن جي ڪواٽروپول اتحاد جو رڪن آهي. اهي شهر پاڙيسري ملڪن [[لگزمبرگ]] ۽ [[فرانس]] ۾ واقع آهن.

=== جاڙا شهر ۽ ڀينر شهر ===
{{Main|جرمني جي جاڙن شهرن ۽ ڀينر شهرن جي فهرست}}

ٽرئير جا هيٺين شهرن سان [[ڀينر شهر|جاڙن شهرن]] وارا لاڳاپا آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.trier.de/rathaus-buerger-in/internationale-beziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften/ |website=trier.de |publisher=Trier |language=de |access-date=2021-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[گلاسٽر]]، انگلينڊ، برطانيا (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ميتس]]، فرانس (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[اسڪولي پيچينو]]، اٽلي (1958ع)
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[سيرٽوگنبوش]]، نيدرلينڊز (1968ع)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[پولا]]، ڪروشيا (1971ع)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[وائمار]]، جرمني (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[فورٽ ورٿ، ٽيڪساس|فورٽ ورٿ]]، آمريڪا (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ناگائوڪا، نيگاتا|ناگائوڪا]]، جاپان (2006ع)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[شيامن]]، چين (2010ع)
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[ازيم]]، يوڪرين (2024ع)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg |language=de |date=2024-03-08 |publisher=The city administration of Trier |url=https://www.trier.de/startseite/broker.jsp?uMen=0af70f72-90a0-9c31-9577-29a532ead2aa&amp;uCon=fe172e30-36e1-e817-853d-73250004fea5&amp;uTem=76d7090b-49e4-7271-94e8-c0f4087257ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Neue Partnerstadt. Trier geht zehnten Städtebund mit Isjum ein |language=de |journal=Trierer Wochenspiegel |editor-first=Arnt |editor-last=Finkenberg |place=Trier |date=14 March 2024 |issue=11 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نالي سان منسوب ماڳ ===

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، ڪڪ ڪائونٽي، الينوائي|نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ]]، الينوائي، آمريڪا؛ هن علائقي ۾ شروعاتي آبادڪاري ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن ڪئي هئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير، مينيسوٽا|نيو ٽرئير]]، مينيسوٽا، آمريڪا؛ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 1856ع ۾ ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن آبادڪاري ڪئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير هاءِ اسڪول]]، الينوائي جو هڪ اسڪول، جنهن جو نالو ٽرئير تان رکيو ويو آهي.

== نامور شخصيتون ==

&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري الف-ب وار ترتيب برقرار رکو. --&gt;* [[ڊورس آنن]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، سياستدان
* [[هانس آم اينڊي]] (1864ع–1918ع)، مصور
* [[امبروز]] (لڳ ڀڳ 340ع–397ع)، مقدس شخص
* [[ٽول جي اپرونيا]] (ڇهين صدي)، راهبه ۽ مقدس شخصيت
* [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس]] (296ع يا 298ع–373ع)، مقدس شخصيت؛ لڳ ڀڳ 335ع ۾ جلاوطنيءَ دوران هتي رهيو
* [[اوسونيوس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 310ع–395ع)، رومي قونصل ۽ شاعر
* [[مارٽن بامباوئر]] (پيدائش 1970ع)، گرجاگھر جو موسيقار
* [[رائن هولڊ بارٽل]] (1926ع–1996ع)، اوپيرا جو ٽينر ڳائڻو
* [[وولف گراف فون بائوڊيسن]] (1907ع–1993ع)، جنرل، فوجي رٿابندي ڪندڙ ۽ [[امن ۽ تڪرار جو مطالعو|امن جو محقق]]
* [[آگسٽ بيئر]] (1825ع–1863ع)، سائنسدان
* [[ڪانسٽانٽيوس ڪلوروس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–306ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ارنسٽ اولرش ڊوئڪر]] (پيدائش 1954ع)، موسيقار
* [[يوڪاريوس]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 250ع)، ٽرئير جو پهريون بشپ
* [[فرينڪ فنڊائيس]] (پيدائش 1971ع)، شاعر
* [[شارل ڊي گال]] (1890ع–1970ع)، جنرل ۽ فرانسيسي مدبر؛ [[رائن لينڊ تي قبضي|رائن لينڊ تي فرانسيسي قبضي]] دوران شاسور فوجي دستي جي هڪ بٽالين جو ڪمانڊر رهيو
* [[فرانتس گرنڊهيبر]] (1937ع–2025ع)، بيريٽون ڳائڻو
* [[هيلينا، قسطنطين پهرئين جي ماءُ|هيلينا]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–330ع)، مقدس شخصيت ۽ قسطنطين اعظم جي ماءُ؛ روايت موجب ٽرئير ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪئي
* [[رائن هارڊ هيس]] (1904ع–1998ع)، مصور ۽ شيشي تي نقش نگاري ڪندڙ
* [[ارنسٽ هوبرٽي]] (1927ع–2023ع)، راندين جو مبصر
* [[ايرڪ ييلن]] (پيدائش 1965ع)، ٽينس رانديگر
* [[لوڊوگ ڪاس]] (1881ع–1952ع)، ڪيٿولڪ پادري ۽ سياستدان، [[مرڪزي پارٽي، جرمني|زينٽرم]] جو رڪن
* [[آنيا ڪيسماخر]] (پيدائش 1974ع)، اوپيرا جي سوپرانو ڳائڻي
* [[اورزولا ڪريخل]] (پيدائش 1947ع)، ليکڪا ۽ شاعره
* [[گٽا لنڊ]] (1925ع–1974ع)، ڳائڻي
* [[زيويئر بوٽ ڊي مارنياڪ]] (پيدائش 1951ع)، فرانسيسي جنرل ۽ [[ڪوسوو فورس|ڪي فور]] جو اڳوڻو ڪمانڊر
* [[هائنرش مارڪس]] (1777ع–1838ع)، وڪيل ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو والد
* [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ|هينريئيٽ مارڪس]] (1788ع–1863ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جي ماءُ
* [[جيني مارڪس]] (1814ع–1881ع)، انقلابي ۽ ناٽڪ نقاد
* [[ڪارل مارڪس]] (1818ع–1883ع)، سماجي فلسفي ۽ انقلابي
* [[ميڪسيمين]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–310ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[گيئورگ مائر، شطرنج رانديگر|گيئورگ مائر]] (پيدائش 1987ع)، جرمن شطرنج گرانڊ ماسٽر
* [[سينٽ موڊيسٽا]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 680ع)، اورين خانقاهه جي باني ۽ ايبيس
* [[اوسوالڊ فون نيل-بروننگ]] (1890ع–1991ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ڪاسپار اوليويانس]] (1536ع–1587ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ٽرئير جو پالينس|پالينس]] (وفات 358ع)، ٽرئير جو بشپ
* [[يوهان انٽون رامبو]] (1790ع–1866ع)، مصور
* [[سالويان]] (پنجين صدي)، عيسائي ليکڪ ۽ 406ع ۾ ٽرئير جي لٽ مار جو اکين ڏٺو شاهد&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Jeremiah |title=The Writings of Salvian the Presbyter |date=1947 |publisher=CIMA Publishing Co. |location=New York |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsofsalvia0003salv/page/2/mode/2up |access-date=4 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اوڊو زاميل]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، اداڪار
* [[گرٽروڊ شلوس]] (1899ع–1943ع)، ليکڪا
* [[فريڊرڪ اي شروڊر]] (1833ع–1899ع)، آمريڪي سياستدان ۽ [[بروڪلن]] جو ميئر
* [[اوٽمار زوئل]] (پيدائش 1943ع)، وڪيل ۽ پروفيسر
* [[گونٽر شٽائنس]] (1928ع–1982ع)، رانديگر
* [[پيٽر ٿولن]] (1907ع–1996ع)، جرمن-ايڪواڊوري رياضيدان
* [[ويلنٽينيان پهريون]] (321ع–375ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ٽريوز جو ويليريوس|ويليريوس]] (وفات 320ع)، ٽرئير جو ٻيو بشپ
* [[فرانسوا وائيگل]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، فرانسيسي پيانو نواز، موسيقار ۽ سازين جو اڳواڻ
* [[لوڊوگ فون ويسٽفالن]] (1770ع–1842ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جو سهرو
* [[ايڊگر فون ويسٽفالن]] (1819ع–1890ع)، ڪميونسٽ سياستدان ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو سالو
* [[هيلگا زيپ-لا روش]] (پيدائش 1948ع)، صحافڻ ۽ سياستدان
* [[رابرٽ زمر، فلسفي|رابرٽ زمر]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، فلسفي ۽ مضمون نگار

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، الينوائي]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==

* هائنز مونتس (2000ع): ''ٽرئيرر بيوگرافشس ليڪسيڪون''. ڪوبلينتس: لانڊس آرشيف فيروالٽونگ رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ. 539 صفحا. {{ISBN|3-931014-49-5}}.

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Trier}}
{{Wikivoyage|Trier}}

* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Treves|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Trier |volume=27 |pages=268–269 |first=Alfred Bradley |last=Gough |short=1}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ٽرئير| ]]
[[زمرو:رومي سلطنت ۾ 10ع واري ڏهاڪي ق م جون قائم ڪيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:گاليا بيلجيڪا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون اهم نشانيون]]
[[زمرو:پهرين صدي ق م ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جا رومي شهر ۽ وسنديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهري ضلعا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]]</text>
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{{Infobox German place
| German_name        = Trier
| type               = شھر
| image_photo        = {{multiple image
| perrow             = 1/2/2/1
| border             = infobox
| total_width        = 280
| image1             = Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
| caption1           = ٽرئير جو شهرنامو
| image2             = Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
| caption2           = [[پورٽا نيگرا]]
| image3             = Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg
| caption3           = [[اولا پلاٽينا]]
| image4             = Trier - Dom &amp; Liebfrauenkirche.jpg
| caption4           = [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليبفراوئن ڪرخي، ٽرئير]]
| image5             = Trier Marx Haus.jpg
| caption5           = [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]
| image6             = Hauptmarkt Trier.jpg
| caption6           = ٽرئير جو مرڪزي بازار
}}
| image_flag         = Flagge Trier.svg
| image_coa          = DEU Trier COA.svg
| mayor              = وولفرام لائبي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008013010/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/trier/oberbuergermeisterwahl-in-trier-am-sonntag-100.html |date=2022-10-08}}, SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_term        = 2023–2031
| party              = SPD
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49|45|24|N|06|38|29|E|type:city(113,000)_region:DE-RP|display=inline,title}}
| demonym            = ٽرئير واسي
| state              = رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ
| district           = Kreisfreie Stadt
| year               =  17ق.م&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treverer und Römer - Die Gründung der Stadt |url=https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |language=de |date=2025-08-16 |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813071658/https://www.trier.de/kultur-freizeit/geschichte/ueberblick/die-gruendung-der-stadt/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation          = 137
| area               = 117.06
| postal_code        = 54290، 54292–54296
| area_code          = 0651
| licence            = TR
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 2 11 000
| website            = [https://www.trier.de/ www.trier.de]
}}

'''ٽرئير''' (جرمن: ''ٽرئيه''؛ لگزمبرگي: ''ٽرئير'')، جيڪو انگريزي ۾ اڳي '''ٽريوس''' ۽ '''ٽرئيوس''' جي نالن سان پڻ مشهور هو، [[جرمني]] جي [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست ۾ [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ڪناري تي واقع هڪ تاريخي شهر آهي. هي شهر ڳاڙهي [[ريت پٿر]] جي هيٺاهين انگورن سان ڍڪيل ٽڪرين جي وچ واري ماٿري ۾، [[لگزمبرگ]] جي سرحد جي ويجهو ۽ [[موزيل شراب وارو علائقو|موزيل شراب واري علائقي]] اندر واقع آهي.

هي شهر پهرين صدي ق م جي آخري ڏهاڪن ۾ [[قديم روم|رومين]] طرفان ''[[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]'' (&quot;[[آگسٽس]] جو شهر، [[ٽريويري]] قوم جي وچ ۾&quot;) جي نالي سان قائم ڪيو ويو. ٽرئير کي عام طور جرمني جو سڀ کان پراڻو شهر تصور ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trier website&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808151331/http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?tourist_en |archive-date=2002-08-08 |url-status=dead |title=Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves - website of the Municipality of Trier |author=Rathaus der Stadt Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|بهرحال، هن اعزاز بابت [[ڪولون]]، [[ڪيمپٽن]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] پڻ دعويٰ ڪندا آهن.}} اهو [[الپس]] جبلن جي اتر ۾ ڪنهن [[بشپ]] جي سڀ کان پراڻي گادي پڻ آهي. ٽئين صديءَ جي پڇاڙي ۽ چوٿين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[ٽيٽراڪي]] واري دور دوران ٽرئير [[رومي سلطنت]] جي چئن گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; وچئين دور ۾ [[ٽرئير جو آرچ بشپ-اليڪٽر]] چرچ جي طاقتور اميرن مان هو، جنهن جو اقتدار فرانس جي سرحد کان وٺي [[رائن]] درياهه تائين پکڙيل هو. هو [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] جي ستن [[پرنس اليڪٽر|اليڪٽرن]] مان پڻ هڪ هو، جيڪي شهنشاهه جي چونڊ ڪندا هئا. رومي ۽ پاڪ رومي سلطنتن ۾ هن شهر جي اهميت سبب هتي موجود ڪيترائي رومي يادگار ۽ گرجاگھر [[يونيسڪو]] جي [[عالمي ورثو]] جي فهرست ۾ شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/367 |title=Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

لڳ ڀڳ 110,000 آبادي سان ٽرئير، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جو چوٿون وڏو شهر آهي، جڏهن ته [[مائينتس]]، [[لودوگسهافن]] ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] ان کان وڏا شهر آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |title=Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010 |work=[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] |year=2011 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082852/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201022_hj_G.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن جي ويجها وڏا شهر [[لگزمبرگ شهر]] (ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 50 ڪلوميٽر)، [[زاربروڪن]] (ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 80 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ [[ڪوبلينتس]] (اتر اوڀر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ڪلوميٽر) آهن.

[[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]]، [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي جي انتظاميه، ۽ ADD (''آفزِشٽس ۽ ڊينسٽ لائسٽونگس ڊائريڪشن: سپروائيزري خدمتن واري ڊائريڪٽوريٽ'') جو مرڪزي دفتر، جيڪو 1999ع تائين ٽرئير جي ضلعي اختيارين جو ادارو هو، سڀ هن شهر ۾ واقع آهن. ان کان علاوه [[يورپي قانون اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) پڻ هتي قائم آهي. ٽرئير [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] جي پنجن اهم &quot;مرڪزي شهرن&quot; مان هڪ آهي. [[لگزمبرگ شهر]]، [[ميتز]] ۽ [[زاربروڪن]] سان گڏ، هي [[ڪواٽروپول]] نالي شهرن جي اتحاد جو رڪن آهي، جيڪو [[زارلورلڪس]] ([[زارلينڊ]]، [[لورين]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]])، [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] ۽ [[والونيا]] تي مشتمل وڏي سرحدي علائقي جو اهم مرڪز آهي.

== تاريخ ==
{{Main|ٽرئير جي تاريخ}}

شهر جي علائقي ۾ انساني آباديءَ جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان شروعاتي [[نئون پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] سان واسطو رکندڙ [[ليڪي ٿانون واري ثقافت]] جي وسندين مان ملن ٿا. عيسائيت کان اڳ وارين آخري صدين کان وٺي [[ڪيلٽ]] قوم جي [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو اڄوڪي ٽرئير واري علائقي ۾ آباد ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Heinen, pp. 1–12.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽرئير شهر جو نالو اڳوڻي لاطيني نالي آگسٽا ٽريورورم جي پوءِ واري مڪاني صيغي ٽريورس مان نڪتل آهي. [[ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ|ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپن]] جي تاريخي بيان [[گيسٽا ٽريويرورم]] موجب ٽريويري ماڻهن جي شهر جو باني [[ٽريبيٽا]] هو. جرمن تاريخدان [[يوهانس اوينٽينس]] پڻ [[ٽريبيٽا]] کي [[ميتز]]، [[مائينتس]]، [[باسل]]، [[اسٽراسبرگ]]، [[شپائير]] ۽ [[ورمز، جرمني|ورمز]] ۾ وسنديون قائم ڪرڻ جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو آهي.

تاريخي رڪارڊ موجب [[رومي سلطنت]] پهرين صدي ق م ۾ [[ٽريويري]] قبيلي کي پنهنجي تابع ڪيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 16 ق م ۾ آگسٽا ٽريورورم  قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12675&amp;L=2 |title=The City of Trier |publisher=Trier University |access-date=11 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن نالي شهر کي سلطنت جي انهن [[آگسٽا (سلجهائپ)#هنڌ|ٻين ڪيترن ئي شهرن]] کان الڳ سڃاڻپ ڏني، جيڪي پهرئين [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[آگسٽس]] جي اعزاز ۾ نالو رکيل هئا. شهر پوءِ [[رومي صوبو|رومي صوبي]] [[گاليا بيلجيڪا|بيلجيڪي گال]] جي گادي بڻيو؛ [[ڊيوڪليشن جون سڌارا|ڊيوڪليشن جي سڌارن]] کان پوءِ اهو [[گال جو پريٽورين پرفيڪچر|گال جي پريٽورين پرفيڪچر]] جي گادي بڻيو، جيڪو [[اولهندي رومي سلطنت]] جي وڏي حصي تي نگراني ڪندو هو. 293ع کان 395ع تائين ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهن جي رهائشگاهن مان هڪ رهيو. چوٿين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير رومي سلطنت جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ هو، جنهن جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 ۽ ممڪن طور 100,000 تائين هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;landesmuseum-trier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/lib/02_Programm/antikencard-trier-englisch-2012.pdf |date=8 March 2012 |title=Trier the center of antiquity in Germany |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061853/http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train |last=LaVerne |first=F. K. |date=1991 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=9780762761630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7EOl11e34C&amp;pg=PA337 |page=337 |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer |last=Baker |first=Myron |date=2013 |publisher=Dorrance |isbn=9781480901872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbuYAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA182 |page=182 |access-date=2021-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;academia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |chapter=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |first1=Svante |last1=Fischer |first2=Helena |last2=Victor |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sinclair |editor2-first=Gullög |editor2-last=Nordquist |title=The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics |series=Studies in Global Archaeology |volume=15 |location=Uppsala |year=2010 |publisher=Uppsala University|via=academia.edu |access-date=2015-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، يعني &quot;ڪارو دروازو&quot;، پڻ انهيءَ دور سان تعلق رکي ٿو. رومي دور وارو ٽرئير اولهندي رومي شهنشاهه جي رهائشگاهه ۽ [[سينٽ امبروز]] جي ڄمڻ جو هنڌ پڻ هو. 395ع ۽ 418ع جي وچ ۾، شايد 407ع ۾، رومي انتظاميا پريٽورين پرفيڪچر جو عمليو ٽرئير مان [[آرل]] منتقل ڪيو. شهر ۾ آبادي برقرار رهي، پر اهو اڳ جهڙو خوشحال نہ رهيو. تنهن هوندي بہ اهو هڪ گورنر جي گادي رهيو ۽ هتي [[بيلسٽا]]، [[رومي زرھ|زرھ]]، [[رومي فوجي وردي|فوجين لاءِ اوني وردين]]، سرڪاري ملازمن لاءِ ڪپڙن ۽ شاهي درٻار لاءِ اعليٰ معيار جي پوشاڪ ٺاهڻ جا سرڪاري ڪارخانا قائم رهيا. اتر گال تي رومين جو ڪنٽرول [[ڪولون]] جي اتر کان اڄوڪي ڏاکڻي بيلجيم مان گذرندي [[بولون]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تائين پکڙيل هڪ دفاعي سرحد، يعني [[رومي سلطنت جو لائيمس، سان برقرار رهيو. انهيءَ حد جي ڏکڻ ۾ رومي ڪنٽرول مضبوط هو، جنهن جو ثبوت [[امين]] ۾ شاهي هٿيارن جي ڪارخاني جو لڳاتار ڪم ڪرڻ آهي.

[[مصر جا قبطي]] ۽ ٽرئير شهر وچ ۾ لاڳاپن جي تاريخ چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ جي ٻئي اڌ تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي، خاص ڪري 336ع تائين، جڏهن [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس|پوپ اٿاناسيوس پهرئين]]، جيڪو قبطي چرچ جو ويهون پيٽرياڪ هو ۽ 328ع کان 373ع تائين عهدي تي رهيو، کي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين اعظم]] جي حڪم سان هن شهر ۾ جلاوطن ڪيو ويو.

رسولي پوپ اٿاناسيوس، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 296ع ۾ ڄائو هو، پنهنجي جواني ڪليسيائي ماحول ۾ گذاري، خاص ڪري [[اسڪندريه]] شهر جي بشپ واري رهائشگاهه ۾. هن پرورش کيس چرچ جي انتظامي معاملن ۾ گهري ڄاڻ ڏني ۽ هو پوپن جي خالص ديني، رعيت پروري ۽ تعليمي فڪرن سان ڀرپور ماحول ۾ پليو.

[[فرينڪ]] ماڻهن 459ع ۾ ٽرئير کي رومي انتظاميا کان کسي ورتو. 870ع ۾ اهو [[اوڀر فرينڪيا]] جو حصو بڻيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت]] ۾ تبديل ٿيو. شهر ۾ آندل [[سينٽ متياس]] جي تبرڪن سبب وڏي پيماني تي زيارتن جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. شهر جا بشپ آهستي آهستي وڌيڪ طاقتور ٿيندا ويا ۽ [[ٽرئير جي آرچ بشپ رياست]] کي [[ٽرئير جي اليڪٽر رياست|سلطنت جي اليڪٽر رياست]] طور تسليم ڪيو ويو، جيڪا جرمني جي طاقتور ترين رياستن مان هڪ هئي. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] 1473ع ۾ شهر ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي. سترهين صديءَ ۾ ٽرئير جا آرچ بشپ ۽ پرنس اليڪٽر پنهنجي رهائشگاهه [[ڪوبلينتس]] ويجهو [[ايرن بريٽشٽائن قلعو|ايرن بريٽشٽائن]] ۾ واقع [[فلپسبرگ محل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪري ويا. 1512ع ۾ [[پاڪ رومي سلطنت جي رائش ٽاگ|رائش ٽاگ]] جو هڪ اجلاس ٽرئير ۾ ٿيو، جنهن ۾ [[شاهي دائرا|شاهي دائرن]] جي حدبندي کي آخري شڪل ڏني وئي.

1581ع کان 1593ع تائين [[ٽرئير ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] هلايا ويا. اهي [[جرمني]] ۾ [[فلڊا ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]]، [[ورزبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] ۽ [[بامبرگ ۾ جادوگريءَ جا مقدما]] سان گڏ جادوگريءَ خلاف هلندڙ چئن وڏن عدالتي سلسلن مان هڪ هئا، ۽ ممڪن آهي تہ اهي يورپي تاريخ جا سڀ کان وڏا اهڙا مقدما هجن. ظلم ۽ گرفتاريون 1581ع ۾ ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس ۾ شروع ٿيون ۽ 1587ع ۾ شهر تائين پهتيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 368 ماڻهن کي موت جي سزا ڏني وئي. ان ڪري اهو شايد امن واري دور ۾ يورپ جو سڀ کان وڏو اجتماعي ڦاسيءَ يا قتل جو واقعو هو. هي انگ رڳو شهر اندر قتل ڪيل ماڻهن جو آهي. سڄي ڊائيوسيس ۾ جادوگريءَ جي الزام هيٺ قتل ٿيل ماڻهن جو صحيح انگ ڪڏهن بہ طئي نہ ٿي سگهيو آهي؛ 1,000 ماڻهن جو مجموعي انگ تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ان جي تصديق نہ ٿي آهي.

سترهين ۽ ارڙهين صدين ۾ [[فرانسيسي–هابسبرگ رقابت]] ٽرئير تائين جنگ آندي. [[هابسبرگ اسپين|اسپين]] ۽ [[فرانس جي بادشاهت|فرانس]] [[ٽيهه سالا جنگ]] دوران شهر تي قبضي لاءِ وڙهيا. فرانس جي حمايت ڪرڻ سبب بشپ کي 1635ع کان 1645ع تائين اسپين ۽ پاڪ رومي شهنشاهه قيد ۾ رکيو. سلطنت ۽ فرانس وچ ۾ ايندڙ جنگين دوران فرانسيسي فوجن [[نو سالا جنگ]]، [[اسپيني جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۽ [[پولش جانشينيءَ جي جنگ]] ۾ شهر تي قبضو ڪيو. [[فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون|فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگين]] دوران 1794ع ۾ ٽرئير ٻيهر فتح ڪرڻ کان پوءِ فرانس شهر کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ اليڪٽر آرچ بشپ رياست ختم ڪئي وئي. 1815ع ۾ [[نيپولين واريون جنگيون]] ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٽرئير [[پروشيا جي بادشاهت]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو. جرمن فلسفي ۽ [[مارڪسزم]] جي باني شخصيتن مان هڪ [[ڪارل مارڪس]] 1818ع ۾ هن شهر ۾ ڄائو.

[[پروشيا وارو رائن لينڊ|پروشيا جي رائن لينڊ]] جي حصي طور ٽرئير اڻويهين صديءَ دوران اقتصادي ترقي ڪئي. [[جرمن رياستن ۾ 1848ع جا انقلاب|1848ع جي انقلابن]] دوران شهر ۾ بغاوت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ باغين کي آخرڪار هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻا پيا. 1871ع ۾ ٽرئير [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻيو.


زُڪربرگ شٽراسي (زُڪربرگ روڊ) تي واقع يهودي عبادتگاهه کي نومبر 1938ع واري [[ڪرسٽال ناخٽ]]. دوران لٽيو ويو ۽ پوءِ 1944ع ۾ بمباريءَ جي حملي ۾ مڪمل طور تباهه ڪيو ويو. [[هولوڪاسٽ|شوآه]] دوران قتل يا جلاوطن ڪيل ماڻهن جي ياد ۾ ٽرئير ۾ ڪيترائي [[شٽولپرشٽائن]] نصب ڪيا ويا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;[[ٽرئير ۾ شٽولپرشٽائن جي فهرست]] (جرمن ٻوليءَ ۾).&lt;/ref&gt;

جون 1940ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران، [[آپريشن ڊائنامو|ڊنڪرڪ]] ۽ اتر فرانس مان گرفتار ڪيل 60,000 کان وڌيڪ برطانوي جنگي قيدين کي پيادل ٽرئير آندو ويو. شهر پوءِ انهن برطانوي فوجين لاءِ عارضي گڏجاڻي ۽ منتقليءَ جو مرڪز بڻيو، جن کي جرمني جي [[جنگي قيدين جا ڪيمپ|جنگي قيدي ڪيمپن]] ڏانهن موڪليو پئي ويو. 1944ع ۾ ٽرئير تي سخت بمباري ۽ توپباري ڪئي وئي. جنگ کان پوءِ شهر نئين قائم ٿيل [[رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ]] رياست جو حصو بڻيو. [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي|يونيورسٽي]]، جيڪا 1797ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي هئي، 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو، جڏهن تہ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] ڊگهي ۽ وڏي پيماني واري مرمت کان پوءِ 1974ع ۾ ٻيهر کوليو ويو. 1984ع ۾ ٽرئير سرڪاري طور پنهنجي قيام جي 2,000هين سالگرهه ملهائي. [[2020ع وارو ٽرئير حملو|1 ڊسمبر 2020ع]] تي گاڏي ماڻهن تي چاڙهڻ واري حملي ۾ پنج ماڻهو مارجي ويا؛ ڊرائيور بابت الزام هو تہ هو نشي جي حالت ۾ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55148518 Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 2021-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 16 جولاءِ [[2021ع وارا يورپي ٻوڏ|2021ع جي ٻوڏن]] دوران ٽرئير جو اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ ضلعو سخت متاثر ٿيو ۽ پاڻيءَ هيٺ اچي ويو. انهن ٻوڏن جرمني، [[بيلجيم]]، [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] کي پڻ متاثر ڪيو.

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=200 heights=160&gt;
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|چوٿين صديءَ ۾ [[آگسٽا ٽريويرورم]]؛ {{lang|de|italic=no|[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]}} ۾ رکيل نمونو
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[پورٽا نيگرا]]
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|لڳ ڀڳ 1800ع واري ٽرئير جو پيمائشي نمونو
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|[[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|[[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير|اليڪٽرل محل]]
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|موزيل درياهه مٿان [[رومربروڪي]]، اترئين پاسي جو تفصيلي منظر
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{wide image|Trier Panorama Mariensaeule kl.jpg|800px|سينٽ ميري جي ٿنڀي، (ماريئن زائولي)، تان شهر جو منظر}}
{{wide image|Trier Vom Kreuzweg Nachts.jpg|800px|اوڀر طرفان ٽرئير جو منظر، (پيٽرسبرگ)}}

== جاگرافي ==
ٽرئير [[موزيل درياهه]] جي ماٿريءَ جي وچئين حصي ۾ هڪ هيٺاهين ماڳ تي واقع آهي، جڏهن تہ شهر جو سڀ کان اهم حصو درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي آهي. ٻيلا ۽ [[انگورن جا باغ|انگورن جي باغن]] سان ڍڪيل ڍلان ڏکڻ ۾ [[هنسروڪ]] جي مٿانهين پٽ تائين ۽ اتر ۾ [[آئفل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. [[لگزمبرگ|لگزمبرگ جي گرانڊ ڊچي]] جي سرحد لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} پري آهي.

=== پاڙيسري ميونسپالٽيون ===
''سڀ کان اترئين ميونسپالٽيءَ کان شروع ڪندي گهڙيال جي رخ ۾ ڏنل فهرست؛ سڀئي ميونسپالٽيون [[ٽرئير-زاربرگ]] ضلعي سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.''

[[شوائخ]]، [[ڪين، جرمني|ڪين]] ۽ [[لانگويخ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي شوائخ آن ڊيئر روميشن وائنشٽراسي]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ميرٽسڊورف]]، [[ڪازل]]، [[والڊراخ]]، [[مورشايد]]، [[ڪورلنگن]] ۽ [[گوسٽراٿ]]، جيڪي سڀ [[روور (ميونسپالٽي)|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي روور]] ۾ آهن؛ [[هوڪ وائلر]] ۽ [[فرانتسنهايم]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] جو حصو آهن؛ [[ڪونتس]] ۽ [[واسرليش]]، جيڪي ٻئي [[فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ڪونتس]] جو حصو آهن؛ ۽ [[ايگل]]، [[ٽرئير وائلر]]، [[آخ، رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ|آخ]]، [[نيويل، جرمني|نيويل]]، [[ڪورڊل]] ۽ [[تسيمر]]، جيڪي سڀ [[ٽرئير-لينڊ|فيربانڊس گمائنڊي ٽرئير-لينڊ]] ۾ آهن.

=== شهري ضلعن جي انتظامي جوڙجڪ ===
[[File:Ortsbezirke-trier.png|thumb|ٽرئير جا ضلعا]]

ٽرئير جو شهري علائقو '''19 شهري ضلعن''' ۾ ورهايل آهي. هر ضلعي لاءِ 9 کان 15 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsbeirat|اورٽس بائيراٽ]]''، يعني مقامي ڪائونسل، ۽ هڪ ''[[:de:Ortsvorsteher|اورٽس فورشٽيئر]]''، يعني مقامي نمائندو، هوندو آهي. مقامي ڪائونسلن جي ذميواري آهي تہ ضلعي تي اثرانداز ٿيندڙ اهم معاملن بابت ٻڌڻي ڪن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن بہ معاملي بابت آخري فيصلو شهري ڪائونسل وٽ هوندو آهي. تنهن هوندي بہ مقامي ڪائونسلن کي پنهنجي ضلعي ۽ بجيٽ جي حدن اندر محدود قدم کڻڻ جي آزادي حاصل آهي.

ٽرئير جا ضلعا، انهن جي ايراضي ۽ آبادي سميت، 31 ڊسمبر 2009ع مطابق:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- class=&quot;hintergrundfarbe5&quot;
! width=&quot;60&quot; | سرڪاري ضلعي نمبر
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ضلعو &lt;small&gt;لاڳاپيل ماتحت ضلعن سميت&lt;/small&gt;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | ايراضي&lt;br&gt;چورس ڪلوميٽرن ۾
! align=&quot;left&quot; | آبادي
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 11
| مِٽي/گارٽن فيلڊ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.978
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 11,954
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 12
| نارڊ (نيلس لينڊشن، ميڪسيمن)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.769
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13,405
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 13
| زوڊ (سينٽ باربرا، سينٽ متياس يا سينٽ متهيئس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.722
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,123
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 21
| اهرانگ/ڪوئنٽ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 26.134
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9,195
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 22
| فالتسل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.350
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,514
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 23
| بيوَر
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.186
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1,949
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 24
| [[روور/آئٽلس باخ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 9.167
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,091
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 31
| ويسٽ/پالين
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8.488
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7,005
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 32
| اوئرن (هيرس ٽال)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 13.189
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4,207
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 33
| تسيوَن (اوبرڪرِش)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.496
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,634
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 41
| اوليوگ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.100
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,135
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 42
| ڪورنتس (آلٽ-ڪورنتس، نوئي-ڪورنتس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.825
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 8,708
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 43
| [[ٽارفورسٽ]]
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.184
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,605
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 44
| فلش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 1.601
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 761
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 45
| ارش
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 4.082
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2,351
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 46
| ڪيرن شايد
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3.768
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 958
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 51
| فائن/وائيس مارڪ
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5.095
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 5,689
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 52
| هائليگ ڪروئٽس (آلٽ-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، نوئي-هائليگ ڪروئٽس، سينٽ ماتيرنس)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 2.036
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 6,672
|-
| align =&quot;center&quot; | 53
| مارياهف (سينٽ ميخائيل)
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 7.040
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 3,120
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| align =&quot;center&quot; |
| ڪُل
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 117.210
|style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| 105,076
|}

=== آبهوا ===
ٽرئير ۾ سامونڊي آبهوا آهي، جيڪا [[ڪوپن آبهوا درجيبندي|ڪوپن درجيبندي]] موجب ''Cfb'' آهي، پر ان ۾ [[اتر جرمني]] جي ساحلي آبهوا جي ڀيٽ ۾ گرمي پد جون وڌيڪ انتهائي حالتون ڏسڻ ۾ اچن ٿيون. غيرمعمولي گرميءَ جي لهرن کان سواءِ اونهارا گرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن تہ سيارا بار بار ٿڌا، پر سخت نہ هوندا آهن. سامونڊي ڪناري کان پري هجڻ باوجود هتي برسات جو مقدار گهڻو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier,+Rheinland-Pfalz,+Germany&amp;units= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052620/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=106090&amp;cityname=Trier%2C+Rheinland-Pfalz%2C+Germany&amp;units= |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2020 |title=Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2003ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ انهيءَ سال 8 آگسٽ تي 39 °C گرمي پد رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. 25 جولاءِ 2019ع تي 40.6 °C جو نئون رڪارڊ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو [[2026ع واريون يورپي گرميءَ جون لهرون|2026ع واري يورپي گرميءَ جي لهر]] جي نتيجي ۾ 27 جون 2026ع تي ٻيهر ٽٽي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/neue-temperaturrekorde-in-rlp-100.html |title=41,1 Grad in Trier und Andernach gemessen |language=de |website=www.swr.de |date=2026-06-27 |access-date=2026-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/rheinland-pfalz-saarland/article197485403/Neuer-Hitzerekord-in-Rheinland-Pfalz-40-6-Grad-in-Trier.html |title=Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier |language=de |website=welt.de |date=2019-07-25 |access-date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڀ کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿيل گرمي پد −19.3 °C هو، جيڪو 2 فيبروري 1956ع تي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wetterdienst.de:443/Klima/Wetterrekorde/Deutschland/Temperatur/Min/ |title=Wetterrekorde Deutschland |website=Wetterdienst.de |language=de |access-date=2019-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
| location = ٽرئير، 1991–2020ع جا معمول؛ 1948ع کان هاڻوڪي وقت تائين انتهائي انگ
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C =14.7
| Feb record high C =20.3
| Mar record high C =24.5
| Apr record high C =28.5
| May record high C =30.7
| Jun record high C =41.1
| Jul record high C =40.6
| Aug record high C =39.0
| Sep record high C =34.8
| Oct record high C =26.8
| Nov record high C =20.6
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan record low C  =-18.3
| Feb record low C  =-19.3
| Mar record low C  =-12.9
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-1.6
| Jun record low C  =1.7
| Jul record low C  =4.4
| Aug record low C  =4.2
| Sep record low C  =1.2
| Oct record low C  =-3.4
| Nov record low C  =-10.2
| Dec record low C  =-14.4
|Jan high C = 	4.5
|Feb high C = 	6.1
|Mar high C = 	10.8
|Apr high C = 	15.7
|May high C = 	19.7
|Jun high C = 	23.0
|Jul high C = 	25.2
|Aug high C = 	24.9
|Sep high C = 	20.4
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.6
|Dec high C = 	5.1
| year high C =	14.9
|Jan mean C = 	2.0
|Feb mean C = 	2.8
|Mar mean C = 	6.2
|Apr mean C = 	10.0
|May mean C = 	13.9
|Jun mean C = 	17.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.1
|Aug mean C = 	18.6
|Sep mean C = 	14.5
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.8
|Dec mean C = 	2.8
|year mean C = 	10.2
|Jan low C = 	-0.4
|Feb low C = 	-0.2
|Mar low C = 	2.2
|Apr low C = 	4.9
|May low C = 	8.6
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.7
|Aug low C = 	13.3
|Sep low C = 	10.0
|Oct low C = 	6.8
|Nov low C = 	3.3
|Dec low C = 	0.6
| year low C =	6.2
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	44.2
|May precipitation mm = 	66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 	66.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	72.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	60.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	62.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 	77.6
| year precipitation mm =	746.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	18.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	15.3
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	13.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.6
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.1
|Dec precipitation days = 	18.7
|year precipitation days = 	183.7
|Jan sun = 	48.1
|Feb sun = 	70.3
|Mar sun = 	130.9
|Apr sun = 	187.1
|May sun = 	213.8
|Jun sun = 	224.7
|Jul sun = 	235.1
|Aug sun = 	215.3
|Sep sun = 	159.8
|Oct sun = 	96.3
|Nov sun = 	44.8
|Dec sun = 	38.7
|year sun = 	1663.4
|Jan humidity = 	87.2
|Feb humidity = 	82.5
|Mar humidity = 	75.1
|Apr humidity = 	69.0
|May humidity = 	71.0
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	69.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.9
|Sep humidity = 	77.9
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	88.5
|Dec humidity = 	89.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	5.9
|Feb snow days = 	4.9
|Mar snow days = 	1.6
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	1.0
|Dec snow days = 	4.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[عالمي موسمياتي تنظيم]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174235/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Trier-Petrisberg_10609.csv |title=World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
|access-date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;noaa&quot;&gt;{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10609.TXT |server=[[نيشنل اوشيئنڪ اينڊ ايٽموسفيرڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن|NOAA]] |title=Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station |access-date=February 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| source 2 = Wetterdienst.de - موسم ۽ آبهوا بابت صلاحڪاري
}}

== آبادي ==
{{Historical populations
|100|20000
|300|80000
|400|50000
|1250|12,000
|1363|10,000
|1542|8,500
|1613|6,000
|1702|4,300
|1801|8,829
|1871|21,442
|1900|43,506
|1910|49,112
|1919|53,248
|1919|57,341
|1933|76,692
|1939|88,150
|1950|75,526
|1961|87,141
|1970|103,724
|1987|94,118
|2011|105,671
|2018|110,636
|align=right
|footnote=Source:&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier|Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier]] [Population development]. ''wikipedia.de'' (in German). Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;
|+پرڏيھن جا وڏا گروھ
|-
!ڄمڻ وارو ملڪ || آبادي (2013)
|-
|{{POL}} || 688
|-
|{{FRA}} || 675
|-
|{{LUX}} || 573
|-
|{{UKR}} || 476
|-
|}
{{clr}}

== ثقافت ==
ٽرئير ۾ موسيقي ناٽڪ، ڊرامن ۽ ناچ لاءِ هڪ شهري ناٽڪ گهر، [[ٿيئٽر ٽرئير]]، موجود آهي.

=== اهم ڏسڻ جهڙا ماڳ ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Name         = [[ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ وارو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو ماڳ|ٽرئير ۾ رومي يادگار، سينٽ پيٽر جو گرجاگھر ۽ آور ليڊي چرچ]]
| Image        = Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG
| imagecaption = شاهي حمامن جا کنڊر
| Criteria     = ثقافتي: i، iii، iv، vi
| ID           = 367
| Year         = 1986
| Includes     = [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر|ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]، [[رومي پل، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ايگل جو ٿنڀو]]، [[پورٽا نيگرا]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام|شاهي حمام]]، [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر|گرجاگھر]] ۽ [[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]
}}

[[File:Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2017-06-16 14-07-56.jpg|thumb|upright|[[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، يا قسطنطين باسيليڪا، جيڪا چوٿين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ رومي شهنشاهه [[قسطنطين پهريون]] جي دور حڪومت ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي]]

ٽرئير پنهنجين چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي ۽ وچئين دور جي عمارتن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جن ۾ هيٺيان ماڳ شامل آهن:

* ''[[پورٽا نيگرا]]''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ سڀ کان چڱيءَ طرح محفوظ ٿيل رومي [[شهري دروازو]] آهي؛
* وڏي [[آئولا پالاٽينا]]، جيڪا اصل رومي مفهوم ۾ هڪ [[باسيليڪا]] هئي ۽ [[رومي شهنشاهه]] [[رومي سلطنت جو قسطنطين پهريون|قسطنطين]] جو {{convert|67|m|2|abbr=on}} ڊگهو تختگاهه هو؛ اڄڪلهه اها [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] [[گرجاگھر (عمارت)|گرجاگھر]] طور استعمال ٿئي ٿي؛ ان جي ڀرسان [[اليڪٽرل محل، ٽرئير]] واقع آهي؛
* رومي [[ٽرئير جو ايمفي ٿيئٽر]]؛
* موزيل درياهه مٿان ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾ تعمير ڪيل [[رومربروڪي، ٽرئير|رومي پل]]، يعني ''رومربروڪي''، جيڪا [[الپس]] جي اتر ۾ اهڙي سڀ کان پراڻي پل آهي، جنهن تان اڃا تائين ٽريفڪ گذري ٿي؛
* ٽن [[رومي حمام|رومي حمامن]] جا کنڊر، جن ۾ الپس جي اتر وارا سڀ کان وڏا رومي حمام پڻ شامل آهن؛ انهن ۾ [[باربرا حمام]]، [[ٽرئير جا شاهي حمام]] ۽ [[فورم حمام، ٽرئير]] شامل آهن؛
* [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]]، جنهن کي {{langx|de|ٽرئيرر ڊوم}} يا ''ڊوم سينٽ پيٽر'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو؛ هي هڪ ڪيٿولڪ گرجاگھر آهي، جنهن جي تاريخ رومي دور تائين وڃي پهچي ٿي. ان جو هڪ واڌو نيم گول محراب ۽ چئن منارن وارو رومانسڪ اولهندو مهاڙو نهايت اثرائتو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪيترائي ڀيرا نقل ڪئي وئي آهي. گرجاگھر ۾ [[پاڪ چوغو]] رکيل آهي، جيڪو انهن ڪيترين ئي پوشاڪن مان هڪ آهي، جن بابت دعويٰ ڪئي وڃي ٿي تہ [[عيسيٰ]] پنهنجي وفات وقت اهو پهريل هو؛ ان کان سواءِ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو|گرجاگھر جي خزاني]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيا تبرڪ ۽ تبرڪن جا صندوق پڻ محفوظ آهن؛
* ''[[ليپ فراوئن ڪرش، ٽرئير|ليپ فراوئن ڪرش]]''، جنهن جو جرمن ۾ مطلب [[مبارڪ ڪنوار مريم|آور ليڊي جو گرجاگھر]] آهي؛ هي جرمني جي شروعاتي [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير|گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ اهم گرجاگھر آهي ۽ ڪجهه لحاظ کان [[گوٿڪ طرز تعمير#فرانس|فرانسيسي گوٿڪ]] گرجاگھرن جي اڏاوتي روايت سان ڀيٽ جوڳو آهي؛
* [[سينٽ متياس ايبي، ٽرئير|سينٽ متياس ايبي]]، يعني ''ابٽائي سينٽ متياس''، جيڪا اڃا تائين فعال خانقاهه آهي ۽ جنهن جي وچئين دور واري گرجاگھر ۾ اهو مقبرو موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[ٻارهن رسول|هڪ رسول]] جو الپس جي اتر ۾ واقع واحد مقبرو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو؛
* [[سينٽ گينگولف گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ ڀرسان شهر جو پنهنجو گرجاگھر آهي، جڏهن تہ گرجاگھر بشپ جو گرجاگھر آهي؛ هي عمارت گهڻي ڀاڱي گوٿڪ طرز جي آهي؛
* [[سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر، ٽرئير|سينٽ پالينس گرجاگھر]]، جيڪو رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جي اهم ترين [[باروڪ طرز تعمير|باروڪ]] گرجاگھرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ جنهن جو ڪجهه حصو معمار [[بالٿازار نوئيمان]] ترتيب ڏنو هو؛
* پراڻيون ٻه [[پيرن سان هلندڙ ڦيٿي]] واريون [[ڪرِين (مشين)|ڪرِينون]]؛ انهن مان هڪ 1413ع جي گوٿڪ طرز واري &quot;پراڻي ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽي ڪراهنن'' يا &quot;ٽرئير موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''ٽرئيرر موزيل ڪراهن'' آهي، جڏهن تہ ٻي 1774ع جي باروڪ طرز واري ڪرِين آهي، جيڪا &quot;(پراڻي) محصول ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''آلٽر تسول ڪران'' يا &quot;نئين موزيل ڪرِين&quot;، يعني ''يونگرر موزيل ڪران'' سڏجي ٿي. وڌيڪ لاءِ [[تاريخي بندرگاهي ڪرِينن جي فهرست]] ڏسو.

=== عجائب گهر ===
[[File:Rheinische Landesmusée Tréier.jpg|thumb|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير]]

* ''[[رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم ٽرئير|رائنشس لانڊس ميوزيم]]''، جيڪو رومي دور بابت هڪ اهم آثار قديمه جو عجائب گهر آهي؛ هتي شروعاتي عيسائي دور ۽ رومانسڪ طرز جا ڪي سنگتراشيءَ جا نمونا پڻ موجود آهن؛
* ''ڊوم شاٽس ڪامر''، يعني [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر جو خزانو]]؛ هتي ايگبرٽ جو تبرڪن وارو صندوق، پاڪ ميخ جو تبرڪدان، سينٽ هيلينا جو پيالو ۽ ٻيا تبرڪدان، عبادتي شيون، عاج جون ٺهيل شيون، مخطوطا وغيره محفوظ آهن، جن مان گهڻيون شيون وچئين دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون؛
* ''ميوزيم آم ڊوم''، جنهن کي اڳ ''بشوفليشس ڊوم اونڊ ڊيوزيسن ميوزيم'' سڏيو ويندو هو؛ هي [[ٽرئير جي ڊائيوسيس]] جو عجائب گهر آهي، جنهن ۾ مذهبي فن سان گڏ ڪي رومي نوادرات پڻ رکيل آهن؛
* ''شٽاٽ ميوزيم زيميئون شٽفٽ''، جيڪو ٽرئير جي تاريخ بابت عجائب گهر آهي ۽ جنهن ۾ ٻين شين سان گڏ وچئين دور جي شهر جو پيمائشي نمونو پڻ ڏيکاريل آهي؛
* [[ڪارل مارڪس جو گهر]]، جيڪو مارڪس جي ذاتي زندگيءَ، شاعريءَ جي ڪتابن، اصل خطن ۽ ذاتي وقفي وارن تصويرن کي پيش ڪندڙ عجائب گهر آهي. هتي سندس لکڻين جي ناياب پهرين ڇاپن ۽ بين الاقوامي ڇاپن جو مجموعو پڻ موجود آهي، ان سان گڏ اڻويهين صديءَ ۾ سوشلزم جي ارتقا بابت نمائشون پڻ لڳل آهن؛
* ٽرئير جو رانديڪن وارو عجائب گهر؛
* نسلي ۽ کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر [[روشايدر هوف کليل هوا وارو عجائب گهر|روشايدر هوف]]، جيڪو ڀر واري شهر [[ڪونتس]] ۾ ٽرئير جي شهري حدن جي بلڪل ڀرسان واقع آهي. هي عجائب گهر اتر اولهندي رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ ۽ جرمني، لگزمبرگ ۽ لورين جي ملڻ واري علائقي جي ڳوٺاڻي ثقافت جي تاريخ ڏيکاري ٿو؛
* [[فيل نمائشي سليٽ کاڻ]]، جيڪا ٽرئير کان {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} پري فيل ميونسپالٽيءَ ۾ واقع آهي. هن ماڳ ۾ هڪ زير زمين کاڻ، کاڻ بابت عجائب گهر ۽ سليٽ جي کاڻ ڪڍڻ وارو پيچرو شامل آهن؛
* ٽرئير مان [[سنٽي]] ۽ [[روما ماڻهو|روما ماڻهن]] جي جلاوطنيءَ جي ياد ۾ ڪلاس شٽائنمان جو 2012ع ۾ ٺاهيل يادگاري مجسمو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=(((Palauenc05))) |title=Deutsch: Mahnmal (2012) von Clas Steinmann (*1941) für deportierte Sinti und Roma in der Windstraße / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (Ansicht West). |date=2022-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trier_Mahnmal_f%C3%BCr_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ساليانا ميلا ۽ تقريبون ===

* 1980ع کان وٺي جون جي آخري هفتي جي پڇاڙيءَ تي ٽرئير جي مرڪز ۾ آلٽ شٽاٽ فيسٽ ملهايو ويندو آهي، جنهن کان ٻن هفتن پوءِ موزيل درياهه جي ڪناري تي تسورلاوبنر هائيمات فيسٽ منعقد ٿيندو آهي.
* 2014ع تائين ٽرئير جرمني جي سڀ کان وڏي رومي ميلي، [[بروٽ اونڊ شپيلي]]، جو مرڪز هو. ان جو جرمن مطلب &quot;ماني ۽ رانديون&quot; آهي، جيڪو [[يووينال جا طنزيه نظم|يووينال جي طنزيه نظمن]] ۾ آيل مشهور لاطيني اصطلاح ''[[ماني ۽ تماشا|پانيم ايٽ سرڪينسيس]]'' جو ترجمو آهي.
* 2002ع کان وٺي ٽرئير [[عالمي ريلي چيمپيئن شپ]] جي [[ريلي ڊوئچ لينڊ|جرمن مرحلي]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي، جڏهن تہ ريليءَ جي افتتاحي پيشڪش پورٽا نيگرا ڀرسان ٿيندي آهي.
* ٽرئير ۾ هر سال هڪ ڪرسمس گهٽي ميلو منعقد ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي ٽرئير ڪرسمس مارڪيٽ چيو وڃي ٿو. هي ميلو ''هاوپٽ مارڪٽ''، يعني مرڪزي بازار جي چوڪ، ۽ [[ٽرئير گرجاگھر]] جي سامهون ''ڊوم فرائي هوف'' ۾ لڳندو آهي.
* اوليوگر وائن فيسٽ هڪ ساليانو شراب جو ميلو آهي، جيڪو ٽرئير کان بلڪل ٻاهر اوليوگ ڳوٺ ۾ منعقد ٿيندو آهي. هي ميلو عام طور آگسٽ ۾ ٽن ڏينهن تائين هلندو آهي ۽ ان ۾ شراب چکڻ، سڌي موسيقي ۽ کاڌي جي اسٽالن سميت مختلف سرگرميون شامل هونديون آهن.

== تعليم ==
[[File:Uni Trier Campus 1.jpg|thumb|ٽرئير يونيورسٽي جو ڪيمپس]]
[[File:HochschuleTrier_Central_Campus.png|thumb|ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي، مرڪزي ڪيمپس]]

ٽرئير ۾ [[ٽرئير يونيورسٽي]] واقع آهي، جيڪا 1473ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، 1796ع ۾ بند ڪئي وئي ۽ 1970ع ۾ ٻيهر بحال ڪئي وئي. شهر ۾ [[ٽرئير اپلائيڊ سائنسز يونيورسٽي]] پڻ موجود آهي. [[يورپي قانون جي اڪيڊمي]] (ERA) 1992ع ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي، جيڪا قانوني ماهرن کي يورپي قانون بابت تربيت فراهم ڪري ٿي. 2010ع تائين ٽرئير ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 ''ڪنڊرگارٽن'' (ٻارن جا اڳ-پرائمري اسڪول)،&lt;ref name=&quot;trier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;PageView.UniqueName=einrichtung-liste&amp;Document.Idx.Kategorie=kinder_jugend%2Fkindergaerten&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Name=asc |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier |publisher=City of Trier |access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 پرائمري اسڪول ۽ 23 سيڪنڊري اسڪول موجود هئا، جن ۾ ''همبولٽ گمنازيم ٽرئير''، ''ميڪس پلانڪ گمنازيم''، ''آگسٽي وڪٽوريا گمنازيم''، ''اينجيلا ميريچي گمنازيم''، ''فريڊرش ولهيلم گمنازيم''، ''نيلسن منڊيلا ريئل شولي پلس''، ''ڪورفرسٽ بالڊوين ريئل شولي پلس'' ۽ ''ريئل شولي پلس اهرانگ'' شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;trier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cms.trier.de/stadt-trier/Integrale?SID=8BA22E52E8ADCF0D85865185478FF007&amp;MODULE=Frontend&amp;ACTION=ViewPageView&amp;PageView.PK=6&amp;Filter.EvaluationMode=standard&amp;Document.CI.Stichwort=Schulen&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Geschaeftsbereich=asc&amp;Filter.OrderCriteria.Idx.Titel=asc&amp;Filter.WindowSize=50 |title=Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier |publisher=City of Trier|access-date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آمدورفت ==
[[ٽرئير ريلوي اسٽيشن|ٽرئير اسٽيشن]] تان [[ڊوئچي بان]] جي ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ڏانهن سڌيون [[ريلوي]] خدمتون موجود آهن. [[ريل]] ذريعي سڀ کان ويجها اهم شهر [[ڪولون]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] آهن. [[وفاقي موٽر وي 1|A1]]، [[وفاقي موٽر وي 48|A48]] ۽ [[وفاقي موٽر وي 64|A64]] وسيلي ٽرئير کي [[ڪوبلينتس]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[لگزمبرگ]] سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. سڀ کان ويجها تجارتي (بين الاقوامي) هوائي اڏا [[لگزمبرگ-فِنڊل هوائي اڏو]] (ڪار ذريعي لڳ ڀڳ 40 منٽ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ-هان هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[زاربروڪن هوائي اڏو]] (1 ڪلاڪ)، [[فرينڪفرٽ ايم مين هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) ۽ [[ڪولون/بون هوائي اڏو]] (2 ڪلاڪ) آهن.

[[موزيل درياهه]] هڪ اهم آبي رستو آهي ۽ ان کي دريائي سير و سياحت لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. موزيل جي اولهندي ڪناري تي نئين مسافر ريلوي سروس ڊسمبر 2024ع ۾ شروع ٿيڻ جو منصوبو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/plans-approved-for-trier-suburban-line.html |title=Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by |last=Fender |first=Keith |date=12 February 2014 |work=International Railway Journal |access-date=2014-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== رانديون ==
[[File:Moselstadium Trier 02.jpg|thumb|موزيل اسٽيڊيم، ٽرئير]]

ٽرئير جا اهم راندين وارا ڪلب هي آهن:

* [[ايس وي آئنٽراخت ٽرئير 05]]، [[فٽبال]]
* [[گليڊيئيٽرز ٽرئير]]، [[باسڪيٽ بال]] (اڳوڻو [[ٽي بي بي ٽرئير]])
* [[ڊي جي ڪي/ايم جي سي ٽرئير]]، عورتن جي [[هينڊ بال]]
* [[ٽرئير ڪارڊينلز]]، [[بيس بال]]
* [[پي ايس ٽي ٽرئير اسٽيمپرز]]، [[آمريڪي فٽبال]]
* [[ايف ايس وي ٽرئير-ٽارفورسٽ]]، جنهن ۾ [[فٽبال]]، [[رگبي]] ۽ ٻيون رانديون شامل آهن.

== بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا ==
ٽرئير، [[لگزمبرگ شهر|لگزمبرگ]]، [[زاربروڪن]] ۽ [[ميتس]] سان گڏ شهرن جي ڪواٽروپول اتحاد جو رڪن آهي. اهي شهر پاڙيسري ملڪن [[لگزمبرگ]] ۽ [[فرانس]] ۾ واقع آهن.

=== جاڙا شهر ۽ ڀينر شهر ===
{{Main|جرمني جي جاڙن شهرن ۽ ڀينر شهرن جي فهرست}}

ٽرئير جا هيٺين شهرن سان [[ڀينر شهر|جاڙن شهرن]] وارا لاڳاپا آهن:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften |url=https://www.trier.de/rathaus-buerger-in/internationale-beziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften/ |website=trier.de |publisher=Trier |language=de |access-date=2021-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[گلاسٽر]]، انگلينڊ، برطانيا (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ميتس]]، فرانس (1957ع)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[اسڪولي پيچينو]]، اٽلي (1958ع)
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[سيرٽوگنبوش]]، نيدرلينڊز (1968ع)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[پولا]]، ڪروشيا (1971ع)
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[وائمار]]، جرمني (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[فورٽ ورٿ، ٽيڪساس|فورٽ ورٿ]]، آمريڪا (1987ع)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ناگائوڪا، نيگاتا|ناگائوڪا]]، جاپان (2006ع)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[شيامن]]، چين (2010ع)
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[ازيم]]، يوڪرين (2024ع)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg |language=de |date=2024-03-08 |publisher=The city administration of Trier |url=https://www.trier.de/startseite/broker.jsp?uMen=0af70f72-90a0-9c31-9577-29a532ead2aa&amp;uCon=fe172e30-36e1-e817-853d-73250004fea5&amp;uTem=76d7090b-49e4-7271-94e8-c0f4087257ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Neue Partnerstadt. Trier geht zehnten Städtebund mit Isjum ein |language=de |journal=Trierer Wochenspiegel |editor-first=Arnt |editor-last=Finkenberg |place=Trier |date=14 March 2024 |issue=11 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== نالي سان منسوب ماڳ ===

* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، ڪڪ ڪائونٽي، الينوائي|نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ]]، الينوائي، آمريڪا؛ هن علائقي ۾ شروعاتي آبادڪاري ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن ڪئي هئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير، مينيسوٽا|نيو ٽرئير]]، مينيسوٽا، آمريڪا؛ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 1856ع ۾ ٽرئير مان آيل ماڻهن آبادڪاري ڪئي.
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[نيو ٽرئير هاءِ اسڪول]]، الينوائي جو هڪ اسڪول، جنهن جو نالو ٽرئير تان رکيو ويو آهي.

== نامور شخصيتون ==

&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري الف-ب وار ترتيب برقرار رکو. --&gt;* [[ڊورس آنن]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، سياستدان
* [[هانس آم اينڊي]] (1864ع–1918ع)، مصور
* [[امبروز]] (لڳ ڀڳ 340ع–397ع)، مقدس شخص
* [[ٽول جي اپرونيا]] (ڇهين صدي)، راهبه ۽ مقدس شخصيت
* [[اسڪندريه جو اٿاناسيوس]] (296ع يا 298ع–373ع)، مقدس شخصيت؛ لڳ ڀڳ 335ع ۾ جلاوطنيءَ دوران هتي رهيو
* [[اوسونيوس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 310ع–395ع)، رومي قونصل ۽ شاعر
* [[مارٽن بامباوئر]] (پيدائش 1970ع)، گرجاگھر جو موسيقار
* [[رائن هولڊ بارٽل]] (1926ع–1996ع)، اوپيرا جو ٽينر ڳائڻو
* [[وولف گراف فون بائوڊيسن]] (1907ع–1993ع)، جنرل، فوجي رٿابندي ڪندڙ ۽ [[امن ۽ تڪرار جو مطالعو|امن جو محقق]]
* [[آگسٽ بيئر]] (1825ع–1863ع)، سائنسدان
* [[ڪانسٽانٽيوس ڪلوروس]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–306ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ارنسٽ اولرش ڊوئڪر]] (پيدائش 1954ع)، موسيقار
* [[يوڪاريوس]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 250ع)، ٽرئير جو پهريون بشپ
* [[فرينڪ فنڊائيس]] (پيدائش 1971ع)، شاعر
* [[شارل ڊي گال]] (1890ع–1970ع)، جنرل ۽ فرانسيسي مدبر؛ [[رائن لينڊ تي قبضي|رائن لينڊ تي فرانسيسي قبضي]] دوران شاسور فوجي دستي جي هڪ بٽالين جو ڪمانڊر رهيو
* [[فرانتس گرنڊهيبر]] (1937ع–2025ع)، بيريٽون ڳائڻو
* [[هيلينا، قسطنطين پهرئين جي ماءُ|هيلينا]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–330ع)، مقدس شخصيت ۽ قسطنطين اعظم جي ماءُ؛ روايت موجب ٽرئير ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪئي
* [[رائن هارڊ هيس]] (1904ع–1998ع)، مصور ۽ شيشي تي نقش نگاري ڪندڙ
* [[ارنسٽ هوبرٽي]] (1927ع–2023ع)، راندين جو مبصر
* [[ايرڪ ييلن]] (پيدائش 1965ع)، ٽينس رانديگر
* [[لوڊوگ ڪاس]] (1881ع–1952ع)، ڪيٿولڪ پادري ۽ سياستدان، [[مرڪزي پارٽي، جرمني|زينٽرم]] جو رڪن
* [[آنيا ڪيسماخر]] (پيدائش 1974ع)، اوپيرا جي سوپرانو ڳائڻي
* [[اورزولا ڪريخل]] (پيدائش 1947ع)، ليکڪا ۽ شاعره
* [[گٽا لنڊ]] (1925ع–1974ع)، ڳائڻي
* [[زيويئر بوٽ ڊي مارنياڪ]] (پيدائش 1951ع)، فرانسيسي جنرل ۽ [[ڪوسوو فورس|ڪي فور]] جو اڳوڻو ڪمانڊر
* [[هائنرش مارڪس]] (1777ع–1838ع)، وڪيل ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو والد
* [[هينريئيٽ پريسبرگ|هينريئيٽ مارڪس]] (1788ع–1863ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جي ماءُ
* [[جيني مارڪس]] (1814ع–1881ع)، انقلابي ۽ ناٽڪ نقاد
* [[ڪارل مارڪس]] (1818ع–1883ع)، سماجي فلسفي ۽ انقلابي
* [[ميڪسيمين]] (لڳ ڀڳ 250ع–310ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[گيئورگ مائر، شطرنج رانديگر|گيئورگ مائر]] (پيدائش 1987ع)، جرمن شطرنج گرانڊ ماسٽر
* [[سينٽ موڊيسٽا]] (وفات لڳ ڀڳ 680ع)، اورين خانقاهه جي باني ۽ ايبيس
* [[اوسوالڊ فون نيل-بروننگ]] (1890ع–1991ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ڪاسپار اوليويانس]] (1536ع–1587ع)، دينيات جو عالم
* [[ٽرئير جو پالينس|پالينس]] (وفات 358ع)، ٽرئير جو بشپ
* [[يوهان انٽون رامبو]] (1790ع–1866ع)، مصور
* [[سالويان]] (پنجين صدي)، عيسائي ليکڪ ۽ 406ع ۾ ٽرئير جي لٽ مار جو اکين ڏٺو شاهد&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Jeremiah |title=The Writings of Salvian the Presbyter |date=1947 |publisher=CIMA Publishing Co. |location=New York |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsofsalvia0003salv/page/2/mode/2up |access-date=4 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[اوڊو زاميل]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، اداڪار
* [[گرٽروڊ شلوس]] (1899ع–1943ع)، ليکڪا
* [[فريڊرڪ اي شروڊر]] (1833ع–1899ع)، آمريڪي سياستدان ۽ [[بروڪلن]] جو ميئر
* [[اوٽمار زوئل]] (پيدائش 1943ع)، وڪيل ۽ پروفيسر
* [[گونٽر شٽائنس]] (1928ع–1982ع)، رانديگر
* [[پيٽر ٿولن]] (1907ع–1996ع)، جرمن-ايڪواڊوري رياضيدان
* [[ويلنٽينيان پهريون]] (321ع–375ع)، رومي شهنشاهه
* [[ٽريوز جو ويليريوس|ويليريوس]] (وفات 320ع)، ٽرئير جو ٻيو بشپ
* [[فرانسوا وائيگل]] (پيدائش 1964ع)، فرانسيسي پيانو نواز، موسيقار ۽ سازين جو اڳواڻ
* [[لوڊوگ فون ويسٽفالن]] (1770ع–1842ع)، ڪارل مارڪس جو سهرو
* [[ايڊگر فون ويسٽفالن]] (1819ع–1890ع)، ڪميونسٽ سياستدان ۽ ڪارل مارڪس جو سالو
* [[هيلگا زيپ-لا روش]] (پيدائش 1948ع)، صحافڻ ۽ سياستدان
* [[رابرٽ زمر، فلسفي|رابرٽ زمر]] (پيدائش 1953ع)، فلسفي ۽ مضمون نگار

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* [[نيو ٽرئير ٽائون شپ، الينوائي]]

== حوالا ==
{{Reflist}}

== وڌيڪ مطالعو ==

* هائنز مونتس (2000ع): ''ٽرئيرر بيوگرافشس ليڪسيڪون''. ڪوبلينتس: لانڊس آرشيف فيروالٽونگ رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ. 539 صفحا. {{ISBN|3-931014-49-5}}.

== ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا ==
{{Commons|Trier}}
{{Wikivoyage|Trier}}

* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Treves|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Trier |volume=27 |pages=268–269 |first=Alfred Bradley |last=Gough |short=1}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ٽرئير| ]]
[[زمرو:رومي سلطنت ۾ 10ع واري ڏهاڪي ق م جون قائم ڪيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:گاليا بيلجيڪا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جون اهم نشانيون]]
[[زمرو:پهرين صدي ق م ۾ قائم ٿيل آباديون]]
[[زمرو:جرمني جا رومي شهر ۽ وسنديون]]
[[زمرو:رائن لينڊ-پالاٽينيٽ جا شهري ضلعا]]
[[زمرو:جرمني ۾ عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]]</text>
      <sha1>71rsnv5siyaros94ejhx33ancr9hfcm</sha1>
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      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[ٽرائر]] کي [[ٽرئير]] ڏانھن چوريو: غلط ھجي سان عنوان</comment>
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      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:ڄاڻخانو جرمن ھنڌ]] کي [[سانچو:Infobox German place]] ڏانھن چوريو: مناسب عنوان ڏنو ويو</comment>
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      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352829208|Gustavia]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}} ،  گسٽاويا) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو. (گسٽاويا)</text>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}} ،  گسٽاويا) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو. (گسٽاويا)

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==</text>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

== ٻاهرين لنڪس ==</text>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}</text>
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| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ گاديءَ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا شهر]]</text>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ گاديءَ جا شهر]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]</text>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]</text>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-18T07:24:03Z</timestamp>
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        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]

[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]</text>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]

[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]</text>
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| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ آباد علائقا]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]

[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي جا علائقا]]  
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل]] 
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ شهر]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>395385</id>
      <parentid>395383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T10:03:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>395385</origin>
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{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia|settlement_type=[[Capital city]]|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline; Middle: Gustavia Lighthouse, Gustavia Municipal Museum; Bottom:Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mainson Dinzey
}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[France]]|subdivision_type1=[[Overseas collectivity]]|subdivision_name1=[[Saint Barthélemy]]|named_for=King [[Gustav III]]|leader_title=Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy President (Territorial Council Pres.)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=Founded|established_date=1785|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=Saint Barthélemy#North America|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}} ,){{IPA|fr|ɡystavja|lang}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ لي ڪيرينيج سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>395389</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-18T10:25:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395389</origin>
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      <text bytes="5261" sha1="9b5fo5j4hgy6bi53cxmphfhlu303801" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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        <id>21315</id>
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| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=Bruno Magras|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

== آبهوا ==
هتي جي آبهوا ٽراپيڪل (استوائي) آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (24 چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
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        <id>21315</id>
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      <text bytes="7931" sha1="7o6phu3woqfq0yuizc6moj6yjjngsi5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
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| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

== آبهوا ==
هتي جي آبهوا ٽراپيڪل (استوائي) آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (24 چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.

== آبهوا ==

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

== آبهوا ==
هتي جي آبهوا ٽراپيڪل (استوائي) آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (24 چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.


The climate is a tropical one with only minor variations in temperature. The island's small surface area of {{convert|24|km2|0|abbr=out}} allows it to take advantage of the smooth and pleasant blow of trade winds. Average water and air temperatures move around {{convert|27|°C|0}}, and the year is divided into two seasons: a dry one, referred to as Lent (''Careme''), and a more humid one in summer. This latter season sets in between May and November, and the ever-present sun is overcast by short passages of rainclouds with brief showers of 10 to 15 minutes. According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system Gustavia has a [[tropical savanna climate]], abbreviated ''Aw'' on climate maps.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
      <sha1>ntzvmwr5hh2wpcn0lzc6syhng8kinvz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395393</id>
      <parentid>395392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T10:43:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* آبهوا */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11266" sha1="k63cdc8b7ut4ur7pfd6wblpzbeqeqpt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

== گيلري ==

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-18T10:48:01Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
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      <comment>/* گيلري */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11459" sha1="8gz68l66egxkorigilyvpol7ckm9jqh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

==گيلري==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|Gustavia
File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|View of Gustavia
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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        <id>21315</id>
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      <text bytes="11539" sha1="bz8uqdrlqe6jhj8e8zl543bx0gzdo9u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

==گيلري==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|Gustavia
File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|View of Gustavia
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]
[[File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|View of Gustavia Harbour,]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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        <id>21315</id>
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      <comment>/* گيلري */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11414" sha1="hszzppg60bvhs5r12xdndrqrze6pjo0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

== تعليم ==

==گيلري==
[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]
[[File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|View of Gustavia Harbour]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="11837" sha1="5la80nufp9n2og22743btnt9oip30l2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

==تعليم==
The town's public preschools and primary schools, under the authority of the {{ill|Académie de la Guadeloupe|fr}}, are:&lt;ref name=PSlist&gt;&quot;[http://www.ac-guadeloupe.fr/sites/default/files/liste_des_ecoles_publiques_et_privees_sous_contrat.pdf LISTE DES ECOLES PUBLIQUES ET PRIVEES SOUS CONTRAT].&quot; {{ill|Académie de la Guadeloupe|fr}}. Retrieved on 10 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* École primaire Gustavia
* École maternelle Gustavia

==گيلري==
[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]
[[File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|View of Gustavia Harbour]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* تعليم */</comment>
      <origin>395400</origin>
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      <text bytes="11876" sha1="092h1fjelwygzsaol5xl1ke6t1cgn9l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

==تعليم==
اڪيڊمي ڊي لا گوڊيلوپ جي اختيار هيٺ ڳوٺ جا سرڪاري اسڪول ۽ پرائمري اسڪول آهن:&lt;ref name=&quot;PSlist&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.ac-guadeloupe.fr/sites/default/files/liste_des_ecoles_publiques_et_privees_sous_contrat.pdf LISTE DES ECOLES PUBLIQUES ET PRIVEES SOUS CONTRAT].&quot; {{ill|Académie de la Guadeloupe|fr}}. Retrieved on 10 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* گسٽاويا پرائمري اسڪول
* گسٽاويا پري اسڪول

==گيلري==
[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]
[[File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|View of Gustavia Harbour]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Gustavia}}
; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Saint Barthélemy}}
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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        <id>21315</id>
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      <comment>/* ٻاهرين لنڪس */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11802" sha1="onrihh65wpvrnzj5lb9njm7iz91c2o8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

==تعليم==
اڪيڊمي ڊي لا گوڊيلوپ جي اختيار هيٺ ڳوٺ جا سرڪاري اسڪول ۽ پرائمري اسڪول آهن:&lt;ref name=&quot;PSlist&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.ac-guadeloupe.fr/sites/default/files/liste_des_ecoles_publiques_et_privees_sous_contrat.pdf LISTE DES ECOLES PUBLIQUES ET PRIVEES SOUS CONTRAT].&quot; {{ill|Académie de la Guadeloupe|fr}}. Retrieved on 10 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* گسٽاويا پرائمري اسڪول
* گسٽاويا پري اسڪول

==گيلري==
[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]
[[File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|View of Gustavia Harbour]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

== حوالا ==

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==

; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11815" sha1="m30855ohj28duzkxplrjb97x5wmw91y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

==تعليم==
اڪيڊمي ڊي لا گوڊيلوپ جي اختيار هيٺ ڳوٺ جا سرڪاري اسڪول ۽ پرائمري اسڪول آهن:&lt;ref name=&quot;PSlist&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.ac-guadeloupe.fr/sites/default/files/liste_des_ecoles_publiques_et_privees_sous_contrat.pdf LISTE DES ECOLES PUBLIQUES ET PRIVEES SOUS CONTRAT].&quot; {{ill|Académie de la Guadeloupe|fr}}. Retrieved on 10 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* گسٽاويا پرائمري اسڪول
* گسٽاويا پري اسڪول

==گيلري==
[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]
[[File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|View of Gustavia Harbour]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==

; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا| ]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:گسٽاو ٽيون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11758" sha1="5olr1qgu6nu90kmaysf9o9vopmkghg8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=گسٽاويا&lt;br&gt;Gustavia|official_name=City of Gustavia (گسٽاويا جو شهر)|settlement_type=ڪيپيٽل شهر|image_skyline={{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg
| photo2a                 = Fort Gustave Lighthouse (33678598618).jpg
| photo2b                 = Wall House Museum (32462263727).jpg
| photo3a                 = St Barths Gustavia Eglise Catholique 1.JPG
| photo3b                 = St Barths Gustavia Maison du Brigantin 4.JPG
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Gustavia Skyline؛ Middle: گسٽاويا لائيٽ هائوس، گسٽاويا ميونسپل ميوزيم؛ هيٺيون: چرچ آف آور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن، مينسن ڊنزي}}|image_flag=|image_map=|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name=[[فرانس]]|subdivision_type1=اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي|subdivision_name1=[[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]|named_for=بادشاهه گسٽاو ٽيون|leader_title=سينٽ بارٿليمي جي اوورسيز ڪليڪٽوٽي جو صدر (ٽيريٽوريل ڪائونسل جو صدر)|leader_name=برونو ميگراس|established_title=بنياد|established_date=1785ع|area_total_km2=3.4|population_total=2,300|pushpin_map=|pushpin_relief=yes|timezone1=[[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]|utc_offset=-04:00|coordinates={{coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|region:FR-BL|display=inline}}|module={{Infobox lighthouse |qid = Q3378242 |embed = yes}}|flag_link=Draft:Flag of Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
'''گسٽاويا''' (Gustavia {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʊ|s|t|æ|v|i|ə}}) [[سينٽ بارٿيليمي]] ٻيٽ جو مکيه شهر ۽ [[راڄڌاني شھر|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|quote=2025-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; اصل ۾ &quot;لي ڪيرينيج&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو، ان جو نالو [[سويڊن]] جي بادشاهه گستاو III جي اعزاز ۾ رکيو ويو.

== تاريخ ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي تي سڀ کان پهريان &lt;small&gt;1648&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ فرانس پنهنجي ملڪيت هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪئي. &lt;small&gt;1784&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، گوٿنبرگ (&lt;small&gt;Gothenburg&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ واپاري حقن جي بدلي ۾ هي ٻيٽ سويڊن جي حوالي ڪيو ويو ۽ سويڊن اتي ”سويڊش ويسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني“ قائم ڪئي. نيپوليوني جنگين دوران خوشحالي ماڻڻ کان پوءِ، ان جا اثاثا گهٽجي ويا ۽ &lt;small&gt;1878&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾ هي ٻيٽ واپس فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 

گسٽاويا واري علائقي کي شروعات ۾ ”لي ڪيرينج“ سڏيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هتي خراب ٿيل جهازن کي پناهه ملندي هئي. رڪارڊ موجب، ”گسٽاويا“ نالو 28 ڊسمبر 1786ع ۽ 9 فيبروري 1787ع جي وچ واري عرصي ۾ سامهون آيو. گسٽاويا سويڊش دور جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو؛ ان دور ۾ آباديءَ جو تقريباً 4 سيڪڙو حصو سويڊش نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هو. 

18هين صديءَ جي وچ کان آخر تائين ٺاهيل ٽن قلعن بندرگاهه جي حفاظت ڪئي: فورٽ آسڪر (اڳوڻو نالو گسٽاو ايڊولف)، فورٽ ڪارل ۽ فورٽ گسٽاو. شهر ۾ ٻه مکيه گرجا گھر آهن: رومن ڪيٿولڪ ”اور ليڊي آف دي ايسمپشن“ (Our Lady of the Assumption) جيڪو 1829ع ۾ ٺهيو، ۽ بندرگاهه جي سامهون ”سينٽ بارٿولوميو اينگلڪن چرچ“ جيڪو 1855ع ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويو.

== سهولتون ==
فورٽ ڪارل, جيڪو شهر جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع شيل بيچ جي مٿان آهي ۽ فورٽ گستاو, جيڪو اتر طرف گستاويا لائيٽ هائوس جي بنياد وٽ آهي, جا ماڳ جابلو سير ۽ پيادل سفر (hiking) جي شوقينن ۾ مقبول آهن. فورٽ آسڪر, گستاويا جزيره نما جي آخري ڇيڙي تي پوليس هيڊڪوارٽر (Gendarmerie) قائم آهي. جزيره نما تي وڪٽر شوئلچر روڊ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ هڪ عجائب گھر پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙا ريسٽورنٽ آهن جيڪي آمريڪي، اطالوي، فرانسيسي ۽ ٻين قسمن جا کاڌا پيش ڪن ٿا. گستاويا ۾ ڪيترائي اعليٰ درجي جا بوتيڪ (boutiques) موجود آهن، جيڪي ٻيٽ لاءِ آمدنيءَ جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهن؛ ان سان گڏ هتي ٻيٽ جي انتهائي شاندار ۽ عاليشان هوٽلن مان هڪ هوٽل پڻ موجود آهي. گستاويا ۾ سويڊن جو شاهي قونصل خانو (Royal Swedish Consulate) پڻ قائم آهي (جنهن جا قونصل ڊانٽس ميگراس آهن). 

==آبهوا==
هتي جي آبهوا [[ٽراپڪس|ٽراپيڪل]] آهي، جنهن ۾ گرمي پد جي لحاظ کان تمام گهٽ تبديليون اچن ٿيون. ٻيٽ جي ننڍڙي ايراضي (&lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر يا 9 چورس ميل) ان کي واپاري هوائن (trade winds) جي نرم ۽ خوشگوار وهڪري مان فائدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي سهولت ڏئي ٿي. پاڻي ۽ هوا جو سراسري گرمي پد 27 ڊگري سينٽي گريڊ (81 ڊگري فارنهائيٽ) جي لڳ ڀڳ رهي ٿو. سال کي ٻن موسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي: هڪ خشڪ موسم, جنهن کي ’لينٽ‘ يا ’ڪيريم‘ چيو ويندو آهي ۽ ٻي اونهاري واري موسم جيڪا وڌيڪ نمي واري هوندي آهي. اها ٻي موسم مئي ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ شروع ٿيندي آهي؛ ان دوران مسلسل رهندڙ سج ڪڏهن ڪڏهن برساتي بادلن جي مختصر گذر سبب لڪي ويندو آهي ۽ 10 کان 15 منٽن تائين هلڪي برسات پوندي آهي. [[ڪوپن موسمياتي درجه بندي|ڪوپن جي آبهوا جي درجا بندي واري نظام]] مطابق، گستاويا ۾ ”ٽراپيڪل سوانا“ (tropical savanna) قسم جي آبهوا آهي، جنهن کي آبهوا جي نقشن تي ”Aw“ طور ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia%2C+Saint+Barth%E9lemy&amp;units= |title=Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy Köppen Climate Classification |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011063315/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=788663&amp;cityname=Gustavia,+Saint+Barthlemy&amp;units= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Gustavia (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1959–present)
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 33.7
|Apr record high C = 33.6
|May record high C = 34.3
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 33.9
|Dec record high C = 32.7
|year record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 28.6
|Mar high C = 29.0
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 31.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.7
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 29.9
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 30.2
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 26.3
|Apr mean C = 27.0
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 28.6
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 26.5
|year mean C = 27.6
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 24.2
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.0
|Aug low C = 26.3
|Sep low C = 26.2
|Oct low C = 25.8
|Nov low C = 25.0
|Dec low C = 24.1
|year low C = 24.9
|Jan record low C = 19.5
|Feb record low C = 18.5
|Mar record low C = 19.5
|Apr record low C = 19.8
|May record low C = 19.0
|Jun record low C = 21.4
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 21.1
|Sep record low C = 21.4
|Oct record low C = 20.6
|Nov record low C = 20.2
|Dec record low C = 19.1
|year record low C = 18.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.9
|May precipitation mm = 61.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 96.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 135.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 118.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.2
|year precipitation mm = 891.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 7.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.5
|Aug precipitation days = 12.2
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 127.4
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012752/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97123001.pdf
| title = St–Barthelemy Meteo (971)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== معيشت ==
سينٽ بارٿليمي جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي يورو (Euro) آهي.

==تعليم==
اڪيڊمي ڊي لا گوڊيلوپ جي اختيار هيٺ ڳوٺ جا سرڪاري اسڪول ۽ پرائمري اسڪول آهن:&lt;ref name=&quot;PSlist&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.ac-guadeloupe.fr/sites/default/files/liste_des_ecoles_publiques_et_privees_sous_contrat.pdf LISTE DES ECOLES PUBLIQUES ET PRIVEES SOUS CONTRAT].&quot; {{ill|Académie de la Guadeloupe|fr}}. Retrieved on 10 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* گسٽاويا پرائمري اسڪول
* گسٽاويا پري اسڪول

==گيلري==
[[File:Gustavia San Barth 001.jpg|thumb|A beautiful view of Gustavia]]
[[File:Gustavia Harbor, Saint-Barthélemy.jpg|thumb|View of Gustavia Harbour]]

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهرين لنڪس==

; Government
*[http://www.comstbarth.fr/ Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.saintbarth-tourisme.com/ Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.portdegustavia.fr/ Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)] {{in lang|fr}}
; General information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20260106033234/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-barthelemy/ Saint Barthelemy]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
{{Commons category|position=left|Gustavia (Saint-Barthélemy)}}

{{Authority control | additional=Q3378242}}

{{Coord|17|53|52.47|N|62|51|2.0|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy}}
[[زمرو:گسٽاويا|گسٽاويا]] 
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>5olr1qgu6nu90kmaysf9o9vopmkghg8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:POL</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395211</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T17:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{flag|Poland}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{flag template documentation|Poland|POL|POL|POL}} [[Category:Poland templates]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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{{flag template documentation|Poland|POL|POL|POL}}
[[Category:Poland templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:FRA</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395212</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T17:07:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Flag|France}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{flag template documentation|France|FRA|FRA|FRA}} [[Category:France templates]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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{{flag template documentation|France|FRA|FRA|FRA}}
[[Category:France templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:LUX</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395213</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T17:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{flag|Luxembourg}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{flag template documentation|Luxembourg|LUX|LUX|}} [[Category:Luxembourg templates]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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      <text bytes="129" sha1="d3qqckdy1f2f3besddvamo331vrjgba" xml:space="preserve">{{flag|Luxembourg}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{flag template documentation|Luxembourg|LUX|LUX|}}
[[Category:Luxembourg templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Country data CRO</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395226</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T18:01:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} | alias = Croatia | flag alias = Flag of Croatia.svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Ensign of Croatia.svg | flag alias-1941 = Flag of Croatia (1941–1945).svg | flag alias-1947 = Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg | flag alias-1990 = Flag of Croatia (1990).svg | flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of Croatia.svg | link alias-naval = Croatian Navy | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Croatian Air Force.svg | link alias-air force =...</comment>
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| alias = Croatia
| flag alias = Flag of Croatia.svg
| flag alias-civil = Civil Ensign of Croatia.svg
| flag alias-1941 = Flag of Croatia (1941–1945).svg
| flag alias-1947 = Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg
| flag alias-1990 = Flag of Croatia (1990).svg
| flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of Croatia.svg
| link alias-naval = Croatian Navy
| flag alias-air force = Flag of the Croatian Air Force.svg
| link alias-air force = Croatian Air Force
| link alias-military = Armed Forces of Croatia
| link alias-army = Croatian Army
| flag alias-navy = Naval ensign of Croatia.svg
| link alias-navy = Croatian Navy
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| var1 = civil
| var2 = 1941
| var3 = 1947
| var4 = 1990
| redir1 = HRV
| redir2 = CRO
| related1 = Independent State of Croatia
| related2 = SR Croatia
| related3 = PR Croatia
| related4 = Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Country data UKR</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>100444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395227</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T18:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} | alias = Ukraine | flag alias = Flag of Ukraine.svg | flag alias-1918 = Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg | flag alias-1991 = Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | flag alias-army = Ensign of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.svg | flag alias-military=Ensign of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.svg | link alias-military=Ukrainian Armed Forces | flag alias-marines=Flag of the Ukrainian Naval Infantry.png | l...</comment>
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| alias = Ukraine
| flag alias = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| flag alias-1918 = Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg
| flag alias-1991 = Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg
| flag alias-army = Ensign of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.svg
| flag alias-military=Ensign of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.svg
| link alias-military=Ukrainian Armed Forces
| flag alias-marines=Flag of the Ukrainian Naval Infantry.png
| link alias-marines=Ukrainian Naval Infantry
| link alias-army = Ukrainian Ground Forces
| flag alias-coast guard=Sea Guard Ensign of Ukraine (dress).svg
| link alias-coast guard=Ukrainian Sea Guard
| flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Ukraine.svg
| flag alias-naval-1918 = Naval Ensign of Ukraine 1918 July.svg
| link alias-naval = Ukrainian Navy
| flag alias-air force = Ensign of the Ukrainian Air Force.svg
| link alias-air force = Ukrainian Air Force
| flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of Ukraine.svg
| link alias-navy = Ukrainian Navy
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| var1 = 1918
| var2 = naval-1918
| var3 = 1991
| redir1 = UKR
| related1 = Zaporozhian Sich
| related2 = Cossack Hetmanate
| related3 = Ukrainian People's Republic
| related4 = West Ukrainian People's Republic
| related5 = Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
| related6 = Ukrainian Soviet Republic
| related7 = Ukrainian SSR
| related8 = Carpatho-Ukraine
| related9 = Ukrainian National Government
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>493p2pvg55p28nrotv9qg2ts5wapdnr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>فلپس ڪمپني</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395235</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T18:22:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{other uses}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=August 2023}} {{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2023}} {{Citations broken|date=May 2024}} }} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} {{anchor|Elcoma}} {{Infobox company | name = Koninklijke Philips N.V. | former_names = {{plainlist|  * [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912) * اين. وي. فلپ...</comment>
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{{other uses}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2023}}
{{Citations broken|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{anchor|Elcoma}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ev0uo4rszcfllpu0d3jnlnjkl3bsvax</sha1>
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      <text bytes="13766" sha1="euvo62e9exoczwnte50sqe7o29y2deq" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="18277" sha1="3lcnz3x8cw8st8qsts2iuwl6n53tyxj" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="18935" sha1="27w2934jmao8d8s0tvtjrdzqamnmfhl" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="33752" sha1="9yb65t8ses8rd51refoc3l7aj27k29d" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="58593" sha1="koqtaneaqnrq1tep5z62rt6tdm19do3" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19554444|title=Philips Electronics cuts another 2,200 jobs|date=11 September 2012|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=7 April 2</text>
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      <text bytes="58416" sha1="ovr08dzr28hj93075bmofops844sygy" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.</text>
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      <text bytes="72802" sha1="0ihvzmcvepau5p7wgl1btwj0fa46q86" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="96537" sha1="tv28fnq9ihe4zv7iqiubf2oxsvv7dtv" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="123591" sha1="mwn4zgdb2hhb8zldziau4jc4gevicrq" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
  ** صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
  ** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
  ** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
  ** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
  ** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
  ** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
  ** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
  ** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:1987_Philips_advertisement_in_the_United_States.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي برانڊنگ مهم، 1987ع]]

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:1987_Philips_advertisement_in_the_United_States.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي برانڊنگ مهم، 1987ع]]

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="145983" sha1="949wkoj7fceojl1wp3wa2ujngxov648" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;

== شيون ==

[[File:Old x ray tube valugi.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي پراڻي [[ايڪس ري ٽيوب]]]]

فلپس جون بنيادي شيون ذاتي صحت سان لاڳاپيل آهن، جن ۾ ريزر، خوبصورتيءَ جا اوزار، ماءُ ۽ ٻار جي سنڀال جا اوزار، برقي ٽوٿ برش ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون شامل آهن. صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ [[سي ٽي اسڪين]]ر، [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي اوزار]]، ميموگرافي جا اوزار، نگرانيءَ جا اوزار، [[ايم آر آءِ اسڪينر]]، ريڊيوگرافي جا اوزار، بحاليءَ جا اوزار، الٽراسائونڊ جا اوزار ۽ ايڪس ري جا اوزار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.healthcare.philips.com/gb_en/products/index.wpd|title=Products &amp; Solutions|access-date=28 January 2012|website=Philips Healthcare|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065815/https://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2020ع ۾ فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجي گهريلو اوزارن واري شعبي کي وڪڻڻ چاهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڪافي ٺاهڻ جون مشينون، هوا صاف ڪندڙ اوزار ۽ ايئر فرائير جهڙيون شيون شامل هيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|title=Philips to Sell Domestic Appliances Business|date=28 January 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128224107/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== روشنيءَ جون شيون ===

[[File:Philips LED bulbs.jpg|upright=0.8|right|thumb|فلپس جا ٺاهيل ايل اي ڊي بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |title=LED 12.5W A19 Soft White 12.5W (60W) Dimmable A19 |website=Philips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411154302/http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Indoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065749/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور ٻاهرين روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Outdoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065747/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lamps|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065805/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/conventional-lamps-and-tubes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* روشنيءَ جا ضابطا ۽ ضابطي جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting Controls|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065809/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڊجيٽل پروجيڪشن جون روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/digital-projection.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Digital projection lighting|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065754/https://www.signify.com/global/brands/uhp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* باغبانيءَ جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Horticulture|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065856/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* شمسي ايل اي ڊي روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Solar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161020082952/http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين دفتري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems for office &amp; industry|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065810/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين پرچون روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Retail and hospitality systems|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين شهري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems: for public spaces|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065800/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a bulb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221556/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a lamp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032514/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|archive-date=18 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو نظام، جيڪي [[فلپس هيو]] جي برانڊ سان وڪرو ٿين ٿا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meethue.com|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Philips Hue homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901185225/http://www2.meethue.com/|archive-date=1 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گاڏين جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.philips.com/automotive|access-date=30 March 2022|website=Philips Lighting|title=Automotive Products|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052349/https://www.usa.philips.com/c-e/au/automotive-landing-page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آڊيو ۽ بصري شيون ===

[[File:DJ headphones by Philips A5-PRO.jpg|thumb|فلپس A5-PRO هيڊفون]]

* [[اعليٰ وفاداري#جديد اوزار|هاءِ فاءِ نظام]]
* [[وائرليس اسپيڪر]]
* [[ريڊيو#آڊيو: ريڊيو نشريات|ريڊيو نظام]]
* [[ڊاڪنگ اسٽيشن]]
* [[هيڊفون]]
* [[ڊي جي مکسر]]
* [[الارم گهڙي]]
* [[ٽيليويزن سيٽ|ٽيليويزن]]
* [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]
* [[ڊي وي ڊي پليئر]]

=== صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون ===

[[File:Sonicare.jpg|right|thumb|[[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ٽوٿ برش]]

فلپس جي صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

==== ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

* دل جي بيمارين جي معلوماتيات، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace Cardiovascular ۽ Xcelera شامل آهن
* [[تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات|ادارتي تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات]]، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace PACS ۽ XIRIS شامل آهن
* IntelliSpace حلن جو سلسلو

==== تصويرڪشي نظام ====

* دل ۽ رت جي نالين لاءِ ايڪس ري تارون ۽ ڪيٿيٽر، جهڙوڪ Verrata
* [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT)
* [[فلوروسڪوپي]]
* [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI)
* [[ميموگرافي]]
* موبائل [[ايڪس ري تصوير وڌائيندڙ|سي-آرم]]
* [[نيوڪليئر طب]]
* پي اي ٽي، يعني [[پوزيٽرون اخراج ٽوموگرافي]]
* [[پي اي ٽي-سي ٽي]]
* [[ريڊيوگرافي]]
* [[شعاعي علاج|شعاعي سرطان شناسي]] جا نظام
* [[الٽراسائونڊ]]

==== تشخيصي نگراني ====

* تشخيصي اي سي جي

==== ڊيفبريليٽر ====

* [[خودڪار ٻاهرين ڊيفبريليٽر]]
* پورٽيبل مانيٽر ۽ ڊيفبريليٽر
* ضمني اوزار
* سامان
* سافٽ ويئر

==== صارف شيون ====

[[File:Elsa_Victory_Erazor-AGP-4_-_Philips_74HCT14D-7515.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو [[شمٽ ٽرگر]]]]

* فلپس ايونٽ
* فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]]

==== مريضن جي سنڀال ۽ ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

[[File:64 slice scanner.JPG|thumb|64-سلائس سي ٽي اسڪينر، جيڪو اصل ۾ ايلسنٽ تيار ڪيو هو ۽ هاڻي فلپس جي پيداوار آهي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|title=The 64 Slice CT Scanner|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172530/http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* بيهوشيءَ واري گيس جي نگراني
* [[رت جو دٻاءُ]]
* [[ڪيپنوگرافي]]
* ڊي ايم اي
* ننڊ جي تشخيصي جاچ
* [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي]]
* ادارتي مريض معلوماتيات جا حل
  *: OB TraceVue
  *: Compurecord
  *: ICIP
  *: eICU پروگرام
  *: Emergin
* [[هيموڊائنامڪس|هيموڊائنامڪ نگراني]]
* IntelliSpace Cardiovascular
* IntelliSpace PACS
* IntelliSpace Portal
* گهڻ ماپي سرور
* Neurophedeoiles
* [[نبض آڪسي ميٽري]]
* Tasy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |title=Tasy Philips Healthcare |website=Philips |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824161058/https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گرمي پد
* چمڙيءَ مان ماپيل گيسون
* وينٽيليشن
* ViewForum
* Xcelera
* XIRIS
* Xper Information Management

2021ع ۾ فلپس طبي اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني [[ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز]] خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html |title=Philips to expand its leadership in patient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc. |publisher=Philips |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>949wkoj7fceojl1wp3wa2ujngxov648</sha1>
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      <text bytes="146244" sha1="d0pi4vaxu7gjagrnfy79nhkhtk48kzh" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;

== شيون ==

[[File:Old x ray tube valugi.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي پراڻي [[ايڪس ري ٽيوب]]]]

فلپس جون بنيادي شيون ذاتي صحت سان لاڳاپيل آهن، جن ۾ ريزر، خوبصورتيءَ جا اوزار، ماءُ ۽ ٻار جي سنڀال جا اوزار، برقي ٽوٿ برش ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون شامل آهن. صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ [[سي ٽي اسڪين]]ر، [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي اوزار]]، ميموگرافي جا اوزار، نگرانيءَ جا اوزار، [[ايم آر آءِ اسڪينر]]، ريڊيوگرافي جا اوزار، بحاليءَ جا اوزار، الٽراسائونڊ جا اوزار ۽ ايڪس ري جا اوزار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.healthcare.philips.com/gb_en/products/index.wpd|title=Products &amp; Solutions|access-date=28 January 2012|website=Philips Healthcare|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065815/https://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2020ع ۾ فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجي گهريلو اوزارن واري شعبي کي وڪڻڻ چاهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڪافي ٺاهڻ جون مشينون، هوا صاف ڪندڙ اوزار ۽ ايئر فرائير جهڙيون شيون شامل هيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|title=Philips to Sell Domestic Appliances Business|date=28 January 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128224107/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== روشنيءَ جون شيون ===

[[File:Philips LED bulbs.jpg|upright=0.8|right|thumb|فلپس جا ٺاهيل ايل اي ڊي بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |title=LED 12.5W A19 Soft White 12.5W (60W) Dimmable A19 |website=Philips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411154302/http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Indoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065749/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور ٻاهرين روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Outdoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065747/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lamps|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065805/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/conventional-lamps-and-tubes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* روشنيءَ جا ضابطا ۽ ضابطي جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting Controls|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065809/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڊجيٽل پروجيڪشن جون روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/digital-projection.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Digital projection lighting|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065754/https://www.signify.com/global/brands/uhp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* باغبانيءَ جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Horticulture|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065856/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* شمسي ايل اي ڊي روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Solar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161020082952/http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين دفتري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems for office &amp; industry|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065810/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين پرچون روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Retail and hospitality systems|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين شهري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems: for public spaces|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065800/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a bulb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221556/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a lamp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032514/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|archive-date=18 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو نظام، جيڪي [[فلپس هيو]] جي برانڊ سان وڪرو ٿين ٿا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meethue.com|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Philips Hue homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901185225/http://www2.meethue.com/|archive-date=1 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گاڏين جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.philips.com/automotive|access-date=30 March 2022|website=Philips Lighting|title=Automotive Products|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052349/https://www.usa.philips.com/c-e/au/automotive-landing-page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آڊيو ۽ بصري شيون ===

[[File:DJ headphones by Philips A5-PRO.jpg|thumb|فلپس A5-PRO هيڊفون]]

* [[اعليٰ وفاداري#جديد اوزار|هاءِ فاءِ نظام]]
* [[وائرليس اسپيڪر]]
* [[ريڊيو#آڊيو: ريڊيو نشريات|ريڊيو نظام]]
* [[ڊاڪنگ اسٽيشن]]
* [[هيڊفون]]
* [[ڊي جي مکسر]]
* [[الارم گهڙي]]
* [[ٽيليويزن سيٽ|ٽيليويزن]]
* [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]
* [[ڊي وي ڊي پليئر]]

=== صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون ===

[[File:Sonicare.jpg|right|thumb|[[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ٽوٿ برش]]

فلپس جي صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

==== ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

* دل جي بيمارين جي معلوماتيات، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace Cardiovascular ۽ Xcelera شامل آهن
* [[تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات|ادارتي تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات]]، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace PACS ۽ XIRIS شامل آهن
* IntelliSpace حلن جو سلسلو

==== تصويرڪشي نظام ====

* دل ۽ رت جي نالين لاءِ ايڪس ري تارون ۽ ڪيٿيٽر، جهڙوڪ Verrata
* [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT)
* [[فلوروسڪوپي]]
* [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI)
* [[ميموگرافي]]
* موبائل [[ايڪس ري تصوير وڌائيندڙ|سي-آرم]]
* [[نيوڪليئر طب]]
* پي اي ٽي، يعني [[پوزيٽرون اخراج ٽوموگرافي]]
* [[پي اي ٽي-سي ٽي]]
* [[ريڊيوگرافي]]
* [[شعاعي علاج|شعاعي سرطان شناسي]] جا نظام
* [[الٽراسائونڊ]]

==== تشخيصي نگراني ====

* تشخيصي اي سي جي

==== ڊيفبريليٽر ====

* [[خودڪار ٻاهرين ڊيفبريليٽر]]
* پورٽيبل مانيٽر ۽ ڊيفبريليٽر
* ضمني اوزار
* سامان
* سافٽ ويئر

==== صارف شيون ====

[[File:Elsa_Victory_Erazor-AGP-4_-_Philips_74HCT14D-7515.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو [[شمٽ ٽرگر]]]]

* فلپس ايونٽ
* فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]]

==== مريضن جي سنڀال ۽ ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

[[File:64 slice scanner.JPG|thumb|64-سلائس سي ٽي اسڪينر، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[ايلسنٽ]] تيار ڪيو هو ۽ هاڻي فلپس جي پيداوار آهي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|title=The 64 Slice CT Scanner|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172530/http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* بيهوشيءَ وارين گيسن جي نگراني
* [[رت جو دٻاءُ|رت جي دٻاءَ جي نگراني]]
* [[ڪيپنوگرافي]]
* ڊي ايم اي
* ننڊ جي تشخيصي جاچ
* [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي]]
* ادارتي مريض معلوماتيات جا حل:
  ** او بي ٽريس ويو
  ** ڪمپيو رڪارڊ
  ** آءِ سي آءِ پي
  ** اي آءِ سي يو پروگرام
  ** ايمرجن
* [[هيموڊائنامڪس|هيموڊائنامڪ نگراني]]
* انٽيلي اسپيس ڪارڊيوويسڪيولر
* انٽيلي اسپيس پي اي سي ايس
* انٽيلي اسپيس پورٽل
* گهڻ ماپي سرور
* نيوروفيڊيوئلز
* [[نبض آڪسي ميٽري]]
* ٽاسي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |title=Tasy Philips Healthcare |website=Philips |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824161058/https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گرمي پد جي نگراني
* چمڙيءَ مان گيسن جي ماپ
* مصنوعي تنفس
* ويو فورم
* ايڪسيليرا
* زائرس
* ايڪسپر انفارميشن مينيجمينٽ

2021ع ۾ فلپس طبي اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني [[ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز]] خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html |title=Philips to expand its leadership in patient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc. |publisher=Philips |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="147745" sha1="nzj5fp3gknczu2tz6a7sax78uhkgjed" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;

== شيون ==

[[File:Old x ray tube valugi.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي پراڻي [[ايڪس ري ٽيوب]]]]

فلپس جون بنيادي شيون ذاتي صحت سان لاڳاپيل آهن، جن ۾ ريزر، خوبصورتيءَ جا اوزار، ماءُ ۽ ٻار جي سنڀال جا اوزار، برقي ٽوٿ برش ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون شامل آهن. صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ [[سي ٽي اسڪين]]ر، [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي اوزار]]، ميموگرافي جا اوزار، نگرانيءَ جا اوزار، [[ايم آر آءِ اسڪينر]]، ريڊيوگرافي جا اوزار، بحاليءَ جا اوزار، الٽراسائونڊ جا اوزار ۽ ايڪس ري جا اوزار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.healthcare.philips.com/gb_en/products/index.wpd|title=Products &amp; Solutions|access-date=28 January 2012|website=Philips Healthcare|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065815/https://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2020ع ۾ فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجي گهريلو اوزارن واري شعبي کي وڪڻڻ چاهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڪافي ٺاهڻ جون مشينون، هوا صاف ڪندڙ اوزار ۽ ايئر فرائير جهڙيون شيون شامل هيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|title=Philips to Sell Domestic Appliances Business|date=28 January 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128224107/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== روشنيءَ جون شيون ===

[[File:Philips LED bulbs.jpg|upright=0.8|right|thumb|فلپس جا ٺاهيل ايل اي ڊي بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |title=LED 12.5W A19 Soft White 12.5W (60W) Dimmable A19 |website=Philips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411154302/http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Indoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065749/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور ٻاهرين روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Outdoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065747/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lamps|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065805/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/conventional-lamps-and-tubes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* روشنيءَ جا ضابطا ۽ ضابطي جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting Controls|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065809/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڊجيٽل پروجيڪشن جون روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/digital-projection.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Digital projection lighting|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065754/https://www.signify.com/global/brands/uhp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* باغبانيءَ جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Horticulture|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065856/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* شمسي ايل اي ڊي روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Solar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161020082952/http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين دفتري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems for office &amp; industry|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065810/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين پرچون روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Retail and hospitality systems|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين شهري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems: for public spaces|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065800/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a bulb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221556/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a lamp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032514/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|archive-date=18 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو نظام، جيڪي [[فلپس هيو]] جي برانڊ سان وڪرو ٿين ٿا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meethue.com|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Philips Hue homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901185225/http://www2.meethue.com/|archive-date=1 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گاڏين جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.philips.com/automotive|access-date=30 March 2022|website=Philips Lighting|title=Automotive Products|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052349/https://www.usa.philips.com/c-e/au/automotive-landing-page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آڊيو ۽ بصري شيون ===

[[File:DJ headphones by Philips A5-PRO.jpg|thumb|فلپس A5-PRO هيڊفون]]

* [[اعليٰ وفاداري#جديد اوزار|هاءِ فاءِ نظام]]
* [[وائرليس اسپيڪر]]
* [[ريڊيو#آڊيو: ريڊيو نشريات|ريڊيو نظام]]
* [[ڊاڪنگ اسٽيشن]]
* [[هيڊفون]]
* [[ڊي جي مکسر]]
* [[الارم گهڙي]]
* [[ٽيليويزن سيٽ|ٽيليويزن]]
* [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]
* [[ڊي وي ڊي پليئر]]

=== صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون ===

[[File:Sonicare.jpg|right|thumb|[[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ٽوٿ برش]]

فلپس جي صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

==== ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

* دل جي بيمارين جي معلوماتيات، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace Cardiovascular ۽ Xcelera شامل آهن
* [[تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات|ادارتي تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات]]، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace PACS ۽ XIRIS شامل آهن
* IntelliSpace حلن جو سلسلو

==== تصويرڪشي نظام ====

* دل ۽ رت جي نالين لاءِ ايڪس ري تارون ۽ ڪيٿيٽر، جهڙوڪ Verrata
* [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT)
* [[فلوروسڪوپي]]
* [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI)
* [[ميموگرافي]]
* موبائل [[ايڪس ري تصوير وڌائيندڙ|سي-آرم]]
* [[نيوڪليئر طب]]
* پي اي ٽي، يعني [[پوزيٽرون اخراج ٽوموگرافي]]
* [[پي اي ٽي-سي ٽي]]
* [[ريڊيوگرافي]]
* [[شعاعي علاج|شعاعي سرطان شناسي]] جا نظام
* [[الٽراسائونڊ]]

==== تشخيصي نگراني ====

* تشخيصي اي سي جي

==== ڊيفبريليٽر ====

* [[خودڪار ٻاهرين ڊيفبريليٽر]]
* پورٽيبل مانيٽر ۽ ڊيفبريليٽر
* ضمني اوزار
* سامان
* سافٽ ويئر

==== صارف شيون ====

[[File:Elsa_Victory_Erazor-AGP-4_-_Philips_74HCT14D-7515.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو [[شمٽ ٽرگر]]]]

* فلپس ايونٽ
* فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]]

==== مريضن جي سنڀال ۽ ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

[[File:64 slice scanner.JPG|thumb|64-سلائس سي ٽي اسڪينر، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[ايلسنٽ]] تيار ڪيو هو ۽ هاڻي فلپس جي پيداوار آهي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|title=The 64 Slice CT Scanner|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172530/http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* بيهوشيءَ وارين گيسن جي نگراني
* [[رت جو دٻاءُ|رت جي دٻاءَ جي نگراني]]
* [[ڪيپنوگرافي]]
* ڊي ايم اي
* ننڊ جي تشخيصي جاچ
* [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي]]
* ادارتي مريض معلوماتيات جا حل:
  ** او بي ٽريس ويو
  ** ڪمپيو رڪارڊ
  ** آءِ سي آءِ پي
  ** اي آءِ سي يو پروگرام
  ** ايمرجن
* [[هيموڊائنامڪس|هيموڊائنامڪ نگراني]]
* انٽيلي اسپيس ڪارڊيوويسڪيولر
* انٽيلي اسپيس پي اي سي ايس
* انٽيلي اسپيس پورٽل
* گهڻ ماپي سرور
* نيوروفيڊيوئلز
* [[نبض آڪسي ميٽري]]
* ٽاسي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |title=Tasy Philips Healthcare |website=Philips |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824161058/https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گرمي پد جي نگراني
* چمڙيءَ مان گيسن جي ماپ
* مصنوعي تنفس
* ويو فورم
* ايڪسيليرا
* زائرس
* ايڪسپر انفارميشن مينيجمينٽ

2021ع ۾ فلپس طبي اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني [[ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز]] خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html |title=Philips to expand its leadership in patient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc. |publisher=Philips |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لوگو جي ارتقا ==

تارن ۽ لهرن وارو فلپس جو لوگو ڊچ معمار لوئس ڪالف (1897ع–1976ع) تيار ڪيو هو. سندس چوڻ موجب هي نشان اتفاق سان وجود ۾ آيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس اها ڄاڻ نه هئي ته ريڊيو جو نظام ڪيئن ڪم ڪندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ Louis Kalff, y el logotipo de Philips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027151421/https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ |date=27 October 2021}} by Jordi Noddings on 20th Designs website, 10 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Philips history shield.jpg|1938ع–1959ع
File:Philips old logo.svg|1959ع–2008ع&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|format=JPG|title=Philips Shield Wordmark Timeline|website=Philips.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Philips Shield blue.svg|2008ع–2013ع
File:Philips shield (2013).svg|2013ع–هاڻوڪو
File:Philips logo.svg|لفظي لوگو (1959ع–2008ع)
File:Philips logo new.svg|لفظي لوگو (2008ع–هاڻوڪو)
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;

== شيون ==

[[File:Old x ray tube valugi.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي پراڻي [[ايڪس ري ٽيوب]]]]

فلپس جون بنيادي شيون ذاتي صحت سان لاڳاپيل آهن، جن ۾ ريزر، خوبصورتيءَ جا اوزار، ماءُ ۽ ٻار جي سنڀال جا اوزار، برقي ٽوٿ برش ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون شامل آهن. صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ [[سي ٽي اسڪين]]ر، [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي اوزار]]، ميموگرافي جا اوزار، نگرانيءَ جا اوزار، [[ايم آر آءِ اسڪينر]]، ريڊيوگرافي جا اوزار، بحاليءَ جا اوزار، الٽراسائونڊ جا اوزار ۽ ايڪس ري جا اوزار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.healthcare.philips.com/gb_en/products/index.wpd|title=Products &amp; Solutions|access-date=28 January 2012|website=Philips Healthcare|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065815/https://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2020ع ۾ فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجي گهريلو اوزارن واري شعبي کي وڪڻڻ چاهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڪافي ٺاهڻ جون مشينون، هوا صاف ڪندڙ اوزار ۽ ايئر فرائير جهڙيون شيون شامل هيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|title=Philips to Sell Domestic Appliances Business|date=28 January 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128224107/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== روشنيءَ جون شيون ===

[[File:Philips LED bulbs.jpg|upright=0.8|right|thumb|فلپس جا ٺاهيل ايل اي ڊي بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |title=LED 12.5W A19 Soft White 12.5W (60W) Dimmable A19 |website=Philips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411154302/http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Indoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065749/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور ٻاهرين روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Outdoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065747/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lamps|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065805/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/conventional-lamps-and-tubes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* روشنيءَ جا ضابطا ۽ ضابطي جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting Controls|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065809/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڊجيٽل پروجيڪشن جون روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/digital-projection.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Digital projection lighting|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065754/https://www.signify.com/global/brands/uhp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* باغبانيءَ جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Horticulture|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065856/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* شمسي ايل اي ڊي روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Solar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161020082952/http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين دفتري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems for office &amp; industry|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065810/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين پرچون روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Retail and hospitality systems|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين شهري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems: for public spaces|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065800/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a bulb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221556/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a lamp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032514/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|archive-date=18 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو نظام، جيڪي [[فلپس هيو]] جي برانڊ سان وڪرو ٿين ٿا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meethue.com|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Philips Hue homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901185225/http://www2.meethue.com/|archive-date=1 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گاڏين جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.philips.com/automotive|access-date=30 March 2022|website=Philips Lighting|title=Automotive Products|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052349/https://www.usa.philips.com/c-e/au/automotive-landing-page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آڊيو ۽ بصري شيون ===

[[File:DJ headphones by Philips A5-PRO.jpg|thumb|فلپس A5-PRO هيڊفون]]

* [[اعليٰ وفاداري#جديد اوزار|هاءِ فاءِ نظام]]
* [[وائرليس اسپيڪر]]
* [[ريڊيو#آڊيو: ريڊيو نشريات|ريڊيو نظام]]
* [[ڊاڪنگ اسٽيشن]]
* [[هيڊفون]]
* [[ڊي جي مکسر]]
* [[الارم گهڙي]]
* [[ٽيليويزن سيٽ|ٽيليويزن]]
* [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]
* [[ڊي وي ڊي پليئر]]

=== صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون ===

[[File:Sonicare.jpg|right|thumb|[[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ٽوٿ برش]]

فلپس جي صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

==== ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

* دل جي بيمارين جي معلوماتيات، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace Cardiovascular ۽ Xcelera شامل آهن
* [[تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات|ادارتي تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات]]، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace PACS ۽ XIRIS شامل آهن
* IntelliSpace حلن جو سلسلو

==== تصويرڪشي نظام ====

* دل ۽ رت جي نالين لاءِ ايڪس ري تارون ۽ ڪيٿيٽر، جهڙوڪ Verrata
* [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT)
* [[فلوروسڪوپي]]
* [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI)
* [[ميموگرافي]]
* موبائل [[ايڪس ري تصوير وڌائيندڙ|سي-آرم]]
* [[نيوڪليئر طب]]
* پي اي ٽي، يعني [[پوزيٽرون اخراج ٽوموگرافي]]
* [[پي اي ٽي-سي ٽي]]
* [[ريڊيوگرافي]]
* [[شعاعي علاج|شعاعي سرطان شناسي]] جا نظام
* [[الٽراسائونڊ]]

==== تشخيصي نگراني ====

* تشخيصي اي سي جي

==== ڊيفبريليٽر ====

* [[خودڪار ٻاهرين ڊيفبريليٽر]]
* پورٽيبل مانيٽر ۽ ڊيفبريليٽر
* ضمني اوزار
* سامان
* سافٽ ويئر

==== صارف شيون ====

[[File:Elsa_Victory_Erazor-AGP-4_-_Philips_74HCT14D-7515.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو [[شمٽ ٽرگر]]]]

* فلپس ايونٽ
* فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]]

==== مريضن جي سنڀال ۽ ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

[[File:64 slice scanner.JPG|thumb|64-سلائس سي ٽي اسڪينر، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[ايلسنٽ]] تيار ڪيو هو ۽ هاڻي فلپس جي پيداوار آهي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|title=The 64 Slice CT Scanner|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172530/http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* بيهوشيءَ وارين گيسن جي نگراني
* [[رت جو دٻاءُ|رت جي دٻاءَ جي نگراني]]
* [[ڪيپنوگرافي]]
* ڊي ايم اي
* ننڊ جي تشخيصي جاچ
* [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي]]
* ادارتي مريض معلوماتيات جا حل:
  ** او بي ٽريس ويو
  ** ڪمپيو رڪارڊ
  ** آءِ سي آءِ پي
  ** اي آءِ سي يو پروگرام
  ** ايمرجن
* [[هيموڊائنامڪس|هيموڊائنامڪ نگراني]]
* انٽيلي اسپيس ڪارڊيوويسڪيولر
* انٽيلي اسپيس پي اي سي ايس
* انٽيلي اسپيس پورٽل
* گهڻ ماپي سرور
* نيوروفيڊيوئلز
* [[نبض آڪسي ميٽري]]
* ٽاسي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |title=Tasy Philips Healthcare |website=Philips |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824161058/https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گرمي پد جي نگراني
* چمڙيءَ مان گيسن جي ماپ
* مصنوعي تنفس
* ويو فورم
* ايڪسيليرا
* زائرس
* ايڪسپر انفارميشن مينيجمينٽ

2021ع ۾ فلپس طبي اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني [[ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز]] خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html |title=Philips to expand its leadership in patient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc. |publisher=Philips |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لوگو جي ارتقا ==

تارن ۽ لهرن وارو فلپس جو لوگو ڊچ معمار لوئس ڪالف (1897ع–1976ع) تيار ڪيو هو. سندس چوڻ موجب هي نشان اتفاق سان وجود ۾ آيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس اها ڄاڻ نه هئي ته ريڊيو جو نظام ڪيئن ڪم ڪندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ Louis Kalff, y el logotipo de Philips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027151421/https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ |date=27 October 2021}} by Jordi Noddings on 20th Designs website, 10 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Philips history shield.jpg|1938ع–1959ع
File:Philips old logo.svg|1959ع–2008ع&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|format=JPG|title=Philips Shield Wordmark Timeline|website=Philips.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Philips Shield blue.svg|2008ع–2013ع
File:Philips shield (2013).svg|2013ع–هاڻوڪو
File:Philips logo.svg|لفظي لوگو (1959ع–2008ع)
File:Philips logo new.svg|لفظي لوگو (2008ع–هاڻوڪو)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== سرپرستيون ==

[[File:PSV Stadion Eindhoven.JPG|thumb|right|پي ايس وي جو فلپس اسٽيڊيم، آگسٽ 2012ع]]

1913ع ۾، نيدرلينڊ جي آزاديءَ جي سؤهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، فلپس {{lang|nl|Philips Sports Vereniging}} (فلپس اسپورٽس ڪلب)، جيڪو هاڻي عام طور تي پي ايس وي جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، قائم ڪيو. هي ڪلب ڪيترين ئي راندين ۾ سرگرم آهي، پر هاڻي خاص طور پنهنجي فٽبال ٽيم [[پي ايس وي آئنڊهوفن]] ۽ ترڻ واري ٽيم جي ڪري مشهور آهي. فلپس [[فلپس اسٽيڊيم]] جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ آهي، جيڪو [[آئنڊهوفن]] ۾ واقع آهي ۽ پي ايس وي آئنڊهوفن جو گهرو ميدان آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips extends PSV stadium and innovation partnership for a further decade|url=https://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2020/11/11/philips-extends-psv-stadium-and-innovation-partnership-for-a-further-decade/|newspaper=The Stadium Business|date=November 11, 2020|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نيدرلينڊ کان ٻاهر به فلپس ڪيترن ئي راندين جي ڪلبن، راندين جي سهولتن ۽ راندين جي تقريبن جي سرپرستي ڪندو رهيو آهي. نومبر 2008ع ۾ فلپس [[فارمولا ون|ايف ون]] ۾ [[اي ٽي اينڊ ٽي وليمز]] سان پنهنجي شراڪت جي تجديد ڪئي ۽ ان کي وڌيڪ وڌايو. فلپس آسٽريليا جي اعليٰ باسڪيٽ بال ليگ ''فلپس چيمپيئن شپ'' جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ آهي، جيڪا روايتي طور [[نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ليگ (آسٽريليا)|نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ليگ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتي ويندي آهي.

1988ع کان 1993ع تائين فلپس [[آسٽريلين رگبي ليگ ڪميشن|آسٽريليا جي رگبي ليگ]] ٽيم [[بيلمين ٽائيگرز]] ۽ انڊونيشيا جي فٽبال ڪلب [[پرسيبا بالڪپاپن]] جو مکيه سرپرست هو. 1998ع کان 2000ع تائين فلپس [[ناسڪار ڪپ سيريز|ونسٽن ڪپ]] ۾ نمبر 7 واري گاڏي جي سرپرستي ڪئي، جيڪا شروعات ۾ [[جيف بوڊائن ريسنگ]] ۽ پوءِ [[الٽرا موٽر اسپورٽس]] جي ملڪيت هئي، ۽ جنهن کي ڊرائيورن [[جيف بوڊائن]] ۽ [[مائيڪل والٽرپ]] هلائيندا هئا.

1999ع کان 2018ع تائين فلپس [[اٽلانٽا]] ۾ واقع [[فلپس ارينا]] جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ رهيو. هي ميدان [[نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ايسوسيئيشن]] جي [[اٽلانٽا هاڪس]] جو گهرو ميدان ۽ [[نيشنل هاڪي ليگ]] جي ختم ٿي ويل ٽيم [[اٽلانٽا ٿريشرز]] جو اڳوڻو گهرو ميدان هو. 2026ع ۾ فلپس [[لا ليگا]] جي ٽيم [[ريئل ميڊرڊ]] جو سرپرست بڻيو.

راندين کان علاوه، فلپس بين الاقوامي ''فلپس [[مونسٽرز آف راڪ]]'' موسيقي ميلي جي پڻ سرپرستي ڪئي هئي.</text>
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{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo TomTec&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BI TomTec&quot; /&gt; 19 سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;

== شيون ==

[[File:Old x ray tube valugi.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي پراڻي [[ايڪس ري ٽيوب]]]]

فلپس جون بنيادي شيون ذاتي صحت سان لاڳاپيل آهن، جن ۾ ريزر، خوبصورتيءَ جا اوزار، ماءُ ۽ ٻار جي سنڀال جا اوزار، برقي ٽوٿ برش ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون شامل آهن. صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ [[سي ٽي اسڪين]]ر، [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي اوزار]]، ميموگرافي جا اوزار، نگرانيءَ جا اوزار، [[ايم آر آءِ اسڪينر]]، ريڊيوگرافي جا اوزار، بحاليءَ جا اوزار، الٽراسائونڊ جا اوزار ۽ ايڪس ري جا اوزار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.healthcare.philips.com/gb_en/products/index.wpd|title=Products &amp; Solutions|access-date=28 January 2012|website=Philips Healthcare|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065815/https://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2020ع ۾ فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجي گهريلو اوزارن واري شعبي کي وڪڻڻ چاهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڪافي ٺاهڻ جون مشينون، هوا صاف ڪندڙ اوزار ۽ ايئر فرائير جهڙيون شيون شامل هيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|title=Philips to Sell Domestic Appliances Business|date=28 January 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128224107/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== روشنيءَ جون شيون ===

[[File:Philips LED bulbs.jpg|upright=0.8|right|thumb|فلپس جا ٺاهيل ايل اي ڊي بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |title=LED 12.5W A19 Soft White 12.5W (60W) Dimmable A19 |website=Philips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411154302/http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Indoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065749/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور ٻاهرين روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Outdoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065747/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lamps|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065805/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/conventional-lamps-and-tubes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* روشنيءَ جا ضابطا ۽ ضابطي جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting Controls|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065809/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڊجيٽل پروجيڪشن جون روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/digital-projection.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Digital projection lighting|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065754/https://www.signify.com/global/brands/uhp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* باغبانيءَ جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Horticulture|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065856/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* شمسي ايل اي ڊي روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Solar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161020082952/http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين دفتري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems for office &amp; industry|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065810/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين پرچون روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Retail and hospitality systems|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين شهري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems: for public spaces|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065800/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a bulb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221556/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a lamp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032514/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|archive-date=18 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو نظام، جيڪي [[فلپس هيو]] جي برانڊ سان وڪرو ٿين ٿا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meethue.com|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Philips Hue homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901185225/http://www2.meethue.com/|archive-date=1 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گاڏين جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.philips.com/automotive|access-date=30 March 2022|website=Philips Lighting|title=Automotive Products|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052349/https://www.usa.philips.com/c-e/au/automotive-landing-page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آڊيو ۽ بصري شيون ===

[[File:DJ headphones by Philips A5-PRO.jpg|thumb|فلپس A5-PRO هيڊفون]]

* [[اعليٰ وفاداري#جديد اوزار|هاءِ فاءِ نظام]]
* [[وائرليس اسپيڪر]]
* [[ريڊيو#آڊيو: ريڊيو نشريات|ريڊيو نظام]]
* [[ڊاڪنگ اسٽيشن]]
* [[هيڊفون]]
* [[ڊي جي مکسر]]
* [[الارم گهڙي]]
* [[ٽيليويزن سيٽ|ٽيليويزن]]
* [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]
* [[ڊي وي ڊي پليئر]]

=== صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون ===

[[File:Sonicare.jpg|right|thumb|[[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ٽوٿ برش]]

فلپس جي صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

==== ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

* دل جي بيمارين جي معلوماتيات، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace Cardiovascular ۽ Xcelera شامل آهن
* [[تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات|ادارتي تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات]]، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace PACS ۽ XIRIS شامل آهن
* IntelliSpace حلن جو سلسلو

==== تصويرڪشي نظام ====

* دل ۽ رت جي نالين لاءِ ايڪس ري تارون ۽ ڪيٿيٽر، جهڙوڪ Verrata
* [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT)
* [[فلوروسڪوپي]]
* [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI)
* [[ميموگرافي]]
* موبائل [[ايڪس ري تصوير وڌائيندڙ|سي-آرم]]
* [[نيوڪليئر طب]]
* پي اي ٽي، يعني [[پوزيٽرون اخراج ٽوموگرافي]]
* [[پي اي ٽي-سي ٽي]]
* [[ريڊيوگرافي]]
* [[شعاعي علاج|شعاعي سرطان شناسي]] جا نظام
* [[الٽراسائونڊ]]

==== تشخيصي نگراني ====

* تشخيصي اي سي جي

==== ڊيفبريليٽر ====

* [[خودڪار ٻاهرين ڊيفبريليٽر]]
* پورٽيبل مانيٽر ۽ ڊيفبريليٽر
* ضمني اوزار
* سامان
* سافٽ ويئر

==== صارف شيون ====

[[File:Elsa_Victory_Erazor-AGP-4_-_Philips_74HCT14D-7515.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو [[شمٽ ٽرگر]]]]

* فلپس ايونٽ
* فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]]

==== مريضن جي سنڀال ۽ ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

[[File:64 slice scanner.JPG|thumb|64-سلائس سي ٽي اسڪينر، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[ايلسنٽ]] تيار ڪيو هو ۽ هاڻي فلپس جي پيداوار آهي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|title=The 64 Slice CT Scanner|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172530/http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* بيهوشيءَ وارين گيسن جي نگراني
* [[رت جو دٻاءُ|رت جي دٻاءَ جي نگراني]]
* [[ڪيپنوگرافي]]
* ڊي ايم اي
* ننڊ جي تشخيصي جاچ
* [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي]]
* ادارتي مريض معلوماتيات جا حل:
  ** او بي ٽريس ويو
  ** ڪمپيو رڪارڊ
  ** آءِ سي آءِ پي
  ** اي آءِ سي يو پروگرام
  ** ايمرجن
* [[هيموڊائنامڪس|هيموڊائنامڪ نگراني]]
* انٽيلي اسپيس ڪارڊيوويسڪيولر
* انٽيلي اسپيس پي اي سي ايس
* انٽيلي اسپيس پورٽل
* گهڻ ماپي سرور
* نيوروفيڊيوئلز
* [[نبض آڪسي ميٽري]]
* ٽاسي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |title=Tasy Philips Healthcare |website=Philips |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824161058/https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گرمي پد جي نگراني
* چمڙيءَ مان گيسن جي ماپ
* مصنوعي تنفس
* ويو فورم
* ايڪسيليرا
* زائرس
* ايڪسپر انفارميشن مينيجمينٽ

2021ع ۾ فلپس طبي اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني [[ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز]] خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html |title=Philips to expand its leadership in patient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc. |publisher=Philips |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لوگو جي ارتقا ==

تارن ۽ لهرن وارو فلپس جو لوگو ڊچ معمار لوئس ڪالف (1897ع–1976ع) تيار ڪيو هو. سندس چوڻ موجب هي نشان اتفاق سان وجود ۾ آيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس اها ڄاڻ نه هئي ته ريڊيو جو نظام ڪيئن ڪم ڪندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ Louis Kalff, y el logotipo de Philips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027151421/https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ |date=27 October 2021}} by Jordi Noddings on 20th Designs website, 10 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Philips history shield.jpg|1938ع–1959ع
File:Philips old logo.svg|1959ع–2008ع&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|format=JPG|title=Philips Shield Wordmark Timeline|website=Philips.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Philips Shield blue.svg|2008ع–2013ع
File:Philips shield (2013).svg|2013ع–هاڻوڪو
File:Philips logo.svg|لفظي لوگو (1959ع–2008ع)
File:Philips logo new.svg|لفظي لوگو (2008ع–هاڻوڪو)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== سرپرستيون ==

[[File:PSV Stadion Eindhoven.JPG|thumb|right|پي ايس وي جو فلپس اسٽيڊيم، آگسٽ 2012ع]]

1913ع ۾، نيدرلينڊ جي آزاديءَ جي سؤهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، فلپس {{lang|nl|Philips Sports Vereniging}} (فلپس اسپورٽس ڪلب)، جيڪو هاڻي عام طور تي پي ايس وي جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، قائم ڪيو. هي ڪلب ڪيترين ئي راندين ۾ سرگرم آهي، پر هاڻي خاص طور پنهنجي فٽبال ٽيم [[پي ايس وي آئنڊهوفن]] ۽ ترڻ واري ٽيم جي ڪري مشهور آهي. فلپس [[فلپس اسٽيڊيم]] جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ آهي، جيڪو [[آئنڊهوفن]] ۾ واقع آهي ۽ پي ايس وي آئنڊهوفن جو گهرو ميدان آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips extends PSV stadium and innovation partnership for a further decade|url=https://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2020/11/11/philips-extends-psv-stadium-and-innovation-partnership-for-a-further-decade/|newspaper=The Stadium Business|date=November 11, 2020|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نيدرلينڊ کان ٻاهر به فلپس ڪيترن ئي راندين جي ڪلبن، راندين جي سهولتن ۽ راندين جي تقريبن جي سرپرستي ڪندو رهيو آهي. نومبر 2008ع ۾ فلپس [[فارمولا ون|ايف ون]] ۾ [[اي ٽي اينڊ ٽي وليمز]] سان پنهنجي شراڪت جي تجديد ڪئي ۽ ان کي وڌيڪ وڌايو. فلپس آسٽريليا جي اعليٰ باسڪيٽ بال ليگ ''فلپس چيمپيئن شپ'' جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ آهي، جيڪا روايتي طور [[نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ليگ (آسٽريليا)|نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ليگ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتي ويندي آهي.

1988ع کان 1993ع تائين فلپس [[آسٽريلين رگبي ليگ ڪميشن|آسٽريليا جي رگبي ليگ]] ٽيم [[بيلمين ٽائيگرز]] ۽ انڊونيشيا جي فٽبال ڪلب [[پرسيبا بالڪپاپن]] جو مکيه سرپرست هو. 1998ع کان 2000ع تائين فلپس [[ناسڪار ڪپ سيريز|ونسٽن ڪپ]] ۾ نمبر 7 واري گاڏي جي سرپرستي ڪئي، جيڪا شروعات ۾ [[جيف بوڊائن ريسنگ]] ۽ پوءِ [[الٽرا موٽر اسپورٽس]] جي ملڪيت هئي، ۽ جنهن کي ڊرائيورن [[جيف بوڊائن]] ۽ [[مائيڪل والٽرپ]] هلائيندا هئا.

1999ع کان 2018ع تائين فلپس [[اٽلانٽا]] ۾ واقع [[فلپس ارينا]] جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ رهيو. هي ميدان [[نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ايسوسيئيشن]] جي [[اٽلانٽا هاڪس]] جو گهرو ميدان ۽ [[نيشنل هاڪي ليگ]] جي ختم ٿي ويل ٽيم [[اٽلانٽا ٿريشرز]] جو اڳوڻو گهرو ميدان هو. 2026ع ۾ فلپس [[لا ليگا]] جي ٽيم [[ريئل ميڊرڊ]] جو سرپرست بڻيو.

راندين کان علاوه، فلپس بين الاقوامي ''فلپس [[مونسٽرز آف راڪ]]'' موسيقي ميلي جي پڻ سرپرستي ڪئي هئي.

== ريسپيرونڪس جي شين جي واپسي ==
.

جون 2021ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي ريسپيرونڪس برانڊ جا ڪيترائي وينٽيليٽر، BiPAP ۽ CPAP مشينون رضاڪارانه طور تي واپس گهرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن سان لاڳاپيل امڪاني صحت جا خطرا سامهون آيا هئا. انهن اوزارن ۾ شور ۽ هلچل گهٽائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ فوم وقت سان گڏ آهستي آهستي خراب ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ مريض ننڍڙا ذرڙا يا ڪجهه ڪيميائي مادا ساهه سان اندر وٺي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-recall&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Update: Certain Philips Respironics Ventilators, BiPAP Machines, and CPAP Machines Recalled Due to Potential Health Risks: FDA Safety Communication |url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/update-certain-philips-respironics-ventilators-bipap-machines-and-cpap-machines-recalled-due |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519203053/https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/update-certain-philips-respironics-ventilators-bipap-machines-and-cpap-machines-recalled-due |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2022 |website=US Food &amp; Drug Administration |access-date=30 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن واپسي مهم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 کان 40 لک مشينون شامل هيون، جنهن سبب [[ڪووڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران اڳ ئي موجود سپلاءِ چين جي بحران ۾ وڌيڪ شدت آئي ۽ مريضن لاءِ انهن اوزارن جي دستيابي متاثر ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Owens |first1=Robert L. |last2=Wilson |first2=Kevin C. |last3=Gurubhagavatula |first3=Indira |last4=Mehra |first4=Reena |date=15 October 2021 |title=Philips Respironics Recall of Positive Airway Pressure and Noninvasive Ventilation Devices: A Brief Statement to Inform Response Efforts and Identify Key Steps Forward |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |language=en |volume=204 |issue=8 |pages=887–890 |doi=10.1164/rccm.202107-1666ED |issn=1073-449X |pmc=8534631 |pmid=34461022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شروعات ۾ فلپس انهن خطرن کي ممڪن طور &quot;زندگي لاءِ خطري وارو&quot; قرار ڏنو، پر اهو پڻ چيو ته ان وقت تائين انهن مسئلن سبب ڪنهن به موت جي رپورٽ نه ملي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mell |first=Rodney |title=URGENT: Medical Device Recall - Philips Respironics Trilogy 100, Trilogy 200, Garbin Plus, Aeris, LifeVent, BiPAP V30, and BiPAP A30/A40 Series Device Models |url=https://www.philips.com/c-dam/b2bhc/master/landing-pages/src/update/documents/philips-recall-letter-2021-05-a-2021-06-a.pdf |website=Philips |access-date=30 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ [[آمريڪي خوراڪ ۽ دوائن جي انتظاميه]] (FDA) کي فوم سان لاڳاپيل مسئلي سبب مبينا طور تي ٿيل 385 موتن جون رپورٽون مليون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-recall&quot; /&gt;

2023ع ۾ [[پروپبلڪا]] ۽ [[پٽسبرگ پوسٽ-گزيٽ]] رپورٽ ڪيو ته فلپس کي 2010ع کان ئي خراب ٿيندڙ فوم سان متاثر مشينن بابت هزارين مريضن جون شڪايتون ۽ واپس موٽايل مشينون ملي چڪيون هيون، پر انهن مان ڪيترين ئي رپورٽن کي، قانوني ذميواري هجڻ باوجود، فلپس [[آمريڪي خوراڪ ۽ دوائن جي انتظاميه|FDA]] کي ظاهر نه ڪيو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Cenziper |first1=Debbie |last2=Sallah |first2=Michael D. |last3=Korsh |first3=Michael |last4=Robinson-Johnson |first4=Evan |last5=Sager |first5=Monica |date=27 September 2023 |title=Philips Kept Complaints About Dangerous Breathing Machines Secret While Company Profits Soared |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/philips-kept-warnings-about-dangerous-cpaps-secret-profits-soared |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 2022ع ۾ فلپس خلاف انهن حفاظتي خدشن جي بنياد تي داخل ٿيل ڪيترائي مقدما گڏ ڪري هڪ اجتماعي دعويٰ (class-action lawsuit) ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. سيپٽمبر 2023ع ۾ فلپس گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 479 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر ادا ڪري هن مقدمي جو ٺاهه ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=Khristopher |title=Philips Respironics agrees to $479 million CPAP settlement |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/philips-settlement-cpap-recall-lawsuit-fda/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=CBS News |date=8 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2024ع ۾ فلپس، FDA سان ٿيل هڪ معاهدي تحت، آمريڪا ۾ ننڊ دوران ساهه رڪجڻ (Sleep apnea) جي علاج لاءِ ڪنهن به نئين اوزار جي وڪري عارضي طور بند ڪرڻ تي راضي ٿيو. هن معاهدي تحت فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري ڪارخانن ۾ FDA جون مقرر ڪيل شرطون پوريون ڪرڻيون پونديون. فلپس جي چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر راءِ جيڪبس موجب اهو عمل مڪمل ٿيڻ ۾ پنج کان ست سال لڳي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Meijer |first=Bart H. |title=Philips' US sales of sleep apnea devices face years-long halt after FDA deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/philips-reaches-compliance-agreement-with-fda-over-ventilator-recall-2024-01-29/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="156709" sha1="nd6g9hrwhnk4vbafhyi22n74a10vkeu" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|ڊچ گهڻ قومي صحت ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Koninklijke Philips N.V.
| former_names = {{plainlist|

* [[عام ڀائيواري|فرما]] فلپس اينڊ ڪمپني (1891–1912)
* اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن (1912–1994)
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1994–1998)
* ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي. (1998–2013)}}
  | logo = [[File:Philips shield (2013).svg|75px|class=logo-nobg]]
  | logo_caption =
  | image = 2025 Prinses Irenestraat 59, Asd (D).jpg
  | image_size =
  | image_caption = ايمسٽرڊيم ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر، 2026ع
  | type = ''[[نام لوزه فينوٽسخاپ]]''
  | traded_as = {{Plainlist|
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|PHIA|NL0000009538|XAMS}}
* {{nyse|PHG}}
* [[اي اي ايڪس اشاري|AEX]] جو جزو
  }}
  | industry = [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]]
  | founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1891|5|15}} [[آئيندهوفن]]، نيدرلينڊز ۾
  | founders = [[جيرارڊ فلپس|جيرارڊ]] ۽ [[انٽون فلپس]]
  | hq_location = [[ايمسٽرڊيم]]، نيدرلينڊز
  | area_served = سڄي دنيا
  | key_people = {{ubl|[[فيڪي سائيبسما]] (چيئرمين)|روئي ياڪوبس (سي اي او)|شارلوٽ هانيمن (سي ايف او)}}
  | products = {{ubl|[[طبي سامان]]|فلپس جي ڌار ڪيل ڪاروبارن، جهڙوڪ صوتي-بصري سامان ۽ [[روشني]] سان لاڳاپيل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] جو انتظام ۽ لائسنس ڏيڻ}}
  | revenue = {{decrease}} [[يورو|€]]18.02 ارب (2024)
  | operating_income = {{Increase}} €529 ملين (2024)
  | net_income = {{Increase}} €698 ملين (2024)
  | assets = {{decrease}} €28.98 ارب (2024)
  | equity = {{decrease}} €12.04 ارب (2024)
  | num_employees = 68,419 (2024)
  | website = {{URL|philips.com}}
  | footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;results2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Philips Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/313216/000031321625000009/phg-20241231.htm |date=21 February 2025 |website=[[آمريڪا جي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}

'''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اين. وي.''' ({{lit|رائل فلپس ايل ايل سي}})، جيڪا عام طور '''فلپس''' جي نالي سان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، هڪ ڊچ گهڻ قومي [[صحت ٽيڪنالاجي]] ڪمپني ۽ اڳوڻي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا 1891ع ۾ [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ٿي. 1997ع کان وٺي ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠ته [[بينيلڪس]] جو هيڊڪوارٽر اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ موجود آهي. ڪمپني کي 1998ع ۾ [[شاهي اعزازي لقب]] حاصل ٿيو.

فلپس جو بنياد [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد فريڊرڪ فلپس رکيو، ۽ ان جون شروعاتي شيون [[برقي بلب]] هيون. ويهين صدي دوران اها دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اليڪٽرانڪس [[ڪاروباري گروهه|ڪاروباري گروهن]] مان هڪ بڻجي وئي ۽ [[باورچي خاني جا گهريلو اوزار]]، [[برقي ريزر]]، [[برقي بلب]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[ڪيسيٽ ٽيپ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (جن مان آخري ٻه فلپس ايجاد ڪيا) جهڙين شين ۾ عالمي منڊي تي نمايان حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. هڪ دور ۾ اها [[پولي گرام]] وسيلي وندر جي صنعت ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندي هئي. پر 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني پنهنجي ڪاروبار کي محدود ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو؛ ٽيليويزن جي تياري ([[ٽي پي ويزن]])، روشني وارو ڪاروبار ([[سگنيفائي]]) ۽ [[گهريلو اوزار]] وارو ڪاروبار ([[ورسوني]]) وڪڻي ڇڏيو، ۽ آخرڪار صحت جي سارسنڀال تي مرڪوز ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Transforming an electronics group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c49f71b-328c-492c-b660-601a516482a5 |access-date=2024-10-15 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2020 |last1=Pooler |first1=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2024ع تائين فلپس ٽن بنيادي شعبن ۾ منظم آهي: تشخيص ۽ علاج (جنهن ۾ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي|ايم آر آئي]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين]] ۽ [[طبي الٽراسائونڊ|الٽراسائونڊ]] اسڪينر سميت صحت جا اوزار تيار ڪيا وڃن ٿا)، ڳنڍيل سنڀال (جنهن ۾ [[مريض جي نگراني]] جا اوزار ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] برانڊ هيٺ ساهه جي سنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون)، ۽ ذاتي صحت (جنهن ۾ [[فليشيو]] برقي ريزر، [[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ڏندن جون برشون ۽ [[فلپس ايونٽ|ايونٽ]] ٻارن جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪيون وڃن ٿيون).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Download Centre – Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.results.philips.com/downloadcenter |website=Philips|date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي بنيادي لسٽنگ [[يورونيڪسٽ ايمسٽرڊيم]] اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج تي آهي ۽ اها [[يورو اسٽوڪس 50]] [[شيئر بازار جو اشاري|شيئر بازار اشاري]] جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stoxx.com/component-details?key=468520|title=Philips Index Listing: stoxx.com|website=stoxx.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي ثانوي لسٽنگ [[نيويارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي پڻ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/phg|title=NYSE Listing: PHG|website=nasdaq.com|access-date=28 April 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جي حاصل ڪيل ادارن ۾ [[سگنيٽڪس]] ۽ [[ميگناووڪس]] شامل آهن. هن 1913ع ۾ [[پي ايس وي آئيندهوفن]] نالي هڪ گهڻ رخي راندين جي ڪلب پڻ قائم ڪئي.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== تاريخ ==
{{see also|فلپس خاندان}}
[[File:Gerard philips.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[جيرارڊ فلپس]] (1858ع–1942ع)، باني]]

فلپس ڪمپني جو بنياد 1891ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپاري [[جيرارڊ فلپس]] ۽ سندس والد [[فريڊرڪ فلپس]] رکيو. فريڊرڪ، جيڪو [[زالٽبومل]] ۾ بينڪر هو، آئيندهوفن ۾ هڪ خالي ڪارخاني جي عمارت خريد ڪرڻ ۽ ان کي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ مالي سهائتا فراهم ڪئي، جتي ڪمپني 1892ع ۾ ڪاربان فلامينٽ وارن [[برقي بلب]]ن ۽ ٻين برقي-فني شين جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي. هي پهريون ڪارخانو بعد ۾ محفوظ ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي عجائب گهر طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|title=Philips Museum|website=Philips-museum.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021024613/http://www.philips-museum.com/uk/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philipsfabriekje.jpg|thumb|آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جو پهريون ڪارخانو، جيڪو هاڻي عوامي عجائب گهر آهي، جولاءِ 2008ع]]

1895ع ۾، شروعاتي ڪجهه ڏکين سالن ۽ تقريباً ڏيوالي جي صورتحال کان پوءِ، فلپس خاندان جيرارڊ جي سورهن سال ننڍي ڀاءُ [[انٽون فلپس|انٽون]] کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪيو. جيتوڻيڪ هن انجنيئرنگ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي هئي، پر هن پنهنجي ڪم جي شروعات وڪرو ڪندڙ نمائندي طور ڪئي. جلد ئي هن ڪاروبار بابت ڪيترائي اهم خيال پيش ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا. انٽون جي شموليت کان پوءِ خانداني ڪاروبار تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ لڳو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1908ع ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ ''فلپس ميٽالگلوئيلامپ فابريڪ اين. وي.'' (Philips Metal Filament Lamp Factory Ltd.) قائم ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ 1912ع ۾ ''فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن اين. وي.'' (Philips Lightbulb Factories Ltd.) جو بنياد وڌو ويو. جيرارڊ ۽ انٽون فلپس پنهنجي خانداني ڪاروبار کي فلپس [[ڪارپوريشن]] جي صورت ۾ منظم ڪري هڪ اهڙو بنياد رکيو، جنهن تي اڳتي هلي هڪ [[گهڻ قومي ڪمپني]] وجود ۾ آئي.

1920ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپني ٻين شين، جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جي تياري پڻ شروع ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ [[وان آرڪل-ڊي بوئر عمل]] ايجاد ڪيو ويو.

1924ع ۾ فلپس جرمن بلب ٺاهيندڙ اتحاد [[اوزرام]] سان گڏجي [[فويبس ڪارٽيل]] قائم ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1&quot;/&gt;

=== ريڊيو ===
[[File:Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken 1928.JPG|thumb|left|فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن جو هڪ شيئر، جيڪو 14 ڊسمبر 1928ع تي جاري ڪيو ويو]]

11 مارچ 1927ع تي فلپس پنهنجي مختصر لهرن واري ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[پي سي جي جي]] (PCJJ، جيڪا بعد ۾ PCJ سڏي وئي) جي نشريات شروع ڪيون. 1929ع ۾ ان سان گڏ هڪ ڀيڻ اسٽيشن ''فلپس اومروپ هالينڊ-انڊيئي'' (Philips Omroep Holland-Indië)، جيڪا بعد ۾ '''PHI''' سڏي وئي، پڻ قائم ڪئي وئي. PHOHI ڊچ ٻوليءَ ۾ [[ڊچ ايسٽ انڊيز]] (هاڻوڪي [[انڊونيشيا]]) ڏانهن نشريات ڪندو هو. بعد ۾{{When|date=March 2025|reason=Prove that this was “later” and if so, when?}} PHI انگريزي ۽ ٻين ٻولين ۾ اوڀر اڌ گولي جي ملڪن ڏانهن نشريات شروع ڪيون، جڏهن⁠ته PCJJ انگريزي، اسپيني ۽ جرمن ٻولين ۾ دنيا جي ٻين علائقن تائين پنهنجا پروگرام پهچائيندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The early shortwave stations : a broadcasting history through 1945 9781476604749, 1476604746 |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-early-shortwave-stations-a-broadcasting-history-through-1945-9781476604749-1476604746.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1928ع ۾ آچر واري بين الاقوامي پروگرامنگ جو آغاز ٿيو، جنهن ۾ ميزبان ايڊي اسٽارٽز ''[[هيپي اسٽيشن شو|هيپي اسٽيشن]]'' پروگرام پيش ڪندو هو. هي پروگرام دنيا جو سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين هلندڙ مختصر لهرن وارو ريڊيو پروگرام بڻجي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 1997 |title=Happy Station |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/tag/happy-station/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips 930.jpg|thumb|150px|فلپس &quot;چيپل&quot; ريڊيو، ماڊل 930A، 1931ع|alt=ڀوري ڪاٺ جي ڪابينا سان محرابي ۽ ٽڪنڊي شڪل وارو ريڊيو]]

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس ''&quot;چيپل&quot;'' نالي هڪ ريڊيو متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ آواز وڌائڻ وارو [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ئي اندر لڳل هوندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips lighting |url=https://www.agendagh.com/index.php/articles/item/4-philips-lighting.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Agendagh.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 1940ع ۾ جرمني طرفان نيدرلينڊز تي حملي کان پوءِ اتان جون ريڊيو نشريات بند ٿي ويون. جرمن فوج [[هوئزن]] ۾ موجود ٽرانسميٽرن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو ۽ انهن کي نازي حمايتي نشريات لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. انهن مان ڪجهه پروگرام جرمني مان نشر ٿيندا هئا، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه جرمن ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڊچ نشرياتي ادارن جا موسيقيءَ وارا پروگرام هوندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Vincent |date=2022-10-04 |title=The Traces of a Media War: Archives of Dutch Broadcasts from London during the Second World War |url=https://tmgonline.nl/articles/10.18146/tmg.821 |journal=TMG Journal for Media History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.18146/tmg.821 |issn=1387-649X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنگ کان پوءِ نيدرلينڊز جي آزادي حاصل ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ فلپس ريڊيو کي سرڪاري نظام ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. 1947ع ۾ ان جون ٻئي مختصر لهرن واريون اسٽيشنون قومي ملڪيت بڻايون ويون ۽ انهن جا نالا بدلائي [[ريڊيو نيدرلينڊز ورلڊ وائيڊ]]، يعني ڊچ بين الاقوامي نشرياتي خدمت، رکيا ويا. PCJ جا ڪجهه مشهور پروگرام، جهڙوڪ ''هيپي اسٽيشن''، نئين اسٽيشن تان به جاري رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1977-04-15 |title=50 years of shortwave broadcasts from the Netherlands |url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/b416270-00-50-years-shortwave-in-holland-klankbeeld-1977-04-15-1977-03-30/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اسٽرلنگ انجڻ ===

1930ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ فلپس [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ]] کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ ۽ ان جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ڪمپني جي انتظاميا جو خيال هو ته جيڪڏهن گهٽ طاقت وارو پورٽيبل بجلي پيدا ڪندڙ جنريٽر تيار ڪيو وڃي ته دنيا جي انهن علائقن ۾، جتي بجلي موجود نه هئي يا بيٽرين جي فراهمي غير يقيني هئي، اتي فلپس جي ريڊيوز جي وڪرو ۾ واڌارو اچي سگهي ٿو. ان مقصد لاءِ ڪمپني جي تحقيقي ليبارٽري جي انجنيئرن مختلف توانائي جي ذريعن جو منظم تقابلي جائزو ورتو ۽ نتيجي تي پهتا ته لڳ ڀڳ وساريل اسٽرلنگ انجڻ سڀ کان وڌيڪ موزون هوندي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تمام خاموشي سان ڪم ڪندي هئي (نه رڳو آواز جي لحاظ کان پر ريڊيو ۾ خلل جي حوالي سان پڻ) ۽ مختلف گرميءَ جي ذريعن تي هلي سگهندي هئي. عام چراغن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تيل کي ان لاءِ ترجيح ڏني وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو سستو هو ۽ تقريباً هر هنڌ آسانيءَ سان ملي ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991). ''The Philips Stirling Engine''. [[Elsevier Science]]. {{ISBN|0-444-88463-7}}. pp.28–30.&lt;/ref&gt; انجنيئرن کي اهو به معلوم هو ته ٻاڦ واري انجڻ ۽ اندروني ساڙ واري انجڻ جي برعڪس، اسٽرلنگ انجڻ تي ڪيترن سالن کان تقريباً ڪو به اهم ترقياتي ڪم نه ٿيو هو. فلپس جو موقف هو ته جديد مواد ۽ انجنيئرنگ ڄاڻ ذريعي ان ۾ وڏيون واڌاريون آڻي سگهجن ٿيون.&lt;ref&gt;''Philips Technical Review'' Vol.9 No.4, page 97 (1947)&lt;/ref&gt;

پهريون تجرباتي انجڻ، جيڪو {{nowrap|30 ملي ميٽر × 25 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ مان 16 واٽ شافٽ طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو، ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ ڪيترائي ترقياتي نمونا تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ هي پروگرام [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به جاري رهيو. 1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين ''ٽائپ 10'' انجڻ تيار ٿي چڪي هئي، جنهن کي ڊورڊريخت ۾ فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني ''يوهان ڊي وِٽ'' حوالي ڪيو ويو ته جيئن ان جي وڏي پيماني تي تياري ڪري ان کي جنريٽر سيٽ ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اصل منصوبي ۾ سوچيو ويو هو. ان جو نتيجو ''MP1002CA'' نالي جنريٽر سيٽ جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جيڪو ''بنگلو سيٽ'' جي نالي سان پڻ مشهور ٿيو. هي جنريٽر {{nowrap|55 ملي ميٽر × 27 ملي ميٽر}} بور ۽ اسٽروڪ سان 180/200 واٽ برقي طاقت پيدا ڪندو هو. 1951ع ۾ ان جي پهرين 250 يونٽن جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، پر جلد ئي واضح ٿي ويو ته ان کي مقابلي واري قيمت تي تيار ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هو. ساڳئي وقت ٽرانزسٽر ريڊيوز مارڪيٽ ۾ اچي ويا، جن کي تمام گهٽ بجلي جي ضرورت هوندي هئي، تنهنڪري هن جنريٽر جي اصل ضرورت ختم ٿيڻ لڳي. آخرڪار اهڙن جنريٽرن مان لڳ ڀڳ 150 يونٽ ئي تيار ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61&lt;/ref&gt;

جنريٽر سيٽ جي ترقي سان گڏ فلپس اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا ڪيترائي تجرباتي نمونا مختلف مقصدن لاءِ پڻ تيار ڪيا ۽ 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين هن شعبي ۾ تحقيق جاري رکي. بهرحال، تجارتي طور ان جي واحد وڏي ڪاميابي ''ريورسڊ اسٽرلنگ انجڻ'' تي ٻڌل [[اسٽرلنگ انجڻ جا استعمال#اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولر|ڪرائيوڪولر]] هئي. ڪمپني هن ٽيڪنالاجي بابت وڏي انگ ۾ پيٽنٽ داخل ڪيا ۽ قيمتي فني ڄاڻ گڏ ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ ٻين ڪمپنين کي لائسنس طور فراهم ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ريزر ===

فلپس پنهنجو پهريون برقي ريزر 1939ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن جو نالو سادي نموني '''[[فليشيو]]''' رکيو ويو. آمريڪا ۾ اهو ساڳيو پيداوار '''[[فلپس نوريلڪو|نوريلڪو]]''' جي نالي سان وڪرو ڪيو ويندو هو. فليشيو اڄ تائين فلپس جي پيداوار واري سلسلي جو حصو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum of Technology, The History of Gadgets and Gizmos |url=https://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1039 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Museumoftechnology.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ ===

9 مئي 1940ع تي فلپس جي ڊائريڪٽرن کي خبر پئي ته جرمني طرفان [[نيدرلينڊز تي جرمن حملو|نيدرلينڊز تي حملو]] ايندڙ ڏينهن ٿيڻ وارو آهي. اڳواٽ تياريءَ طور [[انٽون فلپس]]، سندس ناٺي [[فرانس اوٽن]] ۽ فلپس خاندان جا ٻيا ڪيترائي فرد ڪمپني جي وڏي سرمائي سان گڏ آمريڪا هليا ويا. اتي هنن '''نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني''' جي نالي سان ڪم ڪندي سڄي جنگ دوران ڪمپني جو انتظام سنڀاليو. ساڳئي وقت ڪمپني کي (قانوني طور) [[نيدرلينڊز اينٽيلز]] منتقل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن اها جرمن قبضي کان محفوظ رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips Electronics NV {{!}} Dutch manufacturer|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171929/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Philips-Electronics-NV|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 ڊسمبر 1942ع تي برطانوي [[رائل ايئر فورس]] جي [[نمبر 2 گروپ آر اي ايف]] [[آپريشن اوئسٽر]] تحت حملو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ آئيندهوفن ۾ واقع فلپس جي ريڊيو ڪارخاني کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جڏهن⁠ته ڊچ مزدورن ۽ عام شهرين ۾ جاني نقصان نسبتاً گهٽ ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|title=BBC – WW2 People's War – Operation Oyster, Part 1|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/61/a3537461.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 مارچ 1943ع تي رائل ايئر فورس ٻيهر آئيندهوفن ۾ فلپس جي ڪارخانن تي بمباري ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|first1=Chris|last1=Everitt|first2=Martin|last2=Middlebrook|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|access-date=30 December 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781473834880|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108141454/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDoRBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=philips+++eindhoven+++bombed+++march+++1943&amp;pg=PA140|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|title=30th March 1943 WWII Timeline|first=Mr A I|last=Bruce|website=Wehrmacht-history.com|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105810/http://www.wehrmacht-history.com/timeline/1943/30th-march-1943-wwii-timeline.htm|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[فرٽس فلپس]]، جيڪو انٽون فلپس جو پٽ هو، فلپس خاندان جو واحد فرد هو جيڪو نيدرلينڊز ۾ رهيو. هن نازين کي اهو يقين ڏياري 382 يهودين جون حياتيون بچايون ته اهي فلپس جي پيداواري عمل لاءِ ناگزير آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday|date=15 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2015|website=Philips|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906042020/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/news/archive/news2005/article-14959.wpd|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1943ع ۾، سندس ڪارخاني ۾ هڙتال سبب پيداوار گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، کيس سياسي قيدين لاءِ قائم [[هيرتسوخن بوش حراستي ڪيمپ|فوخت حراستي ڪيمپ]] ۾ ڪيترن مهينن تائين قيد رکيو ويو. سوين يهودين کي بچائڻ واري سندس ڪردار جي اعتراف طور، 1995ع ۾ [[ياد وشيـم]] کيس ''[[قومن جو نيڪ انسان]]'' جو اعزاز عطا ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]]: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands'', Jerusalem: [[Yad Vashem]], 2004, pp. 596–597&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي ترقي ===

جنگ ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپني کي ٻيهر نيدرلينڊز منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[آئيندهوفن]] ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eindhoven History – Origins, Philips &amp; Architecture |url=https://www.kupi.com/en-ae/explore/netherlands/eindhoven/history |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Kupi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lichttoren Eindhoven 1.JPG|thumb|فلپس جو ''لائيٽ ٽاور''، آئيندهوفن، جيڪو شروعات ۾ برقي بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪمپني جو هيڊڪوارٽر رهيو، آگسٽ 2012ع&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| url = http://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| title = PHILIPS Light Tower Complex – The Netherlands |website=Reynaers Aluminium| access-date = 12 September 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021100/https://www.reynaers-solutions.com/ru/getpage.asp?i=6| archive-date = 20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Eindhoven Evoluon 03.jpg|thumb|right|آئيندهوفن ۾ [[ايووليون]]، جيڪو 1966ع ۾ کوليو ويو، آگسٽ 2015ع]]

1949ع ۾ ڪمپني [[ٽيليويزن]] وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا.&lt;ref name=waarom&gt;{{cite news|title=Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2680/Economie/article/detail/1876925/2011/04/18/Waarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=18 April 2011|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.net/?siteKey=PUBX2BuuZfEPJ6vF&amp;callbackUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fprivacy-wall%2Faccept%3FredirectUri%3D%2Fvk%2Fnl%2F2680%2FEconomie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1876925%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2FWaarom-stopt-Philips-met-zelf-televisies-maken.dhtml|url-status=live |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950ع ۾ هن [[فلپس ريڪارڊز]] قائم ڪيو، جيڪو آخرڪار 1962ع ۾ [[پولي گرام]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو. 1963ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ]] آڊيو ٽيپ جو فارميٽ متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو غيرمعمولي ڪامياب ثابت ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ڪيسيٽون آفيسن ۾ [[ڊڪٽيشن مشين]]ن، شارٽ هينڊ لکندڙن ۽ پيشاور صحافين لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون هيون. جيئن جيئن انهن جي آواز جي معيار ۾ بهتري آئي، تيئن تيئن اهي آواز رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون ۽ [[ونائل ريڪارڊ]]ن سان گڏ رڪارڊ ٿيل موسيقي وڪڻڻ جو ٻيو وڏو ذريعو بڻجي ويون.

[[File:PHILIPS D6350.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جو شروعاتي پورٽيبل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر (ماڊل D6350)]]

1966ع ۾ فلپس دنيا جو پهريون گڏيل [[ريڊيو وصول ڪندڙ|پورٽيبل ريڊيو]] ۽ ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن کي ''ريڊيو رڪارڊر'' جي نالي سان مارڪيٽ ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اهو [[بوم باڪس]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪيسيٽون ٽيليفون [[جواب ڏيندڙ مشين]]ن ۾ پڻ استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون، جن ۾ هڪ خاص قسم جي ڪيسيٽ استعمال ٿيندي هئي، جنهن جي ٽيپ بي انتها ڦيري (endless loop) جي صورت ۾ ويڙهيل هوندي هئي. 1970ع ۽ 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ ''سي-ڪيسيٽ'' کي پهرين [[ڊيٽا ذخيرو|ڊيٽا ذخيرو ڪرڻ واري]] وسيلي طور به استعمال ڪيو ويو. فلپس پيشاور ضرورتن لاءِ [[مني ڪيسيٽ]] پڻ تيار ڪئي، پر اها [[اولمپس ڪارپوريشن]] جي [[مائڪرو ڪيسيٽ]] جيتري ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهي.{{Clarify|reason=Provide a comparison in concrete numbers or else restate based upon a properly cited reference.|date=March 2025}} مڪمل طور [[ڊجيٽل ڊڪٽيشن]] مشينن جي اچڻ تائين مني ڪيسيٽ ڊڪٽيشن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ذريعو رهي.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} فلپس 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين [[فلپس ڪمپيوٽرز]] جي نالي سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي تياري پڻ جاري رکي.

1972ع ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ دنيا جو پهريون گهريلو [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]، '''N1500'''، متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips N1500 video recorder, 1972|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8081790/philips-n1500-video-recorder-1972|publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جون نسبتاً وڏيون{{Vague|reason=“Relatively bulky” compared to what? Can you instead provide actual dimensions?|date=March 2025}} ويڊيو ڪيسيٽون 30 يا 45 منٽن تائين رڪارڊنگ ڪري سگهنديون هيون، جڏهن⁠ته بعد ۾ هڪ ڪلاڪ واريون ٽيپون پڻ پيش ڪيون ويون. [[سوني]] جي [[بيٽاميڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڇ ايس]] ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي کان پوءِ فلپس '''N1700''' نظام متعارف ڪرايو، جيڪو ٻيڻي مدت تائين رڪارڊنگ جي سهولت ڏيندو هو. پهريون ڀيرو ٻه ڪلاڪ ڊگهي فلم هڪ ئي ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ تي رڪارڊ ٿي سگهي. 1977ع ۾ ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ هن نظام جي واڌاري لاءِ هڪ خاص تشهيري فلم جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مزاحيه ليکڪ ۽ پيش ڪندڙ [[ڊينس نورڊن]] شامل هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|title=BFI – Film &amp; TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)|work=The [[British Film Institute]] Web Database|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919185932/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/105150|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; جاپاني ٺاهيندڙن جلد ئي هن تصور جي نقل ڪئي، پر انهن جون ٽيپون گهڻيون سستيون هيون. فلپس بعد ۾ [[ويڊيو 2000]] نظام متعارف ڪرائڻ جي آخري ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جون ٽيپون ٻنهي پاسن کان استعمال ٿي سگهنديون هيون ۽ مجموعي طور اٺ ڪلاڪن تائين رڪارڊنگ جي صلاحيت رکندي هيون. پر جيئن ته فلپس اهو نظام رڳو PAL معيار ۽ يورپ تائين محدود رکيو، جڏهن⁠ته جاپاني ڪمپنيون عالمي منڊي ۾ سرگرم هيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي وڏي پيماني واري پيداوار جو مقابلو ممڪن نه رهيو. نتيجي ۾ فلپس ويڊيو 2000 نظام بند ڪري [[وي ايڇ ايس]] اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Video 2000 – Virtual tour of Museum of Failure |url=https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121244/https://collection.museumoffailure.com/philips-video-2000/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips CD-100.JPG|thumb|right|فلپس CD-100، تجارتي طور جاري ٿيندڙ دنيا جو ٻيو [[سي ڊي پليئر]] (سوني جي [[Sony CDP-101|CDP-101]] کان پوءِ)]]

فلپس فلمن جي ورڇ لاءِ شروعاتي دور ۾ ئي [[ليزر ڊسڪ]] تيار ڪري ورتي هئي، پر ويڊيو رڪارڊرن جي وڪرو تي منفي اثر پوڻ جي خدشي سبب ان جي تجارتي شروعات دير سان ڪئي. بعد ۾ فلپس [[ايم سي اي]] سان گڏجي پهريون تجارتي ليزر ڊسڪ معيار ۽ ان جا پليئر متعارف ڪرايا. 1982ع ۾ فلپس ۽ سوني گڏجي [[ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ]] (CD) متعارف ڪرائي؛ هن فارميٽ مان پوءِ [[CD-R]]، [[CD-RW]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]] ۽ بعد ۾ [[بلو-ري]] وجود ۾ آيا، جن کي فلپس سوني سان گڏ ترتيبوار 1997ع ۽ 2006ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|title=Compact Disc is 25 Years Old|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/compact-disk-is/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪيس شائوهمر اِمنڪ]] (جنوري 2004ع ۾ پنهنجي [[ايمي ايوارڊ]] سان)، ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي شعبي ۾ فلپس جو نمايان موجد، جنهن [[سي ڊي]]، [[ڊي وي ڊي]]، [[بلو-ري]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ڪمپيڪٽ ڪيسيٽ|ڊي سي سي]] لاءِ ڪوڊنگ ٽيڪنالاجيون ايجاد ڪيون.]]

1984ع ۾ ڊچ فلپس گروپ جرمن ڪمپني [[گرونڊگ]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٽيون حصيداري خريد ڪئي ۽ ان جو انتظام سنڀالي ورتو. ساڳئي سال فلپس [[فٽو لٿوگرافي]] ذريعي گڏيل سرڪٽن جي تياري واري سامان، يعني ''ويفر اسٽيپر''، سان لاڳاپيل پنهنجو ڪاروبار [[ويلدهوفن]] ۾ قائم [[اي ايس ايم انٽرنيشنل]] سان گڏيل منصوبي جي صورت ۾ '''[[اي ايس ايم ايل]]''' جي نالي سان الڳ ڪيو. وقت سان گڏ هي نئين ڪمپني [[نڪون]] ۽ [[ڪينن]] جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن کي پوئتي ڇڏيندي چپ ٺاهڻ وارين مشينن جي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=ASML’s founding story: our roots in the semiconductor industry |url=https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2024/asml-founding-story |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ASML |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== 1980ع کان 2000ع وارو ڏهاڪو: زوال ===

فلپس بعد ۾ ٻيهر سوني سان ڀائيواري ڪري '''[[سي ڊي-آءِ]]''' نالي هڪ نئون ”انٽرايڪٽو“ ڊسڪ فارميٽ تيار ڪيو، جنهن کي ٻنهي ڪمپنين ”ٽيليويزن سيٽ سان لهه وچڙ ڪرڻ جو نئون طريقو“ قرار ڏنو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_33_1990-06_Future_Publishing_GB|title=ACE – Issue 33 (1990-06)(Future Publishing)(GB)|date=10 June 1990|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي ڊي-آءِ سان مطابقت رکندڙ گهڻا پليئر فلپس تيار ڪيا. گهٽ وڪري کان پوءِ فلپس هن فارميٽ کي [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]] طور ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو، پر گيمنگ برادريءَ ۾ سخت تنقيد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي جلد ئي بند ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |title=The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time |access-date=1 November 2016 |first=Blake|last=Snow |magazine=[[گيم پرو]] |date=5 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035815/http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/111823.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jumping&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|title=Stephen Radosh: An Interview with the Creator of Hotel Mario|author=Samuel Clemens|date=4 July 2022|website=Games Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182426/https://www.gamesreviews.com/news/07/stephen-radosh-a-qa-with-the-creator-of-hotel-mario/|archive-date=5 July 2022|url-status=dead|access-date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس جي [[منافعي جي شرح]] هڪ سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ٿي وئي، جڏهن⁠ته 1990ع ۾ ڪمپني کي ٻه ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ نقصان ٿيو، جيڪو ڊچ تاريخ ۾ ڪنهن به ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان وڏو نقصان هو. ڪمپنيءَ جون مشڪلاتون 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ به جاري رهيون ۽ هڪ اڳواڻ اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيءَ واري ان جي حيثيت تيزيءَ سان ختم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|title=Once bleeding billions, how Philips reinvented itself for the digital age|website=CNA|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921172923/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/philips-reinvented-digital-era-lightbulb-healthcare-technology-9483700|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985ع ۾ فلپس [[ٽي ايس ايم سي]] جو سڀ کان وڏو باني سيڙپڪار بڻيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |title=A Brief History of TSMC |website=semiwiki.com |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027232905/https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/tsmc/1539-a-brief-history-of-tsmc/ |url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا فلپس، تائيوان جي حڪومت ۽ ٻين نجي سيڙپڪارن جي گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪئي وئي هئي.

1990ع ۾ نئين مقرر ٿيل چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر يان ٽمر ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل سمورا ڪاروبار وڪڻڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ڊيٽا سسٽمز ۽ ڪمپيوٽرن سان لاڳاپيل ٻين سرگرمين جو خاتمو ٿيو. 1991ع ۾ اهي ڪاروبار ڊجيٽل اڪيوپمينٽ ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1842013 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو ''اين. وي. فلپس گلوئيلامپن فابريڪن'' مان بدلائي ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|title=Name change to Philips Electronics N.V.|newspaper=Het Parool|access-date=3 March 2020 |date=28 February 1991|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074145/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;identifier=ABCDDD:010833416:mpeg21:a0218|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساڳئي وقت نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس کي باضابطه طور ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ''فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس نارٿ آمريڪا ڪارپوريشن'' نالي هڪ نئون ڪارپوريٽ شعبو قائم ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade catalogs from Philips |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121253/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/SILNMAHTL_32117 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1997ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جي عملدارن هيڊڪوارٽر آئيندهوفن کان [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] منتقل ڪرڻ ۽ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''ڪوننڪليڪه فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس اين. وي.'' رکڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. نالي جي تبديليءَ جو عمل 16 مارچ 1998ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0329b2a|title=Philips gaat aan naam eindelijk het woord Koninklijke toevoegen|date=17 February 1998|website=Trouw|access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1997ع ۾ فلپس سي اي ايس ۽ سي بٽ نمائش ۾ پهريون وڏي ماپ وارو، يعني 42 انچ، تجارتي طور دستياب هموار پردي وارو ٽيليويزن متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن ۾ فوجٽسو جا پلازما پردا استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lesechos.fr/1997/04/philips-et-thomson-en-position-dattente-811858 | title=Philips et Thomson en position d'attente | work=Les Echos | date=9 April 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=18644 | title=20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1996/Nov/28-e.html | title=Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ نواڻ کي هٿي ڏيڻ لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي اندر سلڪون ويلي ۾ قائم ''ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ'' ٺاهيو. هن گروپ کي اهڙي ڪاروباري پرورشگاهه طور جوڙيو ويو، جتي امڪاني طور ڪامياب ٽيڪنالاجين ۽ شين کي ترقي ڏئي سگهجي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=13 June 2001|title=Scott McGregor to become new President and CEO of Philips Semiconductors|url=https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210458/https://smtnet.com/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_news&amp;news_id=1542|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|website=smtnet.com|location=[[ايمسٽرڊيم]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lineback|first=J. Robert|date=19 October 2001|title=Philips Semi's new emerging business GM hunts for something new|work=EE Times|location=San Jose|url=https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101213/https://www.eetimes.com/philips-semis-new-emerging-business-gm-hunts-for-something-new/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هيڊڪوارٽر جي ايمسٽرڊيم منتقلي 2001ع ۾ مڪمل ٿي. شروعات ۾ ڪمپني [[ريمبرانٽ ٽاور]] ۾ قائم هئي. 2002ع ۾ اها بريٽنر ٽاور منتقل ٿي وئي. فلپس لائٽنگ، [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس ريسرچ]]، [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جنهن کي سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ اين ايڪس پي طور الڳ ڪيو ويو، ۽ فلپس ڊزائن اڃا تائين آئيندهوفن ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جا هيڊڪوارٽر [[بيسٽ، نيدرلينڊز]]، جيڪو آئيندهوفن جي ويجهو آهي، ۽ [[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]]، جيڪو [[بوسٽن]] جي اتر ۾ آهي، ٻنهي هنڌن تي قائم آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MarkHub24 |date=2026-03-31 |title=How Philips Turned Near-Bankruptcy in 1895 Into 134 Years of Innovation From Light Bulbs to Life-Saving Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/how-philips-turned-near-bankruptcy-in-1895-into-134-years-of-innovation-from-light-bulbs-to-life-sav |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾ فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]] [[برقي ڏندن جي برش]] ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيوا ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪئي. ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر'' رکيو ويو ۽ ان کي فلپس ڊي اي پي جي ماتحت ڪمپني بڻايو ويو. 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جو هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ ٻه ارب يورو ۾ خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|title=Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group|website=The Free Library |date=1 August 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075053/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philips+Completes+Acquisition+Agilent+Technologies%27+Healthcare...-a076902583|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2001ع ۾ فلپس [[ايل جي]] سان گڏجي ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽر ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ايل جي. فلپس ڊسپليز]] نالي گڏيل منصوبو قائم ڪيو. ساڳئي سال ايمرجنگ بزنسز گروپ جي آمدني لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ارب ڊالرن تائين پهچائڻ کان پوءِ [[اسڪاٽ اي. ميڪگريگر]] کي فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو نئون صدر ۽ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪيو ويو. ميڪگريگر جي مقرريءَ سان ڪمپنيءَ جي پنجن ئي پيداواري شعبن لاءِ الڳ الڳ چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر مقرر ڪرڻ وارو عمل مڪمل ٿيو، جنهن سان انتظامي بورڊ کي مجموعي فلپس گروپ کي درپيش معاملن تي ڌيان ڏيڻ جي آزادي ملي.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; فيبروري 2001ع ۾ فلپس بيٽرين جي تياريءَ ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري ان وقت جي ڀائيوار [[ماتسوشيتا]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏي، جنهن جو نالو پاڻ 2008ع ۾ بدلائي [[پيناسونڪ]] رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |title=Philips Sells Interest in Battery Manufacturing to Matsushita |last=Shephard |first=Jeff |work=eepower.com |date=20 February 2001 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052203/https://eepower.com/news/philips-sells-interest-in-battery-manufacturing-to-matsushita/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panasonic1&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|title=Matsushita Electric to Change Name to Panasonic Corporation |location=Osaka, Japan |publisher=Panasonic Corporation|date=1 October 2008|access-date=3 October 2008|archive-date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818153136/http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en080110-6/en080110-6.html|url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Philips sense and simplicity.svg|thumb|right|فلپس جو 2004ع وارو نعرو]]

2004ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو نعرو ''“Let’s make things better”''، يعني ”اچو ته شين کي بهتر بڻايون“، ڇڏي ان جي جاءِ تي نئون نعرو ''“Sense and Simplicity”''، يعني ”سمجهه ۽ سادگي“، اختيار ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|title = Philips CEO Kleisterlee Sees Good in Bad First-Quarter Results|website = [[فوربز]]|access-date = 22 February 2022|archive-date = 24 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224205748/https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/18/0418autofacescan01.html?sh=2625c7f15e39|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجو مانيٽر ڪاروبار [[ٽي پي وي ٽيڪنالاجي]] کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ٽي پي وي کي فلپس مانيٽر برانڊ جو لائسنس پڻ مليو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m3693_20050805_20310_en.pdf |format=PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=22 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊسمبر 2005ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر شعبي کي وڪڻڻ يا ڪمپنيءَ کان الڳ ڪرڻ جي ارادي جو اعلان ڪيو. پهرين سيپٽمبر 2006ع تي برلن ۾ اعلان ڪيو ويو ته هن شعبي مان ٺهندڙ نئين ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] هوندو. 2 آگسٽ 2006ع تي فلپس اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز ۾ 80.1 سيڪڙو ڪنٽرولنگ حصيداري [[نجي حصيداري سرمائي]] جي سيڙپڪارن تي ٻڌل هڪ اتحاد کي وڪڻڻ جو معاهدو مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[ڪولبرگ ڪراوس رابرٽس اينڊ ڪمپني]]، [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] ۽ [[الپ انويسٽ پارٽنرز]] شامل هئا. 21 آگسٽ 2006ع تي [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] ۽ [[ايپيڪس پارٽنرز]] اعلان ڪيو ته هنن خريد ڪندڙ اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ حتمي واعدن تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن. اهو عمل پهرين آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

2006ع ۾ فلپس [[فريمنگهم، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]] کي 750 ملين ڊالرن جي معاهدي تحت خريد ڪيو. اهو صارف صحت واري ڪاروبار کي وڌائڻ لاءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو ان وقت تائين سڀ کان وڏو قدم هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|title= Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health|newspaper= The Wall Street Journal|date= 20 January 2006|access-date= 7 April 2018|archive-date= 6 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135952/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113765652747250681|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي طبي معلوماتيات واري شعبي لاءِ [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ قائم زيمس انڪارپوريٽڊ خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|title=Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market|website=Finanznachrichten.de|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212815/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-08/8833411-philips-to-acquire-healthcare-informatics-company-ximis-inc-to-strengthen-presence-in-the-healthcare-information-technology-market-004.htm|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; آڪٽوبر 2007ع ۾ فلپس ٽي پي ايل گروپ کان مور مائڪروپروسيسر پيٽنٽ پورٽ فوليو جو لائسنس خريد ڪيو.

21 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي فلپس ۽ [[ريسپيرونڪس]] هڪ حتمي معاهدي جو اعلان ڪيو، جنهن تحت فلپس ريسپيرونڪس جا سمورا رهيل شيئر في شيئر 66 آمريڪي ڊالرن جي قيمت تي خريد ڪيا. هن خريداريءَ جي مجموعي نقد قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 3.6 ارب يورو، يعني 5.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516125532/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/about/news/press/20071221_pressrelease_respironics.page_20071221_pressrelease_respironics|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|title=News center |website=Arquivo.pt|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. ان مقصد لاءِ فلپس پنهنجي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وِزيڪيو ۾ ضم ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ وِزيڪيو فلپس جي اڻ سڌي طرح مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي. وِزيڪيو ''اي آءِ سي يو'' تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان [[ٽيلي ميڊيسن]] استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |title=Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU |location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands |publisher=Philips |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911192059/http://www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/about/news/press/20080221_completion_visicu.wpd |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ايڪويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ [[فلپس نيچرڪونڊگ ليبارٽريئم|فلپس جي طبيعيات واري ليبارٽري]] جو دائرو گهٽايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪمپني [[بنيادي تحقيق]] ذريعي صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ۾ نواڻ آڻڻ جي ڪوشش ختم ڪري ڇڏي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;''[[اين آر سي هينڊلسبلاڊ]]''، 4 سيپٽمبر 2010ع، ''Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover''، [http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html ڊچ اصل] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919072337/http://apps.nrc.nl/demo-zaterdag/20100904___/3_17/article3.html |date=19 September 2020}}:&quot; 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..] De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

2010ع ۾ فلپس [[آءِ ايف اي برلن]] صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ميلي ۾ هوا جي گردش سان پچائيندڙ اوون جو ''ايئر فرائير'' برانڊ متعارف ڪرايو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 September 2010 |title=Philips debuts the Airfryer – crispy fries without the fat |url=https://newatlas.com/philips-debuts-airfryer/16229/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=25 January 2022 |title=How the Air Fryer Crisped Its Way Into America's Heart |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/dining/air-fryer.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=exnovate&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|title=History of the Air Fryer|website=exnovate.org|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121453/https://www.exnovate.org/airfryer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت لاءِ پرزا چونڊي مقرر هنڌ تي رکڻ واريون مشينون ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجي اسيمبليون ماتحت ڪمپنيءَ کي وڪڻڻ جو اعلان پڻ ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18431 | title=Philips intends to sell the majority of Assembléon|website=Evertiq.com | date=26 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://evertiq.com/news/18647 | title=Assembléon: 'We can – and will – only get better'|website=Evertiq.com | date=7 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس 2011ع دوران ڪيتريون ئي ڪمپنيون خريد ڪيون. 5 جنوري 2011ع تي هن ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل روشنيءَ جا اوزار ٺاهيندڙ اوپٽيمم لائٽنگ خريد ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CapEQ {{!}} Optimum Lighting|url=https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=CapEQ|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125234012/https://capeq.com/experience/philips-acquires-optimum-lighting/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2011ع ۾ فلپس ڀارت جي هڪ اهم باورچي خاني جي اوزارن واري ڪمپني پريٿي جا اثاثا خريد ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |title=Philips to merge Preethi biz in future |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111171509/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/philips-to-merge-preethi-bizfuture_753834.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 جون 2011ع تي فلپس [[سيڪٽرا اي بي]] جو ميموگرافي وارو شعبو، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، خريد ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|title=Sectra news and press releases – Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal|website=Sectra.com|access-date=8 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422132020/http://www.sectra.com/medical/press/press_releases/en/medical/2016/2011/item/Sectra-and-Philips-sign-large-mammography-modality-acquisition-deal(631887)|archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2011ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ خالص منافعو 85 سيڪڙو گهٽجڻ کان پوءِ، فلپس منافعو وڌائڻ ۽ پنهنجا مالي هدف حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ 800 ملين يورو، يعني 1.1 ارب ڊالر، خرچ گهٽائڻ واري منصوبي جي حصي طور 4,500 نوڪريون ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |title=Philips to cut 4,500 jobs |newspaper=[[دي گارڊين]] |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510232250/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/17/philips-cut-4500-jobs-profits |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2011ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي 1.3 ارب يورو نقصان ٿيو، پر 2012ع جي پهرين ۽ ٻي ٽه ماهيءَ ۾ هن خالص منافعو ڪمايو. تنهن هوندي به انتظاميا خرچن ۾ 1.1 ارب يورو گهٽتائي ڪرڻ گهري ٿي، جيڪا اڳوڻي 800 ملين يورو واري هدف کان وڌيڪ هئي، ۽ 2014ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 2,200 نوڪريون ختم ٿيڻ جو امڪان هو.

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==

=== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 1891ع–1922ع: [[گيرارڊ فلپس]]
* 1922ع–1939ع: [[انٽون فلپس]]
* 1939ع–1961ع: [[فرانس اوٽن]]
* 1961ع–1971ع: [[فرٽس فلپس]]
* 1971ع–1977ع: {{ill|هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ (واپاري شخصيت)|nl|Henk van Riemsdijk|lt=هينڪ فان ريمسڊائڪ}}
* 1977ع–1981ع: نيڪو روڊنبرگ
* 1982ع–1986ع: [[وِسي ڊيڪر]]
* 1986ع–1990ع: ڪور فان ڊير ڪلگٽ
* 1990ع–1996ع: يان ٽمر
* 1996ع–2001ع: [[ڪور بونسٽرا]]
* 2001ع–2011ع: [[گيرارڊ ڪلائيسٽرلي]]
* 2011ع–2022ع: [[فرانس فان هائوٽن]]
* 2022ع–هاڻوڪو: راءِ ياڪوبس

روشنيءَ واري شعبي جا چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر:

* 2003ع–2008ع: ٿيو فان ڊورسن
* 2012ع–2016ع: ايرڪ رونڊولاٽ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signify announces that CEO Eric Rondolat will step down after the AGM 2025 |url=https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-announces-that-ceo-eric-rondolat-will-step-down-after-the-agm-2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Signify |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== چيف فنانشل آفيسر ===

اڳوڻا ۽ هاڻوڪا چيف فنانشل آفيسر:

* 1960ع–1968ع: ڪور ڊلن
* –1997ع: [[ڊڊلي يوسٽس]]
* 1997ع–2005ع: يان هومن&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jan Hommen |url=https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/jan-hommen/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008ع–2015ع: رون ويراهاڊيراڪسا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ron Wirahadiraksa to join LafargeHolcim as new Chief Financial Officer |url=https://www.holcim.com/media/media-releases/ron-wirahadiraksa-join-lafargeholcim-new-chief-financial-officer |website=Holcim |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015ع–2024ع: اڀيجيِت ڀٽاچاريا
* 2024ع–هاڻوڪو: شارلٽ هينمن

=== انتظامي ڪاميٽي ===

ذريعو:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Committee|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052205/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/executive-committee.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر: راءِ ياڪوبس
* چيف فنانشل آفيسر: شارلٽ هينمن
* چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر: وليم اپيلو
* ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ حڪمراني ۽ قانوني معاملن جو سربراهه: مارنڪس فان گنيڪن
* مريضن جي حفاظت ۽ معيار جو سربراهه: اسٽيو سي دا باڪا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ڳنڍيل سارسنڀال): جوليا اسٽرينڊبرگ
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (ذاتي صحت): ديپٿا کنا
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (تصوير جي رهنمائيءَ هيٺ علاج): برٽ فان ميورس
* ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه (درست تشخيص): جي شوئي
* بين الاقوامي علائقن جو سربراهه: اوزلم فيدانجي
* نواڻ ۽ حڪمت عمليءَ جو سربراهه ۽ انٽرپرائز معلوماتيات واري ڪاروباري شعبي جو سربراهه: شيز پارٽووي
* علائقائي سربراهه (گريٽر چائنا): لنگ ليو
* علائقائي سربراهه (اتر آمريڪا): جيف ڊي لولو
* انساني وسيلن جو سربراهه: هائيدي سيچين

=== خريد ڪيل ڪمپنيون ===

فلپس طرفان مختلف وقتن تي خريد ڪيل ڪمپنين ۾ [[اي ڊي اي سي ليبارٽريز]]، [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ايجلنٽ]] هيلٿ ڪيئر سلوشنز گروپ، [[ايمپيريڪس اليڪٽرانڪ|ايمپيريڪس]]، اي ٽي ايل الٽراسائونڊ، [[ايڪو]]، [[لائف لائن سسٽمز]]، [[ميگناووڪس]]، مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، [[ملارڊ]]، [[سونيڪيئر|اوپٽيوا]]، پريٿي، [[پاءِ (اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپني)|پاءِ]]، [[ريسپيرونڪس]]، سيڪٽرا ماميا اي بي، [[سگنيٽڪس]]، [[ٽيليٽرول]]، وِزيڪيو، وولڪينو، [[وي ايل ايس آءِ ٽيڪنالاجي]]، زيمس، [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ ڪارپوريشن|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جا ڪجهه حصا ۽ [[فلڪو]] ۽ [[سلوينيا اليڪٽرڪ پراڊڪٽس|سلوينيا]] جا صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪاروبار شامل آهن. فلپس سلوينيا واپاري نشان ڇڏي ڏنو، جيڪو هاڻي آسٽريليا، ڪئناڊا، ميڪسيڪو، [[نيوزيلينڊ]]، [[پورٽو ريڪو]] ۽ آمريڪا جي باقي حصن کان سواءِ [[هيولز سلوينيا]] جي ملڪيت آهي؛ انهن علائقن ۾ اهو [[اوسرام]] جي ملڪيت آهي.

نومبر 1999ع ۾ فلپس ۽ [[ايجلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي برابر حصيداريءَ واري گڏيل منصوبي طور قائم ڪيل [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] ٺاهيندڙ [[لوميليڊز]]، آگسٽ 2005ع ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي ماتحت ڪمپني ۽ ڊسمبر 2006ع ۾ مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|title=Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds|last=Whitaker|first=Tim|date=19 August 2005|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102111/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2005/08/analysis-philips-acquires-controlling-stake-in-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|title=Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds|date=1 January 2007|website=ledsmagazine.com|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102134/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/01/philips-announces-100-ownership-of-lumileds.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017ع ۾ لوميليڊز جي 80.1 سيڪڙو حصيداري اپولو گلوبل مينيجمينٽ کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|title=Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction|website=Lumileds|language=en|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011032/https://www.lumileds.com/news/284/50/Lumileds-Officially-an-Independent-Company-as-Funds-Affiliated-with-Apollo-Global-Management-and-Philips-Complete-Transaction|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2017ع تي فلپس ٽام ٽيڪ اميجنگ سسٽمز جي ايم بي ايڇ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو. سيپٽمبر 2018ع تي فلپس ٻڌايو ته هن ڪئناڊا ۾ قائم بليو وِلو سسٽمز خريد ڪئي آهي، جيڪا بزرگن جي رهائشي برادرين لاءِ ڪلائوڊ تي ٻڌل رهواسين جي حفاظتي پليٽفارم جي ڊولپر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips acquires Blue Willow senior living platform |website=Canadian Healthcare Technology |url=https://www.canhealth.com/2018/10/03/philips-acquires-blue-willow-senior-living-platform/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 مارچ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها ڪيئر اسٽريم هيلٿ انڪارپوريٽڊ جو هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميشن سسٽمز ڪاروبار خريد ڪري رهي آهي. ڪيئر اسٽريم آمريڪا ۾ قائم اسپتالن، تصويرڪشي مرڪزن ۽ خصوصي طبي ڪلينڪن لاءِ طبي تصويرڪشي ۽ صحت جي معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its radiology informatics portfolio with the acquisition of the Healthcare Information Systems business of Carestream Health|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052206/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190307-philips-to-expand-its-radiology-informatics-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-the-healthcare-information-systems-business-of-carestream-health.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

18 جولاءِ 2019ع تي فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته هن بوسٽن ۾ قائم نئين ڪمپني ميڊومو کي خريد ڪري آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي مريضن جي انتظام واري حلن کي وسيع ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips expands its patient management solutions in the US with the acquisition of Medumo|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052207/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190718-philips-expands-its-patient-management-solutions-in-the-us-with-the-acquisition-of-medumo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 27 آگسٽ 2020ع تي فلپس آمريڪا ۾ قائم انٽيڪٽ ويسڪيولر انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪا گهٽ ۾ گهٽ چيرڦاڙ وارن پردي رت جي نالين جي طبي طريقيڪارن لاءِ اوزار تيار ڪندي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its image-guided therapy devices portfolio through acquisition of Intact Vascular|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200827-philips-to-expand-its-image-guided-therapy-devices-portfolio-through-acquisition-of-intact-vascular.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 ڊسمبر 2020ع تي فلپس ۽ آمريڪا ۾ قائم پري کان دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ جا حل فراهم ڪندڙ اهم ڪمپني بايو ٽيلي ميٽري انڪارپوريٽڊ اعلان ڪيو ته هنن هڪ حتمي انضمام واري معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to become a global leader in patient care management solutions for the hospital and the home through the acquisition of BioTelemetry, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20201218-philips-to-become-a-global-leader-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-and-the-home-through-the-acquisition-of-biotelemetry-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 جنوري 2021ع تي فلپس اسپتالن ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين تنظيمن لاءِ طبي اوزارن جي انضمام ۽ ڊيٽا ٽيڪنالاجيون فراهم ڪندڙ ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز انڪارپوريٽڊ جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its leadership inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9 نومبر 2021ع تي فلپس پنهنجي دل جي تشخيص ۽ نگرانيءَ واري مصنوعات جي سلسلي کي وسيع ڪرڻ لاءِ مصنوعي ذهانت تي ٻڌل دل جي تشخيص واري ٽيڪنالاجيءَ جي ڊولپر ڪارڊيولاگس جي خريداريءَ جو اعلان ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Philips to expand its cardiac diagnostics and monitoring portfolio with the acquisition of Cardiologs|url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Philips|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052208/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20211108-philips-to-expand-its-cardiac-diagnostics-and-monitoring-portfolio-with-the-acquisition-of-cardiologs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارروايون ==

فلپس نيدرلينڊز ۾ هڪ ''[[نام لوز فيننوٽسخاپ]]''، يعني عوامي ڪارپوريشن، طور رجسٽر ٿيل آهي ۽ ان جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ايمسٽرڊيم]] ۾ قائم آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PHG:NYSE?fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|title=Annual Report 2014|access-date=19 August 2012|publisher=Philips|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115326/http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:PHG&amp;fstype=ii&amp;ei=aX5ZVergDMPGugSJo4DoBg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين فلپس وٽ 111 پيداواري سهولتون، 26 ملڪن ۾ 59 تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ جون سهولتون ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملڪن ۾ وڪري ۽ خدمتن جون ڪارروايون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.annualreport2013.philips.com/content/interactive_worldmap/index_en.html#global_presence-1|title=Interactive world maps|website=|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس کي ٽن مکيه شعبن ۾ منظم ڪيو ويو آهي: [[فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس ۽ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز اينڊ پرسنل ڪيئر هو؛ فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز هو؛ ۽ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو اڳوڻو شعبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع ۾ فلپس جي مجموعي آمدني 22.579{{nbsp}}ارب يورو هئي، جنهن مان 8.852{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، 7.638{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس لائٽنگ، 5.823{{nbsp}}ارب يورو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۽ 266{{nbsp}}ملين يورو گروپ جي ٻين سرگرمين مان حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; 2011ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تي فلپس جا مجموعي ملازم 121,888 هئا، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 44 سيڪڙو فلپس لائٽنگ، 31 سيڪڙو فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر ۽ 15 سيڪڙو فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل ۾ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي بعد ۾ الڳ ڪري [[سگنيفاءِ]] نالي نئين ڪمپني بڻايو ويو، جيڪا لائسنس تحت فلپس جو برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿي.

فلپس 2011ع ۾ تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ تي مجموعي طور 1.61{{nbsp}}ارب يورو سيڙپ ڪيا، جيڪا وڪري جي 7.10 سيڪڙو جي برابر هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; فلپس انٽيليڪچوئل پراپرٽي اينڊ اسٽينڊرڊز سڄي گروپ ۾ لائسنس ڏيڻ، واپاري نشانن جي تحفظ ۽ [[پيٽنٽ]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي ذميوار شاخ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Nieuwhof, Marc |url=http://www.ip.philips.com/ |title=IP.Philips.com |website=IP.Philips.com |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065751/https://www.ip.philips.com/about/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 54,000 پيٽنٽ حق، 39,000 واپاري نشان، 70,000 ڊزائن حق ۽ 4,400 ڊومين نالن جون رجسٽريشنون آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;annrep&quot; /&gt; [[عالمي ذهني ملڪيت تنظيم]] جي سالياني ''عالمي ذهني ملڪيت اشارا'' جي 2024ع واري جائزي ۾ فلپس 2023ع دوران [[صنعتي ڊزائن]] جون 294 رجسٽريشنون [[صنعتي ڊزائنن جي بين الاقوامي جمع بابت هيگ معاهدو|هيگ نظام]] تحت شايع ڪرائڻ جي لحاظ کان دنيا ۾ ستين نمبر تي رهيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hague Yearly Review 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-930-2024-en-hague-yearly-review-2024.pdf |website=wipo.int|publisher=WIPO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ايشيا ===

==== ٿائيلينڊ ====

فلپس ٿائيلينڊ 1952ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. اها هڪ ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال، طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪري ٿي. فلپس 1960ع ۾ تاپديپت بلبن جي ڪارخاني سان ٿائيلينڊ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي. فلپس بعد ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري سهولتن کي وڌائي فلوريسنٽ بلبن جو ڪارخانو ۽ روشنيءَ جي اوزارن جو ڪارخانو پڻ قائم ڪيو، جيڪي ٿائي ۽ عالمي منڊين جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |title=Philips Electronics (Thailand) Ltd |access-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815185051/http://www.ntccthailand.org/job-webboard/thai-graduate-program/241-philips-electronics-thailand-ltd |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== هانگ ڪانگ ====

&lt;!-- Philips HK also is listed as a separate country on Philips' official website. Also, a significant portion of this session is about Philips Hong Kong from 1948 to 1997, when Hong Kong was separated from China. --&gt;[[File:HKSP PhilipsElectronicsBldg.jpg|thumb|[[هانگ ڪانگ سائنس پارڪ]] ۾ فلپس جي عمارت، آگسٽ 2006ع]]

فلپس هانگ ڪانگ 1948ع ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ فلپس جي آڊيو ڪاروباري شعبي جو عالمي هيڊڪوارٽر قائم آهي. هتي فلپس جو [[ايشيا پئسفڪ]] علائقائي دفتر ۽ ان جي ڊزائن شعبي، گهريلو اوزارن ۽ ذاتي سنڀال وارين شين جي شعبي، روشنيءَ جي شين واري شعبي ۽ طبي نظامن جي شين واري شعبي جا هيڊڪوارٽر پڻ قائم آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|title=(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)|website=Philips.com.hk|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085441/http://www.philips.com.hk/about/company/local/index.page|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1974ع ۾ فلپس هانگ ڪانگ ۾ بلبن جو ڪارخانو کوليو. هن ڪارخاني جي سالياني پيداواري گنجائش 200{{nbsp}}ملين ٽڪرا آهي ۽ ان کي [[آءِ ايس او 9000|آءِ ايس او 9001:2000]] ۽ [[آءِ ايس او 14000|آءِ ايس او 14001]] جي تصديق حاصل آهي. هن جي پيداوار ۾ پري فوڪس، لينس اينڊ ۽ E10 ننڍڙا بلب شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.com.hk&quot;/&gt;

==== چين ====

فلپس 1987ع ۾ بيجنگ ريڊيو فيڪٽري سان گڏ 50/50 حصيداريءَ جي بنياد تي بيجنگ فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو ڪارپوريشن (北京飞利浦有限公司) نالي پنهنجي پهرين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني قائم ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد بيجنگ ۾ صارف آڊيو اليڪٽرانڪس جون شيون تيار ڪرڻ هو. 1990ع ۾ [[جوهاي]]، [[گوانگڊونگ]] ۾ هڪ ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو خاص طور [[فليشيو]] ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون تيار ڪندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|title=珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝|website=Qixin.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408010333/http://www.qixin.com/company/72a62d25-5108-4ef1-b9f0-8ed7816f8612?token=6634d44741ea2a3640fcc99c4f9032c6&amp;from=bkdt|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع جي شروعات ۾ رائل فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جي شاخ فلپس لائٽنگ [[شنگهائي]] ۾ هڪ ننڍو انجنيئرنگ مرڪز کوليو، جنهن جو مقصد ڪمپنيءَ جي شين کي ايشيا ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ گاڏين سان مطابقت ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china Philips opens lighting center in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055343/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080501/ANE02/748157025/philips-opens-lighting-center-in-china |date=20 November 2018}} Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt; موجوده وقت ۾،{{when|date=September 2024}} فلپس جون چين ۾ 27 مڪمل پرڏيهي ملڪيت واريون يا گڏيل منصوبي واريون ڪمپنيون آهن، جن ۾ 17,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ملازم آهن. چين فلپس جي ٻي وڏي منڊي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |title=Philips (China) Investment Co. Ltd. |website=The European Union Chamber of Commerce in China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111623/http://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/business-directory/9942 |archive-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڀارت ====

فلپس 1930ع ۾ ڀارت ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون، جڏهن [[ڪولڪتا]]، جيڪو ان وقت ڪلڪتو سڏبو هو، ۾ درآمد ٿيل فلپس بلبن جي وڪري لاءِ '''فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني (انڊيا) پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ''' قائم ڪئي وئي. 1938ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ بلبن جي تياريءَ جو پنهنجو پهريون ڀارتي ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو. 1948ع ۾ فلپس ڪولڪتا ۾ ريڊيو ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيا. 1959ع ۾ [[پوني]] جي ويجهو ريڊيو جو ٻيو ڪارخانو قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 2006ع ۾ بند ڪري وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 1957ع ۾ ڪمپنيءَ کي عوامي محدود ڪمپنيءَ ۾ تبديل ڪري ان جو نالو ''فلپس انڊيا لميٽيڊ'' رکيو ويو. 1970ع ۾ پوني جي ويجهو پمپري ۾ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جو هڪ نئون ڪارخانو ڪم ڪرڻ لڳو. 2012ع ۾ چاڪن، پوني ۾ پڻ هڪ پيداواري سهولت قائم ڪئي وئي. 1996ع ۾ [[بنگلور]] ۾ فلپس سافٽ ويئر سينٽر قائم ٿيو، جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ فلپس انوويشن ڪيمپس رکيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |title=About Us |website=Philips Innovation Campus |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719085246/http://www.bangalore.philips.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2008ع ۾ فلپس انڊيا پاڻي صاف ڪندڙ اوزارن جي منڊي ۾ داخل ٿيو. 2014ع ۾ ٽرسٽ ريسرچ ايڊوائزري جي ''برانڊ ٽرسٽ رپورٽ'' موجب فلپس ڀارت جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳن برانڊن ۾ ٻارهين نمبر تي هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|title =India's Most Trusted Brands 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html|archive-date =2 May 2015 |access-date =29 October 2014 |website=Trust Advisory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هاڻي فلپس انڊيا صحت جي سارسنڀال جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متنوع ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي ۽ طبي تصويرڪشي، ننڊ ۽ ساهه جي سنڀال وارين شين، الٽراسائونڊ، نگراني ۽ تجزياتي اوزارن ۽ علاجي سنڀال وارين شين تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي. 2020ع ۾ فلپس [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] سبب انتهائي نگهداشت وارن بسترن جي وڌندڙ گهرج پوري ڪرڻ ۾ طبي عملي جي مدد لاءِ موبائل انتهائي نگهداشت وارا شعبا متعارف ڪرايا.

==== اسرائيل ====

فلپس 1948ع کان اسرائيل ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ 1998ع ۾ فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس (اسرائيل) لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي. اسرائيل ۾ ڪمپنيءَ جا 700 کان وڌيڪ ملازم آهن ۽ 2007ع ۾ ان 300{{nbsp}}ملين ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ وڪرو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Palestine – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.co.il/
| access-date = 1 May 2010
| website = Philips.co.il
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803204829/http://www.philips.co.il/
| archive-date = 3 August 2010
| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ٽيڪنالاجيز لميٽيڊ، [[حيفا]]، [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]]، تشخيصي نظامن ۽ [[طبي تصويرڪشي]] جي نظامن جي ڊولپر ۽ ٺاهيندڙ آهي. اها ڪمپني 1969ع ۾ [[ايلرون اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريز]] طرفان [[ايلسنٽ]] جي نالي سان قائم ڪئي وئي. ان کي 1998ع ۾ مارڪوني ميڊيڪل سسٽمز خريد ڪيو، جنهن کي پاڻ فلپس 2001ع ۾ خريد ڪيو. فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جون اڳ اسرائيل ۾ وڏيون ڪارروايون هيون؛ اهي هاڻي [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]] جو حصو آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Medical Systems Technologies Israel Ltd. - IVC Data &amp; Insights |url=https://www.ivc-online.com/Google-Card?id=2d83b76f-9047-e211-8374-00155d32a408 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Ivc-online.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1{{nbsp}}آگسٽ 2019ع تي فلپس اونڪس ڪارپوريشن کان ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس شعبو خريد ڪيو. خريداريءَ جي حصي طور اسرائيل جي رعنانا ۾ قائم الگوتيڪ سسٽمز لميٽيڊ، جيڪو ڪيئر اسٽريم ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو تحقيق ۽ ترقيءَ وارو شعبو هو، شيئرن جي معاهدي تحت نئين ملڪيت ۾ هليو ويو. ان کان سواءِ الگوتيڪ جو نالو بدلائي فلپس الگوتيڪ رکيو ويو ۽ اهو فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس جو حصو بڻيو. فلپس ايڇ سي آءِ ايس طبي تصويرڪشي نظامن جو فراهم ڪندڙ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carestream Health To Sell its Healthcare IT Business To Philips |url=https://www.carestream.com/en/us/newsandevents/news-releases/2019/philips-to-acquire-carestream-health-it-business |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Carestream.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== پاڪستان ====

فلپس 1948ع کان پاڪستان ۾ سرگرم آهي ۽ ان جي فلپس پاڪستان لميٽيڊ نالي مڪمل ملڪيت واري ماتحت ڪمپني آهي، جنهن جو اڳوڻو نالو فلپس اليڪٽريڪل انڊسٽريز آف پاڪستان لميٽيڊ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = Philips Pakistan – Company Overview
| url = http://www.philips.com.pk/
| access-date = 17 October 2011
| website = Philips.com.pk
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013080053/http://www.philips.com.pk/
| archive-date = 13 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان جو مرڪزي دفتر [[ڪراچي]] ۾ آهي، جڏهن⁠تہ علائقائي وڪري جا دفتر [[لاهور]] ۽ [[راولپنڊي]] ۾ قائم آهن.

==== سنگاپور ====

[[File:Philips Singapore HQ.JPG|thumb|سيپٽمبر 2006ع ۾ ٽوا پائيو ۾ فلپس سنگاپور جي اڳوڻي هيڊڪوارٽر واري ڪمپليڪس جو هڪ حصو؛ هن مخصوص عمارت واري هنڌ تي جون 2016ع ۾ فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو]]

فلپس 1951ع ۾ سنگاپور ۾ پنهنجون ڪارروايون شروع ڪيون. شروعات ۾ اها درآمد ڪيل فلپس شين جي مقامي [[ورهاست (مارڪيٽنگ)|ورهائيندڙ]] هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0326862D:SP | title=Philips Singapore Pte Ltd – Company Profile and News | website=[[بلومبرگ نيوز]] | access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; بعد ۾ فلپس ترتيبوار 1968ع ۽ 1970ع ۾ [[بون ڪينگ|بون ڪينگ روڊ]] ۽ [[جورونگ|جورونگ صنعتي علائقي]] ۾ پيداواري مرڪز قائم ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | title=&quot;50 Made in Singapore Products&quot; Exhibition at the National Museum of Singapore | date=25 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060907/https://remembersingapore.org/2015/07/25/50-made-in-singapore-products-exhibition/ | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1972ع کان ان جو علائقائي هيڊڪوارٽر مرڪزي [[سنگاپور جا نوان شهر|ايڇ ڊي بي شهر]] [[ٽوا پائيو]] ۾ قائم آهي. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي کان 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين هي مرڪز پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل چئن عمارتن تي ٻڌل هو، جن ۾ دفتر ۽ ڪارخاني جون جايون شامل هيون. 2016ع ۾ 1972ع وارين اڳوڻين عمارتن مان هڪ جي هنڌ تي فلپس جو نئون ايشيا پئسفڪ هيڊڪوارٽر کوليو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | title=Witness the unveiling of our new APAC Center | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831105522/https://www.philips.com.sg/a-w/apaccenter/innoexp-articles/workplace-innovation/witness-the-unveiling-of-our-new-apac-center.html | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | title=Philips | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804230420/http://www.laudarchitects.com/philips | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== يورپ ===

==== ڊينمارڪ ====

فلپس ڊينمارڪ 1927ع ۾ [[ڪوپن هيگن]] ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[فريڊرڪسبرگ]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3972924Z:DC |title=Philips Danmark A/S – Company Profile and News |website=Bloomberg.com |date= |access-date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1963ع ۾ فلپس [[اماگر]] ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ ليبارٽري قائم ڪئي، جيڪا 1989ع ۾ [[برونڊبي ميونسپلٽي]] منتقل ڪئي وئي. هتي انجنيئرن ايرڪ هيلمر نيلسن ۽ {{ill|فن هينڊل|da}} (1939ع–2011ع) فلپس جا ڪجهه سڀ کان مشهور ٽيليويزن [[ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] ٺاهيا ۽ ترقي ڏني، جن ۾ ڪارو اڇو [[فلپس PM5540|PM5540]] ۽ رنگين [[فلپس PM5544|PM5544]] ۽ [[ٽي وي اي ٽيسٽ ڪارڊ]] شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |title=PTV, Philips TV Test Equipment; Brøndby manufacturer in DK |language=de |website=Radiomuseum.org |date= |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806143811/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=13293 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|title=Fjernsynets historie fra 1926 til 2012 - og lidt efter ...|website=Kulturstyrelsen.dk|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115153233/http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/dokumenter/medier/Tv/Generelt/Fjernsynets_historie_Erling_Madsen_BFE.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838 |title=Carta de ajuste para la cadena perpetua |language=es |via=PressReader|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.pressreader.com/spain/diario-de-cadiz/20200729/282952452526838|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|title=¿Sabes cuántos años cumple la &quot;carta de ajuste&quot; de la televisión?|date=19 October 2017|website=Contenido Promocionado|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611214948/https://sevilla.abc.es/contenidopromocionado/2017/10/19/sabes-cuantos-anos-cumple-la-carta-ajuste-la-television/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ فلپس ٽي وي اينڊ ٽيسٽ اڪيوپمينٽ کي الڳ ڪري پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس بڻايو ويو ۽ ان کي پينٽا اليڪٽرانڪس بي. وي. کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[ايڊوينٽ انٽرنيشنل]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد جي ملڪيت هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProTeleVision Technologies|url=http://www.ptv.dk/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=ProTeleVision Technologies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980525073250/http://www.ptv.dk/|archive-date=25 May 1998|language=en-GB|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پروٽيليويزن ٽيڪنالاجيز اي/ايس کي 2001ع ۾ ختم ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جون شيون [https://protelevision.com/ ProTelevision Technologies Corp A/S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804012549/https://protelevision.com/ |date=4 August 2023}}، ڊي ڪي-آڊيو اي/ايس، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ۽ اريپا ٽيسٽ اينڊ ڪيليبريشن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيون ويون.

==== فرانس ====

[[File:Usine Philips Suresnes 41-43 rue de Verdun.jpg|thumb|پيرس جي اولهه ۾ [[سورين]] ۾ فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، آڪٽوبر 2011ع]]

فلپس فرانس جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[سورين]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 3,600 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHILIPS FRANCE (81184724300011) , SURESNES, Verif |url=https://www.verif.com/en/company/PHILIPS-FRANCE-COMMERCIAL-68d9c03d1299230338b51361/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Verif.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس لائٽنگ جون پيداواري سهولتون [[شالون-سور-سون]] ۾ [[فلوريسنٽ بلب]]ن، [[شارتر]] ۾ گاڏين جي روشنيءَ، [[لاموت-بيورون]] ۾ ايل اي ڊي تي ٻڌل اڏاوتي روشنيءَ ۽ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ، [[لونگويڪ]] ۾ بلبن، [[ميريبل، اين|ميريبل]] ۾ ٻاهرين روشنيءَ ۽ [[نيويئر]] ۾ پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ لاءِ قائم هيون. فرانس ۾ موجود سموري پيداوار 2016ع ۾ روشنيءَ واري شعبي کي الڳ ڪرڻ کان اڳ وڪرو يا بند ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chalon-sur-Saône in Romanian - English-Romanian Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/en/ro/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== جرمني ====

فلپس جرمني 1926ع ۾ برلن ۾ قائم ٿيو. هاڻي ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[هيمبرگ]] ۾ واقع آهي. جرمنيءَ ۾ ڪمپني 4,900 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|title=Philips Deutschland – Philips|website=Philips.de|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132256/http://www.philips.de/a-w/about-philips/unternehmensprofil/philips-deutschland.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* هيمبرگ
**صحت جي سارسنڀال، صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ روشنيءَ وارن شعبن جو ورڇ مرڪز
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز ڊي ايم سي
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز، تحقيقي ليبارٽريون
* آخن
** فلپس انوويٽو ٽيڪنالاجيز
** فلپس انوويشن سروسز
* بوبلنگن
** فلپس ميڊيڪل سسٽمز، مريضن جي نگرانيءَ جا نظام
* هيرشنگ
** فلپس ريسپيرونڪس
* اولم
** فلپس فوٽونڪس، عمودي ليزر ڊائيوڊن (VCSELs) ۽ احساس ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي لاءِ فوٽوڊائيوڊن جي ترقي ۽ تياري

=== اوشيانا ===

==== آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ====

فلپس آسٽريليا 1927ع ۾ قائم ٿيو ۽ ان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[نارٿ رائيڊ، نيو سائوٿ ويلز]] ۾ آهي؛ نيوزيلينڊ جون ڪارروايون پڻ اتان سنڀاليون وڃن ٿيون. ڪمپني لڳ ڀڳ 800 ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي. علائقائي وڪري ۽ سهائتا جا دفتر [[ميلبورن]]، [[برسبين]]، [[ايڊيليڊ]]، [[پرٿ]] ۽ [[آڪلينڊ]] ۾ واقع آهن.

ڪمپنيءَ جي سرگرمين ۾ هيٺيان شعبا شامل آهن: فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس لائٽنگ، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس اورل هيلٿ ڪيئر؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊڪٽيشن سلوشنز؛ فلپس پروفيشنل ڊسپلي سلوشنز؛ فلپس ايونٽ پروفيشنل؛ فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل، جيڪو نيوزيلينڊ جي ڪاررواين جو پڻ ذميوار آهي؛ فلپس سليپ اينڊ ريسپائريٽري ڪيئر، جيڪو اڳ ريسپيرونڪس هو ۽ پنهنجي سليپ ايزي مرڪزن جي قومي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڪم ڪري ٿو؛ فلپس ڊائنالائيٽ، جيڪو روشنيءَ جي ضابطي جا نظام تيار ڪري ٿو، 2009ع ۾ خريد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو عالمي ڊزائن ۽ پيداواري مرڪز هتي قائم آهي؛ ۽ فلپس سليڪون نيوزيلينڊ، جيڪو تفريحي روشنيءَ جي شين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار ڪري ٿو.

=== ڏکڻ آمريڪا ===

==== برازيل ====

فلپس دو برازيل 1924ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي جينيرو]] ۾ قائم ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230143035/http://www.philips.com.br/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Philips Brasil Home Page|date=30 December 1996|access-date=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1929ع ۾ فلپس ريڊيو رسيور وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ فلپس برازيل ۾ پنهنجا بلب ۽ ريڊيو رسيور تيار ڪرڻ لڳو. 1939ع کان 1945ع تائين ٻي عالمي جنگ فلپس جي برازيل واري شاخ کي [[سائيڪل]]ون، [[ريفريجريٽر]] ۽ [[جيت مار دوا]] وڪڻڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. جنگ کان پوءِ فلپس برازيل ۾ وڏي صنعتي توسيع ڪئي ۽ [[مانائوس]] جي [[آزاد اقتصادي علائقو|آزاد علائقي]] ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ پهرين وڏن گروپن مان هڪ هو. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] برازيل جي رڪارڊنگ صنعت جي هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي. هاڻي فلپس دو برازيل ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏين پرڏيهي ملڪيت وارين ڪمپنين مان هڪ آهي.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} فلپس برازيل ۾ گهريلو اوزارن لاءِ واليٽا برانڊ استعمال ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sobre nós |url=https://www.walita.com.br/institucionais/sobre-nos|website=Philips Walita |access-date=2025-11-30|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== رنگين ٽيليويزن ====

[[رنگين ٽيليويزن]] ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪور ڊلن، جيڪو 1960ع کان 1968ع تائين چيف فنانشل آفيسر ۽ 1981ع کان 1982ع تائين چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر هو، متعارف ڪرايو. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ان جي خدمت سڄي کنڊ ۾ دستياب ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;JayFm-Facebook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/jayfmjos/posts/pfbid0Zcj21qZUQEHKLCXVtEJQsFW3aBqerhpgqVuVQQhTfYp5d6isf5xhKSoNacvcfd2ql|title=JayFm Live|website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== اڳوڻيون ڪارروايون ===

فلپس جي ماتحت ڪمپني {{ill|فلپس-ڊوفار|nl}} انساني ۽ جانورن جي استعمال لاءِ دوائون ۽ فصلن جي تحفظ جون شيون تيار ڪندي هئي. ڊوفار 1990ع ۾ [[سولوي (ڪمپني)|سولوي]] کي وڪرو ڪئي وئي. ان کان پوءِ سولوي ان جا سمورا شعبا ٻين ڪمپنين کي وڪڻي ڇڏيا: فصلن جي تحفظ وارو شعبو يوني رائل، جيڪو هاڻي [[ڪيمچورا ڪارپوريشن|ڪيمچورا]] آهي، کي؛ جانورن جي دوائن وارو شعبو فورٽ ڊاج، جيڪو [[وائت]] جو هڪ شعبو هو، کي؛ ۽ دوائن وارو شعبو [[ايبٽ ليبارٽريز]] کي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Philips Part 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/2noahide-covenant/c/GNjOvQJ3UzM |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

فلپس جي موسيقي، ٽيليويزن ۽ فلمن واري شعبي [[پولي گرام]] کي 1998ع ۾ [[سيگرام]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ ان کي [[يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ]] ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو. [[فلپس رڪارڊز]] اڃا تائين يونيورسل ميوزڪ گروپ جي رڪارڊ ليبل طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ ان جو نالو اڳوڻي مادر ڪمپنيءَ کان لائسنس تحت استعمال ڪيو وڃي ٿو. 1980ع ۾ فلپس جاپان جي ڪاناگاوا ۾ قائم اعليٰ درجي جي آڊيو ۽ وڊيو شين لاءِ مشهور ڪمپني [[مارانٽز]] خريد ڪئي. 2002ع ۾ مارانٽز جاپان ڊينن سان ضم ٿي ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز بڻيو ۽ فلپس 2008ع ۾ ڊي اينڊ ايم هولڊنگز ۾ پنهنجي باقي حصيداري وڪڻي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eller |first=Claudia |last2=Philips |first2=Chuck |date=1998-05-07 |title=Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-07-fi-47137-story.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اوريجن، جيڪو هاڻي [[ايتوس]] اوريجن جو حصو آهي، فلپس جو هڪ اڳوڻو شعبو هو. [[اي ايس ايم ايل هولڊنگ|اي ايس ايم ليٿوگرافي]] فلپس جي هڪ شعبي مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني آهي. [[هولانڊسي سگنالاپاراتن]] فوجي اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي. اهو ڪاروبار 1990ع ۾ [[ٿامسن-سي ايس ايف]] کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو ۽ هاڻي ٿيلس نيدرلينڊ آهي. [[اين ايڪس پي سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز]]، جيڪو اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز سڏبو هو، 2006ع ۾ نجي حصيداري سرمائي جي سيڙپڪارن جي هڪ اتحاد کي وڪرو ڪيو ويو. 6 آگسٽ 2010ع تي اين ايڪس پي پنهنجي [[شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪش]] مڪمل ڪئي ۽ ان جا شيئر [[ناسڊاڪ]] تي واپار ٿيڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

اٽلي جي واريزي صوبي جي [[ڪوميريو]] ۾ قائم اگنس،{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} جيڪا ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، برتن ڌوئڻ جون مشينون ۽ مائڪروويو اوون تيار ڪندي هئي، گهريلو اوزارن جي منڊيءَ جي اڳواڻ ڪمپنين مان هڪ هئي ۽ 1960ع ۾ ان جو منڊيءَ ۾ 38 سيڪڙو حصو هو. 1970ع ۾ فلپس ڪمپنيءَ جي سرمائيءَ جو 50 سيڪڙو حصو حاصل ڪيو ۽ 1972ع ۾ مڪمل ضابطو سنڀالي ورتو. انهن سالن ۾ اگنس، زانوسي کان پوءِ، گهريلو اوزارن جي ٻي وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني هئي ۽ 1973ع ۾ رڳو اٽليءَ ۾ ان جي ڪارخانن جا 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ملازم هئا. ملڪيت ڊچ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيءَ ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڪمپنيءَ جو نالو بدلائي ''آءِ آر اي ايس پي اي''، يعني ''انڊسٽري ريونيتي يوروڊوميسٽيچي''، رکيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ فلپس وڏا گهريلو اوزار، يعني [[سفيد سامان]]، فلپس نالي سان وڪڻندو هو. وڏن گهريلو اوزارن وارو شعبو [[ورل پول ڪارپوريشن]] کي وڪڻڻ کان پوءِ نالو پهرين '''فلپس ورل پول'''، پوءِ '''ورل پول فلپس''' ۽ آخرڪار رڳو '''ورل پول''' رکيو ويو. ورل پول، فلپس جي وڏن گهريلو اوزارن واري ڪاروبار ۾ 53 سيڪڙو حصيداري خريد ڪري ورل پول انٽرنيشنل قائم ڪئي. 1991ع ۾ ورل پول، ورل پول انٽرنيشنل ۾ فلپس جي باقي حصيداري پڻ خريد ڪري ڇڏي.

فلپس ڪرائيوجينڪس کي 1990ع ۾ الڳ ڪري نيدرلينڊز ۾ اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوجينڪس بي وي قائم ڪئي وئي. اها ڪمپني اڃا تائين اسٽرلنگ ڪرائيوڪولرن ۽ ڪرائيوجينڪ ٿڌڪارن نظامن جي ترقي ۽ پيداوار ۾ سرگرم آهي. نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس 1985ع تائين [[اي ڪي جي (ڪمپني)|اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس]] جون شيون اي ڪي جي آف آمريڪا، فلپس آڊيو/وڊيو، نوريلڪو ۽ اي ڪي جي اڪوسٽڪس انڪارپوريٽڊ جي برانڊن هيٺ ورهائيندو رهيو، جيستائين اي ڪي جي [[سان ليانڊرو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۾ پنهنجو اتر آمريڪي شعبو قائم ڪيو. اي ڪي جي جو اتر آمريڪي شعبو بعد ۾ [[نارٿ ريج، ڪيليفورنيا]] منتقل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://stirlingcryogenics.com/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Stirling Cryogenics |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

پوليمر ويزن فلپس مان الڳ ٿيل ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا لچڪدار [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪاغذ|اي-اِنڪ]] ڊسپلي پردا تيار ڪندي هئي. تائيوان جي ٺيڪيدار اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ وسٽرون 2009ع ۾ اها ڪمپني خريد ڪئي. امڪاني خريدار ڳولڻ جون بار بار ناڪام ڪوششون ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ان کي 2012ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

==== يونان ====

فلپس يونان جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[اٽيڪا]] جي [[خالاندري]] ۾ آهي. 2012ع مطابق فلپس جا يونان ۾ ڪي به پيداواري ڪارخانا نه هئا، جيتوڻيڪ اڳ اتي آڊيو، روشنيءَ ۽ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشن جا ڪارخانا موجود هئا.

==== اٽلي ====

فلپس 1923ع ۾ پنهنجي اطالوي ماتحت ڪمپني قائم ڪئي ۽ ان جو مرڪز ميلان ۾ رکيو، جتي اها اڄ تائين ڪم ڪري ٿي. ڪمپنيءَ جون صنعتي ڪارروايون، جن ۾ خاص طور مونزا ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ تورين جي ويجهو روايتي بلب تيار ڪيا ويندا هئا، بند ٿيڻ کان پوءِ فلپس اٽاليا هاڻي رڳو واپاري سرگرمين لاءِ موجود آهي.

==== هنگري ====

فلپس 1992ع ۾ [[سيڪيشفيهيروار]] ۾ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ پي اي سي ايڇ، يعني فلپس اسيمبلي سينٽر هنگري، قائم ڪيو. ٽي پي وي جي فلپس ٽي وي ڪاروبار ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، 2011ع ۾ ڪارخاني کي نئين گڏيل منصوبي واري ڪمپني ٽي پي ويزن جي ماتحت منتقل ڪيو ويو. پيداوار پولينڊ ۽ چين منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ ڪارخانو 2013ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو.

2007ع ۾ فلپس طرفان پي ايل آءِ خريد ڪرڻ سان [[تاماشي]] ۾ فلپس جو هڪ ٻيو هنگريائي ڪارخانو قائم ٿيو، جيڪو فلپس آءِ پي ايس سي تاماشي ۽ بعد ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جي نالي سان بلب تيار ڪندو هو. 2017ع ۾ ڪارخاني جو نالو بدلائي سگنيفاءِ رکيو ويو، جيڪو اڃا تائين فلپس برانڊ جون روشنيءَ واريون شيون تيار ڪري ٿو.

==== پولينڊ ====

پولينڊ ۾ فلپس جي ڪاررواين ۾ [[ووچ]] ۾ يورپي مالي ۽ حسابداري مرڪز؛ [[بيئلسڪو-بياوا]]، [[پيوا]] ۽ [[ڪينتشين]] ۾ فلپس لائٽنگ جون سهولتون؛ ۽ [[بياوسٽوڪ]] ۾ فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز جي سهولت شامل آهن.

==== پورچوگال ====

فلپس 1927ع ۾ ''فلپس پورچوگيزا ايس. اي. آر. ايل.'' جي نالي سان پورچوگال ۾ ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|title=História Local – Philips|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222051751/http://www.philips.pt/a-w/about-philips/perfil-da-empresa/historia.html|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس پرتگيزا ايس. اي. جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[لزبن]] جي ويجهو [[اوئيراش، پرتگال|اوئيراش]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|title=Google Maps|website=Google.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073515/https://www.google.pt/maps/dir/philips%20em%20portugal/@38.712024,-9.3119793,233m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0xd1ecec52fd7fd77:0xd4be2a9cca5551b9!2m2!1d-9.311267!2d38.712061|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرتگال ۾ فلپس جا ٽي ڪارخانا هئا: لزبن ۾ فاپائي بلب ڪارخانو؛&lt;ref name=&quot;philips.pt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|title=Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po|first=Philips|last=Portugal|website=Radiomuseum|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105217/http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=5544|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|title=Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20|website=Pardalmonteiro.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203029/http://www.pardalmonteiro.com/atelier/imag/ARTIGOS/Tese/Para%20o%20projeto%20global%20-%20Volume%20I.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; لزبن جي ويجهو [[ڪارناشيد]] ۾ [[مقناطيسي ڪور يادگيري]] جو ڪارخانو، جتي فلپس سروس تنظيم پڻ قائم هئي؛ ۽ اتر پرتگال جي [[اوار]] ۾ ڪيمرا جا پرزا ۽ ريموٽ ڪنٽرول اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانو.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiomuseum.org&quot;/&gt; ڪمپني اڃا تائين پرتگال ۾ تجارتي روشنيءَ، طبي نظامن ۽ گهريلو اوزارن جي شعبن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.pt/|title=Philips – Portugal|website=Philips.pt|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235516/http://www.philips.pt/|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سويڊن ====

فلپس سويڊن جا ٻه مکيه مرڪز آهن: اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو ڪستا، جتي علائقائي وڪرو، مارڪيٽنگ ۽ گراهڪ سهائتا واري تنظيم قائم آهي؛ ۽ اسٽاڪهوم ڪائونٽي جو سولنا، جتي ميموگرافي شعبي جو مرڪزي دفتر آهي.

ڪمپني فلپس اليڪٽرانڪ انڊسٽريئر اي بي جي نالي سان سويڊن جي هٿياربند فوجن کي دفاعي اليڪٽرانڪس فراهم ڪندڙ هڪ اهم ڪمپني هئي، جنهن جو آخري مرڪز اسٽاڪهوم جي مضافات [[يرفيلا ميونسپلٽي|يرفيلا]] ۾ هو. ان شعبي مان باقي رهيل حصو هاڻي [[ساب اي بي]] جو حصو آهي.

==== گڏيل بادشاهت ====

فلپس برطانيا جو هيڊڪوارٽر&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |title=philips uk – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065743/https://www.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode&amp;q=philips+uk&amp;sll=51.246446,-0.586755&amp;sspn=0.00135,0.003484&amp;g=Guildford,+Surrey+GU2+8XH,+United+Kingdom&amp;layer=t&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=philips+uk&amp;hnear=Guildford,+GU2+8XH,+UK&amp;ll=51.246524,-0.586755&amp;spn=0.001308,0.003484&amp;t=h&amp;z=19&amp;iwloc=B |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[گلڊفورڊ]] ۾ آهي. ڪمپني سڄي ملڪ ۾ 2,500 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن کي روزگار ڏئي ٿي.

* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر انفارميٽڪس، [[بيلفاسٽ]]، صحت جي سارسنڀال جا سافٽ ويئر تيار ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڪنزيومر پراڊڪٽس، گلڊفورڊ، ٽيليويزنن، جن ۾ هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن، ڊي وي ڊي رڪارڊر، هاءِ فاءِ ۽ پورٽيبل آڊيو، سي ڊي رڪارڊر، پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر جا ضمني اوزار، تار کان سواءِ ٽيليفون، گهر ۽ باورچي خاني جا اوزار ۽ ذاتي سنڀال جون شيون، جهڙوڪ ريزر، وار سڪائڻ جا اوزار، جسماني خوبصورتيءَ جون شيون ۽ [[وات جي صفائي]]، لاءِ وڪرو ۽ مارڪيٽنگ جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.
* فلپس ڊڪٽيشن سسٽمز، [[ڪولچيسٽر]]
* فلپس لائٽنگ: وڪرو گلڊفورڊ مان ۽ پيداوار [[هيملٽن، سائوٿ لينارڪشائر|هيملٽن]] ۾
* فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر، گلڊفورڊ؛ ايڪس ري، الٽراسائونڊ، نيوڪليئر ميڊيسن، مريضن جي نگراني، مقناطيسي گونج، ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي ۽ بحاليءَ وارين شين لاءِ وڪرو ۽ فني سهائتا
* فلپس ريسرچ ليبارٽريز، [[ڪيمبرج]]؛ 2008ع تائين [[ريڊهل، سري]] ۾ قائم هيون ۽ اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ ريسرچ ليبارٽريز]] سڏبيون هيون.

ماضيءَ ۾ فلپس برطانيا ۾ هيٺيان ادارا ۽ ڪارروايون پڻ شامل هيون:

* [[ڪروئڊن]] ۾ صارف شين جي پيداوار
* ملارڊ سائمن اسٽون ۾ ٽيليويزن ٽيوبن جي پيداوار
* فلپس بزنس ڪميونيڪيشنز، [[ڪيمبرج]]: آواز ۽ ڊيٽا رابطي جون شيون مهيا ڪندي هئي ۽ گراهڪ لاڳاپن جي انتظام، آءِ پي ٽيليفوني، ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪنگ، آواز جي پروسيسنگ، حڪم ۽ ضابطي جي نظامن ۽ تار کان سواءِ ۽ موبائل ٽيليفونيءَ ۾ خصوصيت رکندي هئي. 2006ع ۾ هن ڪاروبار کي اين اي سي سان 60/40 گڏيل منصوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. بعد ۾ اين اي سي مڪمل ملڪيت حاصل ڪئي ۽ ڪاروبار جو نالو بدلائي اين اي سي يونيفائيڊ سلوشنز رکيو ويو.
* فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس بليڪ برن؛ ويڪيوم ٽيوب، ڪيپيسيٽر، دير واريون لائينون، ليزر ڊسڪون ۽ سي ڊيون
* فلپس ڊوميسٽڪ اپلائنسز، [[هيسٽنگز]]: [[برقي ڪيٽلي]]ن، [[پنکي وارا هيٽر|پنکي وارن هيٽرن]]، اڳوڻي [[ايڪو]] برانڊ جي ”ٿرموٽيوب“ نلي نما هيٽرن ۽ ”هوسٽيس“ گهريلو کاڌو گرم رکڻ وارين ٽرالين جي ڊزائن ۽ پيداوار
* ملارڊ [[سائوٿيمپٽن]] ۽ [[هيزل گروو]]، [[ميٽروپوليٽن بورو آف اسٽاڪپورٽ|اسٽاڪپورٽ]] کي اصل ۾ [[ملارڊ]] ۽ [[جنرل اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپني|جي اي سي]] جي گڏيل منصوبي طور ''ايسوسيئيٽيڊ سيمي ڪنڊڪٽر مينوفيڪچررز'' جي نالي سان گڏ ڪيو ويو هو. انهن [[ريڪٽيفائر]]، [[ڊائيوڊ]]، [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، [[گڏيل سرڪٽ]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرو آپٽڪس|اليڪٽرو آپٽيڪل اوزار]] تيار ۽ ٺاهيا. اهو ادارو اين ايڪس پي جو حصو بڻجڻ کان اڳ فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز بڻيو.
* لنڊن ڪيريئرز، رسد ۽ نقل و حمل وارو شعبو
* ملارڊ اڪيوپمينٽ لميٽيڊ، جيڪو فوجي استعمال جون شيون ٺاهيندو هو
* ايڊا (هيلي فيڪس) لميٽيڊ، ڪپڙا ڌوئڻ جون مشينون، اسپن ڊرائير ۽ ريفريجريٽر ٺاهيندڙ
* ڪيمبرج جي [[پاءِ لميٽيڊ|پاءِ]] ٽي وي ٽي لميٽيڊ
* ڪيمبرج جي پاءِ ٽيلي ڪميونيڪيشنز لميٽيڊ
* [[مالمزبري]] جي ٽي ايم سي لميٽيڊ

=== اتر آمريڪا ===

==== ڪئناڊا ====

[[File:PhilipsMarkham.jpg|thumb|مارخم ۾ فلپس جو هيڊڪوارٽر، فيبروري 2020ع]]

فلپس ڪئناڊا 1941ع ۾ قائم ٿيو، جڏهن هن اسمال اليڪٽرڪ موٽرز لميٽيڊ خريد ڪئي. اها طبي تشخيص ۽ علاج جي نظامن، روشنيءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجين، ريزرن ۽ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي حوالي سان مشهور آهي. ڪئناڊا جو هيڊڪوارٽر [[مارخم، اونٽاريو]] ۾ آهي.

فلپس ڪيترن سالن تائين ڪئناڊا جي ٻن ڪارخانن ۾ روشنيءَ جون شيون تيار ڪيون. [[لنڊن، اونٽاريو]] وارو ڪارخانو 1971ع ۾ کوليو ويو. اهو A19 بلب، جن ۾ ”رائل“ ڊگهي عمر وارا بلب، [[پيرابولڪ ايلومينائيزڊ ريفليڪٽر لائيٽ|PAR38]] بلب ۽ T19 بلب شامل هئا، تيار ڪندو هو؛ T19 اصل ۾ [[ويسٽنگ هائوس اليڪٽرڪ (1886)|ويسٽنگ هائوس]] جي بلب جي شڪل هئي. فلپس هي ڪارخانو مئي 2003ع ۾ بند ڪيو. ڪيوبيڪ جي [[تروا-ريويئر]] وارو ڪارخانو ويسٽنگ هائوس جي سهولت هو، جنهن کي فلپس 1983ع ۾ ويسٽنگ هائوس جو بلبن وارو شعبو خريد ڪرڻ کان پوءِ به هلائيندو رهيو. فلپس هي ڪارخانو ڪجهه سالن کان پوءِ، 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، بند ڪيو.

==== ميڪسيڪو ====

فلپس ميڪسيڪو ڪمرشل ايس اي ڊي سي وي جو هيڊڪوارٽر ميڪسيڪو شهر ۾ آهي. هي ادارو مالي سال 2016ع ۾ منڊي ۾ صارف طرزِ زندگي ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال واريون شيون وڪڻڻ لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==== گڏيل رياستون ====

[[File:PhilipsNAHQ.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[اينڊوور، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ فلپس جو اڳوڻو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر، جون 2009ع]]

فلپس اليڪٽرانڪس جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|title=Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge|newspaper=[[دي بوسٽن گلوب]]|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014044/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2018/01/11/dutch-firm-philips-move-north-american-headquarters-from-andover-cambridge/aP8HXyXlQFaIvGufY9tI7M/story.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[سمرسيٽ، نيو جرسي]] ۾ آهي؛ ان جا پيداواري ڪارخانا [[ڊينول، ڪينٽڪي]]، [[سيلينا، ڪينساس]]، [[ڊلاس]] ۽ [[پيرس، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهن؛ جڏهن⁠تہ ورڇ مرڪز [[مائونٽن ٽاپ، پينسلوانيا]]، [[ايل پاسو، ٽيڪساس]]، [[اونٽاريو، ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[ميمفس، ٽينيسي]] ۾ قائم آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس ۾ آهي ۽ [[نيشويل، ٽينيسي|نيشويل]] ۾ هڪ صحت ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪز هلائي ٿو، جيڪو 1,000 کان وڌيڪ روزگار فراهم ڪري ٿو. اتر آمريڪي وڪرو تنظيم [[بوٿل، واشنگٽن]] ۾ قائم آهي. بوٿل، واشنگٽن؛ [[بالٽيمور، ميري لينڊ]]؛ [[ڪليولئنڊ، اوهايو]]؛ [[فوسٽر سٽي، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ [[گينزويل، فلوريڊا]]؛ [[ملپيٽاس، ڪيليفورنيا]]؛ ۽ [[ريڊزويل، پينسلوانيا]] ۾ پڻ پيداواري سهولتون آهن. فلپس هيلٿ ڪيئر جو اڳ [[ناڪسويل، ٽينيسي]] ۾ ڪارخانو هو. فلپس ڪنزيومر لائف اسٽائل جو ڪارپوريٽ دفتر [[اسٽيمفورڊ، ڪنيڪٽيڪٽ]] ۾ آهي. فلپس لائٽنگ جو ڪلر ڪائنيٽڪس دفتر [[برلنگٽن، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ آهي. فلپس ريسرچ جو اتر آمريڪي هيڊڪوارٽر ڪيمبرج ۾ آهي.

1940ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات کان [[فلڪو]] قانوني طور فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪنهن به شيءِ تي ”فلپس“ نالو استعمال ڪرڻ کان روڪي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ٻنهي نالن جو آواز ايترو هڪجهڙو سمجهيو ويو جو صارفين ۾ مونجهارو پيدا ٿي سگهي پيو ۽ واپاري نشان جي ڀڃڪڙيءَ جون دعوائون ٿي سگهيون پئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCCUSyJzNgC |title=Corporate Mergers Transitioning the American Economy: Corporate Buyouts and a Junk Bond Market Out of Control |last=Reeves |first=Jayson |date=2012-10-01 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781475937831 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 جنوري 1943ع تي ''فلڪو ڪارپوريشن بنام فلپس مينوفيڪچرنگ ڪمپني'' ڪيس ۾ عدالت مدعي جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڏنو، جنهن سان فلڪو کي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ٿيندڙ فلپس جي شين تي فلپس نالو استعمال ٿيڻ کان روڪڻ جو قانوني حق مليو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171144/https://casetext.com/case/philco-corporation-v-phillips-mfg-co|date=22 June 2024}}, Casetext.com listing for Philco Corporation v. Philips Mfg. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; ان جي نتيجي ۾ فلپس ان جي بدران '''نوريلڪو''' نالو استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو ”نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس اليڪٽريڪل ڪمپني“ جو مخفف هو. فلپس 1974ع تائين آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي سڀني شين لاءِ اهو نالو استعمال ڪندو رهيو، جڏهن هن [[ميگناووڪس|دي ميگناووڪس ڪمپني]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ فلپس آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي [[فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس|صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] وارين شين کي ميگناووڪس جي نالي سان ٻيهر نشانبند ڪيو، پر ٻين شين لاءِ نوريلڪو نالو برقرار رکيو. جڏهن فلپس 1981ع ۾ فلڪو خريد ڪئي ته فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي شين لاءِ آزاديءَ سان فلپس نالو استعمال ڪري سگهيو ۽ ميگناووڪس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس جو نالو بدلائي نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس رکيو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | work = [[دي ناڪسويل نيوز-سينٽينل]] | title = Magnavox Changes Name to NAP Consumer Electronics Corp. | date = February 27, 1981 | page = 24 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-knoxville-news-sentinel/198336804/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ڪمپني ذاتي سنڀال جي اوزارن لاءِ نوريلڪو ۽ گهٽ قيمت واري صارف اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ ميگناووڪس نالو برقرار رکيو.

1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري ڪمپني آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي شين لاءِ مختلف برانڊ نالا، جهڙوڪ ميگناووڪس، سلوينيا، فلڪو، نوريلڪو ۽ فلپس، استعمال ڪندي هئي. ان وقت اها آمريڪي رنگين ٽيليويزن منڊيءَ جو 10 سيڪڙو، ڪمپيڪٽ ڊسڪ پليئر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو ۽ ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر منڊيءَ جو 9 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هئي، جڏهن⁠تہ اها [[ماتسوشيتا]] جا ٺاهيل وي سي آر وڪڻندي هئي. ڊسمبر 1986ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي آمريڪي ادارن، نارٿ آمريڪن فلپس ڪمپني ۽ سگنيٽڪس ڪارپوريشن، جو سڌو سنئون ڪنٽرول سنڀالي ورتو. اهي ادارا قانوني طور ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران قائم ڪيل هڪ ٽرسٽ جي ملڪيت هئا، جنهن تي فلپس جو ضابطو هو. فلپس پنهنجي ڪاررواين کي وڌيڪ سخت ڪيو ۽ منصوبه بنديءَ جا ڪم مرڪزي بڻايا، جيئن جاپاني ڪمپنيون ان جي ڪاروبار کي ”ٽڪرن ۾ ورهائي ختم“ نه ڪري سگهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Global push by Philips begins in U.S.| first1 = Peter | last1 = Maass| date = 16 March 1987| work = New York Times| access-date = 7 July 2025| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/business/global-push-by-philips-begins-in-us.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2007ع ۾ فلپس [[جينلائيٽ گروپ]] سان هڪ حتمي انضمام وارو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن سان ڪمپني اتر آمريڪا ۾ [[روشنيءَ جا اوزار]]، ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ مختلف استعمالن، جن ۾ [[سولڊ اسٽيٽ روشني]] پڻ شامل هئي، سان لاڳاپيل شين ۾ اڳواڻي واري حيثيت حاصل ڪئي. ڪمپني ريسپيرونڪس پڻ خريد ڪئي، جيڪا صحت جي سارسنڀال واري شعبي لاءِ هڪ اهم واڌ هئي. 21 فيبروري 2008ع تي فلپس بالٽيمور ۾ قائم وِزيڪيو جي خريداري مڪمل ڪئي. وِزيڪيو [[اي آءِ سي يو]] تصور جي باني هئي، جنهن تحت مرڪزي سهولت مان ٽيلي ميڊيسن استعمال ڪندي انتهائي نگهداشت واري شعبي جي مريضن جي نگراني ۽ سنڀال ڪئي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips buys patient monitoring specialist Visicu|url=https://www.digitalhealth.net/2008/01/philips-buys-patient-monitoring-specialist-visicu/|newspaper=Digital Health|date=January 2008|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اپريل 2020ع ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جو صحت ۽ انساني خدمتن وارو کاتو]] فلپس ريسپيرونڪس سان 43,000 گڏيل ٽرائلاجي ايوو يونيورسل وينٽيليٽر، يعني EV300 اسپتال وينٽيليٽر، فراهم ڪرڻ جو معاهدو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Trilogy EV300 Hospital ventilator| work = Philips Healthcare| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| archive-date = 15 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220215141706/https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCDS2200X11B/trilogy-ev300-hospital-ventilator| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ۾ [[اسٽريٽجڪ نيشنل اسٽاڪ پائل]] لاءِ وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار ۽ فراهمي شامل هئي؛ آگسٽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين لڳ ڀڳ 156,000 ۽ 2020ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين وڌيڪ 187,000 وينٽيليٽر فراهم ڪرڻا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Philips EV300 ventilator supply contract with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to end after delivery of 12,300 bundled ventilator configurations| work = Philips| date = 31 August 2020| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| archive-date = 1 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052709/https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2020/20200831-philips-ev300-ventilator-supply-contract-with-us-department-of-health-and-human-services-to-end-after-delivery-of-12300-bundled-ventilator-configurations.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; مارچ 2020ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ [[ڪوويڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران عالمي طلب جي جواب ۾ فلپس پنجن مهينن اندر وينٽيليٽرن جي پيداوار چار ڀيرا وڌائي. آمريڪا ۾ نيون پيداواري لائينون قائم ڪيون ويون ۽ مثال طور اولهندي پينسلوانيا ۽ ڪيليفورنيا جي وينٽيليٽر ٺاهيندڙ ڪارخانن ۾ ملازم چوويهه ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philips_20200831&quot;/&gt;

مارچ 2020ع ۾ [[پروپبليڪا]] فلپس وينٽيليٽر معاهدي بابت مضمونن جو هڪ سلسلو شايع ڪيو، جيڪو واپاري صلاحڪار [[پيٽر ناوارو]] طئي ڪيو هو. پروپبليڪا جي سلسلي جي جواب ۾ آگسٽ ۾ [[گڏيل رياستن جي نمائندن واري ايوان]] فلپس وينٽيليٽرن جي خريداريءَ بابت ”ڪانگريسي جاچ“ شروع ڪئي. قانونسازن جي جاچ ۾ ”دوکي، اجائي خرچ ۽ اختيارن جي ناجائز استعمال جا ثبوت“ مليا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title = The Trump Administration Is Backing Out of a $647 Million Ventilator Deal After ProPublica Investigated the Price| first1 = Patricia| last1 = Callahan| author-link=Patricia Callahan |first2 = Sebastian| last2 = Rotella| author2-link=Sebastian Rotella |date = 1 September 2020| work = ProPublica| access-date = 3 September 2020| url = https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| archive-date = 4 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064108/https://www.propublica.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-backing-out-of-a-647-million-ventilator-deal-after-propublica-investigated-the-price| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ناوارو طرفان طئي ڪيل معاهدي جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪي حڪومت فلپس کي ”ڪروڙين ڊالر“ وڌيڪ ادا ڪيا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica_Philips_Callahan_20200901&quot;/&gt;

== شيون ==

[[File:Old x ray tube valugi.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس جي پراڻي [[ايڪس ري ٽيوب]]]]

فلپس جون بنيادي شيون ذاتي صحت سان لاڳاپيل آهن، جن ۾ ريزر، خوبصورتيءَ جا اوزار، ماءُ ۽ ٻار جي سنڀال جا اوزار، برقي ٽوٿ برش ۽ صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون شامل آهن. صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ [[سي ٽي اسڪين]]ر، [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي اوزار]]، ميموگرافي جا اوزار، نگرانيءَ جا اوزار، [[ايم آر آءِ اسڪينر]]، ريڊيوگرافي جا اوزار، بحاليءَ جا اوزار، الٽراسائونڊ جا اوزار ۽ ايڪس ري جا اوزار شامل آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.healthcare.philips.com/gb_en/products/index.wpd|title=Products &amp; Solutions|access-date=28 January 2012|website=Philips Healthcare|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065815/https://www.philips.co.uk/healthcare|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2020ع ۾ فلپس اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجي گهريلو اوزارن واري شعبي کي وڪڻڻ چاهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ڪافي ٺاهڻ جون مشينون، هوا صاف ڪندڙ اوزار ۽ ايئر فرائير جهڙيون شيون شامل هيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|title=Philips to Sell Domestic Appliances Business|date=28 January 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128224107/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/01/28/business/28reuters-philips-results.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== روشنيءَ جون شيون ===

[[File:Philips LED bulbs.jpg|upright=0.8|right|thumb|فلپس جا ٺاهيل ايل اي ڊي بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |title=LED 12.5W A19 Soft White 12.5W (60W) Dimmable A19 |website=Philips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411154302/http://www.usa.philips.com/c/energy-saving-light-bulbs/led-soft-white-12.5w-60w-dimmable-a19-046677422158/prd/en/?t=specifications |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* پيشاور اندروني روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Indoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065749/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور ٻاهرين روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Outdoor Luminaires|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065747/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/outdoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-OCOUTD_GR|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* پيشاور بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lamps|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065805/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/conventional-lamps-and-tubes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* روشنيءَ جا ضابطا ۽ ضابطي جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting Controls|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065809/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/lighting-controls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ڊجيٽل پروجيڪشن جون روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/digital-projection.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Digital projection lighting|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065754/https://www.signify.com/global/brands/uhp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* باغبانيءَ جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Horticulture|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065856/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/horticulture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* شمسي ايل اي ڊي روشنيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Solar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161020082952/http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/products/solar.html|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين دفتري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems for office &amp; industry|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065810/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/office-and-industry|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين پرچون روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Retail and hospitality systems|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/retail-and-hospitality|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ذهين شهري روشنيءَ جا نظام&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|access-date=4 March 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Lighting systems: for public spaces|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065800/https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/systems/packaged-offerings/public-spaces|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو بلب&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a bulb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221556/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-bulb/need-help|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو روشنيءَ جا اوزار&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Choose a lamp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618032514/http://www.philips.co.uk/c-m-li/choose-a-lamp|archive-date=18 June 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گهريلو نظام، جيڪي [[فلپس هيو]] جي برانڊ سان وڪرو ٿين ٿا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meethue.com|access-date=27 June 2016|website=Philips Lighting|title=Philips Hue homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901185225/http://www2.meethue.com/|archive-date=1 September 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گاڏين جي روشني&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.philips.com/automotive|access-date=30 March 2022|website=Philips Lighting|title=Automotive Products|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052349/https://www.usa.philips.com/c-e/au/automotive-landing-page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== آڊيو ۽ بصري شيون ===

[[File:DJ headphones by Philips A5-PRO.jpg|thumb|فلپس A5-PRO هيڊفون]]

* [[اعليٰ وفاداري#جديد اوزار|هاءِ فاءِ نظام]]
* [[وائرليس اسپيڪر]]
* [[ريڊيو#آڊيو: ريڊيو نشريات|ريڊيو نظام]]
* [[ڊاڪنگ اسٽيشن]]
* [[هيڊفون]]
* [[ڊي جي مکسر]]
* [[الارم گهڙي]]
* [[ٽيليويزن سيٽ|ٽيليويزن]]
* [[ويڊيو ڪيسيٽ رڪارڊر]]
* [[ڊي وي ڊي پليئر]]

=== صحت جي سارسنڀال جون شيون ===

[[File:Sonicare.jpg|right|thumb|[[سونيڪيئر]] برقي ٽوٿ برش]]

فلپس جي صحت جي سارسنڀال وارين شين ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:

==== ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

* دل جي بيمارين جي معلوماتيات، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace Cardiovascular ۽ Xcelera شامل آهن
* [[تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات|ادارتي تصويرڪشي معلوماتيات]]، جنهن ۾ IntelliSpace PACS ۽ XIRIS شامل آهن
* IntelliSpace حلن جو سلسلو

==== تصويرڪشي نظام ====

* دل ۽ رت جي نالين لاءِ ايڪس ري تارون ۽ ڪيٿيٽر، جهڙوڪ Verrata
* [[سي ٽي اسڪين|ڪمپيوٽرائيزڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT)
* [[فلوروسڪوپي]]
* [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرڪشي]] (MRI)
* [[ميموگرافي]]
* موبائل [[ايڪس ري تصوير وڌائيندڙ|سي-آرم]]
* [[نيوڪليئر طب]]
* پي اي ٽي، يعني [[پوزيٽرون اخراج ٽوموگرافي]]
* [[پي اي ٽي-سي ٽي]]
* [[ريڊيوگرافي]]
* [[شعاعي علاج|شعاعي سرطان شناسي]] جا نظام
* [[الٽراسائونڊ]]

==== تشخيصي نگراني ====

* تشخيصي اي سي جي

==== ڊيفبريليٽر ====

* [[خودڪار ٻاهرين ڊيفبريليٽر]]
* پورٽيبل مانيٽر ۽ ڊيفبريليٽر
* ضمني اوزار
* سامان
* سافٽ ويئر

==== صارف شيون ====

[[File:Elsa_Victory_Erazor-AGP-4_-_Philips_74HCT14D-7515.jpg|thumb|right|فلپس سيمي ڪنڊڪٽرز جو [[شمٽ ٽرگر]]]]

* فلپس ايونٽ
* فلپس [[سونيڪيئر]]

==== مريضن جي سنڀال ۽ ڪلينيڪل معلوماتيات ====

[[File:64 slice scanner.JPG|thumb|64-سلائس سي ٽي اسڪينر، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[ايلسنٽ]] تيار ڪيو هو ۽ هاڻي فلپس جي پيداوار آهي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|title=The 64 Slice CT Scanner|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172530/http://www.ct-scan-info.com/64slicect.html|archive-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

* بيهوشيءَ وارين گيسن جي نگراني
* [[رت جو دٻاءُ|رت جي دٻاءَ جي نگراني]]
* [[ڪيپنوگرافي]]
* ڊي ايم اي
* ننڊ جي تشخيصي جاچ
* [[اليڪٽروڪارڊيوگرافي|اي سي جي]]
* ادارتي مريض معلوماتيات جا حل:
  ** او بي ٽريس ويو
  ** ڪمپيو رڪارڊ
  ** آءِ سي آءِ پي
  ** اي آءِ سي يو پروگرام
  ** ايمرجن
* [[هيموڊائنامڪس|هيموڊائنامڪ نگراني]]
* انٽيلي اسپيس ڪارڊيوويسڪيولر
* انٽيلي اسپيس پي اي سي ايس
* انٽيلي اسپيس پورٽل
* گهڻ ماپي سرور
* نيوروفيڊيوئلز
* [[نبض آڪسي ميٽري]]
* ٽاسي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |title=Tasy Philips Healthcare |website=Philips |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824161058/https://www.philips.ae/healthcare/resources/landing/tasy |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* گرمي پد جي نگراني
* چمڙيءَ مان گيسن جي ماپ
* مصنوعي تنفس
* ويو فورم
* ايڪسيليرا
* زائرس
* ايڪسپر انفارميشن مينيجمينٽ

2021ع ۾ فلپس طبي اوزار ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني [[ڪيپسول ٽيڪنالاجيز]] خريد ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2021/20210119-philips-to-expand-its-leadership-in-patient-care-management-solutions-for-the-hospital-with-the-acquisition-of-capsule-technologies-inc.html |title=Philips to expand its leadership in patient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc. |publisher=Philips |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=29 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== لوگو جي ارتقا ==

تارن ۽ لهرن وارو فلپس جو لوگو ڊچ معمار لوئس ڪالف (1897ع–1976ع) تيار ڪيو هو. سندس چوڻ موجب هي نشان اتفاق سان وجود ۾ آيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس اها ڄاڻ نه هئي ته ريڊيو جو نظام ڪيئن ڪم ڪندو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ Louis Kalff, y el logotipo de Philips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027151421/https://www.20thdesigns.com/louis-kalff-y-el-logotipo-de-philips/ |date=27 October 2021}} by Jordi Noddings on 20th Designs website, 10 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Philips history shield.jpg|1938ع–1959ع
File:Philips old logo.svg|1959ع–2008ع&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|format=JPG|title=Philips Shield Wordmark Timeline|website=Philips.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065753/https://www.philips.com/consumerfiles/newscenter/main/standard/resources/corporate/press/2013/Brand/Philips_shield_wordmark_timeline.jpg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Philips Shield blue.svg|2008ع–2013ع
File:Philips shield (2013).svg|2013ع–هاڻوڪو
File:Philips logo.svg|لفظي لوگو (1959ع–2008ع)
File:Philips logo new.svg|لفظي لوگو (2008ع–هاڻوڪو)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== سرپرستيون ==

[[File:PSV Stadion Eindhoven.JPG|thumb|right|پي ايس وي جو فلپس اسٽيڊيم، آگسٽ 2012ع]]

1913ع ۾، نيدرلينڊ جي آزاديءَ جي سؤهين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي، فلپس {{lang|nl|Philips Sports Vereniging}} (فلپس اسپورٽس ڪلب)، جيڪو هاڻي عام طور تي پي ايس وي جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، قائم ڪيو. هي ڪلب ڪيترين ئي راندين ۾ سرگرم آهي، پر هاڻي خاص طور پنهنجي فٽبال ٽيم [[پي ايس وي آئنڊهوفن]] ۽ ترڻ واري ٽيم جي ڪري مشهور آهي. فلپس [[فلپس اسٽيڊيم]] جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ آهي، جيڪو [[آئنڊهوفن]] ۾ واقع آهي ۽ پي ايس وي آئنڊهوفن جو گهرو ميدان آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Philips extends PSV stadium and innovation partnership for a further decade|url=https://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2020/11/11/philips-extends-psv-stadium-and-innovation-partnership-for-a-further-decade/|newspaper=The Stadium Business|date=November 11, 2020|access-date=2026-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

نيدرلينڊ کان ٻاهر به فلپس ڪيترن ئي راندين جي ڪلبن، راندين جي سهولتن ۽ راندين جي تقريبن جي سرپرستي ڪندو رهيو آهي. نومبر 2008ع ۾ فلپس [[فارمولا ون|ايف ون]] ۾ [[اي ٽي اينڊ ٽي وليمز]] سان پنهنجي شراڪت جي تجديد ڪئي ۽ ان کي وڌيڪ وڌايو. فلپس آسٽريليا جي اعليٰ باسڪيٽ بال ليگ ''فلپس چيمپيئن شپ'' جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ آهي، جيڪا روايتي طور [[نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ليگ (آسٽريليا)|نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ليگ]] جي نالي سان سڃاتي ويندي آهي.

1988ع کان 1993ع تائين فلپس [[آسٽريلين رگبي ليگ ڪميشن|آسٽريليا جي رگبي ليگ]] ٽيم [[بيلمين ٽائيگرز]] ۽ انڊونيشيا جي فٽبال ڪلب [[پرسيبا بالڪپاپن]] جو مکيه سرپرست هو. 1998ع کان 2000ع تائين فلپس [[ناسڪار ڪپ سيريز|ونسٽن ڪپ]] ۾ نمبر 7 واري گاڏي جي سرپرستي ڪئي، جيڪا شروعات ۾ [[جيف بوڊائن ريسنگ]] ۽ پوءِ [[الٽرا موٽر اسپورٽس]] جي ملڪيت هئي، ۽ جنهن کي ڊرائيورن [[جيف بوڊائن]] ۽ [[مائيڪل والٽرپ]] هلائيندا هئا.

1999ع کان 2018ع تائين فلپس [[اٽلانٽا]] ۾ واقع [[فلپس ارينا]] جي [[نالي جي حقن]] جو مالڪ رهيو. هي ميدان [[نيشنل باسڪيٽ بال ايسوسيئيشن]] جي [[اٽلانٽا هاڪس]] جو گهرو ميدان ۽ [[نيشنل هاڪي ليگ]] جي ختم ٿي ويل ٽيم [[اٽلانٽا ٿريشرز]] جو اڳوڻو گهرو ميدان هو. 2026ع ۾ فلپس [[لا ليگا]] جي ٽيم [[ريئل ميڊرڊ]] جو سرپرست بڻيو.

راندين کان علاوه، فلپس بين الاقوامي ''فلپس [[مونسٽرز آف راڪ]]'' موسيقي ميلي جي پڻ سرپرستي ڪئي هئي.

== ريسپيرونڪس جي شين جي واپسي ==
.

جون 2021ع ۾ فلپس پنهنجي ريسپيرونڪس برانڊ جا ڪيترائي وينٽيليٽر، BiPAP ۽ CPAP مشينون رضاڪارانه طور تي واپس گهرائڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن سان لاڳاپيل امڪاني صحت جا خطرا سامهون آيا هئا. انهن اوزارن ۾ شور ۽ هلچل گهٽائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ فوم وقت سان گڏ آهستي آهستي خراب ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ مريض ننڍڙا ذرڙا يا ڪجهه ڪيميائي مادا ساهه سان اندر وٺي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-recall&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Update: Certain Philips Respironics Ventilators, BiPAP Machines, and CPAP Machines Recalled Due to Potential Health Risks: FDA Safety Communication |url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/update-certain-philips-respironics-ventilators-bipap-machines-and-cpap-machines-recalled-due |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519203053/https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/update-certain-philips-respironics-ventilators-bipap-machines-and-cpap-machines-recalled-due |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2022 |website=US Food &amp; Drug Administration |access-date=30 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هن واپسي مهم ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 کان 40 لک مشينون شامل هيون، جنهن سبب [[ڪووڊ-19 عالمي وبا]] دوران اڳ ئي موجود سپلاءِ چين جي بحران ۾ وڌيڪ شدت آئي ۽ مريضن لاءِ انهن اوزارن جي دستيابي متاثر ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Owens |first1=Robert L. |last2=Wilson |first2=Kevin C. |last3=Gurubhagavatula |first3=Indira |last4=Mehra |first4=Reena |date=15 October 2021 |title=Philips Respironics Recall of Positive Airway Pressure and Noninvasive Ventilation Devices: A Brief Statement to Inform Response Efforts and Identify Key Steps Forward |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |language=en |volume=204 |issue=8 |pages=887–890 |doi=10.1164/rccm.202107-1666ED |issn=1073-449X |pmc=8534631 |pmid=34461022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شروعات ۾ فلپس انهن خطرن کي ممڪن طور &quot;زندگي لاءِ خطري وارو&quot; قرار ڏنو، پر اهو پڻ چيو ته ان وقت تائين انهن مسئلن سبب ڪنهن به موت جي رپورٽ نه ملي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mell |first=Rodney |title=URGENT: Medical Device Recall - Philips Respironics Trilogy 100, Trilogy 200, Garbin Plus, Aeris, LifeVent, BiPAP V30, and BiPAP A30/A40 Series Device Models |url=https://www.philips.com/c-dam/b2bhc/master/landing-pages/src/update/documents/philips-recall-letter-2021-05-a-2021-06-a.pdf |website=Philips |access-date=30 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ [[آمريڪي خوراڪ ۽ دوائن جي انتظاميه]] (FDA) کي فوم سان لاڳاپيل مسئلي سبب مبينا طور تي ٿيل 385 موتن جون رپورٽون مليون.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-recall&quot; /&gt;

2023ع ۾ [[پروپبلڪا]] ۽ [[پٽسبرگ پوسٽ-گزيٽ]] رپورٽ ڪيو ته فلپس کي 2010ع کان ئي خراب ٿيندڙ فوم سان متاثر مشينن بابت هزارين مريضن جون شڪايتون ۽ واپس موٽايل مشينون ملي چڪيون هيون، پر انهن مان ڪيترين ئي رپورٽن کي، قانوني ذميواري هجڻ باوجود، فلپس [[آمريڪي خوراڪ ۽ دوائن جي انتظاميه|FDA]] کي ظاهر نه ڪيو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Cenziper |first1=Debbie |last2=Sallah |first2=Michael D. |last3=Korsh |first3=Michael |last4=Robinson-Johnson |first4=Evan |last5=Sager |first5=Monica |date=27 September 2023 |title=Philips Kept Complaints About Dangerous Breathing Machines Secret While Company Profits Soared |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/philips-kept-warnings-about-dangerous-cpaps-secret-profits-soared |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آڪٽوبر 2022ع ۾ فلپس خلاف انهن حفاظتي خدشن جي بنياد تي داخل ٿيل ڪيترائي مقدما گڏ ڪري هڪ اجتماعي دعويٰ (class-action lawsuit) ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. سيپٽمبر 2023ع ۾ فلپس گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 479 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر ادا ڪري هن مقدمي جو ٺاهه ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=Khristopher |title=Philips Respironics agrees to $479 million CPAP settlement |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/philips-settlement-cpap-recall-lawsuit-fda/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=CBS News |date=8 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2024ع ۾ فلپس، FDA سان ٿيل هڪ معاهدي تحت، آمريڪا ۾ ننڊ دوران ساهه رڪجڻ (Sleep apnea) جي علاج لاءِ ڪنهن به نئين اوزار جي وڪري عارضي طور بند ڪرڻ تي راضي ٿيو. هن معاهدي تحت فلپس کي آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي پيداواري ڪارخانن ۾ FDA جون مقرر ڪيل شرطون پوريون ڪرڻيون پونديون. فلپس جي چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر راءِ جيڪبس موجب اهو عمل مڪمل ٿيڻ ۾ پنج کان ست سال لڳي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Meijer |first=Bart H. |title=Philips' US sales of sleep apnea devices face years-long halt after FDA deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/philips-reaches-compliance-agreement-with-fda-over-ventilator-recall-2024-01-29/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <id>100446</id>
    <redirect title="حسن خيل تعلقو" />
    <revision>
      <id>395261</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T19:40:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[سرحدي علائقو پشاور]] کي [[حسن خيل تعلقو]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>395261</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="7e2vwfq8q36y0vhbqjotnkej43302v8" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[حسن خيل تعلقو]]</text>
      <sha1>7e2vwfq8q36y0vhbqjotnkej43302v8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:حسن خیل تعلقو</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395289</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:20:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]] [[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]</comment>
      <origin>395289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="81" sha1="r5agqufiq3bybgltqbbzoso160v5jgr" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا]]</text>
      <sha1>r5agqufiq3bybgltqbbzoso160v5jgr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:پشاور ضلعي جا تعلقا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395290</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-17T20:21:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]] [[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]</comment>
      <origin>395290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="87" sha1="aul5v53uf61w1iu3tw70kuclenfydfv" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:پشاور ضلعو]]
[[زمرو:خیبر پختونخوا جا تعلقا]]</text>
      <sha1>aul5v53uf61w1iu3tw70kuclenfydfv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:گسٽاويا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395354</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T07:23:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي]] [[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]]</comment>
      <origin>395354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="152" sha1="fcuysx8v9135t8v1zg3kub1h8vvl0cw" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪيريبين ۾ راڄڌانيون]]
[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>fcuysx8v9135t8v1zg3kub1h8vvl0cw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سيج</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100450</id>
    <redirect title="سيج (ٻوٽو)" />
    <revision>
      <id>395360</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T08:11:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[سيج]] کي [[سيج (ٻوٽو)]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>395360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="jny4swzz9o815hi0rdqa8l9oozahzus" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[سيج (ٻوٽو)]]</text>
      <sha1>jny4swzz9o815hi0rdqa8l9oozahzus</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ آباد علائقا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395372</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:21:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا علائقا]]</comment>
      <origin>395372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="pqr0kxns1anf4fq26lpu2fniqh9stl7" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>pqr0kxns1anf4fq26lpu2fniqh9stl7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395373</id>
      <parentid>395372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:34:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="524" sha1="29hpbehxa4dhq0pe53umkprd7n3vq96" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا علائقا]]

[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا آباد علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا آباد علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ڳتيل آبادي واريون جايون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ڳتيل آبادي واريون جايون]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:ڳتيل آبادي واريون جايون بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>29hpbehxa4dhq0pe53umkprd7n3vq96</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395374</id>
      <parentid>395373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:38:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="96" sha1="plcvzmamzxwba9sx584q6m0ob6r89ft" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ڪئريبين علائقو]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>plcvzmamzxwba9sx584q6m0ob6r89ft</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395375</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:   [[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]] [[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾  ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ڳتيل آبادي واريون جايون بلحاظ کنڊ]]</comment>
      <origin>395375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="464" sha1="7uazq99j0ibgi0sews746w5uq70jmky" xml:space="preserve">

[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾  ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:ڳتيل آبادي واريون جايون بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>7uazq99j0ibgi0sews746w5uq70jmky</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395376</id>
      <parentid>395375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:39:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395376</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="106" sha1="86avbppz7b4j4s81onbz0k4tzwys9dj" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>86avbppz7b4j4s81onbz0k4tzwys9dj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395380</id>
      <parentid>395376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="180" sha1="tizx9ls96j1vs6mwxac0y77sk61fn23" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جا علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا]]
[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]]</text>
      <sha1>tizx9ls96j1vs6mwxac0y77sk61fn23</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395377</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا]]</comment>
      <origin>395377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="108" sha1="bwvyjqxc7vcac1mn03ruc5qzxmc57x0" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ آباد علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>bwvyjqxc7vcac1mn03ruc5qzxmc57x0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>395378</id>
      <parentid>395377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="126" sha1="t9u0c3h7w2g0frmnrsw781nxrqer517" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا علائقا]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]]</text>
      <sha1>t9u0c3h7w2g0frmnrsw781nxrqer517</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395379</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ڳتيل آبادي واريون جايون بلحاظ کنڊ]]</comment>
      <origin>395379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140" sha1="3nola1ba7zrfa2rrdoqs1lasmlf3apv" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:ڳتيل آبادي واريون جايون بلحاظ کنڊ]]</text>
      <sha1>3nola1ba7zrfa2rrdoqs1lasmlf3apv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:وچ آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395381</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:51:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]]</comment>
      <origin>395381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="139" sha1="gp9umu200n8oz74zizq0rkn38b8u1pk" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا ۾ ڳتيل آبادي واري جايون]]</text>
      <sha1>gp9umu200n8oz74zizq0rkn38b8u1pk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395382</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]</comment>
      <origin>395382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="116" sha1="a71id308fyowvrlavwjnhfvekawsdp3" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:وچ آمريڪا جي جاگرافي]]
[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جي انساني جاگرافي]]</text>
      <sha1>a71id308fyowvrlavwjnhfvekawsdp3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:سينٽ بارٿليمي ۾ آباد علائقا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395384</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T09:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>395384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="93" sha1="kl0l6kocqypkkbbpevh057f0qeexgnz" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:سينٽ بارٿيليمي]]
[[زمرو:ڪئريبين ۾ آباد علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>kl0l6kocqypkkbbpevh057f0qeexgnz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395386</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T10:05:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:1785]]  [[زمرو:1785ع]] [[زمرو:علائقا]]</comment>
      <origin>395386</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64" sha1="7zxhpddexjseflzzkzgt6gyaqs4n3fz" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:1785]] 
[[زمرو:1785ع]]
[[زمرو:علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>7zxhpddexjseflzzkzgt6gyaqs4n3fz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:1785ع ۾ اتر آمريڪا ۾ قائم ٿيل علائقا</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>100459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395387</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T10:07:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا علائقا]]    [[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]]</comment>
      <origin>395387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="114" sha1="rg9q7nq5gxhsfys4p17a70lcemja2l1" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:اتر آمريڪا جا علائقا]]   
[[زمرو:1785ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آباد علائقا]]</text>
      <sha1>rg9q7nq5gxhsfys4p17a70lcemja2l1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سنڌ جا طبعي حصا</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>395388</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-18T10:16:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Indus Asia</username>
        <id>5725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: === سنڌ جا طبعي حصا ۽ علائقا، ضلعي وار ورهاست (مينهوڳي جي موسم جي مناسبت سان) === سنڌ جا طبعي ڀاڱا پنج آهن، پر حقيقت ۾ اھي ڇھ حصن ۾ آھن.  سرو، وچولو، لاڙ ،ڪوهستان، ڪاڇو ۽ ٿر يا ريگستان.  == سرو يعني اتر سنڌ == سرو مطلب سِر يا منهن، هن علائقي کي عام زبان ۾ اتر سنڌ چئبو آهي. هن...</comment>
      <origin>395388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3391" sha1="598uyb88eqwsnyrqohru4jpabb3qhtc" xml:space="preserve">=== سنڌ جا طبعي حصا ۽ علائقا، ضلعي وار ورهاست (مينهوڳي جي موسم جي مناسبت سان) ===
سنڌ جا طبعي ڀاڱا پنج آهن، پر حقيقت ۾ اھي ڇھ حصن ۾ آھن.

سرو، وچولو، لاڙ ،ڪوهستان، ڪاڇو ۽ ٿر يا ريگستان.

== سرو يعني اتر سنڌ ==
سرو مطلب سِر يا منهن، هن علائقي کي عام زبان ۾ اتر سنڌ چئبو آهي. هن ۾ هيٺيان ضلعا شامل آهن: گهوٽڪي، سکر، ڪشمور، جيڪب آباد، شڪارپور، لاڙڪاڻو قمبر شهدادڪوٽ، خيرپور ضلعي جا اتر وارا ڪجهه تعلقا جئين تعلقو خيرپور، سوڀوديرو، گمبٽ راڻي پور وغيره ۽ دادو ضلعي جو اتريون حصو يعني ميهڙ ۽ خيرپورناٿن شاھ تعلقو.

== وچولو ==
وچولو مطلب وچ سنڌ جنهن ۾  ساهتي علائقو يا پرڳڻو به شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ ضلعو نوشهروفيروز، نوابشاه. ان کان علاوه وچولي سنڌ ۾ خيرپور ضلعي جا ڏکڻيان تعلقا، سانگهڙ ضلعي جا بئراجي علائقا، دادو ضلعي جا ڏکڻيان تعلقا ۽ سيوهڻ تعلقو، هالا، مٽياري، ٽنڊوالهيار ۽ حيدرآباد. ساهتي علائقي جي ٻولي کي اسٽينڊرڊ سنڌي ٻولي به چيو ويندو آهي.

== لاڙ ==
لاڙ جي علائقي ۾ هيٺيان ضلعا شامل آهن، ٽنڊو محمد خان، بدين، سجاول، ميرپورخاص ضلعي جا بدين سان لڳ ڪجھ علائقا.

== ڪوھستان ==
ڪوهستان ۾ ھاڻوڪو ٺٽو ضلعو،  ڪراچي،  ڄامشورو ضلعو (سيوهڻ کي ڇڏي ڪري)، دادو ۽ قمبر شهدادڪوٽ جا بلوچستان جي بارڊر سان لڳ الهندا حصا.

== ڪاڇو==
ڪاڇو هونئن ته ڪوهستان جو ئي حصو آهي، پر ان کي جيڪڏهن طبعي حساب سان الڳ علائقو ڪري سمجهون ته هن ۾ قمبر، دادو ضلعن جا اهي علائقا جيڪي ميداني پٽ آهن، پر درياه جي پاڻي کان محروم آهن، ٿلهي ليکي درياءُ ۽ کير ٿر جبل جي وچ واري علائقي کي ڪاڇو چئبو آهي.

== ٿر ==
ٿر يا ريگستان گهڻي ڀاڱي سڄي سنڌ جي انڊيا سان ملندڙ اڀرندي بارڊر وارا علائقا آهن، جنهن ۾ گهوٽڪي سکر، خيرپور، نوابشاھ، سانگهڙ جا وارياسا علائقا ۽ ٿرپارڪر ۽ عمرڪوٽ مڪمل طور تي شامل آهن. ميرپورخاص جو اڀرندو حصو به چئي سگهو ٿا ته ٿر جو حصو آهي.

== سامونڊي پٽي ۽ دريائي ڊيلٽا ==
ٻيا به ڪجھ طبعي لحاظ کان مختلف مختلف علائقا آهن، جئين سامونڊي پٽي، درياھي ڊيلٽا جو علائقو، درياءُ جي ڪچي جو علائقو ۽ ننگرپارڪر جي آسپاس پارڪر جو علائقو. &lt;ref&gt;محقق؛ الفت حسين پتافي&lt;/ref&gt;

=== [[Image:Noia 64 apps xeyes.png|30px]] حوالو ڏسندا ===


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