Wikipedia shiwiki https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasna_Tamzwarut MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midya Amẓli Amsawal Asmras Amsawal n usmras Wikipidya Amsawal n Wikipidya Afaylu Amsawal n ufaylu MidyaWiki Amsawal n MidyaWiki Talɣa Amsawal n talɣa Tiwisi Amsawal n twisi Taggayt Amsawal n taggayt Aggur Amsawal n waggur TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 1978 78738 77426 2026-08-09T23:28:53Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 78738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ṛumanya''' (s {{Langx|ro|România|label=[[tutlayt taṛumanit|tṛumanit]]}}) d yat tmurt illan dg {{ill|tuṛubt tagmuḍant|lt=ugmuḍ|en|Eastern Europe}} d {{ill|tuṛubt tanẓulant tagmuḍant|tl=unẓul agmuḍan n tuṛubt|en|Southeast Europe}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-06-12 |title=Europe :: Romania - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515163205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |archive-date=2020-05-15 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> tlla g ugafa n {{ill|tamgzirt tablqant|tl=tmgzirt tablqant|en|Balkan Peninsula}}, ɣf ugzzum izdrn n {{ill|asif n danub|tl=wasif n danub|en|Danube}}. ssutln {{ill|idrarn ikarbatn|en|Carpathian Mountains}} i utaram n ṛumanya. tla ṛumanya yan uwttu ɣf {{ill|ill abrkan|tl=yill abrkan|en|Black Sea}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport |url=http://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |publisher=}}</ref> amata n [[adilta n danub|udilta n danub]] illa dg ugnsu n ṛumanya. tssar ṛumanya iwutta akd [[hungarya]] d [[ṣiṛbya|ṣirbya]] g utaram, akd [[ukranya]] g ugafa agmuḍan yaggugn, akd [[tgduda n muldufa]] g ugafa agmuḍan yakmurn, akd [[blɣarya]] g unẓul. iga ungraw n ṛumanya {{ill|angraw azgn aslwayan|tl=azgn-aslwayan|en|Semi-presidential republic}} {{ill|angraw anammas|tl=anammas|en|Unitary state}}. ittusnulfa ungraw ad lliɣ tmun [[muldufya]] d [[wallakya]] g 1859. tettufka as tsimant ɣ {{ill|tamyaqqant n birlin 1878|tl=tmyaqqant n birlin 1878|en|Treaty of Berlin (1878)}}. g tgira n [[amnɣi amaḍlan wis sin|umnɣi amaḍlan wis sin]], ikka kra sg wakal nns (tama n muldufa tatrart) illa ddaw usdurri n [[amun asufyit|wamun asufyit]]. tumẓ ṛumanya tasimant nns, tddrfi zg ungraw anjmaw, ḍaṛat n tḍuri n [[alfaf n wuzzal|walfaf n wuzzal]] g 1989. g tmrawt tamzwarut n tasut tis 21, tsnfl ṛumanya mnnawt tɣawsiwin, am usnm n ungraw adimuqraṭ, azzray ilugnn n izrafn n ufgan, d ilugnn n tlelli n wawal, d isnmn idmsann d win uzrf. ayad akkʷ ad yujjan ṛumanya ad tkcm ɣr [[tamunt n turuft|wamun awṛubban]] ɣ 1 yanayr, 2007. tga ṛumanya tis tẓat s tjumma n wakal, d tis sat s umḍan n imzdaɣn nns (s 19 id mlyun) gr iwunak igmamn n wamun awṛubban. tamdint n buxarist (s {{Langx|ro|București|label=[[tutlayt taṛumanit|tṛumanit]]}}) ad igan tamaẓunt d tmdint akkʷ mqqurn g ṛumanya, ilkm umḍan n imzdaɣn nns 1.6 id mlyun. tudf ṛumanya ɣr [[nnaṭu|nnaṭu]] dg 29 mars, 2004.<ref>{{bdr awib |date=2024-03-29 |title=Romanian officials mark 20 years of NATO membership |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-20-years-nato-membership-march-2024 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Romania Insider |language=en}}</ref> ==Anaɣiz== tusa d tguri n ṛumanya zɣ tguri taṛumanit ''Român'' nna d ikkan s yixf nns taguri talatint ''Romanus'' nna isnamkn "[[ṛuma taqburt|aṛuman]]".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History|journal=The Proceedings of the Friesian School|author=Kelley L. Ross|year=2003|quote=Note: The Vlach Connection|url=http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies)|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|first=Robert Lee|last=Wolff|volume=23|issue=1|date=January 1948|pages=1–34|doi=10.2307/2853672|jstor=2853672|s2cid=162802725|issn=0038-7134}}</ref> ==Amzruy== ==Tajyuɣraft== tlla ṛumanya g tuṛubbt tanẓulant tagmuḍant, tili iwutta akd yill abrkan, d wasif n danub, ilin idrarn ukarbat g tuẓẓunt. tga ṛumanya tamurt tamqqrant akkʷ gr tmura n unzul agmuḍan n tuṛubt s umḍan n imzdaɣn. tla tajmmua yuwḍn 238,391 km²,<ref>{{cite web |title=ROMANIA, SERBIA |url=http://www.status-invest.com/en/site/press/investorbg-02-04-2007/ |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> tg tis 12 g tjumma g tuṛubt. amata n uwttu gr ṛumanya akd siṛbya d bulɣarya iṛcm t wasif n danub. asif n danub ar ittmun d wasif n n frut, lli iṛcm dɣ nttan awttu gr muldufa d ṛumanya. inngi wasif n danub ar tsga n yill abrkan g ugns n ṛumanya, aya ad iskrn aylli mi ttinin [[adilta n danub]]. iga udlita ad yan yigmi n ubayusfir, ig ansa amaḍlan n umyanaw abyuluji. llan kra n isaffn mqqurnin yaḍnin g ṛumanya, ad tn igan d sirit, ult d muric. da ittazzal wasif n sirit sg ugafa ar anẓul n [[muldufa]]. da ittazzal wasif n ult zg idrarn ikarbatn ar uultinya. asif n murc ar ittazzal, izri, g transylfinya zg ugmmuḍ ar ataram. ===Angigt=== da ittnfal [[angigt|ungigt]] n ṛumanya gr [[angigt ildudin|ungigt ildudin]] d [[angigt amnẓaw|ungigt amnẓaw]]. tamntilt n infaln ad n ungigt iga t wansa n ṛumanya g tama n yill. anammas n trɣi g usggʷas iga t 11°C g unẓul n ṛumanya d 8°C g ugafa nns.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |title=Romania: Climate |url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm |accessdate=2008-01-10 |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}</ref> kigan n unẓaṛ d udfl ad d iṭṭaṛn ɣf yidrarn utrimn akkʷ attuynin, ig umata aylli d iṭṭaṛn adfl. g igzzumn inẓulann n tmurt, da tettizdir tsmkta n unẓaṛ d udfl ar attayn n 60 cm.<ref>{{in lang|ro}}{{citation|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|title=The 2004 Yearbook|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2008-08-19}}</ref> tiriɣi akkʷ izdrn nna ittuzmman g umzruy n ṛumanya tga tt 38.5°C dg bracuf g 1944.<ref name="temperature2">{{cite web |title=Climate of Romania |url=http://www.romaniatourism.com/climate.html |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> tirɣi akkʷ yattuyn nna ittuzmman g umzruy nns tga tt 44.5°C g tama n kalafat g tmrawt n 1950.<ref name="temperature2" /> <gallery caption="tiwlafin n kra n imuɣliyn zg ṛumanya"> afaylu:BaleaLac4.jpg afaylu:Lipovean.jpg afaylu:07.zori in Valeni.2.jpg afaylu:Pietrosu Mare.jpg afaylu:Retezat Mountain - Spring Waterfall 02.JPG </gallery> ==Amun== === timnaḍin === tid ayd igan timnaḍin n tgmi n ṛumanya: * agafa anẓulan * ataram * agafa utrim * ammas * anẓul agmuḍan * anẓul * buxarist-ilfub * anẓul utrim === Imzdaɣn === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;" |+anaɣiz ittuḍkaḍn n imzdaɣn n ṛumanya, asggwas n 2011 ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| anaɣiz ! scope="col" |imzdaɣn ! scope="col" |tigmiḍ |- ! scope="row" | iṛumaniyn | 16,463,000 | 82% |- ! scope="row" | imajariyn | 2,500,000 | 12.45%<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETHNIC STRUCTURE|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm/ |access-date=2012-01-16 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011202502/http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ijiṭann | 620,000 | 3% |- ! scope="row" | iwkṛann | 300,000 | 1.5%<ref name="wilson">"The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) ''Nations Abroad''. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132. {{ISBN|0-8133-3738-0}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ilimann | 135,000 | 0.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130100705/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archivedate=2008-11-30|title=Political relations|publisher=Auswärtiges Amt|accessdate=2009-09-07}}Archived</ref> |- ! scope="row" | wiyyaḍ (irusiyyn, ibulandiyn, islufakn, ikrwatn, atg.) | 50,000 | 0.2% |- ! scope="row" | tamuttrt n imzdaɣn | 20,068,000 | 100% |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;" |+ asrtu ittuḍkaḍn n imzdaɣn n ṛumanya, asggʷas n 2011 ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| asrtu (Genre) ! scope="col" |tamuttrt ! scope="col" |tigmiḍi |- ! scope="row" | [[argaz|irgazn]] | {{Commas|10004180}} |49.28% |- ! scope="row" | [[tamṭṭut|timṭṭutin]] | {{Commas|10294390}} |50.72% |- ! scope="row" | tamuttrt n imzdaɣn, asggʷas n 2011 | {{Commas|20298570}} |100%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|title=The Pension System in Romania|first=Tudor|last=Moldovan|date=18 February 2006|website=EUROPEAN PAPERS ON THE NEW WELFARE|archive-date=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126085148/http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} <gallery> File:Venus, Romania -beach-26July2009.jpg File:ViewfromVartopskiresortover-VartopPassAndBihorMountains.jpg File:A3 near Cheile Turului 2.JPG File:CFR 96 at Gara de Nord, 2006.jpg File:Sarmale with polenta and sour cream.jpg File:Hora Unirii.webm File:Romanian Church, Jerusalem (9198088899).jpg </gallery> === tutlayt d tdlsa === [[tutlayt taṛumanit|taṛumanit]] ad igan tutlayt tamaddudt n ṛumanya. tga tutlayt ad yat [[tutlayin tiṛumansiyin tigmuḍanin|tutlayt taṛumansit tagmuḍant]]. Tṭṭaf ṛumanya tadlsa nns s tmntilt n udɣar g d tusa nna g ttmniggirnt kṛaḍt tmnaḍin: [[tuṛubt tanammast]], [[tuṛubt tagmuḍant]] d [[ibalqann]]. tga tdlsa taṛumanit yan urkis n kṛaḍt ad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romania - Culture |url=http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |archive-date=2007-12-31 |access-date=2008-05-26 |publisher=}}</ref> izri f tdlsa nns iḍiṣ n {{ill|iyunann iqburn|en|Ancient_Greece}}, {{ill|iṛumann iqburn|en|Ancient Rome}} d {{ill|islafn|en|Slavs}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sicilian Peoples: The Romans |url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art159.htm |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref>. ittussan unwal aṛumani s tiram tiblday zun d {{lang|ro|Mămăligă}}, lli igan yan wanaw n {{lang|ro|[[:en:Polenta|Polenta]]}} ittuskarn s [[aggʷrn n usngar|uggʷrn n usngar]], d {{lang|ro|Mici}}, lli igan yan wanaw n ṣṣuṣis{{efn|s tnglizt: Sausages}}, d {{lang|ro|{{ill|Sarmale|en}}}} d {{lang|ro|Chiftele}} lli igan yan anaw n twjjiwin n uksum. aksum n yilf d ufunas ad igan anawn n uksum bahra ittutcan g tmurt, ig {{lang|ro|Țuică}} tamssuyt n walkul bahra ittuswan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicover |url=https://www.medicover.ro/despre-sanatate/mamaliga-beneficii-nutrienti-si-moduri-de-consum,1692,n,1948}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bucataria romaneasca {{!}} EURAXESS |url=https://www.euraxess.gov.ro/ro/romania/informatii-si-asistenta/viata-cotidiana/bucataria-romaneasca |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.euraxess.gov.ro |language=ro}}</ref> tga ṛumanya yut tmurt tamasiḥit turtuduksit irṭṭln tigga tutrimin zun d akrismas{{efn|s tnglizt: Christmas}} d ufaska{{efn|s tnglizt: Easter}}, ilint dars tigga nns sis iẓlin zun d ass n tmuni amqqran nna isfuglun s tamunt n ṛumanya d transilfanya. yili daɣ {{lang|ro|[[Ie]]}} da igan ijj n ukustim abldi nna lssan mddn g wass n tmuni amqqran d wass n tmuni amẓyan (tigga g sfuglun mddn s tamuni n wallakya d muldufya).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cum s-a făcut Marea Unire pe 1 Decembrie 1918, ziua unui vis împlinit. Discursurile din Sala Unirii |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/1-decembrie-1918-ziua-unui-vis-implinit-cum-s-a-infaptuit-marea-unire.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Știrile ProTV |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ia nationala: istoria iei, ziua iei, tipurile de ie, materiale din care este confectionata, mituri – Blog – IE Nationala |url=https://www.ienationala.ro/blog/index.php/2021/06/22/ia-nationala-istoria-iei-ziua-iei-tipurile-de-ie-materiale-din-care-este-confectionata-mituri/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=ro-RO}}</ref> === Asgd === Iga uwank aṛumani yan [[awank alayki|uwank alayki]], isnamk maya is ur ili uwank kra n [[usgd anamur|asgd n uwank]]. taglizt turtuduksit ad igan tarabbut tasgdant tamqqrant akkʷ g ṛumanya s 86,7% n imzdaɣn, tiḍfuṛ tt taktulikit taṛumant s 4.7%, tabrutistant s 3.7%, [[:en:Pentecostalism|tasmmusant]] s 1.5, aykuzn (lislam) s 1%,<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=Romanian Muslims Cancel Grand Mosque Project |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/07/18/romania-muslim-cult-tables-turkish-grand-mosque-project-07-17-2018/}}</ref> fadd ilmma takatulikit tayunant taṛumanit s 0.9%.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=2002 Census Reports - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/census/2002censusreports/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref> === Timdinin === <gallery caption="tiwlafin zg kra n tmdinin tiṛumaniyin"> afaylu:Cluj Napoca river.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cluj_Napoca_river.jpg|[[:simple:Cluj-Napoca|Cluj-Napoca]] afaylu:RO IS Iaşi , panoramic view 4.JPG|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_IS_Ia%C5%9Fi_,_panoramic_view_4.JPG|[[:simple:Iaşi|Iaşi]] afaylu:Sibiuphoto.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|[[:simple:Sibiu|Sibiu]] afaylu:OradeaTownHall.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OradeaTownHall.jpg|[[:simple:Oradea|Oradea]] </gallery>[[buxarist]] ad igan tamaẓunt, tg tamdint tamqqrant akkʷ g ṛumanya s umḍan n imzdaɣn izrin 2 id mlyun.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120922094800/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf Preliminary Data for 2011 census]" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 24 August 2012. Archived from [http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 September 2012.</ref> llant g ṛumanya smmust tmdinin yaḍnin nna mi izri umḍan n imzdaɣn 300,000. ad tnt igan d [[yaci]], [[kluj-nafuka]], [[timicwara]], [[kunstata]] d [[krayufa]]. ilint daɣ smmust tmdinin yaḍn nna ɣ izdɣ uggar n 200,000: [[galati]], [[brasuf]], [[bluycti]], [[brayli]] d [[uradya]]. kṛaḍ d mrawt tmdinin yaḍn lant uggar n 100,000 n umzdaɣ.<ref>{{citation|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|title=Population in Romania|date=1 July 2007|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=13 February 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095441/http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|archivedate=11 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tadamsa == tkcm ṛumanya s [[tamunt n turuft|wamun n tṛubt]] g 1 innayr, 2007. g 2024, ilkm uyafu amsari n ugʷns (PIB) n ṛumanya attayn n 894 mlyar, ilkm umur n wuggid zɣ uyafu amsari n ugʷns $47,203.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> s inawayn n [[abank n umaḍal|ubank n umaḍal]], tga ṛumanya yat tmazirt mmu tsidaf attuynin.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org}}</ref> gr 2007 d 2022, irna umur n wuggid zɣ uyafu amsari n ugʷns s 44%, aya yujja ṛumanya ad tg yat zg tdamsiwin nna ittgmayn s tazzla g tuṛubt.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=GDP per capita in PPS |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === Tamallayt === tga ṛumanya yan tmurt s bahra ttddun imlallayn. uggar n 15,7 id mlyun imlallayn igʷnsann d ibṛṛann ad gis illan g 2018. ittut bahra yigr ad n tmallayt s tmntilt n [[kufid-19]] g 2020, tḍṛ tgmiḍi n imlallayn ibṛṛann s 68.7% g 2020, ur issnti yigr ar ittjji ar tuddma n 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Cum a afectat pandemia turismul românesc: Sosirile vizitatorilor străini au scăzut în iunie cu 68,7% faţă de iunie 2019 |url=https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/cum-a-afectat-pandemia-turismul-romanesc-sosirile-vizitatorilor-19460871 |access-date= |work=Ziarul Financiar}}</ref> tla ṛumanya timdinin iṭṭafn ayda adlsan axatar ({{ill|sibyu|en|Sibiu}}, {{ill|buxarist|en|Bucharest}}, {{ill|kustantsa|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|brasuf|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|yaci|en|Iași}}, {{ill|timicwara|en|Timișoara}}, {{ill|kluj-nabuka|en|Cluj-Napoca}}, {{ill|alba yulya|en|Alba Iulia}}, {{ill|uradya|en|Oradea}}), iftasn, isrars tama n yill, isrars n sski d tsgiwin tifaranin mi ittyari ufulki d tzgut nnsnt. tg daɣ ṛumanya tanila n iḥjjajn isgdann, ar lkmmn wid mnnaw wafḍan ku asggʷas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Giușcă |first=Mădălina |date=23 May 2020 |title=Religious tourism and pilgrimage at Prislop Monastery, Romania: motivations, faith and perceptions |url=https://humangeographies.org.ro/articles/141/a_141_9_giusca.pdf |journal=Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=149-167 |doi=10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.9 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ionel |first=Marian |date=2020 |title=Implications of Religious Tourism on the Romanian Tourist Market |url=https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Section%203/26.pdf |journal=Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series |publisher=[[Ovidius University of Constanța]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=362-367 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> == Asgmi == g ṛumanya, mraw isggʷasn g tinml gan ucciln i ku azzan. ɣiyn wazzan mẓẓiynin ad ɣrin kra n isggʷasn n rrawḍ gr 3 d 6 isggʷasn. ḍaṛat n tinml, zmrn inlmadn, mk stin, ad zzrin irim n tinml yattuyn. llant g ṛumanya uggar n 40 tinml n usgmi yattuyn, gitsnt smust tsdawiyin d smmust tsdawiyin titiqniyin. tiɣri tga fabur g tmurt. tidrsiwin n tmurt ẓḍarn ad aqqrant s tutlayin nnsnt taymmatin. zɣ 1989, ittusnm ungraw n usgmi, maccan iẓḍay uzzugz n tsrtitin ɣf wakal, ilin imzarayn mqqurnin g uswir n usgmi g tmnaḍin n tmurt. da nn nttafa taɣara n usgmi g idɣarn iɣrmann attuyn f igdazaln nnsn g idɣarn ifarann. == Tanbaḍt == === tasrtit === ittuṣka udustur n ṛumanya ɣf tsila n udustur n tgduda tis smmust n fṛanṣa,<ref name="Europaworld">{{cite book |title=Romania |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=9781857434125 |edition=48 |volume=2 |location=London and New York |pages=3734–3759}}</ref> iffɣ d am uzrf g wass n 8 dujanbir, 1991 ḍaṛat n yat tsfrut.<ref name="Europaworld" /> tturnan 73 isnamn i udustur g ktubr n 2003 ḥma ad yili g umsasa d udustur n tamunt n tuṛubt. tettussan tnbaḍt tuzrift taṛumanit s yism n ubṛlaman. llan gis sin isqqimn, win imɣarn g llan 140 igmamn, d win imaran g llan 346 igmamn.<ref name="Europaworld" /> ar ttwstayn igmamn n isqqimn ad s sin kraygat kkuẓ isggʷasn s yimis n tglamin n imullitn.<ref name="Europaworld" /> tẓli tnbaḍt tazrfant n ṛumanya xf tnbaḍin yaḍnin. tasnbḍayt yattuyn n tṛẓi d tzraft lli igan tasnbḍayt tanafllat n ṛumanya. tisnbḍayin n walas, tin {{ill|tkumtit|fr|Comté (domaine)}} d tsnbḍayin tidɣranin amunt akkʷ g tnbaḍt tuzrift n tnbaḍt taṛumanit. iḍfar ungraw n tsnbḍayin g ṛumanya taɣarast n tin fṛanṣa g uswuri nns.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Romanian Legal system |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |archive-date=2008-01-25 |publisher=CIA Factbook}}</ref> === Tiṭṭitin === tbḍa ṛumanya ɣf 41 tikumtiyin, tamu gitsnt tgrawt taɣrmant n buxarist lli daɣ igan takumtit s yixf nns. tbḍu daɣ ṛumanya xf 319 tmdinin d 2,686 tgrawin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005 |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |accessdate=2008-08-19 |publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics |language=ro |id=Chapter 1.8}}</ref> ku yat sg tgrawin illa ɣurs usqqim nna ɣf ibdd yan unssixf. === Tasrdast === tbḍa tsrdast taṛumanit xf kṛaḍ igzman, taggalin n wakal, tin waḍu d tin yill, kullu tnt llant ddu tnara n yan unbbaḍ yattuyn. [[tamawast n umzaɣ (ṛumanya)|tamawast n umzaɣ]] da takka anaḍn i unbbaḍ yattuyn. g uzmz n umnɣi, anssixf n uwank ad ittilin tanara n tsrdast. 90,000 ad tt inn ikkan g tsrdast taṛumanit g 2003: 15,000 gan uɣrimn d 75,000 n iɛskriyn. zg 75,000 n iɛskriyn, 45,800 llan g taggalin n wakal, 13,250 g tin waḍu, lin 6,800 g taggalin n yill, d 8,800 g idɣarn yaḍn g tsrdast.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Ministry of National Defense of Romania|url=http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm|title=Press conference|date=2003-01-21|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> == Tinẓi == {{notelist}} == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Timizar n urupa]] [[Taggayt:Tarakal]] eu0gbv7fj2wb0j9mcoowt50i9fx9p1t 0 2252 78739 73836 2026-08-09T23:29:35Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 78739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tasɛdit Yasin''' niɣ '''Tasɛdit Yasin Tituh''', tlul ɣ 14 nuwanbir 1949 ɣ usun n [[At Sidi Bṛahim]] ɣ [[Tagrawt n Budjllil|tgrawt n Budjllil]], [[Tamazirt n Lqbayl]] ɣ [[Ddzayr]]. Tga tamassant n tsnafgant, tamrzut tadzayrit, d tmẓlayt ɣ tdlsa Tamaziɣt. Tg daɣ Tanmhalt n tzrawin ɣ Tinml n Tzrawin Tinaflayin ɣ Tmassanin Tinamunin. == Timẓi == Tlul Yasin ɣ 14 Nuwanbir 1949, ɣ [[Budjllil]] ɣ [[Tawilayt n Bgayt|Twilayt n Bgayt]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://bleu-autour.com/auteur_bleu/tassadit/|title=Tassadit Yacine {{!}} Bleu autour, éditeur|website=bleu-autour.com|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Innas tga lal n tgmmi, ig babas amzwag nna ittuɛddabn, ittunɣa ɣ 1956. Tsmd tinml tamnzut, asinan d tɣuriwin tinafllatin ɣ Ddzayr nna ɣ nit txdm dat ad tddu s Fṛansa ɣ 1987.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Salhi|first=Zahia Smail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNuIWMqdeKQC|title=Des femmes écrivent l'Afrique: L'Afrique du Nord|publisher=Karthala Editions|year=2013|isbn=978-2-8111-0731-4|editor-last=Nowaira|editor-first=Amira|editor-link=Amira Nowaira|pages=434|language=fr|editor-last2=El Kholy|editor-first2=Azza|editor-last3=Ennaji|editor-first3=Moha|editor-link3=Moha Ennaji}}</ref> == Asmuttg == Tɣra tutlayt d tskla Taṣblyunit g tsdawit n Ddzayr, tamẓt aslkin nns g usggʷas n 1980. Tmmatti s Bariz g usggʷas n 1987 fad ad tsmd tiɣri nns, ɣ usggʷas 1992, tumẓ dduktuṛa g tsnafgant sg tsdawit n Bariz Ṣuṛbun. Tdwl ḍaṛt nns tanmhalt n tzrawin g Tinml n Tɣuriwin Tinflayin ɣ Tmassanin Tinamunin (EHESS) d ugmam g Usarm n Tsnafgant Tanamunt g tɣiwant n Fṛanṣa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/personne-tassadit-yacine.html|title=Tassadit Yacine : biographie, actualités et émissions France Culture|website=France Culture|language=fr|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> Ɣ 10 bṛayṛ 2033, tga tsɛdit yasin agmam ɣ Tkadimit Tambṛuẓyant g Mulanu nna dar awttas n usdus d usnfl adlsan. == Arzzu == Tskr Tsɛdit mnnaw irzzutn f tsnafgant n tdlsa tamaziɣt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gelard|first=Marie Luce|date=2011-12-31|title=Tassadit Yacine, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi. Études d'ethnologie des affects en Kabylie, Préface de Françoise Héritier. Postface de Sherry B. Ortner|url=http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/13173|journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales|language=fr|issue=54|pages=175–176|doi=10.4000/insaniyat.13173|issn=1111-2050}}</ref> Da tsmmun tmyadast nns n tsnafgant tanamunt gr ustal amassan d tskla tamiwant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amghar|first=Nabila|date=2001|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Chacal ou la ruse des dominés : aux origines du malaise culturel des intellectuels algériens, 2001|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_2001_num_1232_1_5291_t1_0145_0000_6|journal=Hommes & Migrations|volume=1232|issue=1|pages=145–146}}</ref> Tga tamuyzat ɣ mad izdin d twuri n Burdyu, tg tirmitin nns ɣ Ddzayr d iḍiṣ anammas xf tflsaft nns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|date=2009-11-27|title=Tassadit Yacine (textes édités et présentés par), Pierre Bourdieu, Esquisses algériennes, Paris, Seuil (coll. Liber), 2008, 414 p.|url=http://journals.openedition.org/remmm/6322|journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée|language=fr|issue=126|doi=10.4000/remmm.6322|issn=0997-1327|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tg tamẓṛigt n tmssktay n [[Jan Ɛmruc]], ayda issrxan armas uggar i yiḍiṣ nns f tskla. Tssugur yan umgraw, dffir tmttant n [[Rabaḥ Blɛmri]], nna daɣ izrin f tilalt nns ɣ tdlsa tasklant ɣ Tmazɣa (Lmɣrib Mqqurn), tssimɣur sis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ammar Khodja|first=Soumya|date=2001|title=TASSADIT Yacine (sous la direction de), Enracinement culturel et rôle des médiateurs au Maghreb, L'exemple de Rabah Belamri, L'Harmattan-Awal, 2000, 164 p.|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ela/1900-v1-n1-ela03261/1041903ar/abstract/|journal=Études littéraires africaines|language=fr|issue=11|pages=82–83|doi=10.7202/1041903ar|issn=0769-4563|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tg daɣ tamẓṛigt n yat tgrumma n tirra n Burdyu nna ɣ tsrs Yasin tawuri nns ɣ imnaḍ nns isrtann idzayriyn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Jane E.|date=2015|title=Pierre Bourdieu, Algerian Sketches. Tassadit Yacine, ed., David Fernbach, trans. Malden, Mass.: Polity Press, 2013, 390 pp.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_2015-04_57_2/page/595|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|language=en|volume=57|issue=2|pages=595–597|doi=10.1017/S0010417515000158|s2cid=147032962|issn=0010-4175}}</ref> Tga tamuzayt ɣ tudrt n [[Imaziɣn|iɣrfan]] [[Imaziɣn]], tssufɣ d tẓṛigin, tsawl bahra f imrsi ad, slawant akkʷ manmk a s ar tctta tdlsa d tutlayt taɛṛabt timagitin timaziɣin ɣ tasuta tis simrawt (20).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://user.eng.umd.edu/~sellami/DEC95/culture.html|title=Amazigh Voice, December 1995 - March 1996 issue|website=user.eng.umd.edu|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> Tɣra Yasin f [[tutlayt Taqbaylit]] d tdlsiwin tisklanin timaziɣin s uẓliy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.persee.fr/authority/264646|title=Tassadit, Yacine - Persée|website=www.persee.fr|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Tga Tsɛdit tanbaḍt f manmk s ittnnzay usrtu d ummtc n tmagiwin tidlsanin ɣ tdlsa Tamaziɣt, tssmrs yan usati n Fruyd ɣ usfsi adlsan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giafferi-Dombre|first=Natacha|date=2009-01-01|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi !|url=http://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/28738|journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=232–233|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28738|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tawwuri ad ittuṣka fllas ɣ yat tsrsit (thesis) nna d iḍfaṛn n Terhi Lehtinen.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Nation à la marge de l'Etat : la construction identaire du Mouvement Culturel Amazigh dans l'espace national marocain et au-delà des frontières étatiques|url=http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0133|publisher=Paris, EHESS|date=2003-01-01|degree=thesis|first=Terhi|last=Lehtinen}}</ref> ''Chacal ou la ruse des dominés'' (2001) d ''Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi'' (2006) ad igan snat twuriwin tikadimiyin akkʷ istawhmman n Yasin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alonso|first=Maria Àngels Roque|date=2016|title=Entrevista a Tassadit Yacine|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5526318|journal=Quaderns de la Mediterrània = Cuadernos del Mediterráneo|issue=23|pages=307–318|issn=1577-9297}}</ref> Ɣ udlis nns anggaru, tsrs Yasin tadlsa Tamaziɣt ɣ umnaḍ nns agrakal yiriwn, tzri asnuḥyu abldi gr tdlsa tamiwant d tmirayt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonte|first=Pierre|date=2009-01-01|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi !. Paris, Éd. de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006, 175 pages|url=http://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/28736|journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=229–231|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28736|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Idlisn== : (Zr ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061126084151/http://las.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=213 liste complète des publications de Tassadit Yacine]'' {{Pdf}} :* 1987: Tamdyazt tamaziɣt d tmagit: qasi adiflla hiṛul n at sidi bṛahim, bariz, taddart n tmassanin n ufgan, asmnid mulud mɛmmri. :* 1987: Izli niɣ tayri itturarn g lqbayl, asmnid byir buṛdyu, bariz, tamassant n tmassanin n ufgan (<nowiki>ISBN 273510253X</nowiki>). :* 1989: Ayt Mnglat da ittirir, izlan imaziɣn itrarn, bariz, La Découverte, (<nowiki>ISBN 2707118877</nowiki>) asmnid katib yasin. :* 1992: Lqbayl. ifrdisn n urmas n tmagit tamaziɣt g ddzayr, bariz GDM (<nowiki>ISBN 2-906589-13-6</nowiki>). :* 1992: Tayri d imarurn d wamunn g yiẓẓlmḍ n yifriqya d tnzruft, bariz, laṛmatan (<nowiki>ISBN 2738417620</nowiki>). :* 1993: Imakrn n takat, bariz, La Découverte, (<nowiki>ISBN 2707122890</nowiki>) :* 1995: Carif xddam niɣ tayri n tẓuṛi, La Découverte, (<nowiki>ISBN 2707124192</nowiki>) :* 1995: Tamdayt niɣ imnɣi n yat tmɣart tadzayrit: tasntayt g tṛunbulujit n waṭṭan, bariz, awal/ publisud, (<nowiki>ISBN 2866007581</nowiki>) :* 1996: Nwaṛa, adlis n tmdyazt n yat tmɣart taqbaylit. ==Izdayn n bṛṛa== * {{Fr}} [http://motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/MP2403ty.html « Entretien avec Tassadit Yacine »] proposé par Nabil Boudraa, Oregon State University, n°24 de la revue [http://motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/ Mots Pluriels] (juin 2003). * {{Fr}}[http://tamusni.tripod.com/hommage.htm « Aux origines des cultures du peuple : entretien avec Kateb Yacine »], par Tassadit Yacine, revue Awal, n°9 : ''Hommage à Kateb Yacine''. * {{Fr}}[http://clio.revues.org/document287.html#bodyftn3 « Femmes et espace poétique dans le monde berbère »] par Tassadit Yacine, Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb, 2006. * {{Fr}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20070903212610/http://dzlit.free.fr/tasyacine.html « Tassadit Yacine »], Site consacré à la [[littérature algérienne]]. == Tisaɣulin == [[Taggayt:ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ]] [[Taggayt:ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵏ]] s1aai3pu4uvsbxwcoi2syhz4m2r4982