Wikipedia shiwiki https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasna_Tamzwarut MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Midya Amẓli Amsawal Asmras Amsawal n usmras Wikipidya Amsawal n Wikipidya Afaylu Amsawal n ufaylu MidyaWiki Amsawal n MidyaWiki Talɣa Amsawal n talɣa Tiwisi Amsawal n twisi Taggayt Amsawal n taggayt Aggur Amsawal n waggur TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 1108 78850 78370 2026-09-27T23:45:51Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78850 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Afaylu:Moroccan passport.svg|vignette|Abasbuṛ amɣribi]] '''Abasbuṛ amɣribi''' (s [[Tutlayt Taɛrabt|taɛrabt]]: جواز سفر مغربي) iga yan ubasbuṛ ittyakkan i inmuran [[Lmɣrib|imɣribiyn]] s uwttas n imuddutn igraɣlann. Tskr tagldit n [[Lmɣrib]] yan [[Abasbuṛ abyumitri|ubasbuṛ abyumitri]] zɣ ass n 15 dujanbir n 2009 nna ɣ llan isɣlaf n [[Asnmala n usaylal uɣrim agraɣlan|Usnmala n usaylal uɣrim agraɣlan]]. == Imuddutn war viza nɣ viza ittyakkan ɣ igulu == Id bab n ibasbuṛn imɣribiyn ilugann ẓḍaṛn ad mmuddun bla viza, nɣ ad ṭṭfn viza ittyakkan ɣ tmazirt n igulu, s uggar n 70 tmazirt d udɣar. === Tafriqt === {| class="wikitable" !Tmizar d idɣarn !Tifadiwin n ukccum |- ![[Dzayr]] |3 iyyirn [http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=DZ&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Burundi]] |Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum ​[http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=BI&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Ixf Azgzaw]] |Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum ​[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111041319/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&AR=00&PASSTYPES=PASS&DE=CV&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Tigzirin n wayyur]] |Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum ​[http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=KM&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Kuddivwar]] |3 iyyirn [https://web.archive.org/web/20210710205542/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=CI&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Djibuti|Jibuti]] |Yan wayyur, Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum s watig n 5,000 DJF ​[https://web.archive.org/web/20210712094701/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=DJ&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Ɣinya]] |3 iyyirn [http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=GN&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Kinya]] |3 iyyirn, Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum s watig n 50 $ US ​[http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=KE&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Libya]] |3 iyyirn [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711003023/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=LY&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Madaɣacqar]] |90 wussan, Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum s watig n MGA140,000 ​[https://web.archive.org/web/20210711082122/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=MG&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Mali]] |3 iyyirn [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711054533/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=ML&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Muzanbiq]] |30 wussan, Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum s watig n US$25 ​[http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=MZ&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Nijr]] |3 iyyirn [https://web.archive.org/web/20210713054728/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=NE&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Sinigal]] |3 iyyirn [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711141643/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=SN&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Sicl]] |Yan wayyur [http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=SC&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Tugu]] |7 wussan, Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum s watig n 35,000 XOF ​[http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=TG&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Tuns]] |3 iyyirn [http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=TN&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Uɣanda]] |3 iyyirn, Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum s watig n 50 $US ​[http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=MA&DE=UG&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=DL&subuser=DELTAB2C] |- ![[Zambya]] |3 iyyirn, Viza ittyakkan ɣ ukccum s watig n 50 $US ​ |} === Marikan === === Asya === === Usyanya === == Tisaɣulin == <references/> {{Iɣbula}} [[Taggayt:Abasbuṛ]] 3asst9ioa3owbmxovnw99ksgy7srkaa 0 1397 78853 67151 2026-09-27T23:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Afaylu:ONSSA s tmaziɣt.png|thumb|Tamatart n usira anamur n tanfrut tadusant n isadurn s tmaziɣt d tsrɣint]] '''Asira anamur n tnfrut tadusant n isadurn''' (Asgzl s tmaziɣt: '''SNNDS''', asgzl s tfṛansist: '''ONSSA'''; s [[Tutlayt Taɛṛabt|tsrɣint ]]: المكتب الوطني للسلامة الصحية للمنتجات الغذائية, s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tfṛasist]]: Office national de sécurité sanitaire des produits alimentaires) iga yan ungmam amɣribi n tanfrut tadusant n isadurn. angmam ad iga agdudan, iḍfaṛ i tmawast n tfllaḥt d tagmrt taylant. ==Amawal : == *isadurn: kra n tɣawsa ittwacca (produit alimentaire). *tanfrut: sécurité. *Asira: office. *Tadusant: tuckad taguri ad sg tguri n Tadusi (Santé) ==Amzruy: == Asira ad ttrsnt tirsal ns g usggas n 2009, s uzrf 25-08 ittyawfsarn g tasɣunt tamaddudt uṭṭun n 5714. ==Tismigal tigjdanin : == [[Taggayt:Tadusi]] [[Taggayt:Lmɣrib]] #Asml amaddud : https://web.archive.org/web/20210501203057/http://www.onssa.gov.ma/fr/onssa1/missions #Tismigal tigjdanin : https://web.archive.org/web/20210501203057/http://www.onssa.gov.ma/fr/onssa1/missions ==Ẓṛ uggar : == *Asml n twawast n tfllaḥt : https://web.archive.org/web/20210502044548/http://www.agriculture.gov.ma/ar *'''Msmun awal n [[SGSM]] :''' [[Msmun awal amatay asnmalay n tmaziɣt (MMSM)]] == Tisaɣulin == <references/> 60mapxp4btk0bpm796f8cp48bm5k3tv 0 1711 78857 70313 2026-09-28T00:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gar amla}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = {{unbulleted list|Imaziɣn}}<!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] --> | native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|ber-Latn|Imaziɣen}}|{{lang|ber|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}}} | image = Berber flag.svg | caption = [[Acnyal Amaziɣ|Acnyal Amaziɣ]] | population = 25 id mlyun<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}</ref> ar 36 id mlyun<ref name="Danver2015">{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|quote=The Berber population numbers approximately 36 million people.|page=23}}</ref><ref name="Berber people">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber|title=Berber people|access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Berber speakers">{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/north-africas-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/|title=North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=5 May 2012|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860">{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> | region1 = [[Lmɣrib]] | pop1 = 14 id mlyun{{refn|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barry |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554 |title=The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture |date=2015-03-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45578-3 |pages=554 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Berber Marginalization in North Africa Fuels Identity Movements |url=https://fanack.com/morocco/population-of-morocco/berber-identity-movements/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-04 |title=Berber {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber |access-date=2022-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704131003/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber |archive-date=2018-07-04 }}</ref>}} ar 15 id mlyun{{refn|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Lawrence |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=uo6wCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |title=Two Arabs, a Berber, and a Jew: Entangled Lives in Morocco |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31751-9 |pages=202 |language=en |quote=He accepts the undocumented estimate that nearly half the Moroccan population—perhaps as many as fifteen million people—identify themselves as Berber...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=AP PHOTOS: Berbers live on in Morocco's Atlas Mountains |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-dc618d95c6d84e99b219c0fb51f5d4f8 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=AP News |language=en |quote=At least 15 million Moroccans are Amazigh, divided into different groups according to their dialects.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ennaji |first=Moha |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=DXsF7fT318QC&pg=PA72 |title=Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco |date=2005-01-20 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-23979-8 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref>}} | region2 = [[Ddzayr]] | pop2 = 7 id mlyun<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barry |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554 |title=The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture |date=2015-03-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45578-3 |pages=554 |language=en}}</ref> ar 13 id mlyun<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769|title=Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language|newspaper=BBC News|date=2016-02-07}}</ref> | region3 = [[Nnijr]] | pop3 = 2.6 id mlyun<ref name=nigertuareg>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/|title=The World Factbook|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2016-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/|archive-date=2021-03-30}}, Niger: 11% of 23.6 million</ref> | region4 = [[Fṛanṣa]] | pop4 = 2 id mlyun<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm ''Les langues de France: un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm|date=2014-09-29}}, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr.</ref> | region5 = [[Mali]] | pop5 = 850,000<ref name=WorldFactbookMali>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/|title=Mali|date=5 November 2021|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/|archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> | region6 = [[Libya]] | pop6 = 600,000<ref>{{Citation |last=Zurutuza |first=Karlos |year= |title=Libya's Berbers fear ethnic conflict |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict |access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref> | region7 = [[Bljika]] | pop7 = 500,000<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/03/23/la-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html|title=Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain|last=Truong|first=Nicolas|date=2016-03-23|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> | region8 = [[Hulanḍa]] | pop8 = 467,455{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} | region9 = [[Buṛkina Faṣu]] | pop9 = 406,271<ref name=burkinatuareg>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/|title=The World Factbook|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2021-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020045/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso|archive-date=2021-01-11}}, Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million</ref> | region10 = [[Tuns]] | pop10 = 100,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}</ref> | region11 = [[Kanaḍa]] | pop11 = 37,060<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada |first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=February 8, 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> | region12 = [[Miṣṛa]] | pop12 = 30,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}</ref> | region13 = [[Muriṭanya]] | pop13 = 10,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}</ref> | region14 = [[Nnurwij]] | pop14 = 4,500{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} | region15 = [[Israyil]] | pop15 = 3,500<ref>Moshe Shokeid: ''The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village''. Manchester University Press, 1971.</ref> | region16 = [[Iwankn Munnin n Marikan]] | pop16 = 1,325<ref>{{cite web|author=US Census Bureau|title=The Arab Population: 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113064140/http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf |archive-date=2004-01-13 |url-status=live|access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref> | langs = [[Tutlayin timaziɣin]] | rels = Amata nnsn gan [[Sunni Islam|imuslmn isunniyn]]<br />Tidrsiwin n [[Lislam Aybaḍi|Imuslmn Ibaḍiyn]], [[Lislam Aciɛi{{!}}]] d, [[Tmasiḥiyt]] (slawant [[Takatulikt]]),<ref name=Miller2015>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|last1=Miller|first1=Duane Alexander|last2=Johnstone|first2=Patrick|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|volume=11|number=10|year=2015|via=academia.edu|access-date=27 March 2016|issn=1556-3723}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja: ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=2017-10-18 }}.</ref> [[Berber Jews|Judaism]]<!-- as per [[Infobox ethnic group]], the religion parameter is for the "group's religious affiliations" – irreligion is having no religious affiliation --> | native_name_lang = ber }} Gan '''Imaziɣn''' yan uɣrf illan ɣ ugafa n [[Tfriqt]], gin aɣrf nns anṣli, gint [[Tutlayin timaziɣin|tutalyin Timaziɣin]] ils nnsn. == Ism == ''Imaziɣn'' iga ism nna fkan imaziɣen i iɣfawn-nnsn, ig ism agʷnsan (endonym), ikka-d ayt dars. Asuf nns iga tt ''(t)amaziɣ(t)''. Llan ismawen yaḍen nna gan imaziɣn i yixfawn nnsn; zun d ''iclḥiyen'' gin itutlayt nnsn ''taclḥit''. Tacelḥit ad nenna as tlla tunɣilt-ad n Wikipidia (shi). ''Imuhaɣ'', ger wiyyaḍ, iga yism da akkan imaziɣn n ayt tnzruft (désert) i ixfawn nnsn, mac ism ad nufa ad nini iga ɣar tamzarayt n ''imaziɣn''. Iga amagut agʷnsan (nɣ irẓan) n tguri ''amaziɣ'': ''imuzaɣ'', s tmerniwt n usnfl amsesli n "z" s "h", yan usnfl bahra ittwassann ɣ dar ayt tnzruft (''izi'', s umdya, ar darsn ittgga ''ihi''). ==Amadan amaziɣ == Afgan amaziɣ amzwaru nɣ babatsn n imaziɣn assaɣ ns igat "Maziɣ", ilma maziɣ dars sin warraw "Bṛans" d "Madɣis", mayad a ibḍan imaziɣn s sin iɣrfan : Ibṛnasn (aɣrf n Bṛans) d imdɣasn (aɣrf n Madɣis). ===Ibrnas=== ---- Ibrnas bḍan s mraw n iɣrfan (nɣ iqqbiln) : *Iskurn *Iẓnagn *Iktamn *Iwrabn *Imṣmudn *Izdajn *Iwriɣn *Iɛjisn *Ilmaṭn *Iguzuln === Imdɣasn === ---- Imdɣasn bḍan s sin d mraw n uɣrf : *Ijanatn (Znata) *Infzawn *Imzatn *Imɣiln *Imtɣṛn *Iṣḍinen *Izwaɣn *Izwwarn *Ilwwatn *Inffusn *Imṭmaṭn *Imdyunen == Tamsalt n usala == Assa, amata n imaraten ar ttinin mas d-kkan imaziɣn kra n imzdaɣn ganin autoktonn, bayenn-d ''in situ'' ɣ [[Tafriqt n ugafa|Ifriqya n ugafa]], tili darsn yan idls apaliolit igan ibiromaurus (-16,000 usggʷas), d wiyyaḍ darsn yan idls amizolit igan u Gfsa (idels agefsi). Wiyyaḍ ar ttinin mas d-kkan (imaziɣn) imzdaɣn icrqiyn ganin ayt Ccam, zugn s ugafa n Ifriqya ɣ uzmz n tetranzisiont taniolitt. (gr - 9,500 d -7,000 usggʷas).... ==Amzruy== [[Afaylu:East_Numidia.jpg|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:East_Numidia.jpg|thumb|250x250px|takarḍa n [[Numidya]]]] === Numidya === numidya nttat tagldit taqburt tamaẓunt nns sirta ɣilad assaɣ nns qsenṭina tbed ghrb n ẓlmḍ n ifriqya zi tuns ar lmɣrib lan dis sin n trbiɛin tarbiɛt tamzwarut assaɣ n mazilyun di ljiha lghrbiya di tgldit n numidya netnin d taqbilt n tamizt di mdukal n ṛuman gin tiwiza jirasn x qarṭaj, tarbiɛt wais sin assaɣ nns masaysulyun lan ag qerṭaj x ṛuman tamurt nnsen tla jar sṭif d dzayt (tamaẓunt) d wahran dɣi [[masinissa]] niɣ masin asmzi n ussaɣ === Iglidn imaziɣn === * [[Masinissa|masinisa]] * [[sifaks]] * [[gaya]] * [[tin hinan]] * [[aksil]] * [[yugrtn]] == Tiram == [[Afaylu:Couscous_of_Fes.JPG|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Couscous_of_Fes.JPG|thumb|200x200px|ksksu]] sksu niɣ الكُسْكُس utci da amaziɣ itwag s uggran n imndi niɣ dra itwac s tɣnjayi niɣ s ufuil illint ola tiram yanin dar imazighn twasen nist g tsgwin n umadal zond taglla nghd tarayt na skarn imazighn sg irden ola tomzin == Tutlayt == == Asgd == == Timizar == [[Afaylu:Moroccan_stop_sign_in_Arabic_and_Berber.jpg|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moroccan_stop_sign_in_Arabic_and_Berber.jpg|thumb|bedd]] === Ɣ Lmɣrib === niɣ tagldit n lmɣrib([[Amṛṛuk|lmrruk]])s taɛrabt [[المغرب| المملكة المغربية]] awank tlla g ẓlmḍ n ifriqya tamaẓunt nnes ṛbaṭ tga tadart tumlilt tamdint tamqrant d tamaẓunt tadmsant; tsaja lmɣrib x yil amllal n wammas x tagut n ugaraw n laṭlanti agmmuḍ nns dzayr ayfus nns muriṭanya === Ɣ Dzayr === dzayr assaɣ nnes unṣib (tagdudant n dzayr tadimuqraṭit taɣrfant) niɣ الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية tawankt tamuslmt taɛrabt tamaziɣt dzayr yan n tmurt tamqrat di tafrikt tis mraw deg umaḍal, tlla deg tafrikt n ugafa x ẓlmḍ nnes il amlal n wammas x ugmmuḍ nnes tuns d libya x uyfus mali d nijer x tagutn lmɣrib d muriṭanya === Ɣ Tuns === tuns tawankt n ifriqya ugafa tusid ingr dzayr d libya tamaẓunt nns tuns ma immalan masd itunsiyn imaziɣn ,mamk imaziɣn maṛṛa , acku tussna n itunsiyn nttat 100% tga tamaziɣt iɣ itɛrrb ils , ur ittɛrrb tussna gan maṛṛa imzdaɣ n tmurt tuns sg imaziɣn، di anggaru... tnna tzrawt timttit (ijtilaɛiya) di tuns tagara usggʷas 2009 tenna masd uṭṭun n itunsiyn sg laṣl amaziɣ ur idrus xf 60% sg maṛṛa imzdaɣ n tuns. tugt n itunsiyn walan i tiqbilin timaziɣin timqqranin tnfra (tḥkm) tmurt dat (qbl) ad tḍṛ qarṭaj di anaw tikunfidiraliyin lli iḥkmn maṛṛa tisggiwin sg tamazirt , ilmma tbḍa ɣr iɣrman d tiwacunin، da nttafa gr tikunfidariwin lli cigan itussan، takunfidiralit lfaracic tssnta nttat sg tala d lqṣrin ar aftas ( susa d ṣfaqṣ ) tyawskar g ufus umɣar amaziɣ anṭlas d tkkatin tamanaɣt nns tala، d ula takunfidiralit n warɣma g iffus (ljanub) acrqi nttat tkkatin da tsmuna tugt n tiqbilin dis lɛkara d lxzur d tawazin d wadrna d didsn imzdaɣ ɣmrasn ljbaliya . da nttafa ula di iẓlmḍ tiqbilin yaḍn timqranin , s twala tbḍa ar tiqbilin timẓyanin، da nk°tti digs zund: lḥiṣr، mqɛd، naqza، makna، bjawa، lḥnanca، awtala، ulad ɛiyar، wartlan، lbraqa، kasra، hwara، carn، zɣalma ... gan imsiwln s tutlayt tamaziɣt ass a di tuns ugar n 500,000 n ufgan llan di mṭmaṭa، tiṭṭawin، tigzirt jarba،qabs, gafṣa، lgṣrin,tkruna,ksra,tala d idurar xamir d tmi n iwutta akd dzayr d ula imsiwln s tmaziɣt d imzdaɣn n tuns tamanaɣt n iffus bla nettu imaziɣn imzwagn di bṛṛa === Ɣ Libya === libya tawankt tlla di ifriqya n ugafa (iẓlmḍ) tamaẓunt nns ṭarablus === Ɣ Muritanya === muriṭanya niɣ tagdudant tamuslmt tamuriṭanit; awank di iẓlmḍ n ifriqya tamaẓunt nns nwakcuṭ tlla xu agaraw n laṭlasi x ẓlmḍ ins lmɣrid d dzayr d siniɣal x yfus d mali x ugmmuḍ d uyfus === Ɣ Miṣra === [[Afaylu:Girl wearing the traditional dress of Siwa Oasis grinding salt.jpg|thumb|Yat terbat tamaziɣt igan ult Isiwan, Miṣra, ar teẓẓaḍ tisent s uzerg.]] Yat lwaḥt a'ɣ bahra sul llan imaziɣen ɣ tmazirt n Miṣra, a'tt-igan d Siwa, neɣ Isiwan iɣ nit nra ad nsawel s tmaziɣt. Tucka-d Isiwan ɣ utaram akkʷ n tmazirt n Miṣra, taẓ i iwetta n tmazirt d Libya. Uṭṭun n imezdaɣen nns iga-t 35,000, 20,000 ad zigsen isawalen s tmaziɣt, d wuṭṭun-ad n imselmaziɣen ar ukan sul ittnaqas. Tella yat lwaḥt yaḍen, imeẓẓeyn f Isiwan, ɣ llan imaziɣen, tga-tt Gara. Tella ɣ ugafa ugmiḍ n Isiwan, d ur nn bahra fell-as taggug. Ayt Gara drusen f ayt Isiwan. == iɣrfan n imaziɣn == == Tisaɣulin == <references/> <references /> [[Taggayt:ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] {{Tazddart n waggur |Aggur1 = Imaziɣen }} nximidphix1qnwh8q2xx1ag7ceerjgj 0 1786 78858 70931 2026-09-28T00:36:11Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78858 wikitext text/x-wiki Gan '''Iẓṛan n Ida Ukazzu''' kṛaḍ iẓṛan ɣ llan igzayn ar mmaln taḍuṛi n yan yitri ɣ uzmz azayku ɣ [[Iḥaḥan]]. Yan zɣ iẓṛan ad; aẓṛu wis kṛaḍ, nna mi gan imassann ism n ''ida3'', ttwagzayn gis iskkiln n [[tifinaɣ|Tfinaɣ]].<ref name=":0">{{Bdr awib |title=تتحدث عن علم الفلك القديم.. اكتشاف غير مسبوق لنقوش صخرية بالمغرب |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/science/2018/12/13/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Bdr inɣmisn |date=2018-11-18 |title=The discovery of mysterious petroglyphs suggests that a meteor has been observed in ancient times in Morocco |url=https://www.meteornews.net/2018/11/18/the-discovery-of-mysterious-petroglyphs-suggests-that-a-meteor-has-been-observed-in-ancient-times-in-morocco/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226031036/https://www.meteornews.net/2018/11/18/the-discovery-of-mysterious-petroglyphs-suggests-that-a-meteor-has-been-observed-in-ancient-times-in-morocco/ |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=Meteor News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tiddi n iẓran: * ''ida1'': 20*17*15 sm * ''ida2'': 5*18*15 sm * ''ida3'': 35*27*12 sm == Amukris n tfinaɣ ittwagzayn ɣ iggi n ''ida<small>3</small>'' == Lliɣ d ilkm unɣmis n tifit ad agdud, ayyur n dujanbir 2018, sawln yan mnnaw imaziɣn f turda nnsn n is gan igzayn ad igzayn izaykutn.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ttwagzayn ɣ iggi n ''ida3'' kra n iskkiln ur tt inn kkin ɣ uzmz azayku. Walli akkʷ gisn ibaynn iga t uskkil "k". Askkil ad ɣiklli iga ɣilak ibayn d ɣ tasut tis 20. [[Taggayt:Iḥaḥan]] [[Taggayt:Taziksnitrit]] == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} 5s4bdpb254exfinnjkhyzyse5uuczof 0 1978 78864 78738 2026-09-28T00:56:16Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ṛumanya''' (s {{Langx|ro|România|label=[[tutlayt taṛumanit|tṛumanit]]}}) d yat tmurt illan dg {{ill|tuṛubt tagmuḍant|lt=ugmuḍ|en|Eastern Europe}} d {{ill|tuṛubt tanẓulant tagmuḍant|tl=unẓul agmuḍan n tuṛubt|en|Southeast Europe}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-06-12 |title=Europe :: Romania - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515163205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |archive-date=2020-05-15 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> tlla g ugafa n {{ill|tamgzirt tablqant|tl=tmgzirt tablqant|en|Balkan Peninsula}}, ɣf ugzzum izdrn n {{ill|asif n danub|tl=wasif n danub|en|Danube}}. ssutln {{ill|idrarn ikarbatn|en|Carpathian Mountains}} i utaram n ṛumanya. tla ṛumanya yan uwttu ɣf {{ill|ill abrkan|tl=yill abrkan|en|Black Sea}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport |url=http://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |publisher=}}</ref> amata n [[adilta n danub|udilta n danub]] illa dg ugnsu n ṛumanya. tssar ṛumanya iwutta akd [[hungarya]] d [[ṣiṛbya|ṣirbya]] g utaram, akd [[ukranya]] g ugafa agmuḍan yaggugn, akd [[tgduda n muldufa]] g ugafa agmuḍan yakmurn, akd [[blɣarya]] g unẓul. iga ungraw n ṛumanya {{ill|angraw azgn aslwayan|tl=azgn-aslwayan|en|Semi-presidential republic}} {{ill|angraw anammas|tl=anammas|en|Unitary state}}. ittusnulfa ungraw ad lliɣ tmun [[muldufya]] d [[wallakya]] g 1859. tettufka as tsimant ɣ {{ill|tamyaqqant n birlin 1878|tl=tmyaqqant n birlin 1878|en|Treaty of Berlin (1878)}}. g tgira n [[amnɣi amaḍlan wis sin|umnɣi amaḍlan wis sin]], ikka kra sg wakal nns (tama n muldufa tatrart) illa ddaw usdurri n [[amun asufyit|wamun asufyit]]. tumẓ ṛumanya tasimant nns, tddrfi zg ungraw anjmaw, ḍaṛat n tḍuri n [[alfaf n wuzzal|walfaf n wuzzal]] g 1989. g tmrawt tamzwarut n tasut tis 21, tsnfl ṛumanya mnnawt tɣawsiwin, am usnm n ungraw adimuqraṭ, azzray ilugnn n izrafn n ufgan, d ilugnn n tlelli n wawal, d isnmn idmsann d win uzrf. ayad akkʷ ad yujjan ṛumanya ad tkcm ɣr [[tamunt n turuft|wamun awṛubban]] ɣ 1 yanayr, 2007. tga ṛumanya tis tẓat s tjumma n wakal, d tis sat s umḍan n imzdaɣn nns (s 19 id mlyun) gr iwunak igmamn n wamun awṛubban. tamdint n buxarist (s {{Langx|ro|București|label=[[tutlayt taṛumanit|tṛumanit]]}}) ad igan tamaẓunt d tmdint akkʷ mqqurn g ṛumanya, ilkm umḍan n imzdaɣn nns 1.6 id mlyun. tudf ṛumanya ɣr [[nnaṭu|nnaṭu]] dg 29 mars, 2004.<ref>{{bdr awib |date=2024-03-29 |title=Romanian officials mark 20 years of NATO membership |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-20-years-nato-membership-march-2024 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Romania Insider |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602232917/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-20-years-nato-membership-march-2024 |archive-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> ==Anaɣiz== tusa d tguri n ṛumanya zɣ tguri taṛumanit ''Român'' nna d ikkan s yixf nns taguri talatint ''Romanus'' nna isnamkn "[[ṛuma taqburt|aṛuman]]".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History|journal=The Proceedings of the Friesian School|author=Kelley L. Ross|year=2003|quote=Note: The Vlach Connection|url=http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies)|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|first=Robert Lee|last=Wolff|volume=23|issue=1|date=January 1948|pages=1–34|doi=10.2307/2853672|jstor=2853672|s2cid=162802725|issn=0038-7134}}</ref> ==Amzruy== ==Tajyuɣraft== tlla ṛumanya g tuṛubbt tanẓulant tagmuḍant, tili iwutta akd yill abrkan, d wasif n danub, ilin idrarn ukarbat g tuẓẓunt. tga ṛumanya tamurt tamqqrant akkʷ gr tmura n unzul agmuḍan n tuṛubt s umḍan n imzdaɣn. tla tajmmua yuwḍn 238,391 km²,<ref>{{cite web |title=ROMANIA, SERBIA |url=http://www.status-invest.com/en/site/press/investorbg-02-04-2007/ |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> tg tis 12 g tjumma g tuṛubt. amata n uwttu gr ṛumanya akd siṛbya d bulɣarya iṛcm t wasif n danub. asif n danub ar ittmun d wasif n n frut, lli iṛcm dɣ nttan awttu gr muldufa d ṛumanya. inngi wasif n danub ar tsga n yill abrkan g ugns n ṛumanya, aya ad iskrn aylli mi ttinin [[adilta n danub]]. iga udlita ad yan yigmi n ubayusfir, ig ansa amaḍlan n umyanaw abyuluji. llan kra n isaffn mqqurnin yaḍnin g ṛumanya, ad tn igan d sirit, ult d muric. da ittazzal wasif n sirit sg ugafa ar anẓul n [[muldufa]]. da ittazzal wasif n ult zg idrarn ikarbatn ar uultinya. asif n murc ar ittazzal, izri, g transylfinya zg ugmmuḍ ar ataram. ===Angigt=== da ittnfal [[angigt|ungigt]] n ṛumanya gr [[angigt ildudin|ungigt ildudin]] d [[angigt amnẓaw|ungigt amnẓaw]]. tamntilt n infaln ad n ungigt iga t wansa n ṛumanya g tama n yill. anammas n trɣi g usggʷas iga t 11°C g unẓul n ṛumanya d 8°C g ugafa nns.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |title=Romania: Climate |url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm |accessdate=2008-01-10 |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}</ref> kigan n unẓaṛ d udfl ad d iṭṭaṛn ɣf yidrarn utrimn akkʷ attuynin, ig umata aylli d iṭṭaṛn adfl. g igzzumn inẓulann n tmurt, da tettizdir tsmkta n unẓaṛ d udfl ar attayn n 60 cm.<ref>{{in lang|ro}}{{citation|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|title=The 2004 Yearbook|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2008-08-19}}</ref> tiriɣi akkʷ izdrn nna ittuzmman g umzruy n ṛumanya tga tt 38.5°C dg bracuf g 1944.<ref name="temperature2">{{cite web |title=Climate of Romania |url=http://www.romaniatourism.com/climate.html |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref> tirɣi akkʷ yattuyn nna ittuzmman g umzruy nns tga tt 44.5°C g tama n kalafat g tmrawt n 1950.<ref name="temperature2" /> <gallery caption="tiwlafin n kra n imuɣliyn zg ṛumanya"> afaylu:BaleaLac4.jpg afaylu:Lipovean.jpg afaylu:07.zori in Valeni.2.jpg afaylu:Pietrosu Mare.jpg afaylu:Retezat Mountain - Spring Waterfall 02.JPG </gallery> ==Amun== === timnaḍin === tid ayd igan timnaḍin n tgmi n ṛumanya: * agafa anẓulan * ataram * agafa utrim * ammas * anẓul agmuḍan * anẓul * buxarist-ilfub * anẓul utrim === Imzdaɣn === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;" |+anaɣiz ittuḍkaḍn n imzdaɣn n ṛumanya, asggwas n 2011 ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| anaɣiz ! scope="col" |imzdaɣn ! scope="col" |tigmiḍ |- ! scope="row" | iṛumaniyn | 16,463,000 | 82% |- ! scope="row" | imajariyn | 2,500,000 | 12.45%<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETHNIC STRUCTURE|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm/ |access-date=2012-01-16 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011202502/http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ijiṭann | 620,000 | 3% |- ! scope="row" | iwkṛann | 300,000 | 1.5%<ref name="wilson">"The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) ''Nations Abroad''. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132. {{ISBN|0-8133-3738-0}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ilimann | 135,000 | 0.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130100705/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archivedate=2008-11-30|title=Political relations|publisher=Auswärtiges Amt|accessdate=2009-09-07}}Archived</ref> |- ! scope="row" | wiyyaḍ (irusiyyn, ibulandiyn, islufakn, ikrwatn, atg.) | 50,000 | 0.2% |- ! scope="row" | tamuttrt n imzdaɣn | 20,068,000 | 100% |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;" |+ asrtu ittuḍkaḍn n imzdaɣn n ṛumanya, asggʷas n 2011 ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| asrtu (Genre) ! scope="col" |tamuttrt ! scope="col" |tigmiḍi |- ! scope="row" | [[argaz|irgazn]] | {{Commas|10004180}} |49.28% |- ! scope="row" | [[tamṭṭut|timṭṭutin]] | {{Commas|10294390}} |50.72% |- ! scope="row" | tamuttrt n imzdaɣn, asggʷas n 2011 | {{Commas|20298570}} |100%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|title=The Pension System in Romania|first=Tudor|last=Moldovan|date=18 February 2006|website=EUROPEAN PAPERS ON THE NEW WELFARE|archive-date=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126085148/http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} <gallery> File:Venus, Romania -beach-26July2009.jpg File:ViewfromVartopskiresortover-VartopPassAndBihorMountains.jpg File:A3 near Cheile Turului 2.JPG File:CFR 96 at Gara de Nord, 2006.jpg File:Sarmale with polenta and sour cream.jpg File:Hora Unirii.webm File:Romanian Church, Jerusalem (9198088899).jpg </gallery> === tutlayt d tdlsa === [[tutlayt taṛumanit|taṛumanit]] ad igan tutlayt tamaddudt n ṛumanya. tga tutlayt ad yat [[tutlayin tiṛumansiyin tigmuḍanin|tutlayt taṛumansit tagmuḍant]]. Tṭṭaf ṛumanya tadlsa nns s tmntilt n udɣar g d tusa nna g ttmniggirnt kṛaḍt tmnaḍin: [[tuṛubt tanammast]], [[tuṛubt tagmuḍant]] d [[ibalqann]]. tga tdlsa taṛumanit yan urkis n kṛaḍt ad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romania - Culture |url=http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |archive-date=2007-12-31 |access-date=2008-05-26 |publisher=}}</ref> izri f tdlsa nns iḍiṣ n {{ill|iyunann iqburn|en|Ancient_Greece}}, {{ill|iṛumann iqburn|en|Ancient Rome}} d {{ill|islafn|en|Slavs}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sicilian Peoples: The Romans |url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art159.htm |accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref>. ittussan unwal aṛumani s tiram tiblday zun d {{lang|ro|Mămăligă}}, lli igan yan wanaw n {{lang|ro|[[:en:Polenta|Polenta]]}} ittuskarn s [[aggʷrn n usngar|uggʷrn n usngar]], d {{lang|ro|Mici}}, lli igan yan wanaw n ṣṣuṣis{{efn|s tnglizt: Sausages}}, d {{lang|ro|{{ill|Sarmale|en}}}} d {{lang|ro|Chiftele}} lli igan yan anaw n twjjiwin n uksum. aksum n yilf d ufunas ad igan anawn n uksum bahra ittutcan g tmurt, ig {{lang|ro|Țuică}} tamssuyt n walkul bahra ittuswan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicover |url=https://www.medicover.ro/despre-sanatate/mamaliga-beneficii-nutrienti-si-moduri-de-consum,1692,n,1948}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bucataria romaneasca {{!}} EURAXESS |url=https://www.euraxess.gov.ro/ro/romania/informatii-si-asistenta/viata-cotidiana/bucataria-romaneasca |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.euraxess.gov.ro |language=ro}}</ref> tga ṛumanya yut tmurt tamasiḥit turtuduksit irṭṭln tigga tutrimin zun d akrismas{{efn|s tnglizt: Christmas}} d ufaska{{efn|s tnglizt: Easter}}, ilint dars tigga nns sis iẓlin zun d ass n tmuni amqqran nna isfuglun s tamunt n ṛumanya d transilfanya. yili daɣ {{lang|ro|[[Ie]]}} da igan ijj n ukustim abldi nna lssan mddn g wass n tmuni amqqran d wass n tmuni amẓyan (tigga g sfuglun mddn s tamuni n wallakya d muldufya).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cum s-a făcut Marea Unire pe 1 Decembrie 1918, ziua unui vis împlinit. Discursurile din Sala Unirii |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/1-decembrie-1918-ziua-unui-vis-implinit-cum-s-a-infaptuit-marea-unire.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Știrile ProTV |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ia nationala: istoria iei, ziua iei, tipurile de ie, materiale din care este confectionata, mituri – Blog – IE Nationala |url=https://www.ienationala.ro/blog/index.php/2021/06/22/ia-nationala-istoria-iei-ziua-iei-tipurile-de-ie-materiale-din-care-este-confectionata-mituri/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=ro-RO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114050101/https://www.ienationala.ro/blog/index.php/2021/06/22/ia-nationala-istoria-iei-ziua-iei-tipurile-de-ie-materiale-din-care-este-confectionata-mituri/ |archive-date=2025-11-14}}</ref> === Asgd === Iga uwank aṛumani yan [[awank alayki|uwank alayki]], isnamk maya is ur ili uwank kra n [[usgd anamur|asgd n uwank]]. taglizt turtuduksit ad igan tarabbut tasgdant tamqqrant akkʷ g ṛumanya s 86,7% n imzdaɣn, tiḍfuṛ tt taktulikit taṛumant s 4.7%, tabrutistant s 3.7%, [[:en:Pentecostalism|tasmmusant]] s 1.5, aykuzn (lislam) s 1%,<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=Romanian Muslims Cancel Grand Mosque Project |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/07/18/romania-muslim-cult-tables-turkish-grand-mosque-project-07-17-2018/}}</ref> fadd ilmma takatulikit tayunant taṛumanit s 0.9%.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=2002 Census Reports - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/census/2002censusreports/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref> === Timdinin === <gallery caption="tiwlafin zg kra n tmdinin tiṛumaniyin"> afaylu:Cluj Napoca river.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cluj_Napoca_river.jpg|[[:simple:Cluj-Napoca|Cluj-Napoca]] afaylu:RO IS Iaşi , panoramic view 4.JPG|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_IS_Ia%C5%9Fi_,_panoramic_view_4.JPG|[[:simple:Iaşi|Iaşi]] afaylu:Sibiuphoto.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|[[:simple:Sibiu|Sibiu]] afaylu:OradeaTownHall.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OradeaTownHall.jpg|[[:simple:Oradea|Oradea]] </gallery>[[buxarist]] ad igan tamaẓunt, tg tamdint tamqqrant akkʷ g ṛumanya s umḍan n imzdaɣn izrin 2 id mlyun.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120922094800/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf Preliminary Data for 2011 census]" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 24 August 2012. Archived from [http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 September 2012.</ref> llant g ṛumanya smmust tmdinin yaḍnin nna mi izri umḍan n imzdaɣn 300,000. ad tnt igan d [[yaci]], [[kluj-nafuka]], [[timicwara]], [[kunstata]] d [[krayufa]]. ilint daɣ smmust tmdinin yaḍn nna ɣ izdɣ uggar n 200,000: [[galati]], [[brasuf]], [[bluycti]], [[brayli]] d [[uradya]]. kṛaḍ d mrawt tmdinin yaḍn lant uggar n 100,000 n umzdaɣ.<ref>{{citation|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|title=Population in Romania|date=1 July 2007|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=13 February 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095441/http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|archivedate=11 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tadamsa == tkcm ṛumanya s [[tamunt n turuft|wamun n tṛubt]] g 1 innayr, 2007. g 2024, ilkm uyafu amsari n ugʷns (PIB) n ṛumanya attayn n 894 mlyar, ilkm umur n wuggid zɣ uyafu amsari n ugʷns $47,203.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> s inawayn n [[abank n umaḍal|ubank n umaḍal]], tga ṛumanya yat tmazirt mmu tsidaf attuynin.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org}}</ref> gr 2007 d 2022, irna umur n wuggid zɣ uyafu amsari n ugʷns s 44%, aya yujja ṛumanya ad tg yat zg tdamsiwin nna ittgmayn s tazzla g tuṛubt.<ref>{{bdr awib |title=GDP per capita in PPS |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === Tamallayt === tga ṛumanya yan tmurt s bahra ttddun imlallayn. uggar n 15,7 id mlyun imlallayn igʷnsann d ibṛṛann ad gis illan g 2018. ittut bahra yigr ad n tmallayt s tmntilt n [[kufid-19]] g 2020, tḍṛ tgmiḍi n imlallayn ibṛṛann s 68.7% g 2020, ur issnti yigr ar ittjji ar tuddma n 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Cum a afectat pandemia turismul românesc: Sosirile vizitatorilor străini au scăzut în iunie cu 68,7% faţă de iunie 2019 |url=https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/cum-a-afectat-pandemia-turismul-romanesc-sosirile-vizitatorilor-19460871 |access-date= |work=Ziarul Financiar}}</ref> tla ṛumanya timdinin iṭṭafn ayda adlsan axatar ({{ill|sibyu|en|Sibiu}}, {{ill|buxarist|en|Bucharest}}, {{ill|kustantsa|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|brasuf|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|yaci|en|Iași}}, {{ill|timicwara|en|Timișoara}}, {{ill|kluj-nabuka|en|Cluj-Napoca}}, {{ill|alba yulya|en|Alba Iulia}}, {{ill|uradya|en|Oradea}}), iftasn, isrars tama n yill, isrars n sski d tsgiwin tifaranin mi ittyari ufulki d tzgut nnsnt. tg daɣ ṛumanya tanila n iḥjjajn isgdann, ar lkmmn wid mnnaw wafḍan ku asggʷas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Giușcă |first=Mădălina |date=23 May 2020 |title=Religious tourism and pilgrimage at Prislop Monastery, Romania: motivations, faith and perceptions |url=https://humangeographies.org.ro/articles/141/a_141_9_giusca.pdf |journal=Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=149-167 |doi=10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.9 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ionel |first=Marian |date=2020 |title=Implications of Religious Tourism on the Romanian Tourist Market |url=https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Section%203/26.pdf |journal=Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series |publisher=[[Ovidius University of Constanța]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=362-367 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> == Asgmi == g ṛumanya, mraw isggʷasn g tinml gan ucciln i ku azzan. ɣiyn wazzan mẓẓiynin ad ɣrin kra n isggʷasn n rrawḍ gr 3 d 6 isggʷasn. ḍaṛat n tinml, zmrn inlmadn, mk stin, ad zzrin irim n tinml yattuyn. llant g ṛumanya uggar n 40 tinml n usgmi yattuyn, gitsnt smust tsdawiyin d smmust tsdawiyin titiqniyin. tiɣri tga fabur g tmurt. tidrsiwin n tmurt ẓḍarn ad aqqrant s tutlayin nnsnt taymmatin. zɣ 1989, ittusnm ungraw n usgmi, maccan iẓḍay uzzugz n tsrtitin ɣf wakal, ilin imzarayn mqqurnin g uswir n usgmi g tmnaḍin n tmurt. da nn nttafa taɣara n usgmi g idɣarn iɣrmann attuyn f igdazaln nnsn g idɣarn ifarann. == Tanbaḍt == === tasrtit === ittuṣka udustur n ṛumanya ɣf tsila n udustur n tgduda tis smmust n fṛanṣa,<ref name="Europaworld">{{cite book |title=Romania |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=9781857434125 |edition=48 |volume=2 |location=London and New York |pages=3734–3759}}</ref> iffɣ d am uzrf g wass n 8 dujanbir, 1991 ḍaṛat n yat tsfrut.<ref name="Europaworld" /> tturnan 73 isnamn i udustur g ktubr n 2003 ḥma ad yili g umsasa d udustur n tamunt n tuṛubt. tettussan tnbaḍt tuzrift taṛumanit s yism n ubṛlaman. llan gis sin isqqimn, win imɣarn g llan 140 igmamn, d win imaran g llan 346 igmamn.<ref name="Europaworld" /> ar ttwstayn igmamn n isqqimn ad s sin kraygat kkuẓ isggʷasn s yimis n tglamin n imullitn.<ref name="Europaworld" /> tẓli tnbaḍt tazrfant n ṛumanya xf tnbaḍin yaḍnin. tasnbḍayt yattuyn n tṛẓi d tzraft lli igan tasnbḍayt tanafllat n ṛumanya. tisnbḍayin n walas, tin {{ill|tkumtit|fr|Comté (domaine)}} d tsnbḍayin tidɣranin amunt akkʷ g tnbaḍt tuzrift n tnbaḍt taṛumanit. iḍfar ungraw n tsnbḍayin g ṛumanya taɣarast n tin fṛanṣa g uswuri nns.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Romanian Legal system |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |archive-date=2008-01-25 |publisher=CIA Factbook}}</ref> === Tiṭṭitin === tbḍa ṛumanya ɣf 41 tikumtiyin, tamu gitsnt tgrawt taɣrmant n buxarist lli daɣ igan takumtit s yixf nns. tbḍu daɣ ṛumanya xf 319 tmdinin d 2,686 tgrawin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005 |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |accessdate=2008-08-19 |publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics |language=ro |id=Chapter 1.8}}</ref> ku yat sg tgrawin illa ɣurs usqqim nna ɣf ibdd yan unssixf. === Tasrdast === tbḍa tsrdast taṛumanit xf kṛaḍ igzman, taggalin n wakal, tin waḍu d tin yill, kullu tnt llant ddu tnara n yan unbbaḍ yattuyn. [[tamawast n umzaɣ (ṛumanya)|tamawast n umzaɣ]] da takka anaḍn i unbbaḍ yattuyn. g uzmz n umnɣi, anssixf n uwank ad ittilin tanara n tsrdast. 90,000 ad tt inn ikkan g tsrdast taṛumanit g 2003: 15,000 gan uɣrimn d 75,000 n iɛskriyn. zg 75,000 n iɛskriyn, 45,800 llan g taggalin n wakal, 13,250 g tin waḍu, lin 6,800 g taggalin n yill, d 8,800 g idɣarn yaḍn g tsrdast.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Ministry of National Defense of Romania|url=http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm|title=Press conference|date=2003-01-21|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> == Tinẓi == {{notelist}} == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Timizar n urupa]] [[Taggayt:Tarakal]] 1pzxx0rypm2d6dxlsv27wtop2i9fse2 0 2101 78865 78490 2026-09-28T00:58:11Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gar amla}} ==Talgamt n iɣrman n Lmɣrib s tsgiwin== ===Tasga n [[Tasga n Dra-Tafilalt|Dra-Tafilalt]]=== ====Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Warzazat|Warzazat]]==== {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Ism ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tawlaft ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Amsidg ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tagrawt ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tamdint lli as yaẓn ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Addad ! scope="col" style="width:100px" |Asmil ! scope="col" style="width:50px" |Aɣbalu |- |[[Ayt Bn Ḥddu|'''Ayt Bn Ḥddu''']] |[[Afaylu:Kasbahs in Aït Benhaddou.JPG|200px]] |31° 02′ 52″ N, 7° 07′ 48″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Ayt Zinb|Ayt Zinb]] |[[Warzazat]] |Innurẓm i middn |Ayda amaḍlan n UNESCO |<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/444 Ksar Ait Ben Haddou], ''[https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/ Liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO]''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ "Ksar Aït Ben Haddou"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |- |'''[[Lmdint (iɣrm)|Lmdint]]''' | |31° 02′ 24″ N, 7° 11′ 55″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Amrzgan|Amrzgan]] |[[Warzazat]] | |War asmil |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210625184129/http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:220072?page=21&hpp=100&num=2012 "Ksar El-Mdint"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |- |'''[[Tabunt]]''' | |30° 54′ 13″ N, 6° 54′ 59″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Tarmigt|Tarmigt]] |[[Warzazat]] |Addad ifulkin |War asmil |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210625184127/http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/cerkas:3?page=4&hpp=100&titleinitial=k&num=301 "Ksar Z01 : Tabounte (sud)"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |- |'''[[Tadula]]''' | |31° 01′ 28″ N, 7° 10′ 22″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Amrzgan|Amrzgan]] |[[Warzazat]] | |War asmil |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210625184127/http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:220073?doctype=pc_architecture&f_type_protection=&searchfield=fulltext&q=tadoula&quicksearch=OK&num=1 "Ksar Tadoula"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |- |'''[[Tamdaxt]]''' |[[Afaylu:Ksar of Tamedakhte.JPG|200x200px]] |31° 05′ 14″ N, 7° 08′ 40″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Talwat|Talwat]] |[[Warzazat]] |Addad ifulkin |War asmil |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210625184132/http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:200031?doctype=pc_architecture&f_type_protection=&searchfield=fulltext&q=tamdakht&quicksearch=OK&num=1 " Tamdakht - Kasba du Glaoui"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |- |'''[[Tawrirt (iɣrm)|Tawrirt]]''' |[[Afaylu:Kasba Taourirt 1.jpg|200x200px]] |30° 55′ 13″ N, 6° 53′ 57″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Warzazat|Warzazat]] |[[Warzazat]] |Addad ifulkin |War asmil |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210625184129/http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/cerkas:1?page=22&hpp=100&num=2120#documentation_cerkas_307 "Ksar Z01 : Tawrirte"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |} ====Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Tazagurt|Tazagurt]]==== {{Agzzum ixwan}} ====Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Rracidya|Rracidya]]==== {{Agzzum ixwan}} ====Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Tinɣir|Tinɣir]]==== {{Agzzum ixwan}} ====Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Midlt|Midlt]]==== {{Agzzum ixwan}} ===Tasga n [[Tasga n Sus-Massa|Sus-Massa]]=== ====Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Actukn-Ayt Baha|Actukn-Ayt Baha]]==== {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:200px"|Ism ! scope="col" style="width:200px"|Tawlaft ! scope="col" style="width:200px"|Amsidg ! scope="col" style="width:200px"|Tagrawt ! scope="col" style="width:200px"|Tamdint lli as yaẓn ! scope="col" style="width:200px"|Addad ! scope="col" style="width:100px"|Asmil ! scope="col" style="width:50px"|Aɣbalu |- |'''[[Tizurgan]]''' |[[Afaylu:Tizourgane 1.jpg|267x267px]] |29° 53′ 13″ N, 9° 00′ 07″ O |Tagrawt n [[Ida Ugniḍif]] |[[Ayt Baha]], [[Tafrawt]] |Gis tigumma n luṭilaṭ |War asmil |<ref> [https://www.anti-atlas.com/la-kasbah-de-tizourgane-09 "La Kasbah de Tizourgane"], ''[https://www.anti-atlas.com Anti Atlas]''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210625224153/https://ecologie.ma/tizourgane-le-village-fortifie-du-souss/" Tizourgane : le village fortifié du Souss"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090456/https://ecologie.ma/tizourgane-le-village-fortifie-du-souss/ Ecologie.ma]''.</ref> |- |} ====Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Ṭaṭa|Ṭaṭa]]==== {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Ism ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tawlaft ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Amsidg ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tagrawt ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tamdint lli as yaẓn ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Addad ! scope="col" style="width:100px" |Asmil ! scope="col" style="width:50px" |Aɣbalu |- |'''[[Aqqa (iɣrm)|Aqqa]]''' |[[Afaylu:Akka, Moschee (4).JPG|200x200px]] |29° 23′ 35″ N, 8° 15′ 41″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Aqqa|Aqqa]] |[[Ṭaṭa]] | |War asmil |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ "Ksar Akka"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |- |'''[[Tissint (iɣrm)|Tissint]]''' |[[Afaylu:Douar EL KASBAH DE CHERAFA Tissint province Tata.jpg|200x200px]] |29° 54′ 07″ N, 7° 18′ 56″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Tissint|Tissint]] |[[Ṭaṭa]] | |War asmil |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ "Ksar Tissint"], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210629031024/http://www.idpc.ma/ Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc]''.</ref> |- |} ===Tasga n [[Tasga Tagmuḍant|Ugmuḍ]]=== {{Agzzum ixwan}} ===Tasga n [[Tasga n Glmim-Asif Nun|Glmim-Asif n Nun]]=== ==== Tamnaḍt n [[Tamnaḍt n Assa-Zag|Assa-Zag]] ==== {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Ism ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tawlaft ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Amsidg ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tagrawt ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Tamdint lli as yaẓn ! scope="col" style="width:200px" |Addad ! scope="col" style="width:100px" |Asmil ! scope="col" style="width:50px" |Aɣbalu |- |'''[[Ksar Assa|Assa]]''' |[[Afaylu:قصر أسا من اعلى نقطة.jpg|200x200px]] |28° 36′ 16″ N, 9° 25′ 47″ O |Tagrawt n [[Tagrawt n Assa|Assa]] |[[Assa]] |Ttyuzdaɣ |War asmil |<ref>Salima Naji(2013). '' Le Ksar d'Assa : Sauvegarde d'un Port du Maroc Saharien'', DTGSN, Maroc. {{ISBN|978-9954-9298-1-0}}.</ref> |- |} <references />{{Iɣrman n Lmɣrib}}{{Amud/Lmɣrib}} == Tisaɣulin == qfm7x6oef768oaiw000g0s1106pakt3 0 2231 78866 73794 2026-09-28T01:09:22Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tamassant n Taddagin''' nɣ '''Tasnaddagt''' (s tfṛansist: {{Lang|fr|Dendrologie}}), tga yat tmassant mi iga uwttas tukza (d ussinw) n taddagin d [[Asklu|iskla]]. Ur bahra naḥya Tamassant n Taddagin d [[Tamassant n imɣan|Tmassant n Imɣan]] acku imɣan ilan akccuḍ da d ttfɣn zɣ twjiwin n imɣan. Tiwjiwin ann nit ar daɣ gitsnt ttilin wanawn nna ur ilin akccuḍ. Ɣ umata, da tt tettawi Tmassant n taddagin uggar ɣ usmagi n imɣan id bu ukccuḍ nna ittusɣan, ar nzzan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dendrology {{!}} Definition & Description {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/dendrology |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dendrology – Tree Identification |url=https://www.tree-identification.com/dendrology.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303174232/https://www.tree-identification.com/dendrology.html |archive-date=2025-03-03}}</ref> {{Commons}} {{Amud}} [[Taggayt:Tussna]] [[Taggayt:Asklu]] [[Taggayt:Tasnaddagt]] == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} aljmwg4lttomt9xsl33qy8589jwssgk 0 2252 78867 78739 2026-09-28T01:09:40Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tasɛdit Yasin''' niɣ '''Tasɛdit Yasin Tituh''', tlul ɣ 14 nuwanbir 1949 ɣ usun n [[At Sidi Bṛahim]] ɣ [[Tagrawt n Budjllil|tgrawt n Budjllil]], [[Tamazirt n Lqbayl]] ɣ [[Ddzayr]]. Tga tamassant n tsnafgant, tamrzut tadzayrit, d tmẓlayt ɣ tdlsa Tamaziɣt. Tg daɣ Tanmhalt n tzrawin ɣ Tinml n Tzrawin Tinaflayin ɣ Tmassanin Tinamunin. == Timẓi == Tlul Yasin ɣ 14 Nuwanbir 1949, ɣ [[Budjllil]] ɣ [[Tawilayt n Bgayt|Twilayt n Bgayt]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://bleu-autour.com/auteur_bleu/tassadit/|title=Tassadit Yacine {{!}} Bleu autour, éditeur|website=bleu-autour.com|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Innas tga lal n tgmmi, ig babas amzwag nna ittuɛddabn, ittunɣa ɣ 1956. Tsmd tinml tamnzut, asinan d tɣuriwin tinafllatin ɣ Ddzayr nna ɣ nit txdm dat ad tddu s Fṛansa ɣ 1987.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Salhi|first=Zahia Smail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNuIWMqdeKQC|title=Des femmes écrivent l'Afrique: L'Afrique du Nord|publisher=Karthala Editions|year=2013|isbn=978-2-8111-0731-4|editor-last=Nowaira|editor-first=Amira|editor-link=Amira Nowaira|pages=434|language=fr|editor-last2=El Kholy|editor-first2=Azza|editor-last3=Ennaji|editor-first3=Moha|editor-link3=Moha Ennaji}}</ref> == Asmuttg == Tɣra tutlayt d tskla Taṣblyunit g tsdawit n Ddzayr, tamẓt aslkin nns g usggʷas n 1980. Tmmatti s Bariz g usggʷas n 1987 fad ad tsmd tiɣri nns, ɣ usggʷas 1992, tumẓ dduktuṛa g tsnafgant sg tsdawit n Bariz Ṣuṛbun. Tdwl ḍaṛt nns tanmhalt n tzrawin g Tinml n Tɣuriwin Tinflayin ɣ Tmassanin Tinamunin (EHESS) d ugmam g Usarm n Tsnafgant Tanamunt g tɣiwant n Fṛanṣa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/personne-tassadit-yacine.html|title=Tassadit Yacine : biographie, actualités et émissions France Culture|website=France Culture|language=fr|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> Ɣ 10 bṛayṛ 2033, tga tsɛdit yasin agmam ɣ Tkadimit Tambṛuẓyant g Mulanu nna dar awttas n usdus d usnfl adlsan. == Arzzu == Tskr Tsɛdit mnnaw irzzutn f tsnafgant n tdlsa tamaziɣt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gelard|first=Marie Luce|date=2011-12-31|title=Tassadit Yacine, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi. Études d'ethnologie des affects en Kabylie, Préface de Françoise Héritier. Postface de Sherry B. Ortner|url=http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/13173|journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales|language=fr|issue=54|pages=175–176|doi=10.4000/insaniyat.13173|issn=1111-2050}}</ref> Da tsmmun tmyadast nns n tsnafgant tanamunt gr ustal amassan d tskla tamiwant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amghar|first=Nabila|date=2001|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Chacal ou la ruse des dominés : aux origines du malaise culturel des intellectuels algériens, 2001|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_2001_num_1232_1_5291_t1_0145_0000_6|journal=Hommes & Migrations|volume=1232|issue=1|pages=145–146}}</ref> Tga tamuyzat ɣ mad izdin d twuri n Burdyu, tg tirmitin nns ɣ Ddzayr d iḍiṣ anammas xf tflsaft nns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|date=2009-11-27|title=Tassadit Yacine (textes édités et présentés par), Pierre Bourdieu, Esquisses algériennes, Paris, Seuil (coll. Liber), 2008, 414 p.|url=http://journals.openedition.org/remmm/6322|journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée|language=fr|issue=126|doi=10.4000/remmm.6322|issn=0997-1327|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tg tamẓṛigt n tmssktay n [[Jan Ɛmruc]], ayda issrxan armas uggar i yiḍiṣ nns f tskla. Tssugur yan umgraw, dffir tmttant n [[Rabaḥ Blɛmri]], nna daɣ izrin f tilalt nns ɣ tdlsa tasklant ɣ Tmazɣa (Lmɣrib Mqqurn), tssimɣur sis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ammar Khodja|first=Soumya|date=2001|title=TASSADIT Yacine (sous la direction de), Enracinement culturel et rôle des médiateurs au Maghreb, L'exemple de Rabah Belamri, L'Harmattan-Awal, 2000, 164 p.|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ela/1900-v1-n1-ela03261/1041903ar/abstract/|journal=Études littéraires africaines|language=fr|issue=11|pages=82–83|doi=10.7202/1041903ar|issn=0769-4563|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tg daɣ tamẓṛigt n yat tgrumma n tirra n Burdyu nna ɣ tsrs Yasin tawuri nns ɣ imnaḍ nns isrtann idzayriyn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Jane E.|date=2015|title=Pierre Bourdieu, Algerian Sketches. Tassadit Yacine, ed., David Fernbach, trans. Malden, Mass.: Polity Press, 2013, 390 pp.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_2015-04_57_2/page/595|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|language=en|volume=57|issue=2|pages=595–597|doi=10.1017/S0010417515000158|s2cid=147032962|issn=0010-4175}}</ref> Tga tamuzayt ɣ tudrt n [[Imaziɣn|iɣrfan]] [[Imaziɣn]], tssufɣ d tẓṛigin, tsawl bahra f imrsi ad, slawant akkʷ manmk a s ar tctta tdlsa d tutlayt taɛṛabt timagitin timaziɣin ɣ tasuta tis simrawt (20).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://user.eng.umd.edu/~sellami/DEC95/culture.html|title=Amazigh Voice, December 1995 - March 1996 issue|website=user.eng.umd.edu|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173155/https://user.eng.umd.edu/~sellami/DEC95/culture.html|archive-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> Tɣra Yasin f [[tutlayt Taqbaylit]] d tdlsiwin tisklanin timaziɣin s uẓliy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.persee.fr/authority/264646|title=Tassadit, Yacine - Persée|website=www.persee.fr|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> Tga Tsɛdit tanbaḍt f manmk s ittnnzay usrtu d ummtc n tmagiwin tidlsanin ɣ tdlsa Tamaziɣt, tssmrs yan usati n Fruyd ɣ usfsi adlsan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giafferi-Dombre|first=Natacha|date=2009-01-01|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi !|url=http://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/28738|journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=232–233|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28738|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tawwuri ad ittuṣka fllas ɣ yat tsrsit (thesis) nna d iḍfaṛn n Terhi Lehtinen.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Nation à la marge de l'Etat : la construction identaire du Mouvement Culturel Amazigh dans l'espace national marocain et au-delà des frontières étatiques|url=http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0133|publisher=Paris, EHESS|date=2003-01-01|degree=thesis|first=Terhi|last=Lehtinen}}</ref> ''Chacal ou la ruse des dominés'' (2001) d ''Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi'' (2006) ad igan snat twuriwin tikadimiyin akkʷ istawhmman n Yasin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alonso|first=Maria Àngels Roque|date=2016|title=Entrevista a Tassadit Yacine|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5526318|journal=Quaderns de la Mediterrània = Cuadernos del Mediterráneo|issue=23|pages=307–318|issn=1577-9297}}</ref> Ɣ udlis nns anggaru, tsrs Yasin tadlsa Tamaziɣt ɣ umnaḍ nns agrakal yiriwn, tzri asnuḥyu abldi gr tdlsa tamiwant d tmirayt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonte|first=Pierre|date=2009-01-01|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi !. Paris, Éd. de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006, 175 pages|url=http://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/28736|journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=229–231|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28736|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Idlisn== : (Zr ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061126084151/http://las.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=213 liste complète des publications de Tassadit Yacine]'' {{Pdf}} :* 1987: Tamdyazt tamaziɣt d tmagit: qasi adiflla hiṛul n at sidi bṛahim, bariz, taddart n tmassanin n ufgan, asmnid mulud mɛmmri. :* 1987: Izli niɣ tayri itturarn g lqbayl, asmnid byir buṛdyu, bariz, tamassant n tmassanin n ufgan (<nowiki>ISBN 273510253X</nowiki>). :* 1989: Ayt Mnglat da ittirir, izlan imaziɣn itrarn, bariz, La Découverte, (<nowiki>ISBN 2707118877</nowiki>) asmnid katib yasin. :* 1992: Lqbayl. ifrdisn n urmas n tmagit tamaziɣt g ddzayr, bariz GDM (<nowiki>ISBN 2-906589-13-6</nowiki>). :* 1992: Tayri d imarurn d wamunn g yiẓẓlmḍ n yifriqya d tnzruft, bariz, laṛmatan (<nowiki>ISBN 2738417620</nowiki>). :* 1993: Imakrn n takat, bariz, La Découverte, (<nowiki>ISBN 2707122890</nowiki>) :* 1995: Carif xddam niɣ tayri n tẓuṛi, La Découverte, (<nowiki>ISBN 2707124192</nowiki>) :* 1995: Tamdayt niɣ imnɣi n yat tmɣart tadzayrit: tasntayt g tṛunbulujit n waṭṭan, bariz, awal/ publisud, (<nowiki>ISBN 2866007581</nowiki>) :* 1996: Nwaṛa, adlis n tmdyazt n yat tmɣart taqbaylit. ==Izdayn n bṛṛa== * {{Fr}} [http://motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/MP2403ty.html « Entretien avec Tassadit Yacine »] proposé par Nabil Boudraa, Oregon State University, n°24 de la revue [http://motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/ Mots Pluriels] (juin 2003). * {{Fr}}[http://tamusni.tripod.com/hommage.htm « Aux origines des cultures du peuple : entretien avec Kateb Yacine »], par Tassadit Yacine, revue Awal, n°9 : ''Hommage à Kateb Yacine''. * {{Fr}}[http://clio.revues.org/document287.html#bodyftn3 « Femmes et espace poétique dans le monde berbère »] par Tassadit Yacine, Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb, 2006. * {{Fr}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20070903212610/http://dzlit.free.fr/tasyacine.html « Tassadit Yacine »], Site consacré à la [[littérature algérienne]]. == Tisaɣulin == [[Taggayt:ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ]] [[Taggayt:ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵏ]] 8k4or6w3iibri5gqdhipmqhmnk20hh5 0 4014 78851 66911 2026-09-27T23:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|en=Angola}} '''Angula''', s wudm amaddud tga '''Tagdudant n Angula''', tga yat tmazirt illan ɣ tfriqt n unẓul. Tdra iwtta d Namibya ɣ unẓul, d Tgdudant Tadimuqraṭit n Kungu ɣ ugafa, d Ẓambya ɣ ugmuḍ. Ataram nns ar nn ittaggʷa f unagraw Aṭlanti. 1600 km ad illan g tɣzi n uftas nns. Tga Lwanda tamaẓunt nns. Tamazirt ad dars mnnaw isugam igamann.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angola|url=https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/32/Angola-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html|access-date=3 March 2021|website=StateUniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Angola - The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/#government|access-date=2021-03-09|website=www.cia.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111204444/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola#government|archive-date=2021-01-11}}</ref> Tga Angula tis sat ɣ tmɣuri ɣ Tfriqt. Gr tmdinin nns, tamaẓunt ad wala iktarn s imzdaɣn. == Tisggʷin == Tbḍa Angula f tamt d mrawt tsggʷin. {| style="width:50%; background:transparent; algin=left" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Tasarut n Tkarḍa !Tasga !Tamaẓunt |- |1 |Bengo |Caxito |- |2 |Benguela |Benguela |- |3 |Bié |Kuito |- |4 |Cabinda |Cabinda |- |5 |Cuando Cubango |Menongue |- |6 |Cuanza Norte |N'dalatando |- |7 |Cuanza Sul |Sumbe |- |8 |Cunene |Ondjiva |- |9 |Huambo |Huambo |- |10 |Huíla |Lubango |- |11 |Luanda |Luanda |- |12 |Lunda Norte |Lucapa |- |13 |Lunda Sul |Saurimo |- |14 |Malanje |Malanje |- |15 |Moxico |Luena |- |16 |Namibe |Namibe |- |17 |Uíge |Uíge |- |18 |Zaire |M'banza-Kongo |} |} == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Timizar n Tafriqt]] [[Taggayt:Timizar]] __INDEX__ hqby85t85fjsf8rz8v7mijkt7c08ss4 0 4268 78862 77251 2026-09-28T00:49:42Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ismawn mrwasnin/Tin imgradn|Ism=[[Mrrakc (ismawn mrwasnin)|Mrrakc]]}} {{Databox|fr=Marrakech}} Tga '''Mrrakc''' nɣ '''Mṛṛakc''' (ar as ttinin ɣilad s yism iẓlin s tmallayt '''Tamdint taẓggʷaɣt''' nɣ '''Tiɣrmt n wayniwn''') yat tmdint ɣ [[Lmɣrib]]. Nttat ad igan tis kṛaḍt n tmdinin mqqurnin g tgldit n [[Lmɣrib|Lmṛṛuk]] s uṭṭun amqqran n imzdaɣn gis illan.<ref>{{Bdr awib |last=Ouhedda |first=Hadda |title=Annuaires statistiques de la région de Marrakech-Safi, éditions 2014 et 2015 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/region-marrakech/Annuaires-statistiques-de-la-region-de-Marrakech-Safi-editions-2014-et-2015_a236.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Le site de la Direction Régionale de Marrakech - Safi |language=fr}}</ref> Tg amnru n tsga n [[Tasga n Mrrakc-Asfi|Mṛṛakc-asfi]]. Taga 580 id kilu mitr d tɣrmt n [[Ṭanja]] ɣ iffus aminig, 327 id kilu mitr d tmaẓunt n tgldit n lmṛṛuk [[Rrbaṭ|Ṛṛbaṭ]] ɣ iffus aminig, 239 id kilu mitr d [[Tigmmi tumlilt|Tgmmi tumlilt]] (ḍḍaṛlbiḍa) ɣ iffus aminig, 246 id kilu mitr d tɣrmt n [[Agadir|Ugadir]] ɣ iẓẓlmḍ aminig. Tga Mrrakc tiɣrmt yat tmdint lli sul iḥḍan assaɣ nns amaziɣ aqbur, tiɣrmt lli imlan i umaḍal tamurt n [[Lmɣrib|Lmṛṛuk]] ɣ yan uzmz azayku yutn s iẓuṛan nns f zrin t kigan n tasutin g umzruy n tmurt n Lmṛṛuk azayku. Asbddi n tɣrmt illa g usggʷas n 1062, g ufus n [[Bubkr iwis n Aɛmaṛ Almtuni]], lli igan anbdad d iwis n daddas n ugllid i imṛabṭin, [[Yusf u Tacfin]], tg tmdint akud ann amnru n tmbṛaṭuṛit tamṛabṭit. Macc llan kra n isnubbucn ar ttinin mas tbdd tɣrmt tili yad lli dat n usggʷas ann. Tkka tt nn tɣrmt tga yat zɣ kkuẓt n tɣrmin timbṛaṭuṛin g [[Lmɣrib|Lmṛṛuk]]. G tasut tis mrawt d sin, bnan gis imṛabṭin kigan n tinmal timslmin (tinmal n [[Lqʷran|lqʷṛan]]) d tmzgidawin timṛṛakciyin lli igan anaw n tid illan g [[Andalus|Wandalus]]. Iɣʷrban izggʷaɣn n tɣrmt, lli ibna [[Ɛli u Yusf u Tacfin]] g usggʷas n 1123-1122, d kigan n igadirn lli ibna, ibna tn akkʷ s uẓṛu n umlal azggʷaɣ g tizi ann, tili tɣrmt s kigan assaɣ n ''tɣrmt tazggʷaɣt'', s uklu n igadirn nns. Tmɣar tmdint n Mṛṛakc s tzzla, tili ɣ yat tsskʷflt tamajgalt tg ammas adlsan asgdan admsan n [[Tafriqt n ugafa|tmazɣa]] akkʷ d [[Tafriqt|tfriqt]] d iffus n [[Tanzruft imqqurn|tniri imqqurn]]. Ig usays n [[Jamɛ lfna|Jamɛ Lfna]] asays ittamun kigan s ufgan g [[tafriqt]] akkʷ. Kigan n izmaz ad izrin tili tɣrmt g uswir amggaru, macc tiẓḍaṛ sul ad tzri g uswir tiɣrmt n [[Fas]], macc ɣ tasut n ṣḍiṣt d mraw, tiwrri tg Mṛṛakc tikklit yaḍn amnru n tgldit. Tssiwrri d tɣrmt atig nns akswat g ddaw n tnbaḍt n igldan [[Isɛdiyn|isɛdin]] id bu wadrim, bab n waddur anbdad n wanaḍ n ṛbbi asɛdi d [[Aḥmad Lmnṣuṛ Ddhbi]], lli isfalkin tamdint s iɣrman ixatarn ilan addur akswat zun d [[iɣrm n Lbadi]] (1578), ullsn taska i kigan n isglaln lli d ufan xxurban. Zɣ tasut n sa d mraw, ttawssan tɣrmt tg asanzal n sa iṣufin igʷrramn lli ittawmḍaln gis. G usggʷas n 1912 tasut n ufrag afṛanṣi g Lmṛṛuk iga [[Tthami Aglawwu]] lbaca n Mṛṛakc, yili g tsɣnt ann zɣ ufrag ar azmz n trlli n tmurt, lliɣ issfal ungraw agldan g usggʷas n 1956. G usggʷas n 2009, tga [[Faṭima Zzhṛa Lmnṣuṛi]] tanbdadt n tɣiwant n Mṛṛakc, tg tamɣart tis snat lli igan amɣiwan g Lmṛṛuk akkʷ. Ass ad, tga yat zɣ tɣrmin [[Tamallayt|timallayin]] lli bahra ittawssann g [[Tafriqt|tfriqt]] akkʷ, tswuri alliɣ tga ammas admsan aslway n tmallayt g [[Tamazɣa|tmazɣa]] akkʷ awd [[tafriqt]], tamallayt nns lli isggur ugllid amṛṛuki [[Muḥmmad Wis Ṣḍiṣ|Muḥmmad wis sḍiṣ]], ig uwttas nns ad igatn imallayn lli d ittddun s Lmṛṛuk alliɣ ilkm uṭṭun nnsn 20 mlyun n umallay s usggʷas n 2020. Mqqar tlla tassast tadmsant, tmɣar tska igatn isnsa g Mṛṛakc s kigan g tasut n sin d mraw d yan. Tlla Mṛṛakc g yat tskkʷflt tamajgalt tamqrant, tẓli bahra dar imallayn d tugt n inaẓuṛn imḍlann d itran n umaḍal, lli iṭṭfn ayda nnsn g tɣrmt ad. Illa g Mṛṛakc yan ugadaz amqran azayku amzruy imqqurn g Lmṛṛuk akkʷ, agadaz ad illa g ugnsu nns ma ittggan 18 n ugadaz lliɣ a ttnuzant tɣawsiwin (zɣ uẓṭṭa amaziɣ amzray ar imassn aliktṛuniyn imaynutn). Iswuri g tmiḍi tazaykut (tabldit) uṭṭun mqqurn n imzdaɣ, lli izznzan tiɣawsiwin nnsn i imallayn. Tili g Mṛṛakc yat tsayst mmi igudar tazaykut lli yuman s imznuza d lkyuṣkat nnsn tili g tɣrmt tazaykut (taqdimt) ig udɣar ann ayda lli tga Yunisku d tngmi tamḍlant.<ref>whc.unesco.org/ar/list/331</ref> Tiwatlin lli illan g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, illa [[Azagʷz n Mrrakc Lmnaṛa Amaḍlan|uzagʷz n taylalin n Mṛṛakc Lmnaṛa Amaḍlan]], d usbdud n ubrid n wuzzal ([[Asbdud n ulaway n Mṛṛakc]]) lli izdin tiɣrmt n Mṛṛakc d [[Tigmmi tumlilt|Tgmmi tumlilt]] d iẓẓlmḍ n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. Llant g Mṛṛakc kigan n tsdawiyin d tinmal, yat zgisnt [[tasdawit n Qaḍi Ɛyyaḍ]]. Ilin gis kigan n imarisn n tunnunt n tawjja n uḍaṛ tamṛṛukit, zgisn amaris n [[Itri Amṛṛakci]] d amaris n [[Lkawkab Amṛṛakci]] d umaris n [[Muludiya n Mrrakc|Muludiya n Mṛṛakc]]. Ar ttilin g Mṛṛakc imḥizwarn n tmɣurin (timssudutin) timaḍlanin n tmarrayt d imḥizwarn n tmssudutin n tsmɣurt n lfuṛmila 2. == Aẓuṛ n yism == Llan kigan n warratn d kigan n tullisin ar sawaln t f unamk n wassaɣ n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc,<ref>{{Bdr adlis |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |url=https://www.google.co.ma/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_African_History_3_Volume/umyHqvAErOAC |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |pages=948 |language=en}}</ref> ikk d uẓuṛ n yism n Mṛṛakc tawalt ‘amurakuc’ (s tutlayt tamaziɣt ‘amur n akuc), lli igan s unamk akal n ṛbbi s tɛṛabt: وطن الله.<ref name="Buresi">{{Bdr adlis |last=Buresi |first=Pascal |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00967214 |title=Le Maghreb XIe-XVe siècle |last2=Ghouirgate |first2=Mehdi |date=2013 |publisher=Armand Colin |language=fr}}</ref> iklli tbdr tmzrawt tamzruyt ‘suzan sirayt’, mas ittyura wassaɣ n tmdint tikklit izwarn g yat tnfult lli d ikkan tasut tis mrawt d yan g tsdlist n iqarawin g tɣrmt n fas, tirra ann fkan t as anamk n ‘ tamurt n tarwa n akuc’ s tɛṛabt: بلد أبناء أكوش. tawalt n ‘amur’ ar tt addrnt middn s ɣilad s tawtmant ‘tamurt’, d awd tawalt ad nit n ‘amur’ tlla g wassaɣ n muriṭanya, tagldit n iẓẓlmḍ n tfriqt ‘tamazɣa’ g izmaz izaykutn lli izrin. assaɣ n Mṛṛakc as ttawssan tmurt ad akkʷ dar tmizar yaḍnin, ar nn tt afa tawalt ad tlla sul g ils n tutlayin yaḍn zund tafarisit(Mṛṛakc) d tsbanyulit(maṛṛiykus) d tnglizt (muṛṛuku). Aẓuṛ n ism n murakuc niɣ Mṛṛakc igat «amur n wakuc». amur iga akal d wakuc iga smit lli stin kan ar ttinin i rbi. smit n Mṛṛakc tsrg i tutlayin tiṛumiyin alliɣ a ttinin i lmɣrib. ar ttinin ifransawiyn «maṛuk», isblyuniyn «maṛṛukus», ibrtqqizn nɣd iburtuɣaliyn ar ttinin «maṛṛukus», ngalza ar ttinin «muṛṛuku», ilalmaniyn ar ttinin «maṛṛuku». abla iturkiyn lli as ittinin «fas», d iraniyn lli as ittinin «muṛṛakuc». Zɣ tasutin izwarn ar assnti n tasut simraw, ikka tt inn wamur n lmṛṛuk akkʷ ittawssan s ism n (tgldit n Mṛṛakc), acku tizi ann Mṛṛakc aggan amnru amzray n tgldit. assaɣ n lmṛṛuk ar ɣilad ittawssan dar kigan n tutlayin s ‘Mṛṛakc’, ar iffus n asya.<ref name = "Buresi"/>. == Amzruy == [[Afaylu:MoroccoMarrakech townfromhill.jpg|thumb|Tamnaḍt n Mṛṛakc]] Ikka tt inn yili sul izdɣ g tmnaḍt n Mṛṛakc imkrazn imaziɣn zɣ tasut n uẓṛu tamaynut, ttyafant kigan n tmatarin d imassn n uẓṛu g udɣar ad. tlla tbdd Mṛṛakc tga tiɣrmt g usggʷas n 1062, g ufus n bubkr iwis n aɛmaṛ almtuni, lli igan anbdad ig iwis n daddas n ugllid amṛabṭi [[Yusf u Tacfin]] (1106-11061). Ɣ tasut n twja tamaziɣt tamṛabṭit, ttskant kigan n tmzgidawin d tinmal timslmin (tinmal n lqʷṛan), allig imqqur umun ig ammas admsan d tsbbabt g tmazɣa akkʷ awd tfriqt iffus n tanzruft. Tmqqur Mṛṛakc s tizzla tg ammas admsan asgdan, tili g uswir lliɣ tt inn tkka aɣmat, lli s tt inn ikkan ɣ ɣad izrin tga amnru n tmnaḍt n lḥuz. id bab n tzzulin tizaykutin indalusin zɣ tqṛṭubt d tcblit bnan sfalkin kigan n iɣrman g tɣrmt, allig ifalki uggar anaw amawi lli s ttawssan tqubba d igllayn lli ittawmḍaln g tmdint. imsasa wanaw ad andalusi d wanawn n tẓuṛi n tnzruft d tagut n tfriqt, allig iga mayan yan wanaw iẓlin s uẓkka n udɣar n Mṛṛakc akkʷ. ikmml yusf iwis n tacfin timzgida tamzwarut g tɣrmt (timzgida n iwis n yusf, lli illan f wassaɣ nns). ttbnant tgʷmma, tddz gis tgʷrict n idrimn, ikcm d urɣ d uẓṛf s tɣrmt s ikabaṛn lli d sis ikccmn. tga tɣrmt g uzmz ann amnru n tgldit tamṛabṭit, lli iswuttan zg iftasn n ssinigal ar tuẓẓumt n ssbanyul d iftasn n yill n waṭlaṣ ar tiɣrmt n dzayr. Lliɣ iwala unbḍ n lmuwaḥidin kcmn tamdint asggʷas n 1147,<ref name="Buresi" /> gn tt amnru n tnbaḍt nnsn. gn gis kigan n tmatarin igan tin umzruy lli sul igan addur d ifl umzruy s ɣilad zun d tassumɛit n lkutubiya s snat tmzgidawin nnsn, d igudar, imawn, turtatin, d tilggʷit illan f wasif n tansift tɣama sul s ɣilad tga tin ubrid ar azmz ad izrin lli d yaẓn. ɣikad as tssn Mṛṛakc yat g ddaw n tnbaḍt n imuḥidn yan uẓnẓṛ mqquṛn lli s tt igan d yan wammas asrtan admsan adlsan ur illi wanaw nns g tsga n tagut tamslmt. Lliɣ tamum tnbaḍt n imuḥidn kkusan imriniyin lli d ikkan iming (iming n Lmṛṛuk) asggʷas n 1269 tamdint macc skrn g tɣrmt n fas amnru nnsn acku tmlal i tmazirt nnsn lli igan aẓuṛ nnsn, s ɣikan tḍḍṛ Mṛṛakc s uswir ɣ tt inn tkka, tg ammas wis sin g tmurt. ɣ usggʷas n 1551 tsswrri d tɣrmt aswir nns g ddu n tnbaḍt n isɛdin (1659-1589). g tasut nnsn ag bnan kigan n tẓkka tamaynut yan zɣ gisn iɣrm n lbdiɛ d wamun n imuwasin d tinml n iwis n yusf d iṣmḍal n isɛdin d aṭṭaṣ n tsugam. Ɣ ddu n tnbaḍt n iɛalawin, yuls Mulay Ṛacid i tska n tmzgida n iwis ṣalḥ amrini, d lliɣ t inn iḍfaṛ mulay smaɛil ur tt sul yiwi g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, irur taɣḍft nns s tmdint n umknas. macc agllid mass muḥmmad immaɣ yulls i tska n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc bac ad as d issiwrri aswir llig tlla, lliy yad immaɣ ad ibnu isfalki i tẓkka n tɣrmt d awd ibna tmatarin yaḍn timaynutin. nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas tkmml tawlaft n Mṛṛakc g tagara zɣ lliɣ issfal unbḍ n ugllid ad. g ḍaṛat n tnbaḍt nns kullu willi d yuckan is aka ttalsn i tẓkka d tska n tɣrmt, mayad nnsn issfal zg tasut tamuẓunt. == Tajugṛafit == [[Afaylu:Ourika.jpg|vignette|Asif n urika g tanila n Mṛṛakc]] Ɣ iggi n wakal, taggug Mṛṛakc 580 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n ṭanja, d 327 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n tɣrmt n ṛṛbaṭ, d 239 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n tgmmi tumlilt (anfa), d 196 id kilu mitr iffus n tagut n bni amllal, 177 kilu mitr iming n mmu ugadir (taṣṣuṛt), d 246 kilu mitr iẓẓlmḍ n ugadir. tuma tmdint n Mṛṛakc s iẓẓlmḍ zg tuẓẓumt n tɣrmt tazaykut d min as yutsn ddawdiyat d tgʷmma n ddrawc (dyuṛ lmsakin) d mas ɛbbad ( sidi ɛbbad) d ssqṛ d umrcic, ar iffus aminig n (mass yusf iwis n ɛli), s tagut ar masrad trja, f iffus n tagut n lmḥamid bṛṛa n uzagʷz. f ubrid p2017 lli itt awin s iffus n tɣrmt s tmizar d iḍuṛan mqqurn zun d dwaṛ lhna, d twajana, lkwasm, d lahibitcat. lli itt awin izri g tnzruft ar tɣrmt n tḥnnawt lli illan f isil n waṭlaṣ mqqurn, lli igan adrar mqqurn g tmazɣa akkʷ. ar ilkkm usɣal lli idl udfl g waṭlaṣ mqqurn uggar n 3000 mitru. adrar ann iga uggar n wakal nns aẓṛu ajiri ajuṛasi. yuma udrar n waṭlaṣ amqqran f tiɣzi nns aftas n yill n waṭlaṣ, issuda f iming n ugadir iddu ar iẓẓlmḍ aminig n dzayr allig ibdd g tuns. Illa wasif n iwrikn f tmaggugt n 30 id kilu mitr iffus n Mṛṛakc, iẓḍaṛ ufgan ad ismaqql adrar n yaguṛ lli idln s udfl amllal zɣ iffus n tmdint. ikka tt inn umsksl amirikani (dafid briskut barwuz) imla Mṛṛakc s wassaɣ n (tɣrmt tamzwagt) lli ɣ a isawal f tzdugi nns inna:<blockquote>" Tlla tɣrmt ngr 15 niɣ 20 mil taggug f isil n udrar n waṭlaṣ lli d fllas ittaggʷan yattuy fllas kigan tg tawlaft nns tad iẓlin tafalkayt. aḍu n tnzruft izddign, iẓḍaṛ usmmaqql a iggr i tfras yattuyn n udrar ann zɣ tsga n iẓẓlmḍ d iming, idl t udfl acmrar n tgrst, d ignwan iggi nns ifiruzn lli fllas igan iwutta i iẓṛan imɣdiddin d txfawin nnsn tanafllatin lli d dar yan ufulki ur illi wanaw nns. "</blockquote> [[Afaylu:AtlasMfromOurika.JPG|vignette|Adrar n laṭlaṣ amqran d ittaggʷan f  Mṛṛakc]] Tasna n Mṛṛakc tga 130000 n hiktaṛ n tsna tazgzat d uggar n 180000 n taddagt n tiyni g urti n tayniwin n Mṛṛakc, tga tɣrmt yat tẓnagt ɣ tmun tuga immrkksn. f tɣzi i imirn n usggʷas, llan g turtit n ugdal d turtit n lmnaṛa d turtatin yaḍn n tɣrmt addagn n litcin d wazar d ṛmman d tzmmurt d mad lan n wanaw d ikʷlan d igumma. ẓlin t turtatin n tmdint s kigan n tuga tinamurin awd tid d ickmn zɣ tmizar n bṛṛa tasutin lli izrin, zɣ gisn lxayzuran amqran d lyukas d lbardi d wanawn n tayniwin yaḍn d waddagn n lbanan d ssru d wadagn n tayri d tuẓutin n ujjig d lbuɣnaqilya d waddagn n ubuhu d kigan n wanawn n tuẓutin n uknari. == Anzwi == Tddr Mṛṛakc g unzwi izwan, g tgrst anzwi nns amṛwaṣu ilmumin, g unbdu izwa irɣ, tirɣi tamṛwaṣut g tmdint tlla ngr 28-29 n tsskkʷflt g imir n unbdu d 12 n tsskkʷflt ɣ tgrst, irwas usɣl n uẓaṛ iṭṭaṛn g Mṛṛakc g tgrst asɣl n unẓaṛ g tmnaḍin akkʷ n yill acmlal amṛwaṣu, macc asɣl ann idrus f usɣl ittilin g tɣrmin n iẓẓlmḍ amṛwaṣu. aɣawas ad ar immal tisskkʷfal<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=2019-10-23 |title=Climatological Normals of Marrakech |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/marrakech_e.htm |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005504/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/marrakech_e.htm |archive-date=2011-06-04}}</ref> n trɣi ɣ Mṛṛakc s ma ila usggʷas: {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! ayyur !! innayr !! ibṛayr !! maṛṣ !! ibrir !! may !! yunyu !! yulyuz !! ɣuct !! cutanbir !! ktubṛ !! nwanbir !! dujambir |- | azmmem n trɣi || 33 || 34 || 37 || 42 || 46 || 47 ||49|| 48 || 46 || 43 || 39 || 34 |- | azmmem n uṣmmiḍ || -6 || -2 || 4 || 5 || 7 || 9 || 14 || 15 || 10 || 6 || 4 || -2 |} == Tanfalit n imzdaɣn == Mk lli imla usiḍn n usggʷas n 2014, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣ g Mṛṛakc 928.850 n ufgan ɣ mnid n uṭṭun n 843.575 n ufgan asggʷas n 2004. ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin g usggʷas n 2014, llig ilkm uṭṭun n tawja 217.245 n takat ɣ mnid n 173603 n tawja g usggʷas n 2004<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o4lyrrsX0-wC&pg=PT2006&dq=marrakech+population+2012&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pZKYT8jBC9PY0QWz5_DqBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=marrakech&f=false CIA factbook, (2012)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221210436/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o4lyrrsX0-wC&pg=PT2006&dq=marrakech+population+2012&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pZKYT8jBC9PY0QWz5_DqBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA |date=21 ديسمبر 2014}}</ref>. == Tadamsa == [[Afaylu:جامع لفنا ليلا.jpg|vignette|Tawlaft n usays n Jamɛ Lfna ɣ yiḍ]] Mṛṛakc tga yan wammas g tddr tdamsa tudrt ibuɣlan d tussna n Lmṛṛuk. Asɣudu n ibridn imsazzaln ngr ugadir d tgmmi tumlilt d uzagʷz lmnaṛa lli bahra iziydn i uṭṭun n imallayn ɣ tɣrmt, ibrdan ad d uzagʷz ad lli d itt awin i tɣrmt uggar n ma ittggan sin id lmlyun n umallay zɣ kra iga tt tmazirt g umaḍal kra iga tt asggʷas. lliɣ tla tmallayt yan waddur amqran g tdmsa n lmṛṛuk, agllid muḥmmad wis sḍiṣ iwis n lḥasan lli ifkan awal mas rad d t awi tsrtit n tgldit nns 20 id lmlyun n umallay kra iga tt asggʷas s lmṛṛuk urta ilkm usggʷas n 2020, ig uṭṭun n imallayn aslag ɣ usggʷas n 2012. tiɣrmt tuma s ifṛansin, isɣa gis kigan n unaẓuṛ d willi ittawssann ifṛansin kigan n wakal d tgʷmma, zɣ gisn id bab n lmuḍa ‘if san luṛan’ d ‘jun bul gutti’. Ɣ tasut lli izrin, iddr g tɣrmt yan uṭṭun idrusn n ibṛṛaniyn, macc isnfarn n tgmi tafrkant ggudin g isggʷasn ad id 15 lli izrin, lliɣ ilkm usggʷas n 2005 isɣa uggar n 3000 n ubṛṛani tafrka g tmdint, tlditn d tussna nns d watig n tzduɣt lli mi idrus waddur. ittawbdar mayad g tsɣunt tamalast tafṛanṣist ‘luban’ mas Mṛṛakc tga yan usbdad n tugtt n taylalin tuṛubiyin. === Igadazn d wammasn n tsbbabt === [[Afaylu:Colourful shoes in Marrakech.jpg|vignette|Tasbbabt n tɣawsiwin tizaykutin ɣ igadazn n tɣrmt n mṛṛakc]] Mṛṛakc dars yan ugadaz azayku lli bahra imqqurn g lmɣrib (lmṛṛuk) tiɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, tbuɣla sis tadamsa, tili tmndint tawlaft nns ifulkin bahra ɣar s ugadaz nns amqqran lli yutn s iẓuṛan nns g umzruy n tɣrmt. inna ‘bul sulifan’ f igadazn n Mṛṛakc mas gan yan udɣar lli d izwarn dar imzdaɣ d imallayn ad tẓrn :( aqṣṛi n tammnt lli igan iswak izdin ngr mmnzrin ngr asn, tasga yad lli igan kra iẓlin ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut n Mṛṛakc iga s ixf nns tiɣrmt mẓẓiyn, iman gis yan uṭṭun iggudin n lkyuṣkat d tḥuna n tsbbabt, mẓẓiyn t zdin t gr asn t krin t gnt zun d inziggn n ɛala ddin lli bahra yuman s tugt n tzuzaf ismriqqiyn iɣ nn disn tkcm t.)   Ɣ umzruy kkan tt inn igadazn ad bḍan f wammasn iẓlin s uzznzi n tsbbabt istin zun d azznz n ilm, d uẓṭṭa, d izuɣar d idqqi. illa sul ukan ubṭṭu ngr wammasn ad macc s yat tɣarast tamaynut ur igin zun d talli s tt inn tkka, tkcm nn gis awd tsbbabt n tɣawsiwin timaynutin. kigan n igadazn n Mṛṛakc ar gisn inzza uẓṭṭa d tmlsa tmaslmt taqburt, d wacckaṛn n ilm, d usufa. ar ukan sul ttawan middn ɣ igadazn ad f watig n tɣawsiwin ad. ==== Igadazn ==== [[Afaylu:Marrakech olives merchant.jpg|vignette|Tasbbabt n tɣawsiwin n tɛṭṭaṛt tizaykutin ɣ igadazn n tɣrmt n mṛṛakc]] '''''Agdz n Ismmaṛn''''': ig ugadaz lli imɣarn g tɣrmt walli ilan assaɣ n (agdz n ismmaṛn), lliɣ a tnzza tawqqant, ṣṣnaḍl, d idukan ilan tizuzaf iṭṭfn ikʷlan icnan, d imsggiwrn n ilm, d tzuzaf n urɣ d uẓṛf, d tmlsa iẓlin s tffugliwin. '''''Agdz n Ubluḥ''''': llan g ugdz n ubluḥ kra n lkyuṣkat lli iẓlin s uẓmma n litcin, d ififl iḥṛṛan (tahrist), lkabaṛ, d igumma ittawsyyaṛn, azmmur adal d uzggʷaɣ d usggan, d liqamt, ig adɣar n watay ittmunan d iẓmmatn imɣribin. '''''Agdz n Kcaca''''': iẓli ugadaz ad s uzznz n igumma lli izwan, d lfakit, zund tiyni, d tazart, d waqqayn n tswik, d lluz, d lkaju, d lmcmac. '''''Agdz n Ṛṛḥbt azayku''''': lli iẓlin s tsbbabt n isknan ittẓḍan s ufus, d tujjutin, d ṭṭṛabc ittawskarn s ufus, d tmlsa yaḍn zun d liẓaṛat, d ljinsing, d ilm n igwana. ilin igadazn yaḍn zund agadaz n isyyaɣn iẓlin s tzuzaf, d ugdz n smata ittawssann tiram n uɣlal (lbabbuc) d uzznz n iɣuda. ili ugdz n icṛṛaṭn lli g llan imassn n ilm, d ugdz n blɛarf ar gis nzzan t tɣawsiwin ad timaynutin lli ttnawaln middn ɣilad. d ugdz n id bab n uzzal lliɣ llan imassn n uzzal d isufa n uzzal (lfnaṛ). ili ɣ gr igadazn ad ammas n tiniḍi lli f tbdd tnbaḍt, ili g wammas ad tiwuriwin n tẓuṛi timẓẓan d tiniḍi d tɣawsiwin n ilm zun d aẓṭṭa aqbur d tmẓẓilla n tmzgadiwin. ar gis ttlmadn awd imlmadn iḥudrin f ifassn n trubba n idbab n tiniḍi inmɣurn. === Tamallayt === [[Afaylu:MoroccoMarrakech souq.jpg|vignette|Tamallayt g mṛṛakc]] Tga tmallayt kra ilan addur i tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc ifk as yan uswir yattuyn, ɣ gr tmdinin n tmallayt ɣ umaḍal. lliɣ illa dar tmdint ad ayda ggutn lli as d ifl umzruy nns, tg ula tiɣrmt n igrawn imaḍalan. === Isnsutn === [[Afaylu:Hotel Marrakch.JPG|vignette|Asnsu n mṛṛakc]] Asnsu gan sin wanawn, llan isnsa imaynutn imqquṛn lli d tsckm tmallayt n umaḍal, ilin isnsa izaykutn lli izdin kigan d tawssna n Mṛṛakc d tin lmɣrib akkʷ. isnsa izaykutn bahra lli igan kra s ttawssan tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc zɣ zik, anaw ad n isnsa illa ɣ kigan n tmizar n umaḍal aqbur. isnsa ad ar tn inn nttafa gan snat tdaliwin waha (taskka), ilin t gis tmṣṛay lli issutln i usarag lliɣ a ittili lḥuḍ g tlla tuga d ijjign niɣ d taddagt, tadala n wakal ar gis skarn id bab n usnsu adɣar ɣ ḥḍḍun tiɣawsiwin d imudar d isnwi, macc tidaliwin n uflla llant gis tmṣṛay d ɣ illi ɣ anssan isbbabn d ittackan zɣ bṛṛa n tɣrmt. gan isnsa ad awd ammasn n twuri, isnsa ad ar bahra ttilin f tɣzi n ubrid amqran lli illan g tɣrmt niɣ f tsga n imawn n tɣrmt, taftn inn mlaln kigan i igadazn d idɣarn lliɣ llan isbbabn d id bab n tniḍi. zund asnsu lli imlaln i ugdz iẓlin s tamimt, ar tin nttafa ila assaɣ n usnsu n skkaṛ, acku iẓli s isbbabn n tmsaɣt n skkaṛ. ili awd usnsu n tɛṭṭaṛt, lli iẓlin awd nttan ɣas s isbbabn n tmsaɣt n tɛṭṭaṛt. ilin kigan n isnsa iẓlin s wanawn n tɣawsiwin yaḍn tizi ann, bdrn warratn n umzruy mas tt inn kkan g Mṛṛakc isnsa iẓlin s trubba n isgdan iṣufin. [[Afaylu:Hotel Ryad Mogado Agdal Marrakch 4.JPG|vignette|Asnsu n ṛṛyaḍ Mugaḍuṛ n Mṛṛakc]] [[Afaylu:Marrakesh fondouk 2 (foundouk sarsar) DSCF6154.jpg|vignette|Asnsu n Mṛṛakc azayku (lxan)]] Llan isnsa g Mṛṛakc zɣ lliɣ issfal umzruy n tlalit nns. tlla tizi ɣ buɣlan tattuy twuri nnsn ili uzmz maɣ nɣuban qqnn ttuntn middn, izdi mayan d umzruy d ussan n tɣrmt lli tddr. azmz lliɣ bahra tlla tɣrmt ɣ uswir yattuyn buɣlun ɣ tizi ann isnsa ad, iga t uzmz n imṛabṭin d imuḥidn(lmuwaḥidin) tasut n (yan d mraw d tasut n kraḍ d mraw), d uzmz n isɛdin tasut n (sḍis d mraw), awd azmz ɣ tlla tɣrmt ddaw n tnbaḍt n kra igldan iɛalawin lli tn d iḍfaṛn. macc tasut n simraw, idwr umun lliɣ tlla tɣrmt g ufus n fṛansa (1912-1956), lliɣ tmɣar tmdint n Mṛṛakc tffaɣ akkʷ ngr igudar nns imzruyn, ar d tmuddun ibudrarn d middn lli issutln i tɣrmt d wiyyaḍ d ikkan tiɣrmawin yaḍn n lmɣrib, dwrn t kigan n tgʷmma d ṛyaḍat n middn d wammasn lmxzn gn isnsa s watig idrusn. tfka tɣiwant n Mṛṛakc uṭṭunn g usggʷas n 2010, mas s tt inn kkan isnsa g Mṛṛakc gan uggar n 132 n usnsu zɣ usggʷas n1972, agurn ɣilad gan 96 n usnsu azayku g Mṛṛakc ɣ usggʷas n 2010. Lliɣ tga zɣ tɣrmin mqqurnin lli ittawssan s tmallayt g tfriqt akkʷ, illa g Mṛṛakc uggar n 400 n usnsu. ‘Asnsu n tmamunt’, lli igan asnsu d dar 5 titratin ɣ (art diku), ittbna ɣ usggʷas n 1925 ɣ ifassn n ‘hinri brust’ d ‘antwan maṛkiẓyu’, ig usunsu ad walli d dar bahra addur g tɣrmt ittawssan bahra. isnnubga usnsu ad s kigan n udmawn bahra ittawssan g umaḍal, zɣ gisn winstun tcrcl d tcaṛlz agldun n wilz d mik jagṛ. imyar tcrcl a isunfu ɣ ugnsu n turtatin n usnsu ar gisn iṛccm tiflt n ikʷlan. smaynun asnsu ad lli ɣ llant 231 n tmṣṛay, lliɣ illa lkaẓinu, g usggʷas n 1986, smaynunt tiklit yaḍnin g usggʷas n 2007 ɣ ufassn n tmumka ufṛanṣi jak gaṛsiya. Ilin isnsa yaḍnin imqqurn zun d asnsu ɛadan andalu, d usnsu n Mṛṛakc, d sufitil n Mṛṛakc, d usnsu rwayyal miṛaj, d usnsu n bisina dil, g usggʷas n 2020 kcmn d isnsa n ṛutana lmɣrib s tmnhla n isnsa s kṛaḍ n miṛay ittawssann lli ilan smmus itran. g maṛṣ 2012, tnnuṛẓm akuṛ asnsu dars izwarn lli yusin tamatart n bulman n tsbbabt ɣ Mṛṛakc, asnsu d spa bulman Mṛṛakc g lmiṛay. illa usnsu ad g yat turtit n uzmmur s tsna n 17 n hiktaṛ ɣ la bilmiṛi, ili gis 252 n tmṣṛit d 16 n wammas n imnɣaṛ d sḍiṣ n tsiram d yat tdala n tsmuni lli mi tla tsna nns 535 n mitru amkkuẓ.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} === Timatarin n tɣrma === Gant tmatarin n tɣrma lli d ifl umzruy a illi ifkan aẓnẓṛ n Mṛṛakc g umaḍal akkʷ a lliɣ tga yat tɣrmt n tmallayt, ar d ttackan kigan n imallayn zɣ tmizar n umaḍal bac ad ẓṛn timatarin n umzruy lli sul isuln bddnt ɣ Mṛṛakc gnt inigi n uzmz ann, iɣ nsawl f tmatarin ad iqqand a nsawl f usays n jamɛ lfna nsawl awd f tmzgida lkutubiya d tssumɛit nns awd nsawl f iɣrman lli iggudin ɣ Mṛṛakc d ṛyaḍat d tgʷmma tizaykutin…(ɣr amgrad ad ttawbdarnt gis tmatarin ad tiɣrmawin). === Tiniḍi === [[Afaylu:Tanneries (1).jpg|vignette|Tiniḍi n tadbbaɣt n ilm ɣ mṛṛakc]] Tga tniḍi tazaykut zɣ twuriwin d tmyurin lli d ifl umzruy i middn ɣ lmɣrib, kigan n twuriwin ad tizaykutin ar tnt inn nttafa ɣ tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tazaykut (taqburt) izdi mayan d lliɣ ran imzdaɣ z izwar tiɣawsiwin ann, zun d tanjjaṛt d tagnnayt d uẓṭṭa d taṭṛṛaẓt d tadrrazt d wanuḍ n uzzal, d tniḍi n zllij amɣribi d ifckan n idqqi, d tazwwaqt n ukccuḍ d lgabṣ d kigan n twuriwin yaḍn. Tskr tnbaḍt yan wammas niɣ tamṣṛit n usmuttg n tniḍi n tsga n Mṛṛakc asfi akkʷ, illa wammas ad imlal i tmzgiga n lkutubiya d usays n ljamɛ lfna.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} == Timatarin timzray == Gant tmatarin n tɣrma lli d ifl umzruy a illi ifkan aẓnẓṛ n Mṛṛakc g umaḍal akkʷ a lliɣ tga yat tɣrmt n tmallayt tgn assaɣ nns g umzruy s tiddas ggutn, ar d ttackan kigan n imallayn zɣ tmizar n umaḍal bac ad ẓṛn timatarin n umzruy lli sul isuln bddn t ɣ Mṛṛakc gnt inigi n uzmz ann. === Asays n Jamɛ Lfna === {{Imgradn sis itealqn|Imgradn=[[Jamɛ Lfna]]}}[[Afaylu:Maroc Marrakech Jemaa-el-Fna Luc Viatour.JPG|vignette|Asays n Jamɛ Lfna]] Iga usays n jamɛ lfna yan usarag amagdud n urarn d taḍṣa d tffugliwin n imzdaɣ awd imallayn g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc g lmṛṛuk, ig usays ad ul n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, ikk tt iin ig sul adɣar izdin ngr tɣrmt d lqṣbt n lmxzn d umllaḥ, ig amsnzl n imzwag d imallayn zɣ kra iga tt adɣar g lmṛṛuk awd zɣ bṛṛa nns, bac ad ẓṛn asfsr n urarn n iɛisawiyn d ad sɣdn i tullisin zɣ imawn n wid tallsnin i taddminin, ssfldn i uẓawan n idbab n umarg ẓṛn iḥwacn d kigan n udmawn n tẓuṛi d tussna ggutn illan g tmurt n lmṛṛuk, lliɣ isman usays ad udmawn ad n tẓuṛi d tussna iggutn tẓli tt lyunisku tg tt d wayda d tingmi n tfganit, tull alɣu nns f mayan asggʷas n 2001.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-jemaa-el-fna-square-00014?RL=00014</ref> ==== Amzruy n usays ==== [[Afaylu:Tawlaft n ugrrab ssi saɛid lbudali d umddakkʷl nns muḥmmad g mṛṛakc - lmɣrib.jpg|vignette|Tawlaft n ugrrab ssi Saɛid d umddakkʷl nns Muḥmmad]] Izdi umzruy n usays n jamɛ lfna d tasut lliɣ ttbna tmdint n Mṛṛakc g lmṛṛuk asggʷas n (1071-1070), ittbna usays n ‘jamɛ lfna’ g tasut n tnbaḍt tamṛabṭit tasut tis smmus t tahijrit tg yat tuwẓut n tsbbabt macc addur nns iɣli s kigan lliɣ ttbna tmzgida n lkutubiya lliɣ yumẓ umzruy ann tasut akkʷ. skrn igldan yaḍn lli d yuckan tizi ann ḍaṛat nnsn ɣ usays ad asbdad n isardasn nnsn, d ar zɣ gis thyyan ikabaṛn n isardasn nnsn iɣ rad ddun s kra n imnɣi, imnɣan lli skarn bac ad smann tiɣrmawin yaḍn d tmizar lli asn yaẓn bac ad tnt gn ddaw n tnbaḍt nnsn, zɣ tizi yan iga usays ad tamatart icnan n tɣrmt, tla sis tmurt akkʷ addur, tɣudu dar maṛṛa inmmudda lli gis izrin.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} ==== Aẓuṛ n yism ==== [[Afaylu:Placejemaaelfna.jpg|vignette|Aẓawan n tgnawit g usays n Jamɛ Lfna]] [[Afaylu:Iwiz iɣudan n tgnawit g usays n jamɛ lfna ɣ tɣrmt n mṛṛakc lmɣrib.mpg|vignette|Iwiz iɣudan n tgnawit g usays n Jamɛ Lfna ɣ tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc]] Illa ma izdin assaɣ ad n jamɛ lfna d ixʷrban n usays n iɣrm n uẓṛu amṛabṭi lli as imlaln, asays n iɣrm lli n ufan ddaw ixʷrban n tmzgida n lkutubiya. Tawalt n ‘lfna’ lli mi d ikka unamk nns is irwas zɣ tawalt illan g tutlayt taɛṛabt (الدمار- الخراب ), mayad illa inigi nns g tugga lli fkan idbab n umzruy lliɣ nn ufan yat tmzgida tamqrant ixxurban g tuẓẓumt n usays n jamɛ lfna, lli igan ḍaṛat n mayan asays bahra ittawssann g umaḍal. Ittawbdar ɣ udlis n ‘amzruy n ssudan’ igan win ɛbdṛṛḥman iwis n ɛbdllah asɛdi atambukti (1655-1596) lliɣ isawl f tmaḍunt n ṭṭaɛun lli yutn Mṛṛakc g tasut n ugllid ḥmad lmnṣuṛ adhbi, iklli s inna: ‘iwiɣ d inɣmisn mas ibna ugllid mulay ḥmad timzgida, ibnut s yat talɣa igan fɣnit, iga as assaɣ n tmzgida n lhna, macc timukrisin ann ur t ujjant as tt gis yawi ad s tt ikmml allig immut, idwr wassaɣ nns akud ann s wassaɣ n ‘jamɛ lfna’ ‘asufɣ bardin, 1898, tanfult 205’. macc ur nssn awal ad is isawl f tmzgida lli illan ɣilad niɣ talli ixxurban.<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=2020-07-29 |title=Morocco: Marrakesh bomb strikes Djemaa el-Fna square - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13226117 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729025105/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13226117 |archive-date=2020-07-29}}</ref> ==== Imik f usays ==== [[Afaylu:Jamaa el-Fnaa (7346233518).jpg|vignette|Tawlaft n usays n Jamɛ Lfna ɣ yiḍ ɣ tmdint n Mṛṛakc]] Iga usays ad ul n tmdint n Mṛṛakc, iga usays ad asays n inmuqqarn d urarn, ilin gis wid ittallsn i tullisin n zik, d ihyyaḍn, d imarirn ttḥucnin d wid ismurign, d willi itturarn s imudar d wid ittnqacn s lḥnna. Tifalkayin n wayda amiwan d tingmi war tanga n tfganit: [[Afaylu:Snake breeder (aisaoui), Djemaa El Fna square, Morocco, Marrakech.jpg|vignette|tawlaft n umurar s ibnkaln lli ittawssan s wassaɣ n ‘uɛisawi’ g usays n jam3 lfna.]] G usggʷas n 1997, gan inn tiggʷas kigan n idbab n tussna imṛṛukiyn d lyunisku ɣ yan udwal g Mṛṛakc sawl gis bac ad srsn iwutta n urmmus n ‘wayda amiwan d tingmi war tanga n tfganit’. g udwal ann bḍan ngr twwuriwin n tingmi lli d iqqan uḥṭṭu mln atig nns, g ddaw n uzwl n (tifalkayin n wayda amiwan d tingmi war tanga n tfganit). g usggʷas n 2001 iffɣ d ulɣu n lyunisku amzwaru ibdrn talgamt izwarn n tingmi lli smnidn t tmizar i lyunisku. s ɣilad kra iga tt sin isggʷasn ar tt ili tlgamt yaḍn. d iqqan d a tg tingmi lli smnidn t tmizar kra n tussna iddrn niɣ tad ir a inɣubu, ittawskar fllas uɣawas zɣ dar tnbaḍin ann f uḥṭṭu nnsn t d usɣudu nnsn t. ɣ usggʷas n 2003 umẓnt tmura igan timslay g lyunisku yat tmqqunt n uḥṭṭu d usɣudu n wayda d tingmi tamiwant war tanga n tfganit, tamqqunt ad lli illan ddaw n twuri zɣ wayyur n bril g 2006. ttawfkan inmmaln i tmggit n tmqqunt ad zɣ dar tgrawt tamaḍlant tanbaḍt, ẓlin ngr snat tlgamin yat ɣ llan wayda ismydan d tayyaḍ g llan wayda f d iqqan uḥṭṭu d usɣudu f illa uɣawl. ig mayan taɣarast lli ikkan ngr unɣubu d tingmi.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} ==== Tiwlafin n usays n Jamɛ Lfna ==== <center> <gallery> Afaylu:Detail of the architecture in Marrakesh, Morroco.jpg|tawlaft n yan usuk g llan ṛṛyḍat n ‘jamɛ lfna’ g iḍ g tmdint n mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in the night, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft n tssumɛit n lkutubiya g iḍ tama n usays n jamɛ lfna g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft n tssumɛit n lkutubiya g uzal tama n usays n jamɛ lfna g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft n tssumɛit n lkutubiya g iḍ tama n usays n jamɛ lfna g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft n tssumɛit n lkutubiya g iḍ tama n usays n jamɛ lfna g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Detail from the terrace in Marrakesh, Morroco.jpg|tawlaft n iggi n yan ṛṛyaḍ illan tama n usays n jamɛ lfna mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Roof terrace of Riad Jnane Mogador Hotel. - Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|tawlaft n iggi n yan ṛṛyaḍ illan tama n usays n jamɛ lfna mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Snake breeder (aisaoui), Djemaa El Fna square, Morocco, Marrakech.jpg|tawlaft n yan umurar n ibnalkiwn lli igan s wassaɣ aɛisawi g usays n mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Marrakech Bombing Site Late in the Day.jpg|tawlaft n lqhwa n argana g usays n jam3 lfna, mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Djemaa el Fna 1.JPG|tawlaft n usays n jam3 lfna zg uflla, mṛṛakc, lmṛṛuk. </gallery> </center> === Isuyas yaḍnin === Isuyas yaḍn lli illan ɣ Mṛṛakc: lmicwaṛ, lmṣlla, asays n imi n tadkkʷalt, d usays n caṛl du fuku, d usays n tlelli, asays n 16 nuwanbir, asays n fir blantiṛ, d usays n ssi ḥmad lkaml, asays n yusf iwis n tacfin, asays imṛabṭin, asays n bir anzaran. === Igadazn === [[Afaylu:Souks Marrakech 074.JPG|vignette|Agadaz n ṛṛḥbt taqdimt ɣ mṛṛakc]] Mṛṛakc dars yan ugadaz azayku lli bahra imqqurn g lmɣrib (lmṛṛuk) tiɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tla tawlaft nns ifulkin bahra ɣar s ugadaz nns amqqran lli yutn s iẓuṛan nns g umzruy n tɣrmt. inna ‘bul sulifan’ f igadazn n Mṛṛakc mas gan yan udɣar lli d izwarn dar imzdaɣ d imallayn ad tẓrn :( aqṣṛi n tammnt lli igan iswak izdin ngr mmnzrin ngr asn, tasga yad lli igan kra iẓlin ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut n Mṛṛakc iga s ixf nns tiɣrmt mẓẓiyn, iman gis yan uṭṭun iggudin n lkyuṣkat d tḥuna n tsbbabt, mẓẓiyn t zdin t gr asn t krin t gnt zun d inziggn n ɛala ddin lli bahra yuman s tugt n tzuzaf ismriqqiyn iɣ nn disn tkcm t.)   G umzruy kkan tt inn igadazn ad bḍan f wammasn iẓlin s uzznzi n tsbbabt istin zun d azznz n ilm, d uẓṭṭa, d izuɣar d idqqi. illa sul ukan ubṭṭu ngr wammasn ad macc s yat tɣarast tamaynut ur igin zun d talli s tt inn tkka, tkcm nn gis awd tsbbabt n tɣawsiwin timaynutin. kigan n igadazn n Mṛṛakc ar gisn inzza uẓṭṭa d tmlsa tmaslmt taqburt, d wacckaṛn n ilm, d usufa. ar ukan sul ttawan middn ɣ igadazn ad f watig n tɣawsiwin ad. ===== Tadaliwin n ugadaz n Mṛṛakc: ===== '''''Agdz n Ismmaṛn''''': ig ugadaz lli imɣarn g tɣrmt walli ilan assaɣ n (agdz n ismmaṛn), lliɣ a tnzza tawqqant, ṣṣnaḍl, d idukan ilan tizuzaf iṭṭfn ikʷlan icnan, d imsggiwrn n ilm, d tzuzaf n urɣ d uẓṛf, d tmlsa iẓlin s tffugliwin. '''''Agdz n Ubluḥ''''': llan g ugdz n ubluḥ kra n lkyuṣkat lli iẓlin s uẓmma n litcin, d ififl iḥṛṛan (tahrist), lkabaṛ, d igumma ittawsyyaṛn, azmmur adal d uzggʷaɣ d usggan, d liqamt, ig adɣar n watay ittmunan d iẓmmatn imɣribin. '''''Agdz n Kcaca''''': iẓli ugadaz ad s uzznz n igumma lli izwan, d lfakit, zund tiyni, d tazart, d waqqayn n tswik, d lluz, d lkaju, d lmcmac. '''''Agdz n Ṛṛḥbt azayku''''': lli iẓlin s tsbbabt n isknan ittẓḍan s ufus, d tujjutin, d ṭṭṛabc ittawskarn s ufus, d tmlsa yaḍn zun d liẓaṛat, d ljinsing, d ilm n igwana. Ilin igadazn yaḍn zund agadaz n isyyaɣn iẓlin s tzuzaf, d ugdz n smata ittawssann tiram n uɣlal (lbabbuc) d uzznz n iɣuda. ili ugdz n icṛṛaṭn lli g llan imassn n ilm, d ugdz n blɛarf ar gis nzzan t tɣawsiwin ad timaynutin lli ttnawaln middn ɣilad. d ugdz n id bab n uzzal lliɣ llan imassn n uzzal d isufa n uzzal (lfnaṛ). Ili ɣ gr igadazn ad ammas n tiniḍi lli f tbdd tnbaḍt, ili g wammas ad tiwuriwin n tẓuṛi timẓẓan d tiniḍi d tɣawsiwin n ilm zun d aẓṭṭa aqbur d tmẓẓilla n tmzgadiwin. ar gis ttlmadn awd imlmadn iḥudrin f ifassn n trubba n idbab n tiniḍi inmɣurn. === Igudar d imawn === [[Afaylu:Marrakech ramparts by night.jpg|vignette|Igudar n mṛṛakc]] Ttbnan igudar n Mṛṛakc, lli yumẓ astum n 19 id kilumitr issutln f Mṛṛakc, g tasut n tgldit n imṛabṭin g tasut tis snat d mraw bac ad gn tiɣrmt g uḥṭṭu n iɣwwaɣn d ittkkan bṛṛa n tɣrmt. ttbnan iɣʷrban s tallaɣt tazggʷaɣt talitcinit d wakal n ṭṭabaciṛ iɣusn, ɣan af tla tmdint assaɣ n ( tmdint tazggʷaɣt), tlkm tɣzi n ugadir ad 5,8 mitru iṭṭf 20 n tflut d 200 n talbrjt sutln t as. G tasut n imuḥidn, iswuri lxlift iɛqub lmnṣuṛ allig idus uḥṭṭu f Mṛṛakc, ibnu lqṣbt lli igan tizi ann adɣar n unbḍ niɣ tiɣrmt n lmxzn, mayad illa akud ann g Mṛṛakc waha, ur illi g tmdinin n tagut tamslmt akkʷ. gan imuḥidn kigan imawn i lqṣbt ur sul gisn iɣama abla mnnaw, zɣ gisn ‘tiflut n ugnaw’ lli sul ibddn idus mnid n tssumɛit n tmzgida, nttan a igan iflu amuzr n lqṣbt n imuḥidn (lmuwaḥdin) lli iẓlin ngr iflwan akkʷ s tuskin lli imsasan ngr asnt, d ṛṛcm d tẓuṛi li dars illan. tiflwin n tadkkʷalt d tɣmat (zṛ iflu n tadkkʷalt d iflu n tɣmat). Gan imawn n tadkkʷalt d tɣmat zɣ imawn imuzrn lli illan f iɣʷrban n tɣrmt taqburt n Mṛṛakc, illa imi n tadkkʷalt f tsga n tagut ar itt awi s tmzgida n imi n tadakkʷalt, ili imi n tɣmat g tsga taminigt n tɣrmt tazaykut lli innuṛẓmn f uɣaras lli itt awin s zzawit n ‘sidi bn ṣalḥ’. Aylli iẓlin s imi n tadkkʷalt iga t lliɣ gis snat taccṛafin mqqurnin ikka grasn t yan usuk ar itt awi s ul n tɣrmt tazaykut, ikka d wassaɣ n imi n tadkkʷalt adɣar lli isdan i tɣrmt lliɣ tt inn tkka tizi ann zdaɣn gis imzdaɣ n tɣrmt. d tiflut n tɣmat tga yat tmawayt lli izrin g tsga taminigt n igudar n tɣrmt. === Imawn n tɣrmt === * [[Afaylu:Maroc Marrakech Bab Agnaou Luc Viatour.jpg|vignette|276x276px|[[Iflu n Ugnaw]], yan ɣ iflwan lli bahra istawhmman n tmdint n Mrrakc]]'''''Iflu n Ugnaw''''': ittawssan imi ad ɣ gr iflwan n tɣrmt, ibna t lxlift amuḥidi iɛqub lmnṣuṛ g tgara n tasut snat d mraw, iskr gis taggurt tamurzt i lqṣbt tamaynut. Agnaw iga assaɣ d yuckan zɣ tutlayt tamaziɣt, lli ilan anamk n wad ur ifrzn awal niɣ wad lli mi ur ittawssan ils nns d tutlayt nns, iɣama wassaɣ ann ar tt inin imaziɣn i yan d ikkan tafriqt tasggant, ili wassaɣ ad awd g ism n wanaw n uẓawan lli ittawssann s gnawa. sfalkin iflu ad s unuɣn d ṛṛcum n wadal. d tirra n lqṛan s tirra takufit, lli s tt inn kkan ar sis ttaran ula g landalus. smaynun iflu ad simẓiyn inzgrmitn nns g uzmz n ugllid muḥmmad iwis n ɛbdllah.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} * '''''Iflu n Salim''''' * '''''Iflu n Icariyn''''' * '''''Iflu n Lmxzn''''' * '''''Iflu n Lxmis''''': illa g tsga n iẓẓlmḍ taminigt n tɣrmt tazaykut, ila assaɣ nns zg wassaɣ n ugdz n lxmis lli t imlaln. * '''''Iflu Amaynu''''' * '''''Iflu n Tdkkʷalt''''': iga yan ɣ iflwan lli bahra imqqurn macc ur iṭṭf kra n ṛṛcm niɣ kra n unuɣ, illa f tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tagut n ugadir n tɣrmt, illa assaɣ nns zɣ tmnaḍt n tadkkʷalt lli s irur udm. * '''''Iflu n Tɣmat''''': iga zɣ iflwan n iffus ilan atig dar tɣrmt, illa f iming n iṣmḍal n udayn d win imuslmn, imlalIflu ad i uṣmḍl n ɛli iwis n yusf. * '''''Iflu n Nnqb''''' * '''''Iflu Rrḥa''''' * '''''Iflu n Lqṣbt''''' * '''''Iflu n Tbrrimt''''' * '''''Iflu n Tɣzut''''' * '''''Iflu n Iɣrazn''''' * '''''Iflu n Lftuḥ''''' * '''''Iflu n Amin u Muḥmmad Amnfuluṭi''''' * '''''Iflu n Iɣli''''' * '''''Iflu n Ṛbbi''''': nttan a igan ufuɣ n tɣrmt f tsga n iffus, illa imlal i iflu n ugnaw. ila yan umamk sis iẓlin lliɣ as ggrn kigan n ifassn tasutin f tasutin. ar issufuɣ s ubrid ittawin s tɣrmt n umẓmiẓ d usni llanin g udrar. * '''''Iflu n Dbaɣ''''': illa f tsga n iming, amamk nns ikrrs iggut kigan uggar n iflwan yaḍn, illa ddaw as yan usuk ibṛṛm kigan. ili iflu n aylan f iffus imlal as. * '''''Iflu n Lɛṛṣt''''' === Urtan n tɣrmt === ==== Urtan n Tmnaṛt ==== [[Afaylu:Pavillon Menaragärten.jpg|vignette|lmnaṛa g mṛṛakc]] Amzruy n urtan n tmnaṛt n Mṛṛakc issfal zg tizi n imuḥidn, lli s tt inn ikkan tga abaraz n urumn n isardasn ɣ ucuccf n waman, sfalkin tt s waddagn n uzmmur llig tssfal tizi n tasut tis 12. Llan urtan n tmnaṛt f tmyaggugt n ma ittggan 3 id kilumitr iffɣn i igudar n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc. iɣ tlla tnnuṛẓmt n imalass ar tddun kigan n imṛṛakciyn s urtan ann ad gisn mmarrin sunfun. ili ɣ tuẓẓumt n urtan ann yan umda n waman niɣ tanuḍfi n tmnaṛt mqquṛn lli iggʷzn s wallaɣ n sin id mitr ig ugaru nns 510 n id mitru. ar t id lkkmn waman zɣ targiwin d ikkan adrar n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} ==== Urtan n Majuṛil ==== [[Afaylu:Le Jardin des majorelle 24 04 2010.JPG|vignette|Urtan n majuṛil ɣ mṛṛakc]] Llan urtan n majuṛil g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc ɣ giliz. ilin assaɣ n unaẓuṛ afṛanṣi n ikʷlan lli tn ibnan (jak majuṛil) lliɣ issfal ar tt ibnnu g usggʷas n 1924. asggʷas n 1937 iḍla unaẓuṛ afṛanṣi iɣʷrban n urtan s uklu n uzzgza ismriqqiyn ig mayad tanatamt i imzdaɣ n tɣrmt tazggʷaɣt, iṭṭf uswir ad ɣ ikʷlan g tutlayt n tfṛanṣist assaɣ n azzgza n majuṛil, bac ad sis rarn aẓuṛ s urtan ad. immut majuṛil anaẓuṛ n ikʷlan afṛanṣi ɣ yan ungas lliɣ yiwrri s fṛanṣa ɣ usggʷas n 1967. G usggʷas n 1980 isɣa bab n umamk n tmlsa amaḍlan (if san luran) nttan d umara afṛanṣi ( byir birji) urtan n majuṛil ṛẓmn i yat tsga zɣ gis middn n tmallayt. ig udɣar ad ɣilad ansa ilan atig akswat ɣ gr wansiwn akkʷ n tɣrma illan g Mṛṛakc tamallayt, ili yan ibrgmmi issutl i urtan ann idwr iga ɣilad asalay n tẓuṛi tamslmt ilin g urtan ann kra n ijjign d kra n tuga iẓlin igan fɣnit lli d ikkan timizar n ddunit, s ma iẓlin akkʷ s wanawn n uknari. Illa g ugnsu n turtit ad yan inigi ar tmmal tmsktayin nns, d yan uslay amaziɣ lli illan g yan udɣar azzgza iḍlan. tnnuṛẓm turtit ad asggʷas n 1947.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} ==== Urtan n Ugdal ==== [[Afaylu:Marrakesh, devensive wall.jpg|vignette|Urtan n ugdal ɣ mṛṛakc]] Llan f tsga n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc g lmɣrib. wanna tn d ikkan ar nn gisn ittafa timaḍ n waddagn n uzmmur d litcin d lmcmac d kigan n issʷkla ittarun aqqayn. urtan ad gan adɣar ɣ ittsunfu yan isyafa gisn s ufra d tzdugi, aggugn i tɣlaɣalt gn adɣar s irwwl yan zɣ tnakmut n tɣrmt d tznazzayt nns. llan g urtan ad timrawin n wanawn n waddagn ittarun aqqayn, urtan gan i tmallayt uman uggar n 500 hiktaṛ g tsna nnsn, a illi bahra isfalkin urtan ad uggar lliɣ ad sis ttackan tirubba n wanawn n igḍaḍ idrusn ɣ iggi n ddunit, imallayn n urtan ad ar smuqquln igḍaḍ ad as ssflidn i uẓawan nnsn. gan urtan ad dar umallay yat tawlaft n tẓuṛi ɣ tunf tzdugi i tɣrma n uẓṛu d uzzal, tawlaft ad ur ilin s urɣ atig. ==== Urti n Mulay Lḥasan ==== Iga yan usnfar ikuluji illa f tsna n 17 n hiktaṛ, innuṛẓm iflwan nns ass n 8 may 2022 ilin gis kigan n tɣmriwin d wannarn d tmsal d tsiram, d yat turtit iẓlin s wanawn n tuga n uknari d waddagn n uzmmur d tayniwin d aṭṭaṣ n wanawn n ijjign, ili g urti ad yat tmsult tabanuṛamit iẓḍaṛ iẓṛi a isulf ismmaqql n urti akkʷ ar nn ttaggʷa f uzagʷz n Mṛṛakc lmnaṛa. ==== Urtan yaḍnin n Mṛṛakc ==== Tlla turtit n lkutubiya ḍaṛat n tmzgida n lkutubiya. tuma s kigan n waddagn n litcin d tayniwin, ar gis ittimyur bllarj. d urtan n lmamun lli ikkan uggar n 100 n usggʷas, lli ilan assaɣ n ugndun mulay lmamun, gis asɣar n uzmmur d litcin, gis awd kigan n wanawn n ijjign d tuga. == Iɣrman == Gan wayda d ifl umzruy i tɣrmt iɣrman d ṛyaḍat d ibrgʷmma imqqurn. iɣrman lli bahra ittawssann ilin addur zɣ gisn iɣrm n lbdiɛ, d tgmmi n lmxzn d iɣrm n lbahya. ṛṛyaḍ (iɣrman imɣrabin) lli bahra iggutn g lmṛṛuk. ẓlin isaragn ad s tlɣa n tska n lfilla taṛumanit, s turtit ittilin ɣ tuẓẓumt innuṛẓmn mmi ssutln iɣʷrban yattuyn. ar akkan iɣʷrban ad i imzdaɣ aḥṭṭu iggutn d uẓilal, ar tt addn i tskkʷflt n trɣi g ugnsu n ibrgmmi. zɣ ṛyaḍat lli ittawssann ɣ ugns n tɣrmt : ṛṛyaḍ n argana, d ṛṛyaḍ n ubri, d ṛṛyaḍ n iniga, d ṛṛyaḍ n umzwar, ṛṛyaḍ fṛanṣ ankun, tigmmi n musin, ṛṛyaḍ n luts, d ṛṛyaḍ n liksir, ṛṛyaḍ li buganfilyih, ṛṛyaḍ tigmmi n fnduk, tigmmi n tcrift (tagʷrramt), tigmmi n mrzutu, tigmmi n ḍḍmana, d ṛṛyaḍ banku balinu. ilin wiyyaḍ ittawssann ffuɣn adɣar n tɣrmt zun d iɣrm n car baɣ, amjana, filla n maha, tigmmi n aḥlam, tigmmi n lhnd, tigmmi n ṭida. === Iɣrm n Bahya === {{Imgradn sis itealqn|Imgradn=[[Iɣrm n lbahya]]}}[[Afaylu:The beauty of Moroccan traditional industry. Creativity in decoration and mosaic. Bahia Palace, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|alt=tawlaft n unuɣn n tẓuṛi tamzruyt tamṛṛukit, iɣrm n lbahya mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk|vignette|Tawlaft n unuɣn n tẓuṛi tamzruyt tamṛṛukit, iɣrm n lbahya Mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk]] Iga '''Iɣrm n Bahya''' (s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tfṛansist]]: ''Palais de la Bahia'') yan g tmatarin n umzruy n tɣrmt n [[Mrrakc|Mṛṛakc]] tamṛṛukit. Iffɣ d uslgn agldan zɣ iɣrm n ugllid n tgldit l [[Lmɣrib|lmṛṛuk]] g 21 innayr 1924, ifrs ɣ tɣmist tamaddudt, mas iga zɣ iɣrman imzruyn, lli f illa f tnbaḍt ad t tḥṭṭu ɣ ddaw n uslig d iffɣn s ḍḍahiṛ amaɣud 4 yulyuz 1922, lli iẓlin s uḥṭṭu n wayda d tingmi n tgldit n [[Lmɣrib|lmṛṛuk]].<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=2014-03-08 |title="قصر الباهية".. حينما يستحيل عِشق امرأة فنًّا مِعماريا راقيا |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%90%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9-162769.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> Illa Iɣrm n Bahya ɣ tmdint n [[Mrrakc|Mṛṛakc]], lli d ifl umzruy g uzmz n tnbaḍt taɛalawit, ig iɣrm ad win umawas ḥmad iwis n musa iwis n ḥmad asmlali, g tasut n ugllid ɛbdlɛaziz. amawas ad lli igan anbdad n tnbaḍt akkʷ tizi ann, lli ittawssann s wassaɣ n ''Bba ḥmad''. Bba ḥmad iwi d inmɣar n iminḍn, d imgurn lli bahra d dar atig lli ittawssann g tmazirt n [[Lmɣrib|lmṛṛuk]] s twuri nnsn d tẓuṛi nnsn ilan atig aksawt, af ad swurin g tska n iɣrm, swurin g iɣrm ṣḍiṣ isggʷasn inmḍfaṛn, macc artum isngara t d iɣrm nns urta akkʷ t iẓṛi lliɣ t tiwi tmttant g usggʷas n 1900 urta akkʷ gis tnfalal twuri. Ig iɣrm ɣil ad zɣ tmatarin n umzruy lli bahra ittawssann g tɣrmt n [[Mrrakc|Mṛṛakc]]. ==== Aẓuṛ n yism ==== Izdi wassaɣ n iɣrm n Bahya; s wassaɣ n tmɣart n Bba ḥmad lli ittawssann s Lalla lbahya taṛḥmanit, ig iɣrm tarzzift n tayri n Bba ḥmad i tmɣart nns Lbahya ig tamatart iddrn i tayri nns d tskkʷflt tamajgalt lli ɣ dars tlla tmɣart nns, imun ɣ iɣrm ad isyafatn n tayri d tẓuṛi d unuɣn iẓɣuṛan. ==== Tizuna d tdaliwin ==== Ibḍa iɣrm f kigan n tuzunin d tmṣṛay d tdaliwin d tmdayin d urtan, d urzaf lli ɣ tlla yat turtit mmi tlla ɣ tuẓẓumt nns yat tfḍna lli ittussann s wassaɣ n Agʷdal n Bba ḥmad. Lliɣ immut Bba ḥmad ggʷzn g iɣrm ad kigan n inmɣuṛn zdɣn gis g usggʷas n 1906, ig yan gisn, Lmadani aglawwu gʷmas n lbaca n Mṛṛakc, thami aglawwu, ibna gis tduli tis snat, awar nns iggʷz gis Lmqrri ar asggʷas n 1912. Awar n usggʷas a, ila iɣrm yan umsasa amaynu ig iɣrm n umzdaɣ amatay afṛanṣi Lyuṭi, gn gis tiswuwwa d tmzizwa n waḍu, tg tsna nns akkʷ 22 ifḍ n mitru amkkuẓ, macc tasna nns tidras lliɣ yad gis bnan kigan n wammasn g turtit tamqrant, lli bḍan zɣ iɣrm, idwr awd imi nns aẓɣuṛan lli yadda illan g usuk n ṛṛyaḍ zzitun amaynu, immatti s yat timit imlaln i usuk n ssalam (Lmllaḥ), tagara n usuk n (ɛṛṣt lmɛac). ==== Ṛṛyaḍ amẓyan ==== Zɣ tzuna lli innuṛẓmn i wid ranin ad ẓṛn iɣrm d imallayn, tga tt tazunt ɣ illa ṛṛyaḍ mẓẓiyn, ig uzun ad yat zɣ tzuna lli bahra ifulkin iẓlin g ugnsu n iɣrm, iẓli s taska nns irwasn tin tinmal tizaykutin, issqfan nns idln s ikccuḍ imsasan ilan ikʷlan ismriqqiyn<ref>{{Bdr awib |last= |date=2023-07-12 |title=أفضل 8 أنشطة عند زيارة قصر الباهية مراكش |url=https://www.urtrips.com/bahia-palace-marrakesh/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=urtrips |language=ar}}</ref>. Ig ṛṛyaḍ ad imẓẓiyn tadala n Bba ḥmad lli ɣ a isnubga inmɣuṛn n tnbaḍt, zɣ tdala ad a zɣ a sfrikn iskkinn n tmurt. Izdɣ gis umzdaɣ amatay afṛanṣi ‘lyuṭi’ ig t d tgmmi nns d umaris nns lli mi iṛcm asarag nns s rrxam d zllij, ilin t gis kkuẓ t tfḍniwin, ku tafḍna tili g tuẓẓumt nns tadala n waman, mmuṛẓmn t fllas tmṣṛay bahra iẓiln lli idln s kigan n usɣar iṛcmn sis igan fɣnit, d tili yat tsayst mẓẓiyn lliɣ tlla yat tala n rrxam, tg zɣ idɣarn lli iẓlin s Bba ḥmad asarag n usays ad iṛcm s rrxam d zllij imsasan ngr asn, issutl i tala ad kkuẓ imṣṛay imqquṛn f illa ɣ imawn nnsn taskiwin lliɣ skrn isardasn ifṛanṣin imiras nnsn. d tili yat tasayst illan f iming niɣ lli mi tt inin tasayst n rrxam mqquṛn, lli igan yan usays mqquṛn yugrn asarag n iɣrm, ssutln as issqfan lli ibdd f 52 n tsirit n ukccuḍ, ig wakal nns rrxam, ilin t gis kṛaḍt n tala, yat gisn tlla ɣ yat tfḍna mẓẓiyn, adɣar ikka tt inn iga win tffugliwin d isfras n tẓuṛi, mmuṛẓmnt fllas kigan n tdaliwin ilan timawayin iṭṭfn isksal n uzzal. tg tdala illan f ugafay, tadala lli bahra imqquṛn g iɣrm, iɣʷrban nns lsan zllij s uzgn, timawayin nns nnuṛẓmn t f turtit tandalusit lliɣ bdda tlla tzzgzut, ilin t f iggi n tmawayin nns tisutam n lgabṣ g llan t tnutulin n tafukt, d tduli g llan isutar iṛcmn s unuɣn igan anaw n ṭṭalyan, tg tdala ad tuska lli igan tamaynut g iɣrm, iklli ittyuran f yat tifilt illan f iggi n yan uɣʷrab iwalan i usggʷas n 1899. Zɣ tasayst taminigt, ar nn tkccmt f ṛṛyaḍ mqquṛn zɣ yan uɣʷdmmi iṛcmn s unuɣn imṛṛukin, ṛṛyaḍ ad lli ittusnfln kigan n tikkal g uzmz n ‘bba ḥmad’, ɣ tdala tamqqrant taminigt llan kra n izlan n umdyaz iṛcmn f lgabṣ ar tsawal f umzruy lli izrin f tska n iɣrm. D ula tadala n illan f iffus n iɣrm dwrn t gis kigan n tmatarin lli tmmal talɣa n tduliwin d unuɣn d ṛṛcum, ili f tsga n tdala ad adɣar g tlla tmɣart n ‘ bba ḥmad’, ig udɣar ad yan uqṣṛi idln s ukccuḍ ilin t gis snat tmṣṛay d sin isaragn. Ig iɣrm ‘lbahya’ yat tmuzunt ifulkin d iɣaman ɣ umzruy amṛṛuki lli nn bahra ur nn yaggugn, iẓli s iflwan nns izaykutn iṛcmn, d tmawayin nns d isskʷla nns d wadal gis imɣin lli ittawssann s ‘asmɣi’. ==== Adɣar n tmallayt ==== Tasnawayt n Iɣrm Bahya mas iga yat tmatart n umzruy amṛṛuki g usggʷas n 1922 lli f ad ttackan imallayn zɣ ugʷns n tmurt tamṛṛukit awd imallayn n umaḍal, af ad ẓṛn taẓuṛi taqburt tamzruyt yutn s iẓuṛan ɣ tussna d umzruy amṛṛuki, d aylli akkʷ gis iẓlin g iɣrm ad ɣ tẓuṛi tga tt unuɣn lli s ṛcmn ikccuḍn n tduli. ====== Amnzag issfaln taska n iɣrm ====== illa f tska n iɣrm ad amnzag ‘muḥmmad iwis n lmkki amssiwi’, lli ilmdn taẓuṛi n ṛṛcm ɣ ukccuḍ g tɣrmt n mknas, ilmd gis awd taẓuṛi n unuɣn n lgabṣ g tɣrmt n fas, tizi n usardas anbdad afṛanṣi (arkman) lli igan aslway n ukabaṛ afṛanṣi urta illi ufrag, macc walli issfaln taska tamzwarut n ‘iɣrm n lbahya’ iga t ufus n lḥajb agldan ‘musa iwis n ḥmad lbuxari’, nttan ad isbddn iɣʷrban n ṛṛyaḍ amqran d tsayst tagafayt n iɣrm is izwar, a illiɣ tbdd twuri g tsga ad n iɣrm asggʷas n 1886, awar n tmttant nns, issfal iwis lli ilan assaɣ n Bba ḥmad ad ismd taska n iɣrm, ismun tizi ann ɣ umzwaru uggar n 60 n tgmmi af ad gnt iɣrm amqran.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} ig ɣilad ‘iɣrm n lbahya’, yat tmuzunt tafalkayt ɣ tẓuṛi d umzruy amṛṛuki g tagara n tasut n tẓa d mraw. ==== Tiwlafin ==== <center> <gallery> Afaylu:Fountain in the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|alt=tala n waman n usarag n iɣrm n lbahya mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk|tala n waman n  usarag n iɣrm n lbahya mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk Afaylu:Picture of the stunning architecture, central part of the fountain in the Bahia Palace, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|alt=tawlaft n usarag n g tlla tala g iɣrm n lbahya g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc g lmṛṛuk, isulf tt « dragan cestic »|tawlaft n usarag n g tlla tala g iɣrm n lbahya g tɣrmt n mṛṛakc g lmṛṛuk, isulf tt « dragan cestic » Afaylu:Interior door of the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|iflu n ugnsu n iɣrm n lbahya mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk Afaylu:Picture Fountain in front of the door of the Bahia Palace taken from the inside in Marrakesh, Morocco.jpg|taggurt n iɣrm n lbahya mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk Afaylu:The beauty of traditional Moroccan architecture. Creativity in decoration and mosaic. Bahia Palace, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft n yat tggurt n tdala illan g ugnsu n iɣrm n lbahya d unuɣn d tẓuṛi tamṛṛukit gis illan, unuɣn iẓlin s tɣrma tamɣribit. </gallery> </center> === Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ === [[Afaylu:El Badi Palace from Wall 2011.jpg|vignette|Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ]] [[Afaylu:Badi, palác, Marrákeš, 2025 (10).jpg|vignette|Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ]] Iga iɣrm n lbdiɛ zɣ wayda lli d ifl ugllid asɛdi ḥmad lmnṣur adhbi asggʷas n 1578, imsasa wakud ann d uzmz lliɣ inra lmɣrib isardasn ibrtqqizin ɣ tmnɣit n wasif n lmxazn niɣ imnɣi n kṛaḍ igldan. ittbna iɣrm ad bac ad sis ili ugllid addur iggutn dar inbgiyn nns,iklli bdrn warratn n umzruy mas d yiwi ugllid imnzag d inmɣurn n tmiḍi imɣribin d ibṛṛaniyn, illa zɣ wida yuran amzruy aqbur ma igan iɣrm ad zɣ irgamn n ddunit. [[Afaylu:Palais El Badi 3.jpg|vignette|igudar n Iɣrm n Lbdiɛ]] Tkka tska n iɣrm ad uggar n 50 n usggʷas, ittbna s idrimn lli fran inmɣurn ibrtqqizin lliɣ ttyamaẓn, d idrimn n tmsaɣt n uɣanim n tamimt (skkaṛ), d idrimn n ibrdan n tsbbabt g tnzruft lli ikkusa ugllid ad ɣ uzmz nns, isɣad tizi ann rrxam n kirara zɣ ṭṭalyan k kra n tɣawsiwin yaḍn d ikkan fṛanṣa d sbanya d lhnd. llan sin wammasn imqqurn lli ibḍa yan uɣdmmi iɣzzifn ittawin s yan usarag bahra yuman, amamk nns iga anaw n umamk n uẓkka andalusi amṛṛuki azayku, zund mayan illa g usarag n izmawn imẓyann g iɣrm azggʷaɣ. lliɣ tnɣuba tnbaḍt n isɛdin g tasut n kkuẓt d mraw, ur illi uḥṭṭu f iɣrm ann, ttyakarnt zɣ gis kigan n tɣawsiwn ilan atig s wanaḍ n ugllid aɛalawi mulay smaɛil zund rrxam lli gis illan ilan atig. ixʷrban n iɣrm ass ad ɣaman gan tamatart n umzruy ar tid tkkan imallayn, ar gis sffuglan anmuggar n tẓuṛi tanamurt kra iga tt imir n tfsut. Illa iɣrm n lbdiɛ f tsga taẓlmaḍt taminigt n lqṣbt, iẓli umamk n tmatart ad taɣrmant s usmbḍi n igʷmma d wammasn f usarag unziɣ. ili ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag ad yat tnuḍfi tamqqrant ilan ɣ tɣzi 90 id mitr g turrut nns 20 id mitr d kkuẓt tnuḍfay yaḍn yunfn f tsga kkan t kkuẓt turtatin grasn t. aylli bahra s iẓli iɣrm n lbdiɛ iga t tugtt n unuɣn d kigan n tmttayin lli s ittbna zund ṛṛxam d ttijan d isaratn idln s tnfulin n urɣ d zllij s kra iga tt aklu d ukccuḍ iṛcmn s iɣʷman d lgabṣ. macc tamatart ad taɣrmant iggr as ufus txxurba asggʷas n 1696 lliɣ zɣ gis yusi mulay smaɛil a illi gis ifulkin n unuɣn bac ad sis isfalki amnru nns amaynu n tnbaḍt nns tamdint n mknas. === Taqubbit tamṛabṭit === [[Afaylu:Koubba Ba'Adiyn.JPG|vignette|Taqubbit tamṛabṭit]] Tga inigi lli sul isuln g Mṛṛakc lli isulfn taẓuṛi n tẓkka tamṛabṭit. tlla tqubbanit tamṛabṭit g tsga tafasit n usarag n iwis n yusf ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut. ufanin imrzutn lli icnubbcn ɣ ugns n tɣrmt n zɣ usggʷas n 1948 kra n tsurin iẓlin s tɣrma n imṛabṭin g Mṛṛakc ar mmaln t mas tt inn ikka g udɣar ann cnubbcn ammas n tmzgida iḍfaṛn i tmzgida n ɛli iwis n yusf lli xʷlan imuwaḥḥidin(imuḥidn) tizi lliɣ kkusan tiɣrmt asggʷas n 1130. ig inigi f tannayt ad yat tuṛcimt ur bahra tli tifras lli illan f ixf n tqubbit, imrzutn nnan mas iga wassaɣ gis iṛcmn assaɣ n ugllid ɛli iwis n yusf. Tẓli tqubbanit s umamk lli tla, fkan as willi s tt ibnan yat tlɣa tunziɣt, tudmawin n bṛṛa n tqubbit lan ṛṛcum igan tiskt d talɣiwin irwasn titrit ilan sa ixfawn, ifalki ugnsu n tqubbit f tsga n iwalan iẓẓlmḍ d iffus nns snat tskin msasanin immrwasn g talɣa tisilt n wayyis, g tsga n iẓẓlmḍ d iming falkin s snat tskin ibbin. Taqʷbbanit tamṛabṭit tga ɣilad yan udɣar n luḍu lli ibḍan f snat tdaliwin ttyafa asggʷas n 1948 ɣ yat tsga idrn zɣ udɣar g tlla tmzgida. tga amamk bahra ilan aswir nns, tg tamatart n umzruy n uẓkka n lmɣrib.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} === Iɣrm n Lmxzn (Tigmmi n Lmxzn) === Illa iɣrm n lmxzn g Mṛṛakc, lli ittawssann s tgmmi n lmxzn, g tsga tafasit n tɣrmt, yumẓ adɣar ggutn zɣ tsga taminigt n usuk n lqṣbt n ɣilad. imuḥidn bnan amun n iɣrman g udɣar ad amzwaru g tasut n sin d mraw, ig mayan agzzum zɣ lqṣbt nnsn tamaynut, macc ullsn i tska nns kullut g tasut n isɛdin tasut nsḍis d mraw g ḍaṛat nsn snfln gis iɛalawin kra tasut n sa d mraw. talɣa ad lli ila ɣilad ifl as t id ugllid muḥmmad iwis n ɛbdllah tasut n ttam d mraw. ass ad illa iɣrm aɛalawi iṭṭf kigan n turtatin d isaragn imqqurn mmi ssutlnt tmṣṛay. imi nns amqqran n iɣrm illa ass ad f iffus, ar tid ilkkm yan iɣ izri ɣ kigan n iswak d imawn. isnuml yan unrzuf tamṣṛit n tnnubga mas tt inn tkka tuma s kigan n isuma d wattagn igan anaw n (grand concourse – repro victorian) lli f imnuḍant tdumkal n urɣ d tumlilin. s ɣilad iga ukan sul iɣrm ad iɣrm n ugllid n lmɣrib ur innuṛẓm i ku yan. === Iɣrman yaḍnin === Iḥḍa umzruy i Mṛṛakc kigan n iɣrman yaḍnin, lli bnan inmɣurn d id bab n udrim, d ayt tsrtit g tasut tis tẓa d mraw ar amzwaru n tasut simraw. kigan zɣ gisn idwr iga asalay ass ad. zund tigmmi n lmnbhi (ɣilad asalay n Mṛṛakc) d tgmmi n ssi sɛid d tgmmi n lbaca, tili tgmmi n mulay ɛli, awd tigmmi n tqunṣulit tafṛanṣist. === Tigʷmma tinamurin tizaukutin d ṛṛyaḍ === [[Afaylu:Dar cherifa DSCF6618.jpg|vignette|tigmmi n tccrift]] ==== Tigʷmma tinamurin tizaukutin ==== Tigʷmma timɣribin ar tnt bahra sfalkayn id bab nnsnt zɣ ugns, bac ad tẓli s tawja tg aḥṭṭu zɣ izmaz n unzwi. ɣ ugns n tgmmi ar tt ili turtit ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag, d ur bahra tt ili tgmmi tamawayin d asṛẓm s bṛṛa n tgmmi, ar bnnun middn iɣʷrban s lyajuṛ n wakal inɣdn ikkʷmn. amamk ad n tska imsasa d tmyurin n middn d tussna nnsn lli yusin kigan zɣ usgd n tmuslmt, lli ifkan atig iggutn bac ad yili uẓilal ngr idɣarn ɣ tgmmi lli igan win tawja d udɣar lli igan win tnnubga. ar sfalkayn middn tgʷmma nnsn s uniɣn n zllij d lgabṣ, d tirra n tɛṛabt. kigan n tgʷmma timɣribin falkint s ununɣn ann sul s ɣilad. ig wanaw ad n tska ayda d ifl umzruy i imzdaɣ. zɣ uzmz n isɛdin ad llant tmatarin timzwura ɣ umzruy n wanaw ad n tska. zun d ( tigmmi n tcrift tagʷrramt lli s tt inn ikkan ttawssan s tgmmi ijimi, d tgmmi n lmsɛudin, d tgmmi n lmuṣliḥin lli ittawssann s iɣrman n ugafay). iṭṭf awd usalay n lmuwasin f ‘’taddwarit’’ lli d ifl uzmz n isɛdin, niɣ tamṣṛit n inbgiwn lli as tt inin. [[Afaylu:Marrakesh Riad (5364645057).jpg|vignette|agnsu n ṛṛyaḍ g mṛṛakc]] ==== Ṛṛyaḍ ==== Tawalt n ṛṛyaḍ tga assaɣ n yan wanaw n urtan ittilin g ugnsu n taddrwin, tid igan timkkuẓin ɣ tasgiwin nns, ar ittili tala n waman ɣ mnid nns. turtatin ad n ugnsu n tgʷmma d iɣrman iga yan wanaw illan g umaḍal amslm, acku aman d wadal tzdi tawlaft nnsn d lfirdaws (ljnt) g lislam. anaw ad n turtatin illa iga azayku, amdya amzwaru lli ittawssann illa g turtit ɣ lmɣrib g yan iɣrm n amṛabṭi lli ibna ɛli bn yusf g Mṛṛakc g tasut tis snat d mraw. zɣ akud ann a illa umamk ann g Mṛṛakc akkʷ, isman umamk ad n ṛṛyaḍ ngr tasna yuman d wadal d tuga lli yakkan azuzwu, ɣan af immatti umamk ad s iɣrman n inmɣar lli ittbnan ɣ tmdint n Mṛṛakc, immatti awd s tasgiwin nns. ig waddag n litcin niɣ win llimun addag lli ittilin g turtatin ad n ṛṛyaḍ. g tagara ad izdi wassaɣ n ṛṛyaḍ d tgʷmma n lmɣrib akkʷ, illa mad akkʷ iskrn ɣ tgmmi nns asnsu niɣ asalay ɣ uzmz ad ɣ tga Mṛṛakc tamdint n tmallayt tamaḍlant. == Timzgadiwin d tigʷmma n usgd == === Timzgadiwin === Uṭṭun n timzgadiwin ɣ Mṛṛakc iga uggar n 244 n tmzgida zɣ gisnt : === Timzgida n Kutubiya === {{Imgradn sis itealqn|Imgradn=[[Timzgida n Kutubiya]]}}[[Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in the night, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|vignette|Tawlaft n tssumɛit n tmzgida n lkutubiya g iḍ.]] ===== Amzruy ===== Tga tmzgida n lkutubiya (s tutlayt n tɛṛabt: جامع الكتبية المراكشي ) zɣ tmatarin n tɣrma n lmṛṛuk lli izrin g umzruy amuslm, tili tmzgida ad g ul n tmdint n Mṛṛakc tɣama nttat sul tga tinigit f waddur amajgal lli g tlla tɣrma n lmṛṛuk tizi ann ngr tɣrma n tmizar n umaḍal. tɣama sul nttat tddr mqqar kulu afuḍn t tnbaḍin d tgldan lli s tt idd yufan, ig wakal ann f tlla tmzgida tamnaḍt igan tagʷrramt, tṭṭf atig akswat gr wayda n umzruy n tmurt n lmṛṛuk (tamɣribit).{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} Timzgida n lkutubiya tamṛṛakcit, tga zɣ yat tmatart ngr tmatarin iggutn lli d ifl umzruy i tmurt nnɣ tamɣribit (amzruy amuslm), tlla tmzgida lkutubiya g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tmlal i usays amqqran lli ilan assaɣ n (asays n jamɛ lfna). Tṭṭf tmzgida kigan amzruy bahra yutn s iẓuṛan g tasutin izrin n umzruy f lmṛṛuk, kigan n tɣrmawin fllas izrin iɣama iga inigi f umzruy ann azayku. tmzgida lkutubiya ibna tt (lxlift ɛbd lmumn iwis n ɛli agummi) g usggʷas n 1147, f ixʷrban lli d iɣaman n iɣrm n uẓṛu amṛabṭi, lli mi nn ufan imrzutn arkyulujiyin tifras nns d tmatarin n iɣʷrban nns. Macc timzgida tis snat bnan tt g usggʷas n 1158, tizi lli bnan tassumɛit n ḥssan g ṛṛbaṭ d lxiralda tacblit g landalus, ig mayan yat tzdayt taɣrmant n tẓuṛi ngr lmṛṛuk d landalus g tasut ann, trwas tmzgida ad tis snat g uksay nns timzgida lli izwarn, tmsasa tmzgida ad s tdala nns tunziɣt ɣ talɣa nns, tsman 17 n usqqif lli iswalan inzgrmitn nns i tsga lqblt, issqfan ad usintn tsaratin f llant uskuwn imsasan ngr asn d isnan iẓlin iɣ tn nẓṛa ar aɣ d sktayn s tmzgida n lqarawiyin illan g tɣrmt n fas. idl usqqif s smmus t lqbbat lli igan tamatart n uẓkka tasgdant n imuḥidn (lmuwaḥidin), taɣrma ad lli ddar kigan n iḍiṣ f tsga n tagut tamslmt.<ref>{{Bdr inɣmisn |title=جامع الكتبية - المعرفة |url=https://www.marefa.org/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9#/media/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Koutoubia_mosque_(2846890719).jpg |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=المعرفة |language=ar}}</ref> Inna bab n udlis ittyuran s tutlayt taɛṛabt (الحلل الموشية في ذكر الأخبار المراكشية): ‘’ ibna ɛbd lmumn g tgmmi n uẓṛu yat tmzgida yaḍnin, tg tmzgida ɣ tlla tẓallit n ljamɛ, issfal ar ibnnu timzgida tamqrant tanamunt, ixlu timzgida taqburt lli illan g izddar n tɣrmt lli ibna (ɛli iwis n yusf).<ref>{{Bdr awib |title=مسجد الكتبية..عراقة في المغرب |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-0 |website=العربي الجديد}}</ref> ==== Asnuml ==== Tga tmzgida n lkutubiya, yat tmzgida lli ilan addur g tgldit n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. tṭṭf yan umnid amqran igan fɣnit ɣ umzruy amṛṛuki, tuma tasna 5300 n mitru amkkuẓ, ili gis 17 n usqqif d 11 lqubbt iṛcmn s unuɣn, gis aɣ ffaɣn iɣtasn n tnbaḍt tamajgalt zrin kigan kigan n imsarn imzruyn. timzgida d tassumɛit nns ṛcmn s unuɣn d tkla zɣ tsgiwin nns tanafllatin s lqrmud n idqqi iḍlan s uklu wadal ismriqqiyn lli igan azmz ann tamatart n tska n tnbaḍt g tɣrmt. d lmnbṛ n tmzgida amaddur lli ittmussun s tɣarast n wammak lli ismnidn taẓuṛi tamṛṛukit n ukccuḍ. lmnbṛ ad iga tamguri n quṛtuba g umzwaru n tasut 12 s wanaḍ n ugllid amṛabṭi ɛli iwis n yusf iwis n tacfin lli ikmml taska n tmzgida g Mṛṛakc tizi ann. smattin lmnbṛ s lkutubiya tanila n usggʷas n 1150.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} [[Afaylu:Minaret de Marrakech.jpg|vignette|tassumɛit n lkutubiya]] ==== Tassumɛit ==== Tlla tssumɛit s wanaḍ n lxlift amuḥid ɛbd lmumn iwis n ɛli agummi (1130-1163) ikml tt iwis lmnṣuṛ (1199-1184). tlla tssumɛit ad g tsga tafusit - tamnagt n tmzgida tg tska nns talɣa n umkkuẓ f illa usafu isnan s taqubbit taɣʷmmart. iswirn n tssumɛit lan tamawayin(taccrafin). agnsu n tssumɛit gis sḍis t tmṣṛay(tzuniwin) immrwasn yat f iggi n yat, mmi issutln isskkʷfal imuɣad idln s uzgn n tqubbatin fllas ibṛṛmn, kra n tqubbatin ann zdint d tiwẓa nns illa ixf imsadn. Ttbna tmatart ad tamzruyt s tmlalt n iẓṛan iɣusn lli d iwin zɣ udrar n ugliz g Mṛṛakc. d bac ad ssifsasn taẓayt f tssumɛit, gan as talyajurin timẓyanin g tsgiwin nns tanafllatin. imun g uska ad uẓṛu d ujuṛ, iḍlan s izwar s tgbbaṣt. ṛcmn aɣʷrab nns s ikṛṛajn bac ad ntln s mayan tazdayin n iẓṛan d lyajuṛ d illi ittubbayn iẓṛan(s ɣilad llant ukan sul tmatarin n mayan g uɣʷrab gant inagan). Gan unuɣn n tssumɛit smmus wanawn ganin iswirn. llan g kul tasgiwin n tssumɛit gn fllas iɣuda g llan iknunnayn inmalan imḥadan mmi ggutn igʷzman. g ugʷnsu n iɣuda ad yuma s unuɣn d ṛṛcum ilan ikʷlan izggʷaɣn gn ṛṛcum ad asmdya n imɣi, d ṛṛcum imnzagn d tirra(ṛṛcum ann rwasn talɣiwin n ifrawn n wayniwn d ijjign, d tirra takufit). Ṛṛcum igguran lli illan f uflla n tssumɛit d usafu nns, gan imnzag immrwin ngr imkkuẓn n idqqi umliln d wadaln ihwan s uzzgza, ig mayan mad bahra iẓiln g tmatart ad tamzruyt.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} Ṛṛcum n tssumɛit ftan rwasn i wanawn n ṛṛcum llanin g tssumɛit n lxiralda tacblit niɣ tassumɛit n ḥssan g tɣrmt n ṛṛbaṭ, irwas ẓlin anaw ann zɣ tssumɛit n Mṛṛakc gn tt i tssumɛit ɛbd ṛṛḥman wis kṛaḍ g tmzgida n quṛtuba tamqrant, anɣmis ad frkn as imrzutn n umzruy ngr isggʷasn ad (1571-1562) lliɣ nn ufan snat tuddisin f iggi n tflut tgʷrramt katalina.<ref>{{Bdr awib |last=الروش |first=عمر |title=جامع الكتبية معلمة تاريخية رمزية تكرس قيم ومبادئ الإسلام الوسطي |url=https://www.mapexpress.ma/ar/actualite/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA/ |website=ماپ إكسپريس {{!}} آخر الأخبار المغربية والدولية مرفوقة بالفيديو والصورة}}</ref> ==== Aẓuṛ n wassaɣ ==== Assaɣ ad lli gan f tmzgida ad ikkad uẓuṛ nns tutlayt n tɛṛabt (الكتبيين) lli izdin s unamk s idlisn niɣ wid znuzanin idlisn. ar immal wassaɣ ann mas yadda tlla tizi ann tsbbabt n idlisn lli d dar addur ɣ tama n ugadaz imlaln i tmzgida, iklli d iwn inɣmisn n umzruy mas yadda llan ɣ ugadaz ann 100 n usbbab lli illuzzan g iswak ann yaẓn i tmzgida. Kkusan imuḥidn tamdint n Mṛṛakc lliɣ yad immut ugllid n imṛabṭin ɛli iwis n yusf g usggʷas 1147. ur rin imuḥidn(lmuwaḥidin) ad fln timitar tisgdanin lli bnan imṛabṭin, lli yadda igan afna nnsn, acku tizi ann gantn d wid iffɣn asgd isnfln asgd(ihrtiqn). ɛbd lmuɛin lli irnan tamnaḍt ann, nttan a ibnan timzgida n lkutbiyin tamzwarut f iggi wakal n iɣrm n ɛli iwis n yusf lli immutn g tsga n iffus - tagut n tɣrmt. snfln imuḥidn kigan Ɣ tmzgida ann ar tagara n tasut tis 12, lliɣ rnan indalusin imuḥidn, tga tmukrist n lqblt ɣ tmzgida kra irxan, imẓẓulla tizi ann ar swalan tiẓilla nnsn s iwala n usarag n tmzgida, macc lliɣ ttbna tmzgida tamaynut ɣ tama n tmzwarut. tkmml tska n tmzwarut tili sul twwuri ɣ tis snat, gnt tmzgadiwin yat abla tasga n lqblt, d ṛṛcum nns d iɣuda nns, d imassn d tmtta s ttbnan gant yat, iɣama umamk d usafu iga walli , lqqblt g tmzgida tamzwarut tfrɣ s smmust tskkʷfal f tsga n lqblt, macc g tmzgida tis snat tfrɣ uggar n 10 tskkʷfal. Ttbnant tmzgadiwin ann g tasut n ɛbd lmuɛin lli inbḍn (1130-1163). tkmml gis twwuri ɣ cutanbir 1158, ẓẓulln gis middn taẓallit izwarn tizi ann. Llan iwaliwn g warratn n umzruy ar tt inin mas tkmml twwuri g tmzgida ngr asggʷas 1162-1190-1199. g tagara fln middn timzgida tamzwarut ur a sul gis tẓallan. waxxa ur illi ubṭṭu ngr tmzgida tamzwarut d tmggarut, gn yat tmzgida uggar n ma ittggan 30 n usggʷas. a illiɣ akkʷ fln middn timzgida izwarn. Tga tmzgida d tssumɛit n lkutubiya ayda igan izaykutn bahra d iddan zɣ tasut tamṛabṭit ar tamuwaḥḥidit. ==== Aẓkka n tmzgida ==== Afruri f uẓkka n tmzgida tamzwarut d tamaynut msasan s kigan, abla tasga twala lqblt gisn. aylli s tẓli tmzgida tamzwarut illa ula ɣ tmzgida tamaynut, mqqar tga tmzgida tamzwarut ɣilad ɣar ixʷrban igan imatarn imzruyn. tẓli tmzgida s yan umamk amuwaḥḥidi ifulkin, zɣ gis rwasn tt kigan n tmzgadiwin lli illan g tizi ann akud ann. ===== Zɣ bṛṛa ===== Taska, lli ittbana s idqqi d uẓṛu n tmlalt , tga turrut nns 80 mitru f tsga n iming, d 60 mitru f tsga n tagut lli izgrarn zɣ iẓẓlmḍ ar iffus, ttyafa kra n twuri tga tin idqqi d ɣ gr isqqfan d tzuniwin ɣ tuẓẓumt n uɣʷrab n lqblt d lmnbṛ. smrsn ɣ tska n iɣʷrban n bṛṛa lli ittbnan f tsga n iffus d iming d win tagut aẓṛu n tmlalt. iḍṛ usmktan n uẓṛu lli illan f tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tmzgida f uɣʷrab n iɣrm n imṛabṭin taqburt(iɣrm n uẓṛu). aggatn n tmzgida ṛcmn s umamkn unziln. igʷzman n tamawayin lant kigan n tskiwin ilan anawn n iɣʷmran zun d tisilt n wayyis, mssant tskiwin ann g ugnsu n unziɣ. talɣa tamasit g uflla lliɣ mmnzrin isqqfan imsasan ngr asn. Aqrmud afiruzi f iɣʷrban isksfn s iɣuda n idqqi, s ulɣan n unuɣn immrwasn. ilin awd f uɣʷrab ṛṛcum ikufin unziln. Yuma usarag n tmzgida g turrut 45 n mitru, zund turrut n isaragn n tuẓẓumt tis tẓa. tili yat tala n luḍu ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag. tla tmzgida kkuẓ imawn, kṛaḍ zɣ gisn ar tt awin s tzuni n tẓallit nican, tis kkuẓt ar tt awi s usarag n tmzgida. illa yan imi yaḍn amrniw amatay ar itt awi s usarag n tmzgida zɣ uɣʷrab illan f iẓẓlmḍ, f tɣzi n uzlu anammas. ingabal uɣʷrab illa f mnid n tmzgida d tḥuna n uznuzi n idlisn, zɣ ɣid iklli s nbd gam lli, ad zɣ d yucka wassaɣ n tmzgida ‘lkutubiya’. illa dar tmzgida sin iflwan iẓlin, yan gisn iga win lfqih, illa f tsga taẓlmaḍt n lmnbṛ, yan iẓli s ugllid akud nna ira ad nn ikcm lmqsurt.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} ===== tigmmi n tẓallit (tiqubba d isqfan) ===== Timzgida lkutubiya ɣilad tmqqur tsna nns tg tlɣa nns tunziɣt, tasga nns taẓlmaḍt tamdrawt d uɣʷrab n lqblt n tmzgida lkutubiya tamzwarut tunf s tsga n iẓẓlmḍ tamnnagt, d umamk n tmzgida iga amrniw amẓlan imsasan d umamk usmann tazi d tinml. f tsgiwin n iɣʷrban iɣʷman n n lmḥrab ar nn tt afa uṭṭunn n iɣʷrban iɣʷman s tugtt n mayllan g iɣʷrban n tmzgadiwin s snat, g uflla n lmḥrab smmus tqubbatin ittbnan s uẓṛu: yat ɣ mnid n lmḥrab, d snat llant f (istwan الاسطوان ) wis kkuẓ nn iwalan f ufasi n (istwan.. n lmḥrab d uẓlmaḍ nns, d snat tqubbatin llan t f sin (istwan اسطوان ) lli imḥadan tagara udl n lmḥrab g s iming awd tagut, bḍan iɣʷrban n tmzgida f tẓa sdan i tsaratin iḍnin lli immrksn fknt udm n tgmmi n tẓallit. Uṭṭunn tzuna n tgmmi n tẓallit gant sa d mraw tzuniwin, gisn sḍiṣ dln s tduli ila aqrmud, g tagara n tzuniwin tggura s kra n igllayn gan zun d tasila n wayyis g tlɣa nnsn, d kra ɣ igllayn ann msadn, dbbn f isaratn idusn. macc dduktuṛ ḥusayn munis irar taɣḍft s igllayn n tgmmi n tẓallit mas gan s izwar tẓa isnyann f uɣʷrab n lmḥrab - yat tawlaft bahra icnan illa addur s wafulki nns… lli igan zɣ inumaẓ n uẓkka lli ḍfaṛn t kigan n tmzgadiwin - inumaẓ ad baynn bahra g tmzgida n lkutubiya g Mṛṛakc - iɣzzif uzun n tuẓẓumt f tuzunin ann yaḍn. d ula tadala lli illan mnid n uɣʷrab n lqubbt. Lliɣ yad illa f iggi lmḥrab smmus tqubbatin, tigmmi n tẓallit awd nttat f iggi n tzuni n lmḥrab llan t fllas sḍiṣ t tqubbatin timẓyanin ttbnan t s lyajuṛ, ig uṭṭun nnsn t akkʷ 11 n tqubbanit g tmzgida, tiqubba ad ṛcmn t g ugʷns nnsn t s unuɣn d ikʷlan s kra iga tt anaw… acku g tɣrma tamṛṛukit tga yat tmatart taxatart g tmzgida n lkutubiya tafalkayt. ===== Lmnbṛ ===== Lmnbṛ n tmzgida ifulki bahra, ittawskar g tasut n ɛbd lmumn, illa ukan sul f ufulki nns ar ɣilad iḥḍa ukan sul kigan n tẓuṛi nns d ufulki nns, waxxa kra ɣ tsgiwin nns rcan t s uswaɣ n izmaz ggutn fllas izrin. isnuml t umrzu tiras inna fllas mas iga lmnbṛ lli kullu ifulkin g tɣrma tamslmt akkʷ. ittawskar lmnbṛ ad zɣ ukccuḍ n tasaft azggʷaɣ d uwraɣ, ikk tt inn ila tiflan n urɣ d uẓṛf. ikka d lmnbṛ ad tamurt n landalus. ===== Asarag n tmzgida ===== [[Afaylu:Koutoubia mosque (2847737638).jpg|vignette|lmnzh bahra yuman illan f tsga n lkutubiya]] G ḍaṛat n tgmmi n tẓallit, illa usarag n tmzgida, iṭṭfn iɣʷdmma d tzuniwin ssutln as zɣ kṛaḍ t tsggiwin, gnt tsaratin ann gis illan mas gant tid iẓlin lli bddn t tsgiwin n iɣʷrban n usarag akkʷ gnt txfwain nns tisnnanin g uflla ilan tiwẓa yuɣdn f tsga n udm lli nn ittaggʷan f usarag. talɣa ad lli nbdr ad illan dar isaragn niɣ iqṣray lli illan g tmzgida n tinml d tin tacblit. Ifṛḍaṣ kul n tmzgida n lkutubiya d igʷzman nns zɣ iɣʷrban ar tiqubba ttbnan s igʷzman n iẓṛan lli ur igaddan g uksay nnsn. macc iflwan n tmzgida zɣ tsga taminigt ttbna s lyajuṛ. d uɣʷrab n iming n tmzgida ittbna s tgʷzmin n iẓṛan imsasan s tẓuṛi tafalkayt. ɣ tagara n tska n tmzgida g uflla illa lyajuṛ bac ad ur tili taẓayt f iɣʷrban awd tigmmi n tẓallit ttbna s ɣikan, d uqsri d isaragn g igllayn ttbnan akkʷ s lyajuṛ.<ref>{{Bdr awib |last=لقاح |first=ميلود |date=2018-11-08 |title=مسجـد الكتبية: درّة المكان ومفخرة الزمان |url=https://www.almayadeen.net/investigation/911361/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%80%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9--%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=شبكة الميادين |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101836/https://www.almayadeen.net/investigation/911361/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%80%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9--%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86 |archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> ===== Tamyaddant ===== Illa umamk n tmyaddant f wanaw n tmyaddanin n tmzgadiwin lli ittbnan g tasut n imuḥidn, ttbna s uẓṛu n ljir. s izwar tdl s tqṣṣart tawrḍit tamṛṛakcit, macc imrzutn d willi illan f uḥttu n wayda d tingmi, stin ad kksn taqṣṣart bac ad tban twuri n uẓṛu tamzruyt. tga tiɣzi n tmyaddant 77 mitru s tqubbit lli fllas illan, lli iɣzzifn awd nttat s 8 n mitru. kra iga tt tasga tmɣi ɣ wakal s ssas iggʷzn 12.8 n mitru. ar tt muqql tamyaddant zɣ ugʷmmaḍ n 29 n kilu mitr. ɣan af bahra ttawssan tg a illi ismkḍn zg tmatarin n Mṛṛakc akkʷ, tiɣzi ad nns illa fllas yan uslig unṣib lli isgdln ad ur tili kra n tska fllas iɣzzifn s tt intln (uggar n tɣzi n waddagn n tayniwt). zɣ gis ar ittall lmuddn ladan, s tsgiwin s kkuẓ t illaf f uflla n tmyaddant. Illa g umamk n tmyaddant yat timit ilan g yat twẓut tamajgalt, d yan ixf ilan talɣa ann, f iggi n tqubbanit nns. g tmurt n lmṛṛuk akkʷ lant tmyaddanin tisgdanin zund amamk ann, s unuɣn s iɣuda s ṛṛcum n tsgiwin, d tskiwin ig mayan anaw n imurin sisn iẓlin. F ixf n tmyaddant tlla tqʷbbanit. f iggi n tqʷbbanit ann llant twjjiwin n wanas iḍlan s urɣ, mḥadan t yat f iggi n yat ar ttimẓiynt s uflla, iklli igan tamyurt g tmzgadiwin n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. llan kigan n iwaliwn f tawjjiwin ann, nnan kra n iwaliwn mas gan t ɣ uzmz ann tin wurɣ, gnt akud ann kṛaḍ t twjjiwin waha, tis kkuẓt nnan mas tga tarzzift zɣ dar tmɣart n iɛqub lmnṣuṛ i tmzgida bac ad tfru abkkiḍ nns lli ɣ tṛẓa uẓum nns g wayyur n ṛmḍan kraḍt tmirin. tfka anaḍ nns bac ad tssfsi urɣ lli dars illan bac ad gis skrn tawjja tis kkuẓt. Tnna tamacahut yaḍn mas kullu gant urɣ n tmɣart n ugllid ḥmad lmnṣuṛ asɛdi. tili yat tɣanimt n wanas f tsga n tqubbanit ann, ittyagal gis tizi ann ucnyal n tsgdant ilan aklu n wadal, ar t ittall lmuddn kra iga tt ass n ljamɛ, niɣ ussan n tfaskiwin d tffugliwin n usgd. g iḍ ar ttili tmyaddant f usid tili yat tawlaft bahra icnan.<ref>{{Bdr inɣmisn |title=جامع الكتبية - المعرفة |url=https://www.marefa.org/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=المعرفة |language=ar}}</ref> ==== Tiwlafin n tmzgida n lkutubiya ==== <center> <gallery> Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft tafalkayt n tssumɛit n tmzgida n lkutubiya g iḍ zg mnid n tala waman. Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in the night, Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft icnan n tssumɛit n tmzgida n lkutubiya g iḍ. Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft ifulkin n tssumɛit n tmzgida n lkutubiya g uzal. Afaylu:Koutoubia minaret in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|tawlaft tafalkayt n tssumɛit n tmzgida n lkutubiya g tizi n utwan. </gallery> </center> === Timzgida n Iwis n Yusf === [[Afaylu:Medersa-Ben-Youssef-01.jpg|vignette|asarag n ugʷns n tinml n iwis n yusf g Mṛṛakc]] Tlla tmzgida n iwis n yusf g tcrmt tazaykut, tdl s uqrmud adal tili taṣṣumɛit. ttbna tmzgida ad g tasut tis snat d mraw f ufus n ugllid amṛabṭi ɛli iwis n yusf, tili assaɣ nns. tga tizi ann timzgida ɣ illa ljamɛ. macc tizi n imuḥidn ur tt gis yiwi yan iggr as imnɣi isxxurbu tt. yulls i tska nns ugllid asɛdi ɛbdllah lɣalb g tasut n sḍis d mraw, g uzmz n ugllid aɛalawi mulay sliman yulls i tska nns ibnu tt a llig tga tamaynut g tasut n tẓa d mraw, ibnu yas awd taṣṣumɛit. tkmml gis twuri ɣ usggʷas n 1919 niɣ 1920. attalls ad n uẓkka n tmzgida ikks kigan n tmitar lli as igan aẓuṛ, iklli tga ɣilad tmẓẓiy f iklli s tt inn tkka tmzgida tamzwarut, tasga twala lqblt idwr s kigan. ikka tt inn ɛbllah lɣalb awd nttan ibna tinml n iwis n yusf lli iḥadan i tmzgida. tkk tt inn gis tasdlist tg tinml ar gis aqran imḥḍaṛn ar tasut ad ɣ nella. === Taqubbit tamṛabṭit === Tga inigi lli sul isuln g Mṛṛakc lli isulfn taẓuṛi n tẓkka tamṛabṭit. tlla tqubbanit tamṛabṭit g tsga tafasit n usarag n iwis n yusf ɣ tɣrmt tazaykut. ufanin imrzutn lli icnubbcn ɣ ugns n tɣrmt n zɣ usggʷas n 1948 kra n tsurin iẓlin s tɣrma n imṛabṭin g Mṛṛakc ar mmaln t mas tt inn ikka g udɣar ann cnubbcn ammas n tmzgida iḍfaṛn i tmzgida n ɛli iwis n yusf lli xʷlan imuwaḥḥidin (imuḥidn) tizi lliɣ kkusan tiɣrmt asggʷas n 1130. ig inigi f tannayt ad yat tuṛcimt ur bahra tli tifras lli illan f ixf n tqubbit, imrzutn nnan mas iga wassaɣ gis iṛcmn assaɣ n ugllid ɛli iwis n yusf. tẓli tqubbanit s umamk lli tla, fkan as willi s tt ibnan yat tlɣa tunziɣt, tudmawin n bṛṛa n tqubbit lan ṛṛcum igan tiskt d talɣiwin irwasn titrit ilan sa ixfawn, ifalki ugnsu n tqubbit f tsga n iwalan iẓẓlmḍ d iffus nns snat tskin msasanin immrwasn g talɣa tisilt n wayyis, g tsga n iẓẓlmḍ d iming falkin s snat tskin ibbin. taqʷbbanit tamṛabṭit tga ɣilad yan udɣar n luḍu lli ibḍan f snat tdaliwin ttyafa asggʷas n 1948 ɣ yat tsga idrn zɣ udɣar g tlla tmzgida. tga amamk bahra ilan aswir nns, tg tamatart n umzruy n uẓkka n lmɣrib. [[Afaylu:Marrakesh Kasbah Mosque view from roof level.jpg|vignette|Timzgida n Lqṣbt]] === Timzgida n Lqṣbt === ar nn ttaggʷa tmzgida n lqṣbt f usays n mulay izid g usuk n lqṣbt g Mṛṛakc, tmlal i iɣrm n lbdiɛ. ibna t lxlift lmuwaḥḥidi iɛqub lmnṣuṛ g tagara n tasut tis snat d mraw, bac ad tg timzgida tamqqrant ɣ lqṣbt nns lliɣ illa nttan d inmɣuṛn nns. tẓli tska nns s umamk igan fɣnit ur illin ɣ tmzgidawin n lmɣrib akkʷ tizi ann. tg nn tmzgida ad taɣnnant ggutn d tmzgida n lkutubiya f uswir, d tṣṣumɛit n tmzgida n lqṣbt dars unuɣn sis iẓlin igan imaynutn g uẓkka amɣribi, urim ad usint akkʷ fllas kigan n tmzgidawin g lmṛṛuk. yulls i tmzgida ad agllid asɛdi mulay ɛbdllah lɣalb ḍaṛat ma ibbaqqi lxzin n lbaṛuḍ lli bahra yaẓn i tmzgida mayad imsar g uzgn n tasut sḍis d mraw. ilin ɣilad ismḍal n isɛdin bṛṛa n uɣʷrab n lqblt n iffus d wanna iran ad tn iẓṛ ass ad ar izray f tsga n tmzgida. === Timzgida n Lmuwasin d tmzgida n iflu n tdkkʷalt === Ttbna tmzgida n lmuwasin (lli ittawssann s wassaɣ n tmzgida n igʷrramn) ɣ tasut n ugllid asɛdi mulay ɛbd llah lɣalb ngr 1562-1563 d 1572-1573. tlla tmzgida ad g usuk lmuwasin iga usuk ad agzzum zɣ yan wammas ismunn tasdlist d lḥmmam d tinml tamuslmt d yat tala mmu kraḍt tskwin ttawssan s ism n tala n lmuwasin. tala ad tga dar imzdaɣ kra ilan addur lli ufan middn ad zɣ gis ttagʷmn aman izddign, tṛcm s unuɣn d tirra tamslmt, tg tala ad tala bahra ilan atig g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc. F tsga tlla tmzgida n iflu n tadkkʷalt s tagut, lli bnan akud ann nit lliɣ ttbna tmzgida n lmuwasin, tili awd nttat zund amamk lli tla tmzgida lqṣbt, mayad ar immal mas lan amamk ad bac ad ig yan wanaw n uẓkka lli s rad ttbnan iswak imaynutn, tizi lli ɣ rad smattin udayn zɣ usuk n udayn awintn s lmllaḥ amaynu yaẓn i lqṣbt. [[Afaylu:Cour extérieure de la Zaouïa de Sidi Bel Abbès.JPG|vignette|timzgida d zzawit n sidi bn lɛbbas g mṛṛakc ]] === Timzgidawin yaḍnin === Llan tmzgidawin yaḍn g Mṛṛakc zun d : timzgida n iwis n ṣalaḥ, timzgida n brima, zzawit n sdi blɛbbas, zzawit n tgzult, d zzawit n ssi yusf iwis n ɛli, d tmzgida n ssi mulay lqṣuṛ, zzawit n ssi ɛbdllah lɣzwani, d tmzgida n tamṛwaṣut. === Taknist n imsgguyta igʷrramn === {{Imgradn sis itealqn|Imgradn=[[Lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn]]}}[[Afaylu:The interior of the Roman Catholic church,- Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|vignette|agʷns n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit ('''lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn''') Mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk.]] Tẓil lkanisa lli igan s wassaɣ ''''': (lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn)''''' s tutlayt tanglizit (church of the holy martyrs), tga lkanisa ad yat tfalkayt g uẓkka n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, tg yat zɣ taknisin lli ifulkin ɣ gr taknisin takatulikiyin g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc lli illan g tsga tamaynut n tɣrmt.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} Ttbna lkanisa ad takatulikit ɣ ddaw n ufrag n fṛanṣa g usggʷas n 1928, tẓil tẓkka nns tg yat tmuzunt lli d dar atig akswat, s wanaw n unuɣn iẓlin s tɣrma n lmṛṛuk d ddikuṛ iẓlin s fṛanṣa, tga lkanisa ad tamatart n tnzgit n tska lli igan tin tasut lli izrin. Tnnuṛẓm iflwan nns i middn g usggʷas 1929. tili g giliz lli bahra ittamun s middn, g tuẓẓumt n tɣrmt, lkanisa ad tga tamatart n umsuruf d ufra lli illan g tmurt n lmṛṛuk ngr isgdan akkʷ.<ref>{{Bdr awib |title=كنيسة الشهداء المقدسة |url=https://safarway.com/property/church-of-the-holy-martyrs_27988 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=safarway.com |language=ar}}</ref> Ɣilad ar tsbrrak lkanisa ad s kigan n imallayn lli ranin ad ẓṛn agʷnsu nns, bac ad ẓṛn taẓuṛi lli s tɣuda g ugʷnsu nns awd bṛṛa nns, d ula ar sis kccmn wid ranin ad gis ẓẓalln, irin ad isunfu iman nnsn.{{Citation needed|date=Ibrir 2025}} ===== Tiwlafin n tknist n imsgguyta igʷrramn ===== <center> <gallery> Afaylu:Paintings,- Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|taẓuṛi n ikʷlan n ('''lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn''') mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Altar of the Roman Catholic curch during the Christmas holidays, - Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|ansa n tɣrst n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit ('''lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn''') g tigga n tlalit, mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:Christmas altar - Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech - Morroco.jpg|ansa n tɣrst n tlalit n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit ('''lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn'''), mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk. Afaylu:The interior of the Roman Catholic church,- Church of the Holy Martyrs, Marrakech, Morroco.jpg|agʷns n lkanisa taṛumanit takatulikit ('''lkanisa n imsgguyta igʷrramn''') mṛṛakc lmṛṛuk. </gallery> </center> === Lkanis n tẓallit n tkrrayt === Illa lkanis n tẓallit n tkrrayt g tuẓẓumt n usuk n udayn, ig ɛzṛat nacim (asfsr illa g tdala tanafllat) ɣ lkanis ad a illi gis iẓlin ig fɣnit, acku ar gis tzdaɣnt tmɣarin timɣribin g tmṣṛay imlaln i imi n lkanis n udayn niɣ kra n tmṣṛay yaḍn. ili yan ibrgmmi ilan ikʷlan n uzzgza d umlil lli igan ammas n umun n udayn, ammas ad ɣ tmma tinml n tlmud (ttawṛat) d yan usirm n imẓlaḍ. gn iṣmḍal n myaṛa iṣmḍal n udayn kullu mqquṛnin g lmṛṛuk, falkin iṣmḍal ad s iklu umlil d iṣmḍal n umlal, zdin iṣmḍal ad d lmllaḥ agʷns n tɣrmt tazaykut. Illa ɣ Mṛṛakc awd lkanis tigmmi n il, d kanis bitun, d kanis taẓallit n bnḥas. == Iṣmḍal == [[Afaylu:Marrakech, Saadian tombs.JPG|vignette|Iṣmḍal n igldan isɛdin]] === Iṣmḍal n isɛdin === [[Afaylu:Marrakech, Tombe Sadiane 02.jpg|vignette|unuɣn g Iṣmḍal n igldan n isɛdin]] Ttbnan iṣmḍal n isɛdin g tasut tis sḍis d mraw gn iṣmḍal n igldan n isɛdin d tawja nnsn. llan f tsga n iffus n tmzgida n lqṣbt. isggʷasn ad izrin ur issn yan is llan allig tn ufan umrzutn ifṛanṣin asggʷas n1917 lliɣ sulfn idɣarn ann zɣ ignna. iṣmḍal ann smann ma ittggan 60 n imttin igan tawja n isɛdin lli igan s uẓuṛ asif n dra. illa uṣmḍl n ugllid asɛdi ḥmad lmnṣuṛ adhbi d tawja nns, ittawmḍal lmnṣuṛ nttan d immis g usmḍl n tawja asggʷas n 1590 lliɣ ssimɣurn tasna n uṣmḍl amkkuẓ lli izwarn is illa lli ibna ɛbd llah lɣalb. gan amamk iẓlin i uṣmḍl n ugllid asɛdi ḥmad lmnṣuṛ adhbi, lli ilan inuɣn s kigan, ur igi zund iṣmḍal n inṣayṛin g iɣrm azggʷaɣ g tɣṛnat n ṣṣbanyul. aṣmḍl n ugllid asɛdi idl s usɣar n larz lli iṛcmn s unuɣn illan g snat d mraw n tsirit igan tin rrxam n kirara, d iɣʷrban nns llan tunuɣin tinzgay timslmin iṛcmn ɣ zllij, d tirra taɛṛabt igan unuɣn, d ṛṛcum n tuga illan f lgabṣ iṛcmn. ɣ tmṣṛit ann llan awd willi t bahra imlaln ɣ tawja nns, d inbaḍn nns, kigan n iṣmḍal ann lan inagan ibddnf tɣzi ganin rrxam. g tama n tmṣṛit ann llant snat tmṣṛay mqqurnin yat zɣ gisnt tkka tt inn tga tamṣṛit n tẓallit, ili gis lmḥrab, macc tawja taɛalawit tskr gis adɣar ɣ rad ilin ismḍal n tawja nnsn. === Iṣmḍal n sa irgazn === Ttawssan Mṛṛakc s iṣmḍal n (sa irgazn), ar tddun middn ad tn ẓṛn kra igatt asggʷas g ussan ɣ tlla ‘ẓẓyaṛt’. Sa n irgazn gantn: yusf iwis ɛli aṣnhaji, lqaḍi aɛyyaḍ, bu lqasm sshili, bu lɛbbas sbti, muḥmmad iwis n sliman agzuli, ssi ɛbd lɛziz tbbaɛ, ssi ɛbd llah lɣzwani. iṣmḍal ad nnsn gan ammas n zzawit nnsn, lli tnt igan: zzawit n ssi blɛbbas(ttawssan), zzawit n tgzult, zzawit n ssi ɛbd lɛziz, zzawit n ssi yusf iwis n ɛli, zzawit n ssi lɣzwani (lli ittawssann awd s wassaɣ n mulay lqṣuṛ). === Iṣmḍal yaḍnin === Zun d tiɣrmawin n tasutin izwarn, Mṛṛakc awd nttat llan iṣmḍal n inmɣurn nns bṛṛa n tɣrmt, slahwan tt akkʷ ar tn inn ttafat mlaln i imawn n tɣrmtt. ilin awd iṣmḍal n iflu n lxmis, d iṣmḍal n ssi sshili, iṣmḍal n iflu n tɣmat lli bahra imqqurn, awd lmllaḥ n udayn iṭṭf aṣmḍl nnsn lli ittawssann s iṣmḍal n myaṛa. == Lmllaḥ == Illa lmllaḥ n udayn(asuk n udayn aqbur), ɣ udɣar n lqṣbt g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tazaykut, iming n usays n birblantiṛ. ittbna asggʷas n 1558 ɣ ufus n isɛdin g yan unsa ikka tt inn iga axduc n isan n ugllid. azmz ann kigan zɣ n umun n udayn gan isbbabn d idbab n udrim, d idbab n tzuzaf, d isyyaɣn n urɣ d uẓṛf, gn ignnayn d imsaɣn n skkaṛ. g tasut tis sḍis d mraw, ikka tt inn lmllaḥ iṭṭf taliwin n waman d turtatin, ili gis lkanis nnsn d igadazn sisn iẓlin. allig d kcmn ifṛanṣin asggʷas n 1912, ur sul ufin udayn ad ssaɣn akal bṛṛa n tɣrmt, ar nit ittimɣur lmllaḥ, allig iga lmllaḥ illi iga ɣilad, lli mi ttinin ɣilad asuk n ssalam (afra), macc asuk ad maynu imẓẓiy f usuk n udayn azayku, tili gis lkanis nnsn lli igan s wassaɣ kanis n tẓallit n tkrrayt, tlla tssult i usarag (asays) n usuk ann. == Isalayn == Llan kigan n isalayn g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc kra igatt asalay d tɣawsiwin isfsr: [[Afaylu:Dar Si Said 1465.jpg|vignette|Asalay n tgmmi n ssi Sɛid]] [[Afaylu:Marrakech museum.jpg|vignette|Asalay n tgmmi n ssi Sɛid]] === Asalay n tgmmi n ssi Sɛid === Illa usalay n tgmmi n ssi sɛid lli ittawssan awd s usalay n tẓuṛi tamɣribit, iẓẓlmḍ n iɣrm n lbahya, mnid n uɣaras n ṛṛyaḍ n zzitun amaynu. ikka tt inn usalay ad iga iɣrm n ssi sɛid, gʷmas n bba ḥmad. gnt tɣawsiwin lli isman usalay ad tiɣawsiwin lli kulli ifulki g lmṛṛuk akkʷ, isman( tuzuzaf n waṭlaṣ mqqurn, d waṭlaṣ amẓyan, d iffus n yaggugn, d uẓṭṭa n lḥuz d win laṭlaṣ mqqurn, d lfnaṛat n zzit zg trudant, d idqqi azzgza n usfi d idqqi adal zɣ tmggrut, d tniḍi n ilm n Mṛṛakc). tg yat tgzzumt lli gis illa tad igan tazaykut bahra tṭṭf addur akswat, tagzzumt ad tga yan umda n rrxam ittawskar g umzwaru n tasut tis yan d mraw lli iwalan i uzmz n tnbaḍt tamawit tandalusit g ssbanyul. === Asalay amaziɣ n turtit n Majuṛil === [[Afaylu:Le jardin des majorelle 21.JPG|vignette|Asalay amaziɣ n turtit n Majuṛil]] Ar immal usalay ad i middn kigan n tgʷzmin d tmatarin timaziɣin d ifl umzruy, tilli iddrn g kra igatt adɣar g tmazirt n lmɣrib. zɣ iẓẓlmḍ d rrif ar tanzruft. smaynun asalay amaslm lli s tt inn ikkan illa g ul n turtit n majuṛil, bac ad yamu asalay amaziɣ, d irin ad ḥḍun tiɣawsiwin ad bac ad ilint f tɣarast n usfsr iklli kullu gan isalayn imaḍlann. tarabbut lli yurun taswingmt n usalay ad: slima naji lli igan taskant d tamyassant tantṛubulujit g ṛṛbaṭ, d ṛuman siminil lli igan awd nttan amyassan antṛubuluji ig amrzu g usinag n tnnurza d usbuɣlu ɣ ṛṛbaṭ, d ḥmad skunti iga awd nttan amyassan antṛubuluji g usinag anamur n tmassanin n isgʷlal d wayda g ṛṛbaṭ. Ismaynu umnzag n uẓkka kristuf maṛtin asalay, ilqqm as sinugrafit, ig amamk yaḍnin ismnid gis asalay n if san luṛan g Mṛṛakc, lli d iẓṛa uggar n 65000 n ufgan, ɣ tama nns iga umassn n isalayn birun dalstrum aɣawas n usalay ad g dujanbir 2019. S yat tsna igan uggar n 200 mitru amkkuẓ, ismnid usalay uggar n 600 n tgzzumt, lli immalan tasgiwin n tussna tamaziɣt g lmɣrib, tikaṛḍiwin d imgrad isnumln s tutlayin (tafṛanṣiṣt d tnglizit d tɛṛabt) d tiwlafin tifutugrafin d isura n laṛcif, d warratn igan asliẓiṛ bac ad awsn i inbgiyn n usalay iɣ rad ẓṛn maṛṛa ammasn n usalay. llant kkuẓt tmṣṛay tisliẓiṛin: 1 - imaziɣn, 2 - tiwuriwin tizaykutin zun d ( timyurin, tiwuriwin n ufus, isfuglutn), 3 - tizuzaf ( asliẓiṛ n tzuzaf timaziɣin timɣribin), 4- timlsa ( aṛṛaḍn, aẓṭṭa, iflwan, imassn n uẓawan). [[Afaylu:Museum of Marrakech.JPG|vignette|Asalay n Mṛṛakc]] === Asalay n Mṛṛakc === Illa usalay n Mṛṛakc ɣ wammas azayku, g iɣrm n tgmmi n lmnbhi, ibnat lmhdi lmnbhi g umzwaru n tasut n simraw. tulls i tska nns s uḥṭṭu iggutn timrslt n aɛmaṛ bnjllun isdwr tt iskr gis asalay asggʷas n 1997. tga tgmmi s ixf nns amdya n uẓkka andalusi aklasiki, ilint taliwin g tuẓẓumt n usarag anammas, d idɣarn n igiwr izaykutn, d lḥmmam ilan tamslt iṛcmn d kigan n unuɣn. yan uɣʷdmmi mqqurn g usalay ad ( lli s tt inn ikkan tga yan usarag idln ɣilad s lblluṛ d lkttan) tlla gis yat ttriya mqqurn ttyagal g tuẓẓumt n tduli tga igʷzman n izuɣar iṛcmn s tirra. iḥḍa usarag ad kigan n tfras nns tizaykutin lli yad lli ila zɣ wass izwarn, d ula laḥwaḍ n wakal d unuɣn, ḥḍan tifras nnsn tamzwarut. isman usalay ad tiɣawsiwin lli d ifla umzruy amṛṛuki amaynu d uzayku, d kra n inzitn bdrn idlisn n umzruy d idrimn izaykutn d idqqi s ma ila lmɣrib n tussna tamaziɣt d mad fllas ikcmn zɣ tussna n waɛṛabn d tin udayn. === Asalay n Muḥmmad wis sḍiṣ i tɣrma n waman === Ibna t ugllid [[Muḥmmad Wis Ṣḍiṣ|Muḥmmad wis sḍis]] ɣ 5 innayr 2017 g ufus n iwis agldun Mulay Lḥasan, yuma usalay ad g tsna nns 20 n ifḍ n id mitru amkkuẓ, s uṭṭun n udrim ilkmn 163 mlyun n drhm. ig asalay izwarn g lmɣrib lli iẓlin s umzruy d tɣrma n waman g lmṛṛuk. [[Afaylu:Tawlaft n usalay amaynu iẓlin s wayda tamɣribit g mṛṛakc tama n jamɛ lfna.jpg|vignette|'''Tawlaft onnuṛẓmn usalay amaynu iẓlin s wayda tamɣribit g mṛṛakc g wass n n 23 f fbṛayṛ asggʷas n 2023 tama n jamɛ lfna''']] === Asalay amaynu === g wass n 23 f fbṛayṛ asggʷas n 2023, tnnuṛẓm tmawast n tussna asalay amaynu lli ingabaln d usays n jamɛ lfna, ig usalay ad walli iẓlin s wayda adlsan amɣrbi arkmam, ig usalay ad yan umskti n wayda lli d iɣaman g mṛṛakc, ili usalay ad tama n mṛṛakc iẓḍaṛ ku yan ad t iẓṛ ismaqql tiɣawsiwin lli gis llanin. === Isalayn yaḍnin g Mṛṛakc === * Asalay n tgmmi lbaca * Asalay n tgmmi n taṣṣuṛt g Mṛṛakc * Asalay n lmuwasin * Asalay n taskwin == Timrsal n uslmd d tussna == === Aslmd === Llant g Mṛṛakc kigan n tsdawiyin d tinmal, zɣ gisnt tasdawit n lqaḍi aɛyaḍ ( lli ittawssan awd s wassaɣ n tsdawit n Mṛṛakc), ilin gis isinagn, asinag anamur n tmassanin tisnsin g Mṛṛakc (ensa marrakech), lli ittbnan asggʷas n 2000 zɣ tsga n tmawast n uslmd amajgal tẓli s umrzu anzgan d umassan, d tɣiwant n tmassanin d tatiknit lli illan ɣ giliz lli ittawssan mas tga tamzwarut ɣ lmɣrib. tili sub di gu n Mṛṛakc, lli ittawssan s wassaɣ n tinml tamajgalt n tsbbabt g Mṛṛakc, tga taɣiwant lli isbdd ḥmad bnnis asggʷas n 1987. tinml ad twala i tinml tamajgalt n tsbbabt g tuluz ɣ fṛanṣa, zɣ asggʷas n 1995 tga tinml ad kigan n tdrawin d iɣawasn d kigan n tsdawitin g mirikan, zɣ gisnt tasdawit n dilawiṛ, tasdawit n sant tumas, tasdawit n tsga n uklahuma, d tsdawit n lwis tanamurt, d tsdawit n timbl. [[Afaylu:Coranic School (106589859).jpeg|vignette|Tinml n Iwis n Yusf (tinml n Bn Yusf)]] === Tinml n Iwis n Yusf (tinml n Bn Yusf) === Nnan warratn imzruyn mas tlla tlalit n tinml ad g uzmz lli iwalan imriniyn. agllid asɛdi ɛbdllag lɣalb ad yullsn i tska nns ngr asggʷas n 1565-1564. tg s tidt tfalkayt n tinmal timɣribin. Tla tinml n bn yusf yan waddur akswat, acku tlla g usays n bn yusf, tasi kigan n tmatarin lli as d ifl umzruy tg inigi n tasutin ggutnin zrinin g umzruy, tg ul zwarn n tmdint n Mṛṛakc. Rurn d isɛdin i usuk ad lliɣ gis bnan tinml s talɣa nns tamkkuẓt lli ilkm ɣ tsna 1680 n mitru amkkuẓ. f tɣzi n kkuẓ tasutin, tga tinml talli yurun kigan n imussann tg ula awttas n ku amlmad ira ad iɣr tili dars tussna, slahwantt akkʷ tussna n usgd. awd tga yan udm n uẓkka d imumak lli igan anaw lli s ẓlin isɛdin azmz ann, zɣ uɣdmmi n tinml ar ẓṛṛan middn yat tqubbit lli ɣ llan unuɣn n lgabṣ. ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag n tinml illa yan lḥuḍ, d issqfan g uflla nnsn timṣṛay illan g tdala tanafllat. tamṣṛit n tẓallit llan gis kṛaḍt tmsal ibḍa tnt sin imuɣad n isaran n rrxam. tili f tsga n ku iɣʷban ann s kṛaḍ tisksal n ukccuḍ, kkan tt inn gant tasdlisin n inlmadn n tinml. [[Afaylu:Medersa-Ben-Youssef-01.jpg|vignette|asarag n Tinml n Iwis n Yusf (tinml n Bn Yusf)]] Tkka tt inn tga tinml n bn yusf lli illan f tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tɣrmt tazaykut, taɣiwant tamslmt g Mṛṛakc, tla ism n ugllid amṛabṭi ɛli bn yusf(1142-1106), agllid ad issimɣur aswir n tɣrmt ad, tg tinml ad nns tinml lli kullu imqquṛn g lmɣrib tg awd taɣiwant lli ilan addur g iẓẓlmḍ n tfriqt, ar gis yaqra uggar n 900 n umḥḍaṛ. Ttbna tɣiwant ad g uzmz n imriniyn (tasut tis kkuẓt d mraw) g ufus n ugllid amrini bu lḥsn tzdi d tmzgida n bn yusf lli illan g tama nns. amun ad n tinmal ar isslmad iskkinn n usgd amuslm zund tinmal lli illan g fas d mknas d taza. issiwrrid ugllid asɛdi ɛbd llah ɣalb(1574-1557) ibnu tinml asggʷas n 1564 bac ad tg tinml lli kullu imqqurn ɣ lmɣrib. g usggʷas n 1565, ikmml tawuri lli s yumṛ ugllid ɛbd llah bn ɣalb, iklli immala ṛṛcm lli illan g tmṣṛit n tẓallit. Asarag nns iga zɣ usɣar n larz d rxam d lgabṣ. iklli immala usgd amuslm, ur ilaq ad ilin ɣ unuɣn ṛṛcum igan udmawn n ufgan niɣ win imudar, gan unuɣn n tinml ɣas ṛṛcum n tirra n ddin d imumak inzgan. ikka tt inn iga muḥmmad lifrani (1745-1670) iga zɣ inmɣurn n islmadn n tinml. ittawqqan udɣar ad asggʷas n 1960, allig smaynun taska nns, innuṛẓm f middn bac ad ig tamatart tamzruyt g usggʷas n 1982. === Tasdawit n Lqaḍi Aɛyyaḍ === Tasdawit n lqaḍi aɛyyaḍ (tasdawit n Mṛṛakc) lli ittbnan asggʷas n 1978, d asinag anamur n tmassanin tisnsin g Mṛṛakc (ensa marrakech) lli s tt iḍfaṛn, lli illan asggʷas n 2000, ig mayan tanyaft n tmawast n usslmd amajgal tẓli s umrzu anzgan d umassan, d tɣiwant n tmassanin d tatiknit lli illan ɣ giliz lli ittawssan mas tga tamzwarut ɣ lmɣrib. tamnhla n tsdawit tumẓ 13 n tmrsal g Mṛṛakc tansift lḥuz d ɛbda dkkʷala g lmɣrib ɣ kkuẓt tɣrmawin mqqurnin. awd qlɛa n isrɣinn d taṣṣuṛt. == Timsal n umzgun == [[Afaylu:Gueliz Marrakech (2844893153).jpg|vignette|'''tamsult tagldant n umzgun g Mṛṛakc''']] Tga '''tmsult tagldant g Mṛṛakc''' d '''usinag afṛanṣi d tgmmi n tacrift''' zɣ tmrsal imqqurn lliɣ a ttlmadn middn taẓuṛi n umzgun g tɣrmt. tg tmsult tagldant, lli ibna umnzag n uẓkka atunsi caṛl bukara, ig as isaran, ar ismnid umsul ad timzgunin n taḍṣa d lubbiṛa d uḥwac afṛanṣi d waɛṛab. d ar ismnid kigan n isffuglutn i imallayn g isuyas n tɣrmt imqqurn d iswak g iḍ. == Isurad == Llan g Mṛṛakc uggar n 124 n usarud (lḥmmam). == Assay == === Assay abrdan === Ttawssan Mṛṛakc s tugtt n isudaf, ilin awd kigan n isnmuddutn d tmssudutin ɣ Mṛṛakc, zdin tiɣrt ad ngr tɣrmt ṛṛbaṭ igan amrnu n tgldit n lmɣrib lli illan g iẓẓlmḍ, d tɣrmt n ugadir s iffus, ggutn ibrdan inamurn lli issufuɣn zɣ Mṛṛakc s tɣrmawin yaḍn. === Azagʷz n Mṛṛakc Lmnaṛa === Illa uzagʷz n Mṛṛakc lmnaṛa amaḍlan f tmyaggugt n 3 id kilu mitr f iffus n tagut n Mṛṛakc. tg yat tmrslt tamḍlant ar tsbrrak s kigan n imuddutn zɣ timizar n bṛṛa akkʷ. illa uzagʷz ad f tmattuyt n 471 mitru. illa ɣ uzagʷz ad sin n usbdud n inmmudda munn g yan wammas tili tayyaḍ tga tamaynut. llan isbdad ad s sin t1 / t2 f tsna n 42000 id mitru, ẓḍaṛn ad asin 4.5 n mlyun n inmmudda ku asggʷas. tiɣzi n uṛḍḍam tla 4.5 kilumitr d turrut nns tla 45 mitru. asbiddad n taylalin iẓḍaṛ ad yasi 14 n taylalt anaw n bwing 737 d kkuẓt taylalin anaw n bwing 747. asbdud n wallal ilkm ɣ tsna nns 340 n mitru amkkuẓ. === Asbdad n ubrid n uzzal === Ittbna usbdad n wassay n ubrid n uzzal g usggʷas n 1923 llig illa ufrag afṛanṣi g lmɣrib, macc amrsl ad amaynu innuṛẓm asggʷas n 2008 bac ad yili g udɣar n uqdim. amamk nns usint zɣ mad d ifl umzruy n tmatarin g uẓkka n lmɣrib azayku. === Tilggʷit n wasif n tansift === tilggʷit illan f wasif n tansift, tga tilggʷit n uẓṛu bnantt imuḥidn (lmuwaḥidin) g tasut tis sin d mrawt tili g udɣar g tt inn tkka tlggʷit lli d flan imṛabṭin lli ixxurban. amamk nns ittawskar bac ad tg azzgr n wasif tizi ɣ gis inggayn ku asggʷas. tkka tt inn g umzwaru tla 15 n tskt, macc lliɣ ssimɣurn turrut nns tṭṭf 27 n tskt, d ar ssimɣurn tilggʷit ad tizi nna yuma wasif tmqqur turrut nns. iskan n tlggʷit ad lan ixfawn ur msadnin bac ad ili ɣ tiddas ɣ mnid n waman. === Asbdud n isnmudda n imi n dkkʷala: === iga yan usbdad n tmssudutin illan g tama iflu n dkkʷala  g mṛṛakc, tg asbdad lli kullu yuman s ussay g lmṛṛuk akkʷ, ilin gis  kigan n wammasn iẓlin s kra igatt tasga d kra igatt amuddu, ilin g ugnsu nns kigan n tizuɣa n tsbbabt. imlal usbdud ad i kigan n idɣarn lli ittawssan g mṛṛakc. == Isunn == === Igmamn === [[Afaylu:Carte quartiers de Marrakech.png|vignette|takaṛḍa n igmamn n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc|252x252px]] * '''Bab Ahmr:''' Taggurt tazggʷaɣt ( s [[Tutlayt Taɛrabt|taɛrabt]] : باب احمر , s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tafransist]] : la porte rouge ) illa tama n ugmmiw ageldan. Bab Ahmer iga agmam amnsay illan ɣ " La Médina " , Itussan s " daqqa merrakchiya" * '''Giliz''': Agmam n Gueliz ( s [[Tutlayt Taɛrabt|taɛrabt]] : ڭيليز , s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tafransist]] : Guéliz ) yussi yism nss zɣ Jbel Gueliz ( Adrar n Gueliz ) , illa ɣ ugafa utrim n lmdina taqburt . * '''Tiɣrmt tazaykut:''' Agmam n Lmdina ( s [[Tutlayt Taɛrabt|taɛrabt]] : المدينة , s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tafransist]] : La Médina ) iga yan ugmam imqqurn d axatar n tamdint n Amurakuc . Lan gis bzzaf n imukan tmerritin . Uggar n 40 000 n inazuren xdemn gis . * '''Livrnaj:''' Agmam n Livernaj ( s [[Tutlayt Taɛrabt|taɛrabt]] : الحي الشتوي , s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tafransist]] : L'hivernage ) iga yan ugmam n tamdint n Amurakuc . Illa ɣ iffus utrim n agmam n Gueliz . Lan gis villat d hotelat * '''Dawdiyyat:''' ( s [[Tutlayt Taɛrabt|taɛrabt]] : داوديات , s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tafransit]] : daoudiyyate ) iga yat tuddurt li illan berra n ssur aqdim. Ismns amaddud iga "Lḥiy lmuḥmmadi". * '''Sidi yusf bn ɛli''' * '''Adwaṛ n lɛṣkṛ''' * '''Lmasira''' * '''Azli''' * '''Usun n iziki''' * '''Sukuma''' * '''Sidi Mbaṛk''' * '''Lmḥamid''' * '''Usun ṣṣinaɛi''' * '''Lmcwaṛ - lqṣbt''' * '''Targa''' * '''Ɛin iṭṭi''' * '''Lmasira''' * '''Lafaq''' * '''Nnaxil''' [[Afaylu:WTCC Morocco 2010 (4593207204).jpg|vignette|asazzl niɣ amḥizwar n tmssudutin  g mṛṛakc]] == Tunnunt == Tga Mṛṛakc tiɣrmt n tunnunt zɣ zik, ɣilad llant gis kigan n trubba n tkurt n uḍaṛ (tawjja n uḍaṛ) timɣribiyin: * Itri n Mṛṛakc * Lkawkab amṛṛakci * Asrir n tmuludit n Mṛṛakc * Asrir n ulambi n Mṛṛakc Ili g Mṛṛakc awd annar n mulay ḥasan n umsizzl lli iɣzzifn 4624 id kilumitr, tsnnubga tifrkiwin n tsmɣurt n umaḍal n tmssudutin n tmallayt, d lfuṛmila 2 d tsmɣurt n atu - ji - bi, ar gis ittili awd lmaṛaṭun n Mṛṛakc. Tga tunnunt n lgulf yat zɣ tunnunin lli ittawssann g tɣrmt, ilin gis 3 wannarn. == Tiram == [[Afaylu:The menthe.jpg|vignette|lkas n watay s liqqamt]] Anawn n tiram ɣ tɣrmt ad n Mṛṛakc iggut kigan, kigan n tiram nns ar tnt cttan middn bla rɣant, ili gis kra iga tt anaw n tɛṭṭaṛt ( ṛas lḥanut), lli igan tamunt n mraw n tɛṭṭaṛt: ttabl, lkṛwitt, isknjbir, lqqrfa, ififl asggan, lqrqum, d cuc wṛd. Aylli s ittawssan unwal amṛṛakci bahra iga t taṭnjit tamṛṛakcit, d ṭṭajin amṛṛakci lli illan s tɣarast n tmizar n udrar issutln i Mṛṛakc, ar ssnwan ɣ taṭnjit tifyyi n ufunas niɣ tin izimmr niɣ tin waɣaḍ d wudi tili taɛṭṭaṛt nns, gn tt inn iggi n iɣd irɣan ar d tnu s imikk d imikk. ṭṭajin awd nttan ar gis ssnwan anawn n tfyyi d igumma ili taɛṭṭaṛt nns gnt inn iggi n trgin ar inwwa. [[Afaylu:Tanjia-959.jpg|vignette|tawlaft n wanaw n tiram lli ilan isn n (taṭnjit) g mṛṛakc]] Ar ssnwan ɣ ṭṭajin afullus d tfyyi n ufunas d tin waɣaḍ d tin izimmr awd anawn n islman, gn fllas lfakit zun d zzitun d llimun iṣyyṛn gnt inn ar inaw iggi n trgin. illa wanaw n ṭṭajin yaḍn llan gis igumma d lḥimẓ ilẓan. illa maɣ attggan i ṭṭajin ann udi bac aggis tili tmḍit immimn. Lqimṛun d ufulls d tlbṛiwin yuman s llimun gant zɣ tiram lli s ittawssan Mṛṛakc. ar ssnwan ṛṛuẓ d zzaɛfṛan d zzbib d taɛṭṭaṛt d lluz. d ssksu d nttan ar fllas tt ilin igumma iklli s ittawssan mas iga tirmt n middn g lmɣrib akkʷ. Tili tbṣṭilt lli igan tuɣrifin yuman s ibrriwn n ufullus niɣ atbir lli inwan d lluz d lqrfa d tɛṭṭaṛt d skkʷaṛ. Ili uskkif n lḥurriya lli as ttinin g Mṛṛakc tlla gis tfyyi inwan d lḥimẓ d tlintit d lfirmikili d tmẓḍit n maṭica, irwin d lqzbur d taɛṭṭaṛt d lmaɛdnus. Tili lkfta (tifyyi ittẓḍan) d tasa, d umrqaz d uɣlal, d ilawan, lli zznzan id bu tiram g tuẓẓumt n usays n jamɛ lfna. d tamimt s kra iga tt anaw tlla g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc, zund tacbbakt (tamimt g tlla tɛṭṭaṛt d smsm d tammnt d lluz lli myarn middn ad s tt ssnwan g wayyur n ṛmḍan), niɣ tart s tɛjjint n lfilu d igumma iqqurn, d tciz kik s tiyni. Tili tmyurt n lkas n watay lli igan tamyurt lli kullu ikkan tagldit n lmɣrib, tga awd tamyurt ad a illi bahra s ittawssan Mṛṛakc, illa maɣ ittawsmnid lkas n watay d liqamt d skkʷaṛ nttan d lbrrad nns niɣ ɣas lkisan waha. Illa uẓmma n litcin lli s ittawssan jamɛ lfna g Mṛṛakc, llan wida izznzan aẓmma n litcin s ugudi. Anzir awd nttan illa ɣilad ar inzza g idɣar n tmallayt d isnsa mqqurnin d tmṣṛay n yiḍ, bdrn warratn n umzruy mas tt inn ikka unzir ar inzza g igadazn ɣ tasut n imṛabṭin. ili timaḍ n udayn ar ssaɣn ar zznzan anzir g tɣrmt akud ann. ɣilad anzir ar inzza g idɣarn sis iẓlin. == Tiwlafin == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> file:Koutobiya-Marrakech-MOROCCO.jpg|Timzgida Kutubiya file:Marrakech.jpg|Mrrakc zɣ ignna file:Marrakech banner.jpg|Jamaɛ Lfna file:Souk.JPG|Suqq n Mrrakc file:Marrakech - Menara.jpg|Mnara n Mrrakc Image:Hoteldevillemarrakech.jpg|Asnsu n tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc g tassukt n Muḥmmad 6 Image:Maroc_Marrakech_(Small).jpg|Tasbbab n ufrc ɣ yat tsukt Image:Placejemaaelfna.jpg|Asays Jamε Lfna Image:Koutoubia_Mosque_2.jpg|Taṣumεit n Kutubya Image:Koutoubia Mosque,Marrakech,Morocco.jpg|Kutubya Image:Ballon Ciel d'Afrique à Marrakech.JPG|taylalt n Muntgulfyir Image:Marrakech, Bab Agnaou.JPG|Tagurt n Ugnaw </gallery> == Aylli sis izdin == {{Commons izddar|Marrakech|mrrakc}}{{Tasga n Mrrakc-Asfi}} [[Taggayt:Timdinin n Lmɣrib]] [[Taggayt:Tamallayt]] [[Taggayt:Taɣrma]] == Tisaɣulin == {{reflist}} {{Amnni afalkay}} 85iusslzgzycu38049bw17vq2vkw3wb 0 4802 78860 71866 2026-09-28T00:45:35Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 16 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lionel-Messi-Argentina-2022-FIFA-World-Cup (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lyunil Missi ar itturar d Waṛjunṭin g ukṛwas n umaḍal n tkurt 2022, Qaṭaṛ ]] '''Lyunil Andris Missi''' ({{IPA|es|ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi}}; ilul ɣ 24 Yunyu 1987) iga amurar n twjja n uḍaṛ u [[Aṛjuntina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.messi.com|title=Lionel Messi Website}}</ref> Da itturar i Intr Mayami d [[Taggayt tanamurt n Aṛjuntina|tggayt tanamurt n Waṛjuntina]] am [[Amakʷay|umakʷay]]. Ar t ttannayn imuzay d imaẓamn is iga yan sɣ imurarn imafayn akkʷ ɣ umzruy n twjja n uḍaṛ. Kra n mddn ar ttinin is d nttan ad igan amafay akkʷ<ref>{{Cite web|last=zang|first=mary|date=2022-12-05|title=LIONEL MESSI ADDRESSES FUTURE RETIREMENT In 2022|url=https://divamagzine.com/lionel-messi-addresses-future-retirement-in-2022/|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Diva Magzine|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208215316/https://divamagzine.com/lionel-messi-addresses-future-retirement-in-2022/|archive-date=2023-12-08}}</ref>. Yiwi Missi [[tawjja n wurɣ]] tamt tkkal, uggar n [[Kristyanu Ṛunalḍu]] s kṛaḍt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/barcelona/story/4004641/lionel-messi-wins-sixth-ballon-dor-awardovertaking-cristiano-ronaldo|title=Messi tops Ronaldo, wins sixth Ballon d'Or award|date=2 December 2019|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FIFA awards">{{cite web|title=The Best FIFA Football Awards|url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/history/index.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204635/https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ur t ilkim awd yan g wuṭṭun n twjjiwin n wurɣ. Trwas tmamkt n wurar nns d ufuks nns tin [[Dyigu Maraḍuna]] acku gzzuln s sin itsn. Illa yan umzizwr mqqurn gras d umurar abrtqqiz Kristyanu Ṛunaḍlu acku llan ɣ iswirn n ufuks immrwasn. [[Category:Pages using infobox football biography with a module]] == Tudrt tazaykut == Ilul Missi ɣ usgnaf asgawan n Ruẓaryu ɣ Ruẓaryu, Aṛjuntina. Ig Missi arraw wis kṛaḍ zɣ kkuẓ tarwa n Xurxi Missi d tmɣart nns Silya Cutcitini. Llan dars sin aytmas, Rudrigu d Matiyas. Tmmut jddas n Missi lliɣ tt inn dars tkka 12 n usggʷas, ukan ayann a f ittall iḍuḍan s ignna ɣ usfuglu nns s tsswitin. == Taɣarast d tnsmunin tinamunin == === FC Barsaluna === [[Afaylu:Messi_with_Neymar_Junior_the_Future_of_Brazil.jpg|droite|vignette|Missi (ɣ ufasi) d tsmɣurt [[FIFA Club World Cup awards#Golden Ball|n twjja tawurɣit]], ar ittsllam d usmun nns ɣ yimal Niymar (yiwi Tawjja n wanas) ḍart n unmala anggaru n ukrwas n umaḍal n isgrawn 2011.]] Issnta Missi urar ɣ twjja n uḍaṛ lliɣ sul imẓẓiy, ur ikki kigan s lliɣ nn tanni Barsaluna anct tmqqur tikki lli dars. Ifl Nyuwilz Ulḍ Buyẓ ɣ Cutambir 2000, immatti ntta d twja nns s Uruppa ɣ Fbrayr 2001. Isni ilmma d Barsaluna ɣ Dujanbir 200 ɣ iggi n yan ujɛuḍ. Immatti s Sbanya acku tfka as Barsaluna amwajb lli rad as yaws ɣ usafar n uxṣṣa n uhuṛmun n tgmi. Nyuwill ur as uwsn s umya ɣ tsga ad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rakesh|date=2020-04-08|title=Lionel Messi Biography{{!}} Family{{!}} Career{{!}} Net Worth|url=https://sportslibro.com/football/news/lionel-messi-biography/5798|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Sportslibro.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Yurar Missi anmala nns azzulan amzwaru lliɣ dars 16 n usggʷas ɣ wass n 16 Nuwambir 2003 mgal Burṭu. Yurar annaz n 2003-04 d tggayt n Barsaluna "B". Ssɣʷlint ilmma s tggayt A ɣ wannaz 2004-05, yurar anmala nns amzwaru ɣ 16 Ktubr 2004 mgal Iṣbanyul zun d umkkasu. Iskr tuddma nns ɣ La Liga lliɣ dars 17 n usggʷas, ayda t yujjan ad ig amurar imẓẓiyn akkʷ ad yurar i tggayt tamzwarut n Barcaluna ɣ kra n umcala amaddud. Isswa tamsswit nns tamzwarut g 1 Mayyu 2005 mgal Albasiti Balumbi s twisi tzzrayt iẓiln n Ṛunaldinyu. Timsswit ad tujja t ad ig amurar amẓyan akkʷ ad isswu tiswit ɣ akud ann. Tiwi Barcaluna La liga ɣ wannaz ann i tikklt tamzwarut ɣ 6 isggʷasn, tawi tt tikklt yaḍn nttat d [[Abrkas n Ṣbanya|Ubrkas Aṣblyun]] d [[Tamɣunt n inbrazn n urubba|Tmɣunt n Inbrazn n Urubba]] ɣ 2006. Annaz n 2006-07 a g nit iɣʷli, ig ukccum nns d tggayt tamzwarut alugan acku isswa ahatrik nns amzwaru ɣ Uklasiku. Ɣ 18 Ibrir 2007, isswa yat tmsswit irwasn "Tamsswit n Tasuta" n Maraḍuna mgal Nngliz ɣ Ukrwas n Umaḍal n 1986 lli ɣ yumẓ Maraḍuna Tawjja ḍaṛat n uzrig n uzgn n ubaraz f tsga tafasit, innru kkuẓ imurarn n umzaɣ d unḍaf n tsiswit. Tamsswit n Missi trwas tt; Izzri Tcabi (Xavi) tawjja, yamẓ tt Missi ḍart n uzrig n uzgn f tsga tafasit, innru kkuẓ, d unḍaf, isswu tt ɣ tgira s uḍaṛ nns afasi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Messi Magic|date=7 June 2016|title=Messi Solo Goal vs Getafe ► Best Possible 1080p Quality|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMiL4_1Yewg|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2021|website=Youtube}}</ref> Ɣ 2019, stin tt inḍfurn n Barca is iga tamsswit tamafayt akkʷ ɣ umzruy n Barcaluna s tgmiḍi n 45%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2019|title=Messi's goal against Getafe is the best in Barça's history according to the fans|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1133199/messis-goal-against-getafe-is-the-best-in-barcas-history-according-to-the-fans|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=www.fcbarcelona.com|language=en}}</ref> ḍaṛt n wufuɣ n Ṛunaldinyu sɣ tggayt ɣ tgira n wannaz n 2007-08, ittyufka wuṭṭun 10 i Missi. Ig wannaz n 2008-09 yan zɣ wannazn imafayn akkʷ ɣ umzruy nns. Isswu Missi 38 tmsswit g wannaz ad ɣ imcalatn akkʷ, tkcm gisn tmsswit nns g unmala anggaru n [[Tamɣunt n inbrazn n urubba|Tmɣunt n Inbrazn n Urubba]] nna ɣ tnnra Barcaluna s 2-0 mgal Mancistr Yunaytid, tawi ilmma Barcaluna tamraḍt nnsn. Ɣ wannaz n 2009-10 d iḍfarn, isswa Missi 47 tmsswit ɣ imcalatn akkʷ, ayda ilkmn aswir n tmkrra n Runalḍu Nazaryu d Barcaluna. Yiwi Missi tawjja n wurɣ nns tamzwarut ɣ Dujanbir 2009, yawi tt daɣ g usggʷas t iḍfarn. Isswu daɣ ɣ unmala anggaru n [[Tamɣunt n inbrazn n urubba|Tmɣunt n Inbrazn n Urubba]] n 2011 mgal Mancistr Yunatid nit daɣ. Tnnru Barcaluna s 3-1, yawi daɣ Missi Tawjja n Wurɣ, gint ilmma kṛaḍt nnḍfaṛnin. === Bariz San Jirman === ḍaṛt ayda ijṛan i [[FC Barsaluna|FC Barcelona]] d tɣrad n imurarn nna barha iggutn , iskr ilmma yan umutti nna nn ur itam yan s tggayt tafṛansist Bariz San Jirman. === Intr Mayami === Ɣ 7 Yunyu 2023, inna Missi g yan umsawal ma s rad immatti s Intr Mayami CF n "[[:en:Major_League_Soccer|Major League Soccer]]" (MLS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65832658|access-date=9 June 2023|title=Lionel Messi to join Inter Miami after leaving Paris St-Germain|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Taɣarast tagraɣlant == === Aṛjuntina === Ittuyfka yadlli uzrf i Missi ad yurar i Ṣbanya d Aṛjuntina s sin acku iṭṭaf snat tɣlnawin, maca isti ad yurar i tmazirt nns, Aṛjuntina. Igli taggayt nns s unmala anggaru n Ukrwas n Umaḍal D-20 s snat tmsswitin nna isswa tikli n wufuɣ n umṭṭaṛ. Isswa Missi snat tmsswitin mgal Nijirya ɣ unmala anggaru, innru Ajṛuntin s 2-1. Tettyufka i Missi tmadaytn n trnnawt, twjja tawurɣit (amurar amafay) d uduku awrɣi (amzwaru ɣ wuṭṭun n tmsswitin). Yurar Missi anmala nns amzwaru d tggayt tamzwarut g wass n 17 Ɣuct 2005 mgal Hungarya. Ikcm nn zun d umkkasu, maccan tettyufka as tkaṛḍa tazggʷaɣt ḍart n 45 tsint acku yut yan ufna ɣ wudm bla t yumml lliɣ yurm ad d nn isitti afna da yumẓn ɣ ayda ilsa. Isswa Missi timsswit nns tamzwarut i Aṛjuntina g yan unmala addukklan mgal Kṛwatya ɣ wass n 1 Mars 2006. Trẓa Aṛjuntina g unmala ann s 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 March 2006|title=Croatia vs. Argentina 3-2 - Match Summary|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match?gameId=195332|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-26|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> isti t ilmmadint umssanun Xuṣi Pikrman ad idru g ukrwas n umaḍal n 2006. Yurar ɣ unmala wis sin mgal Ṣirbya, aylli t igan d amurar mẓẓiyn akkʷ ad yurar ɣ kra n ukrwas n umaḍal. Ifka daɣ yat tzzrayt, isswu yat tmsswit, ayda t yujjan ad iga amsswu amẓyan akkʷ g ukrwas n umaḍal 2006. Yawi Missi Awlimbiks n 2008 dɣ nttan d Aṛjuntina, mk lli daɣ ifka tazzrayt i tmsswit n Anxil Di Mariya g unmala n tgira ɣ Bijing. Gan Missi d aqbṭan n tggayt tanamurt ɣ 2011. Isswa ahatrik nns amzwaru d Aṛjuntina g unmala nns wis 68 lli ɣ nnran Swisra s 3-1 ɣ Fbrayr 2012.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=2016-06-22|title=Messi breaks Argentina scoring record|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/lionel-messi/story/2891319/lionel-messi-breaks-argentinas-all-time-goal-scoring-record|access-date=2021-03-09|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> Ɣ 21 Yunyu 2016, irẓa Missi tamkrra n umsswi n Aṛjuntina s tmsswit nns tis 55 nna d ikkan yat tayti tilellit tusridt mgal [[Iwankn Munnin n Marikan|WMM]] ɣ Ukrwas n Marikan Inmiḍi. Ar tettwannay is iga yan zg tmsswitin akkʷ yufn g umzruy n Missi. Tamkrra yumẓ tt yadlli Gabryil Batistuta s 54 n tmsswit. <ref name=":22"/> ==== Tanaft ==== Ɣ 26 Yunyu, tṛẓa daɣ Aṛjuntina mgal Tcili ɣ tiyta n tfgurt s 4-2 ɣ unmala n tgira n Ukrwas n Marikan Inmiḍi ḍart n ungiddi s 0-0. Izgl Missi tayti nns, tg tad tikklt tiss kṛaḍt, innḍfrn, nna ɣ tlkm Aṛjuntina anmala n tgira n kra n tbrza taxatart trẓ gis, d tiss kkuẓt s umata. Yan wass ḍaṛat n unmala, iffuɣ d Missi, ibrrḥ tanaft nns sɣ twjja n uḍaṛ tagraɣlant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McKirdy|first=Euan|date=27 June 2016|title='I think this is best for everyone,' Has Lionel Messi retired from Argentina duty?|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/27/football/copa-america-lionel-messi/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-27|title=Lionel Messi retires from Argentina after Copa America final loss to Chile|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/copa-america-tournament/story/2902891/lionel-messi-retires-from-argentina-after-copa-america-final-loss-to-chile|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 will be last says Lionel Messi|url=https://footballcoal.com/fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-will-be-last-says-lionel-messi/|access-date=2022-05-21|website=footballcoal.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018130034/https://footballcoal.com/fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-will-be-last-says-lionel-messi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Uɣul zɣ tanaft ==== Yaḍu d Missi zɣ tanaft nns ɣ Ktubr 2016 afad ad yurar g usrɣt n ukrwas n umaḍal 2018. Ḍarat n yat tuddma iṛmin g ukrwas n umaḍal 2018, yiws Missi i Aṛjuntina afad ad tzri s tawala tis snat s tmsswit tamzwarut g trnnawt nnsn s 2-1 mgal Nijirya. Iɣ d nnḍr s 2021 d umsunnun amaynu, Lyunil Skaluni, tiwi Aṛjuntina Akrwas n Marikan ɣ Yunyu. S tmsswit n Di Mariya ɣ tusdidt tis 11, nnran Brazil s 1-0 ɣ iggi n wakal nnsn. Aya iga yat tmntal da isslkmn Missi i ad yawi Tawjja n Wurɣ i tikklt tis sat. Ɣ wammas n usggʷas 2022, Missi d tggayt n Aṛjuntina, d umssanun nnsn Lyunil Skaluni, nnran Ṭṭalyan s 3-0, awin akrwas n Finalissima. Ɣ tagrst n 2022, yiwi Missi Akrwas n Umaḍal. Izmmim sat tmsswitin, ifka kṛaḍt tzzrayin, yawi tasmɣurt n umurar n tbrza. == Tudrt tanimant == === Tisqqan === Iṭṭaf Missi kṛaḍ n ifrxan d tmɣart nns Anotilla Rukkuẓu. Gan s yismawn, Tyagu Missi, Maṭiyu Missi, d Siru Missi. Ilul Tyagu ɣ wass n 2, Nuwanbir 2012, ilul Maṭiyu ɣ 11 Cutanbir 2015, ilul Siru ɣ 10 Mars 2018. Itahl ntta d Anatonilla ɣ Yunyu 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2017/07/lionel-messi-wedding-childhood-sweetheart-antonela-roccuzzo-argentina-barcelona|title=Lionel Messi married his childhood sweetheart, and the photos are stunning|date=2017-07-01|work=For The Win|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> === Abuddu === Kiɣ ur itturar g ubaraz, ar iskar Missi akud i ubuddu. Iṣka Timrslt N Lyu MIssi ɣ 2007, awttas nns iga t ad tettaws i wazzann mẓẓiynin da illan ɣ isuras n imizi, rẓm daɣ yan upark i tazzanin nna illan ɣ yan usgnaf ɣ tmdint n Barcaluna, Ifk yan mlyun uṛu f ufirus n Kuṛuna ɣ Barcaluna. === Imukrisn n urgay === Ɣ Yunyu 2016, tnkḍ t tsnbḍayt f tknnaḍt n urgay, tfk as 21 n yirn g uɣzu, tettr as 2 id mlyun n Uṛu ɣ tfgurt.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36721892|title=Lionel Messi handed jail terms in Spain for tax frauds|date=6 July 2016|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ur jju ikcim Missi s uɣzu, ifsi umukris s ibḍi d usbdd n uzzgir. Inna i tsnbḍayt mas d ntta "ɣar ar itturar tawjja n uḍaṛ" yajj imukrisn n idrimn i babas, Xurxi Missi, ayann a f ur issin amya f tmntilt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36433061|title='I knew nothing', Messi tells court|date=2016-06-02|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Taɣarast d tnsmunin tinamunin == {{updated|23 June 2020}}''Ar ass n 23 Yunyu 2020'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Copa del Rey ! colspan="2" |Champions League ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |[[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]] |2003–04 |Tercera División |10 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |5 |- | rowspan="3" |Barcelona B |2003–04 | rowspan="2" |Segunda División B |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2004–05 |17 |6 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !22 !6 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !22 !6 |- | rowspan="17" |[[FC Barsaluna|Barcelona]] |2004–05 | rowspan="16" |La Liga |7 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |1 |- |2005–06 |17 |6 |2 |1 |6 |1 |0 |0 |25 |8 |- |2006–07 |26 |14 |2 |2 |5 |1 |3[lower-alpha 1] |0 |36 |17 |- |2007–08 |28 |10 |3 |0 |9 |6 | colspan="2" |— |40 |16 |- |2008–09 |31 |23 |8 |6 |12 |9 | colspan="2" |— |51 |38 |- |2009–10 |35 |34 |3 |1 |11 |8 |4[lower-alpha 2] |4 |53 |47 |- |2010–11 |33 |31 |7 |7 |13 |12 |2[lower-alpha 3] |3 |55 |53 |- |2011–12 |37 |50 |7 |3 |11 |14 |5[lower-alpha 4] |6 |60 |73 |- |2012–13 |32 |46 |5 |4 |11 |8 |2 |2 |50 |60 |- |2013–14 |31 |28 |6 |5 |7 |8 |2 |0 |46 |41 |- |2014–15 |38 |43 |6 |5 |13 |10 | colspan="2" |— |57 |58 |- |2015–16 |33 |26 |5 |5 |7 |6 |4[lower-alpha 5] |4 |49 |41 |- |2016–17 |34 |37 |7 |5 |9 |11 |2 |1 |52 |54 |- |2017–18 |36 |34 |6 |4 |10 |6 |2 |1 |54 |45 |- |2018–19 |34 |36 |5 |3 |10 |12 |1 |0 |50 |51 |- |2019–20 |26 |21 |2 |2 |6 |2 |1 |1 |35 |26 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !478 !440 !75 !53 !141 !114 !28 !22 !722 !629 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !510 !451 !75 !53 !141 !114 !28 !22 !754 !640 |} == Taɣarast tagraɣlant == {{updated|17 November 2020}}''Ar ass n 17 Nuwambir 2020'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Appearances and goals by national team, year and competition ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="2" |Competitive ! colspan="2" |Friendly ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="17" |Argentina<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/messi-intlg.html|title=Lionel Andrés Messi – Goals in International Matches|publisher=RSSSF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lionel Messi: Player Profile|publisher=ESPN FC|url=http://www.espnfc.com/player/45843/lionel-messi}}</ref> |2005 |3[lower-alpha 6] |0 |2 |0 |5 |0 |- |2006 |3[lower-alpha 7] |1 |4 |1 |7 |2 |- |2007 |10[lower-alpha 8] |4 |4 |2 |14 |6 |- |2008 |6[lower-alpha 6] |1 |2 |1 |8 |2 |- |2009 |8[lower-alpha 6] |1 |2 |2 |10 |3 |- |2010 |5[lower-alpha 7] |0 |5 |2 |10 |2 |- |2011 |8[lower-alpha 9] |2 |5 |2 |13 |4 |- |2012 |5[lower-alpha 6] |5 |4 |7 |9 |12 |- |2013 |5[lower-alpha 6] |3 |2 |3 |7 |6 |- |2014 |7[lower-alpha 7] |4 |7 |4 |14 |8 |- |2015 |6[lower-alpha 10] |1 |2 |3 |8 |4 |- |2016 |10[lower-alpha 11] |8 |1 |0 |11 |8 |- |2017 |5[lower-alpha 6] |4 |2 |0 |7 |4 |- |2018 |4[lower-alpha 7] |1 |1 |3 |5 |4 |- |2019 |6[lower-alpha 10] |1 |4 |4 |10 |5 |- |2020 |4[lower-alpha 6] |1 |0 |0 |4 |1 |- !Total !95 !37 !47 !34 !142 !71 |} <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Tismɣurin == === Asgraw === '''Barcaluna''' * La Liga: [[2004–05 La Liga|2004–05]], [[2005–06 La Liga|2005–06]], [[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]], [[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]], [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]], 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, [[2018–19 La Liga|2018–19]] * Akrwas n Ugllid: [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|2008–09]], [[2011–12 Copa del Rey|2011–12]], [[2014–15 Copa del Rey|2014–15]], [[2015–16 Copa del Rey|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Copa del Rey|2016–17]], [[2017–18 Copa del Rey|2017–18]], 2020-21 * Abrkas n Ṣbanya: [[2006 Supercopa de España|2006]], [[2009 Supercopa de España|2009]], [[2010 Supercopa de España|2010]], [[2011 Supercopa de España|2011]], [[2013 Supercopa de España|2013]], [[2016 Supercopa de España|2016]], [[2018 Supercopa de España|2018]] * Tmɣunt n Inbrazn n Urubba: [[2005–06 UEFA Champions League|2005–06]], [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|2008–09]], [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League|2010–11]], 2014–15 * Abrkas n Urubba: [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|2009]], [[2011 UEFA Super Cup|2011]], [[2015 UEFA Super Cup|2015]] * [[:en:FIFA_Club_World_Cup|Akrwas n Umaḍal n Isgrawn n FIFA]]: [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|2009]], [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup|2011]], [[2015 FIFA Club World Cup|2015]] === Agraɣlan === '''Aṛjuntina D20''' * FIFA Akrwas n Umaḍal D20 : 2005 '''taggayt Tawlibikt n Aṛjuntina''' * Iwlimbikn n Unbdu: 2008 '''taggayt Tamzwarut''' * Akrwas n Mirikan: 2021 * FIFA Akrwas n Umaḍal: [[Akrwas n umaḍal n tkurt 2022|2022]] === Timdanin === * Tawjja n Wurɣ: [[2009 Ballon d'Or|2009]], [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2010]], [[2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2011]], [[2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2012]], [[2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2015]], [[2019 Ballon d'Or|2019]], 2021<ref name="BdorRSSSF">{{Cite web|title=European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/europa-poy.html|publisher=The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="FIFA Ballon d'Or: History">{{Cite web|title=FIFA Ballon d'Or: History|url=https://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/history/index.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605073410/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/history/index.html|archive-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> * Tawjja Tawurɣit n Ukrwas n Umaḍal FIFA: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messi, Neuer Heralded as Brazil 2014's Best|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=7/news=messi-heralded-as-brazil-2014-s-best-2404615.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715211938/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=7/news=messi-heralded-as-brazil-2014-s-best-2404615.html|archive-date=2014-07-15}}</ref> * [[FIFA World Player of the Year|Amurar n Usggʷas FIFA]]: [[2009 FIFA World Player of the Year|2009]]<ref name="FIFA Ballon d'Or: History" /> * amafay FIFA n Imurarn Irgazn: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2019|2019]]<ref name="Messi FIFA2019">{{Cite web|title=The FIFA Football Awards Voting Results 2019|url=https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/final-results-the-best-fifa-football-awards-2019.pdf?cloudid=wgozggskvgbewa2vsxxy|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217043130/https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/final-results-the-best-fifa-football-awards-2019.pdf?cloudid=wgozggskvgbewa2vsxxy|archive-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> * [[European Golden Shoe|Aduku Awurɣi n Urubba]]: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19<ref name="Messi5thGoldenShoe">{{Cite web|title=Messi Wins Fifth Golden Shoe After Winning Pichichi Trophy|url=https://www.goal.com/en/amp/news/messi-set-for-fifth-golden-shoe-after-winning-pichichi/16zqsqe8e9tr3187k929hjiwpt|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> * Tawjja Tawurɣit n Ukrwas n Marikan: 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=BeIN Sports: Messi habría rechazado el MVP del torneo|url=http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2015/07/05/internacional/1436124524_550381.html|publisher=AS.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lionel Messi allegedly refuses best player award at Copa America as trophy removed from ceremony|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/babb/11720312/Lionel-Messi-allegedly-refuses-best-player-award-at-Copa-America-as-trophy-removed-from-ceremony.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Messi rechazó recoger el premio a MVP de la Copa América|url=http://www.marca.com/2015/07/05/futbol/copa-america/1436123341.html}}</ref> * Tasmɣurt n umurar amafay n usggʷas n irgazen UEFA: 2011, 2015 * Amurar n usgraw n usggʷas UEFA: 2009<ref name="Profile: Lionel Messi">{{Cite web|title=Profile: Lionel Messi|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=95803/profile/|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322200617/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=95803/profile/|archive-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> * Amakʷay n usgraw n usggʷas UEFA: 2009, 2019<ref name="Profile: Lionel Messi" /> * Amurar amafay n Laliga: [[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]], [[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]], [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]], [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]], 2014–15<ref name="Messi, Best Forward and Best Player">{{Cite web|title=Messi, Mejor Delantero y Mejor Jugador|url=https://www.ligabbva.com/liga-bbva/126953/messi-mejor-delantero-y-mejor-jugador-cristiano-jugador-mas-valioso/|publisher=Liga de Fútbol Profesional}}</ref><ref name="Lionel Messi, 2014–15 Liga BBVA Best Player">{{Cite web|title=Lionel Messi, 2014–15 Liga BBVA Best Player|url=http://www.laliga.es/en/noticias/lionel-messi-201415-liga-bbva-best-player|publisher=Liga de Fútbol Profesional}}</ref> * [[La Liga Awards#Winners|Amakʷay amafay n Laliga]]: [[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]], [[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]], [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]], [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]], 2014–15, 2015–16<ref name="Honours of a Genius: The Collector of Trophies" /><ref name="Messi, Best Forward and Best Player" /><ref name="Lionel Messi, 2014–15 Liga BBVA Best Player" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lionel Messi named Best Striker in La Liga Santander 2015–16|url=http://www.laliga.es/en/news/lionel-messi-named-best-striker-in-laliga-santander-201516|publisher=Liga de Fútbol Profesional}}</ref> * [[Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano|Akrwas n Alfridu Di Stifanu]] (Amurar amafay ɣ Ṣbanya): [[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]], [[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]], [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, [[2018–19 La Liga|2018–19]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The MARCA 2019 football awards: Messi collects sixth Pichichi|url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/spanish-football/2019/12/16/5df79e0d22601de02c8b462f.html}}</ref> * Tasmɣurt n Pitcitci: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messi equals Zarra's record with sixth Pichichi award|url=http://onefootball.com/en/news/messi-equals-zarras-record-with-sixth-pichichi-award-25698176?variable=20190703}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leo Messi wins his seventh Pichichi, a LaLiga record|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/1732775/leo-messi-wins-his-seventh-pichichi-a-laliga-record|publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> * FIFA Tawjja Tawurɣit n Ukrwas n Umaḍal n Is n FIFAgrawn: [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup#Awards|2009]], [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup#Awards|2011]]<ref name="FIFA Club World Cup: Awards">{{Cite web|title=FIFA Club World Cup: Awards|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/awards/goldenball.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407144625/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/awards/goldenball.html|archive-date=2015-04-07}}</ref> * Tawjja n Uẓrf n Ukrwas n Umaḍal n Isgrawn n FIFA: [[2015 FIFA Club World Cup#Awards|2015]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barcelona Trio Sweep Awards|url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=barcelona-trio-raumt-ab-2747108-2747184.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220152446/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=barcelona-trio-raumt-ab-2747108-2747184.html|archive-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> * Amurar Mi Akkʷ Yattuy Watig ɣ Tgira n Ukrwas n Umaḍal n Isgran FIFA: 2009, 2011<ref name="FIFA Club World Cup: Awards" /> * Tawjja Tawurɣit n Tbrza n Umaḍal n Iɛrrimn n FIFA: 2005<ref name="2005 FIFA World Youth Championship">{{Cite web|title=FIFA World Youth Championship Netherlands 2005|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/netherlands2005/index.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174600/https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/netherlands2005/index.html|archive-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> * Aduku Awurɣi n Tbrza n Umaḍal n Iɛrrimn n FIFA: 2005<ref name="2005 FIFA World Youth Championship" /> * Ameskar n Wurar amafay ɣ Umaḍal n IFFHS: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019<ref name="Former Results">{{Cite web|title=Former Results|url=http://iffhs.de/former-results/|publisher=IFFHS}}</ref> * World's Best Top Division Goal Scorer [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|IFFHS]]: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFFHS (International Federation of Football for History & Statistics|url=https://iffhs.de/posts/107}}</ref> * Amurar n Twjja n uḍaṛ Awṛjunti n Usggʷas: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019<ref name="Honours of a Genius: The Collector of Trophies" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Premios Olimpia 2015: La Judoca Paula Pareto se Llevó el Oro y los de Plata Fueron Para Messi, Marco Ruben, Andrés Nocioni y Adolfo Cambiaso|url=http://www.radionacional.com.ar/?p=88753|publisher=LRA Radio Nacional}}</ref> * [[Copa América records and statistics|Amurar Atrras amafay n Ukrwas n Marikan]]: [[2007 Copa América#Awards|2007]][50] * [[FIFPro#FIFPro Young Player of the Year, 2005–2008|Amurar Atrras Amaḍlan n Usggʷas FIFPro]] : 2006, 2007, 2008[50] * [[Afrux Awurɣi|Golden Boy]]: 2005[51] * [[FIFPro#FIFA FIFPro Men's World11|FIFA FIFPro World11]]: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020[50]<ref name="FIFPro and FIFA Present the 2015 World XI">{{Cite web|title=FIFPro and FIFA Present the 2015 World XI|url=http://www.fifpro.org/en/news/fifpro-and-fifa-present-the-2015-world-xi|publisher=FIFPro|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424013949/https://fifpro.org/en/news/fifpro-and-fifa-present-the-2015-world-xi|archive-date=2016-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Best named at FIFA Football Awards|url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/y=2017/m=1/news=the-best-named-at-fifa-football-awards-2862916.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520041520/http://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/y=2017/m=1/news=the-best-named-at-fifa-football-awards-2862916.html|archive-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FIFA FIFPro World11|url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/fifa-fifpro-world11/index.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414110958/http://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/fifa-fifpro-world11/index.html|archive-date=2018-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DE GEA, KANTE AND MBAPPE IN WORLD 11|url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/de-gea-kante-mbappe-in-world-11/en/|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911061411/https://fifpro.org/news/de-gea-kante-mbappe-in-world-11/en/|archive-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=VAN DIJK AMONG FOUR DEBUTANTS IN MEN'S WORLD 11|url=https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-2018-2019/en/|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924000410/https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-2018-2019/en/|archive-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11 of 2019-2020 - FIFPRO World Players' Union|url=https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/the-fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-of-2020|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217190342/https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/the-fifa-fifpro-men-s-world-11-of-2020|archive-date=2020-12-17}}</ref> * [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|IFFHS]] World Team of the Year: 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=IFFHS (International Federation of Football for History & Statistics|url=https://www.iffhs.de/posts/919}}</ref> * IFFHS Taggayt n Twargit n Tmrnawt 2011–2020<ref name=":1" /> * [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#IFFHS CONMEBOL Man Team of the Decade 2011–2020|IFFHS CONMEBOL Taggayt n Tmrawant]] 2011–2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFFHS MAN TEAM - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|url=https://www.iffhs.de/posts/921}}</ref> * [[UEFA Team of the Year|UEFA Taggayt n Usggʷas]] : [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2008|2008]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2009|2009]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2010|2010]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2011|2011]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2012|2012]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2014|2014]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2015|2015]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2016|2016]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2017|2017]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2018|2018]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2019|2019]], [[UEFA Team of the Year#Team of the Year 2020|2020]]<ref name="Profile: Lionel Messi" /><ref name="Team of the Year 2015: Lionel Messi">{{Cite web|title=Team of the Year 2015: Lionel Messi|url=http://en.toty.uefa.com/forwards.html?playerId=95803|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120011720/http://en.toty.uefa.com/forwards.html?playerId=95803|archive-date=2016-01-20}}</ref><ref name="UEFAtoty2017">{{Cite web|title=Facts and figures: UEFA.com Team of the Year 2017|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2528699.html#/facts+figures+uefa+team+year+2017|publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref name="UEFAtoty2018">{{Cite web|title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2018 revealed|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2589223.html|publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref name="UEFAtoty2019">{{Cite web|title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2019 revealed|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2637433.html|publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref name="UEFAtoty2020">{{Cite web|title=UEFA.com Fans' Teams of the Year 2020 announced|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0265-1160a803540f-283794ce2b95-1000--uefa-com-fans-teams-of-the-year-2020-announced/|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> * Taggayt n Twargit n Ukrwas n Umaḍal n FIFA: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dream Team Winners Earn Sony Prizes|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=7/news=dream-team-winners-earn-sony-prizes-2406063.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2023-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723205724/http://www.fifa.com//worldcup/news/y=2014/m=7/news=dream-team-winners-earn-sony-prizes-2406063.html|archive-date=2014-07-23}}</ref> * Taggayt n Twargit n Ukrwas n Marikan [[2007 Copa América|2007]], 2011, 2015, 2016<ref name="The Copa América 2011 Dream Team">{{Cite web|title=The Copa América 2011 Dream Team|url=http://www.ca2015.com/en/gallery/the-copa-america-2011-dream-team/t8bquapogxrw10j9h0aa6h9d7/slide/8|publisher=Copa America Organisation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Copa América 2015: Team of the Tournament|url=http://www.ca2015.com/en/gallery/copa-america-2015---team-of-the-tournament/1nqqmzngdosa911z9l2g8k8317/slide/9|publisher=Copa América Organisation}}</ref> * Tawjja n Wurɣ n Taggayt n Twargit: 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ballon d'Or Dream Team : Découvrez les révélations de ce onze de légende !|url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Ballon-d-or-dream-team-decouvrez-les-revelations-de-ce-onze-de-legende/1205748}}</ref> <references group="lower-greek" responsive="1"></references> == islkmn n bṛṛa == {{Isitn n umyawaḍ inamunn | fisbuk = LeoMessi | ttwitr = fundacionmessi | instagram = leomessi | kyuṛa = Lionel-Messi-football-player | yutyub = UCmkNr8WQC7zAC5TnYDI0wQw}} == Tisaɣulin == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Taggayt:Tawjja n Uḍaṛ]] [[Taggayt:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 1mfrirz9qdyb1gskjyc90r1l6pu5vd6 0 5040 78856 69793 2026-09-28T00:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frisk n Vangrug ('''s [[Tutlayt Talimant|tlimant]]: Wangerooge''')''' tga yat tntala n [[Frisk n lqblt]], kkan ttin ar tt sawaln ɣ ammas n tgzirt n Wangerooge.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dammel|first1=Antje|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITlyDwAAQBAJ|title=Reorganising Grammatical Variation: Diachronic studies in the retention, redistribution and refunctionalisation of linguistic variants|last2=Eitelmann|first2=Matthias|last3=Schmuck|first3=Mirjam|date=2018-10-15|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-6342-1|pages=27–50|language=en}}</ref>Tg ula yat ɣ tntalatin n umun n tntalatin Weser lli ɣ tkcm tin Wangerooge d tin Wursten lli immutn ula nttat.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|date=2019-02-07|title=Saterlandic, Part 2: Is Saterfrisian Endangered?|url=https://languagedeath.com/2019/02/07/what-is-saterfrisian-part-2-is-saterfrisian-endangered/|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329030352/https://languagedeath.com/2019/02/07/what-is-saterfrisian-part-2-is-saterfrisian-endangered/|archive-date=2023-03-29}}</ref> Immut umsiwl amggaru ns ɣ asggʷas n 1953. == Ẓr uggar == * [[Frisk]] * [[Frisk n lqblt]] == Tisaɣulin == [[Taggayt:Tutlayt]] [[Taggayt:Tutlayin]] [[Taggayt:Uruppa]] 7iwwnrixp6ycs8sy7xmpakm92vt3raw 0 5537 78863 72399 2026-09-28T00:51:19Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|en=Moha Ennaji}} Iga '''Muḥa Nnaji''' (s tɛṛabt: موحى الناجي) yan [[Amsnils|umsnils]] amɣribi, d yan umara, amzɣan asrtan, d umɣnas ɣ wamun uɣrim. Iga aslmad amsdaw ɣ tzuni n Tutlayt d Tskla Tinglizt ɣ [[Tasdawit n Sidi Bn Ɛbdllah|Tsdawit n Sidi Bn Ɛbdllah]] ɣ [[Fas]] da ɣ ixdm uggar n 30 n usggʷas. Ɣ iggi n tẓrigin nns ɣ tsnislt, yura f [[tutlayt]], [[asgmi]], [[tamzwagt]], [[tasrtit]] d usartu, ig amara nɣ amẓṛag n wuggar n 20 n udlis. Isawl urzzu da iskr Nnaji ɣ Usinag n Ugmuḍ Anammas f isqsitn n usartu, tutlayt d tmzwagt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma|title=Moha Ennaji|publisher=Middle East Institute|access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> Zg tmrawt tis tamt n tasut izrin, ar iswuruy Nnaji f usudr n tutlayt tamaziɣt ɣ Lmɣrib d waray n izrfan n ufgan, slawant akkʷ izrfan n tmɣarin ɣ tmnaḍt n Ugmuḍ anammas d Tfriqt n Ugafa. Iswuri ɣ yigran yaḍnin, zun d tasnilst Taɛṛabt d tsnislt tamaziɣt d tasnamunt n tutalyt. Babas d Mas n Nnaji s sin itsn gan imssiwln s tmaziɣt. Dars sa n aytmas d istmas. Lliɣ lkmn ixfdda awtay n tinml, ɣtsn ayt darsn ad mmattin zɣ usun n Timulilt s tmdint yaẓn n Bni Mllal. Ilul Muḥa Nnaji ɣ [[Timulilt]] ɣ [[Waṭlas Anammas]] ɣ 1 Yanayr 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma/|access-date=2022-07-13}}</ref> Iɣra ɣ tinml tamnzut n Timulilt gr 1962 d 1965, yamẓ ilmma aslkin nns. Ismd tiɣri nns n uswir asinan ɣ usinan n usmdi Ibn Sina ɣ Bni Mllal. == Tiẓrigin == * '' Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco ''(2005). New York: Springer * ''Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region'' (ed.), IJSL Issue 190. 2008. Mouton de Gruyter * Co-author, ''Migration and Gender in Morocco'' (2008). Co-authored. Renton, NJ: Red Sea Press * ''Multiculturalisme et démocratie dans le monde musulman'' (ed.), (2010), Fès : Imagerie Pub. * Co-edited ''Women in the Middle East and North Africa.''(2010) London: Routledge * ''Gender and Violence in the Middle East''. Co-edited (2011) London: Routledge '''Idlisn''' '''Idlisn da yura:''' * L'olivier de la sagesse (2017), Paris: Karthala. * Muslim Moroccan Migrants in Europe (2014):. * Langue, Gender and Migration (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi) (2008). Trenton:. * Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco (2005). New York: Springer. * A Grammar of Moroccan Arabic (2004a). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with A. Makhoukh, H. Es-saiydy, M. Moubtassime, S. Slaoui. * A Grammar of Amazigh (Berber) (2004b). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with Fatima Sadiqi). * Applications of Modern Linguistics (1994), in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient. * Introduction to Modern Linguistics (1992), in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient. * Contrastive Analysis (1985), Wurzburg: Konigshausen & Neumann. '''Idlisn mi iga amẓṛag''' * New Horizons of Muslim Diaspora in North America and Europe (2016), New York: Palgrave. * Moroccan Feminisms (2016), Trenton: Africa World Press (co-edited). * Minorities, Women, and the State in North Africa (2015), Trenton; Red Sea Press. * Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa (2014), London: Routledge. * La Langue Amazighe dans l’Education et les Médias. Fès : Publications of the CSN.(2013) * Gender and Violence in the Middle East. London: Routledge (2011) * Women in the Middle East and North Africa : Agents of Change. London: Routledge (2010). Edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi * Modern Trends in Arabic Dialectology, in collaboration with M. Embarki. (2010). Red Sea Press. * Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat : Ircam Publications (2009) . * Women Writing Africa : The Northern Region (2009), in collaboration with F. Sadiqi, A. Noaira, A. Elkholy. New York: The Feminist Press (2009). * Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat. Publication de l’IRCAM.(2008) * Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (2008). Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language No 190, The Hague, Mouton de Gruyter. * La Culture Amazighe et le Développement Humain (2007). Fès : University of Fès Publications. * Femmes et Education (2007), edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi. University of Fes publications * La Culture Populaire et les Défis de la Mondialisation. (2008). Rabat : Publication of IRCAM. * Aspects of Amazigh (Berber) Linguistics (2007). Special Issue of Languages and Linguistics. Issue 20. * Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine.(2006). Fès : University of Fès P * Publications * Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications. * Linguistic Studies and Language Teaching (ed.) (2003). Issue 12 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’. * Issues in Arabic Phonetics and Language Learning (ed) (2001). Issue 7 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’. * Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories (ed). (2000). Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès. * Elements of Arabic Linguistics (ed) (1999). Issue 4 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’. * Berber Sociolinguistics (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, The Hague, Mouton, 1997 * Sociolinguistics in Morocco (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language112, The Hague:Mouton, 1995. * Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, The Hague: Mouton, 1991. * Linguistics and English Literature at Maghreb Universities (ed). (1998. Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès * Comparative Linguistics (ed). (1998). Issue 1 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’. === Imnnitn d imarrn f tɣuriwin n usartu d wamun uɣrim === * Women and Political Participation in Morocco and North African States. Chapter published in Gender and Power, Edited by Mino Vianello and Mary Hawkesworth, pages 35–52. New York:Palgrave. 2016. * Recruitment of Foreign Male and Female Fighters to Jihad. In International Review of Sociology. Vol. 26, Number 3. November 2016, pp.&nbsp;546–557. * Women, Gender, and Politics in Morocco. In Social Sciences. Vol 5, Number 75. November 2016, pp.&nbsp;2–8. * Violence Against Underage Domestic Girls in Morocco, In Salhi, Z. (Ed.). Gender and Violence in Muslim Societies. London: I.B.Tauris. 2013. Pages: 132-160 * Arab Women’s Unfinished Revolution. The Project Syndicate. 2013. * “Women’s Activism and the New Family Code Reforms in Morocco” The IUP Journal of History and Culture, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 2012, pp.&nbsp;52–70 * Ennaji, M. (2012). Media and Moroccan Migrants. Journal of New Media Studies at MENA. Issue 1: 9-21. * Ennaji, M. (2012). Undocumented Labor Migration from Morocco to Europe: An African Perspective. In Okome, M.O. and Vaughan, O. (Eds.). Transnational Africa and Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. * The Modern Islamists of the Maghreb. The Project Syndicate. 2012. * Ennaji, M. (2010). Moroccan Migrants in Europe and Islamophobia. In Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Vol.30, No 1: 14-20. * Ennaji, M. (2010). Migration marocaine et co-développement à l’heure de la crise financière. In Migration, Droits de l’Homme et Développement. Coordination : M. Lahlou & M. Zouiten. Rabat: Faculté de Droit, Souissi. Pages 197-209. * Reform without Regime Change. Common Ground News. 2010 * Civil Society Transforms Morocco. Common Ground News. 2010. * “Multilinguisme, Genre et Participation Politique au Maroc. », in Diogène No 225, pages 56–69. 2009. * “Multilingualism, Citizenship and Berber Education” (2009). Mediterranean Journal of Education Studies. * “Women’s NGOs and Social Change in Morocco”, in Women in the Middle East and North Africa, Edited by F.Sadiqi and M. Ennaji (2010). London: Routledge. * “Steps to the Integration of Moroccan Women in Development” (2008). In The British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35:3, 339-348 * “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. * “ Women’s Activism, Social Change and the Feminization of Public Space in Morocco” in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi (in JMEWS, Vol 2, No 2: 86-114, 2006) * “Social Policy in Morocco : A Historical and Analytical Approach” (2006). In V.Moghadam and Massoud, K. (Editors). Social Policy in the Middle East. London: Palgrave. * “Women’s NGOs and Civil Society in Morocco”(2006). In Femmes Méditerranéennes et leurs Droits (F.Sadiqi, Editor). Fès : Publications of the University of Fès. Pages :81-92. * « La Femme Marocaine et la Mondialisation, in L’Europe : Une Chance pour la Femme Musulmane ? », La Pensée et les hommes, (2004), pp.&nbsp;57–74. * “Women and Development in Morocco”. Mediterranean Women, F. Sadiqi (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications. * “Civil Society, Gender and Social Cohesion”. In M. Ennaji (ed), Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (2004b). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications. * “Human Rights and Cultural Relativism in North Africa”. Dahesh Voice, (2006). * “ What Role Can English Departments Play in their Socio-economic Environment?”(1998). In Linguistics and English Literature in Maghreb Universities, pp.&nbsp;235–240. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters. * "The Moroccan University: Is there an alternative?" in Interdisciplinarity and the University, publications of the Faculty of Letters, Rabat,1997 * "The Role of Education in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb", in Proceedings of the 9th Mate Conference, Agadir 1989c. === Imnnitn d imarrn f tsnmunilst === * “Urbanization and Changes in Arabic: The Case of Casablanca. In David Singleton, Joshua A. Fishman, Larissa Aronin & Muiris Ó Laoire (Eds.). Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation (2013). * « Berber in Contact with Maghrebi Colloquial Arabic : A Case of Language Revitalization.” In Languages and Linguistics (2013), 32: 39-58. * “Language and Nationalism in Morocco” (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). (2008). * “Arabic Sociolinguistics and Cultural Diversity in Morocco” (2008). * “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. * “Amazigh Language: Facts and Prospects”, (2006). In a Fetscherift to Dean Mohamed Chad. Fès: Publications of the University of Fès. * “Multilinguisme et Genre au Maroc” (2004a). In Languages and Linguistics 14: 105-119. * “Standardisation du Lexique Amazighe : Le Cas des Néologismes” (2004b). In Standardisation de l’Amazighe. * “Attitudes to Berber and Tifinagh Script” (2003a). * “Reflections on Arabisation and Education in Morocco (2003b). * “Berber Language and the Consolidation of Democracy” (2003c) (in Arabic). * “Education et Langues Maternelles: l’Exemple de l’Amazighe” (2003d), In Proceedings of the Conference by Fondation BMCE, 17 juin 2003, pp.&nbsp;91–100. * “L’Amazigh Composante Incontournable de la Culture Marocaine” (2003e). Edition du Samedi, 15 November 2003 * “Language Contact, Arabization Policy and Education in Morocco” (2002a). * “ Comment on Hudson’s Outline of a Theory of Diglossia” (2002b). * “ Arabisation (2002c). In Francophone Studies. Edited by Margaret A. Majumdar (2002), 14. London: Arnold. * “ On the Main Differences between Standard and Moroccan Arabic Complex Sentences" (2002d). In Aspects of the Dialects of Arabic Today. Edited by Abderrahim Youssi et al. Rabat: Amapatril. * “Writing Berber: Towards a Unified Orthography” (2002e). * “North Africa” (2002f). In Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History (2002f). Edited by Zeleza, P. (2002). London: Routledge. * “De la Diglossie à la Quadriglossie". In Languages and Linguistics (2001) 8: 49-64. * “On Preserving Arabic and Berber Oral Tradition in North Africa” (2000). In Languages and Linguistics 6, 79-87. * “Language and Ethnic Identity, The Arab World (Maghreb and Near East) (1999a). In Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, ed. By Joshua, A. Fishman, 382-395, Oxford: Oxford University Press. * “Language and Ideology: Evidence from Media Discourse in Morocco” (1999b). In Social Dynamics Vol. 25, No. 1: 150-161. * “The Sociology of Berber: Change and Continuity” (1997). In Berber Sociolinguistics. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, 23-40. * “Arabic Varieties in North Africa” (1998). In Notes and Records 7: 10. Cape Town: CASAS Publications. * “A Syntactico-semantic study of the Language of News in Morocco” (1995). In Sociolinguistics in Morocco. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 112, 97-111. * “On the Differences between American and British English”(1992). In * “ Aspects of Multilingualism in the Maghreb” (1991). In Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, 7-25. * “ An Evaluative Report on the ELT Objectives at the University : A Focus on the Learner” (1990)., in The Proceedings of the XIth MATE Conference on English Language Teaching in the Maghreb: Current Issues in Evaluation, pp:29-42. * “On Fishman’s Language Planning Policies” (1989). In Revue de la Faculté des Lettres 10:85-92. * “Language Planning in Morocco and Changes in Arabic” (1988a). In International Journal of the Sociology of Language 74: 9-39. * "The Impact of Nationalism and Nationism on the Languages in Contact in Morocco" (1988b), in Langues et Littératues VI: 37-48. === Imnnitn f tlɣasnayt === * “La Structure Morphologique du Causatif en Amazigh” (2005). In La Structure Morpologique de l’Amazigh. Edited by Ameur, M. et al. Rabat : Ircam publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ircam.ma/fr/index.php?soc=centre&centr=3&rd=5|title=Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe|access-date=2024-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101162201/http://www.ircam.ma/fr/index.php?soc=centre&centr=3&rd=5|archive-date=2014-01-01}}</ref> * “The Structure of Clitics in Berber” (2003). In Languages and Linguistics 11: 71-82. * “Clitics in Berber” (2002a) (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics 10: 97-116. * “The Construct State in Berber” (2001), in Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol 31, No 2: 55-72. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Publication. * “Negation, Tense and the Licensing of N-Words in Standard Arabic (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics (1999) 4:19-44. * “Aspects of Cliticization in Arabic” (2000). In Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories, pp.&nbsp;119–151. Edited by M. Ennaji. * “The Construct State in Arabic and Berber” (1998). In The Proceedings of the First Chamito-semitic Conference, pp.&nbsp;121–134. * “Pronominal Elements and Binding” (1997). In Voisinage, pp.&nbsp;247–266. Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication. * “Pronouns vs. Clitics” (1995).. In Etudes Linguistiques, Revue de la Faculté des Lettres, Fès, pp.&nbsp;37–52. Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication. * “AGR and Clitics : The Morpho-Syntax Interface, ms. Faculty of Letters, Fès. * "A Copulative Approach to Verbless Sentences in Moroccan Arabic" (1990), in La Linguistique au Maghreb, edited by J. Pleines, Rabat: Okad,. * "WH-Questions and Focus in Tamazight" (1989), in Linguistica Communicatio 1:17-30. * “Analyse des Questions-ma en Tamazight”, (1989), in Maknasat 3: 43-53. * "Non-Verbal Predicates in Moroccan Arabic"(1988), in Proceedings of the First International Conference of the Linguistic Society of Morocco. Rabat: Editions Okad. * "The Syntax of Free Relatives in English, Moroccan Arabic and Berber"(1986a), in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters, pp.&nbsp;8:87-94 * "The Syntax of Cleft Sentences in Berber" (1986b), in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi, Studies of Language 10,1. === Imnnitn ɣf usslmd n tutlayin === * “On the Teaching of Amazigh Language”, (2006). In Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine (M. Ennaji, Editor). Fès: University of Fès Publications. * “Teaching Human Rights in the Classroom” (2004). * “The Role of Technology as a Teaching Material.” (2002). * "Reinforcing Communicative Writing"(1994), in Proceedings of the National ELT Symposium, pp.&nbsp;95–100. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters ... * "On Fishman's Language Planning Policies", in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres de Fès 10, 1989b. * "The Role of Linguistics in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb", * "Towards a Moroccan Model of English Language Teaching" (1988), * "Strategies and Techniques for Scoring compositions" (1987). * “The Relevance of Contrastive Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching” (1986). == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Imsnilsn]] [[Taggayt:Mddn ddrnin]] [[Taggayt:Imassann n tmaziɣt]] 9zwm6dcei9ja9k9dd1qeh53hqwngh9f 0 5589 78869 77515 2026-09-28T01:25:49Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tga '''Ṛuẓilla Ayan''' yat tmurart tazzulant n twjja n uḍaṛ, da tetturar am tmakʷayt i usgraw n Ṭuṭnham Huṭsbur ɣ Tabrbrza n Tmɣarin d taggayt tanamurt n Lmɣrib. Ɣ uswir agraɣlan, tgza Ayan Ingliz ddaw 17 d 19 dat n wad tmmatti s trabbut n Lmɣrib.<ref name="Soccerway profile">{{cite news|title=Rosella Ayane profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rosella-ayane/212842/|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Soccerway|date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Chelsea profile">{{cite news|title=Rosella Ayane profile|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/teams/chelsea-ladies/player-profiles/rosella-ayane.html|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Chelsea L.F.C.|date=16 October 2016}}</ref> == Timẓi nns == Tlul ɣ [[:en:Reading,_Berkshire|Ridin]], babas iga amɣribi, tg innas taskutlandt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/sport/19388356.reading-born-rosella-ayane-shines-morocco-debut/|title=Reading born Rosella Ayane shines on Morocco debut}}</ref> Tɣra Ayan ɣ [[tinml n Maydn Irlig]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Reading born Rosella Ayane shines on Morocco debut|url=https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/sport/19388356.reading-born-rosella-ayane-shines-morocco-debut/|website=readingchronicle.co.uk/|publisher=Reading Chronicle|access-date=22 November 2022|date=21 June 2021}}</ref> == Tudrt tazzulant d isgrawn == === Tcilsi === Tssnta Ayan tudrt nns tazzulant d Tcilsi ḍaṛat n uzray ɣ Wammas n Unuflay n usgraw. Tbda ɣ ungraw n iɛrrimn, tamu ɣ Tcilsi Ddu 17 nna yiwin tayuga n tmɣunt d ukrwas.<ref name="Chelsea profile" /> Turar tamnyugart nns tamzwarut ɣ Ɣuct n 2013 mgal Dunkastr Rufrs Bilz; tnnru Tcilsi.<ref name="Soccerway profile" /> Ḍfuṛn ilmma kṛaḍ infalaln yaḍnin mgal Ifirṭun, Bristul Siti d Nuts Kawnti dat n wad tettyusta afad ad tamu ɣ trabbut n Tcilsi ɣ [[Tabrza Tagraɣlant n Isgrawn n Tmɣarin 2013|Tbrza Tagraɣlant n Isgrawn n Tmɣarin 2013]], turar snat tkkal, tg Tcilsi tis snat ɣ umzizwr ad.<ref name="Soccerway profile" /><ref name="Chelsea profile" /> Ɣ 30 Ɣuct, tsswa Ayan kkuẓt tmsswitin mgal Lundun Biz ɣ [[Tmɣunt Tanuflayt n Tmɣarin]] (FA WSL) ɣ yan unmala ɣ tnra Tcilsi s 8-0.<ref name="London Bees goals">{{cite news|title=Ladies report: Chelsea 8 London Bees 0|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2015/08/ladies-report--chelsea-v-london-bees.html|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Chelsea L.F.C.|date=30 August 2015}}</ref> ==== Izmaz n uṛṭṭal ==== Ḍaṛat n kkuẓ infalan da tskr ɣ imzizwarn akkʷ d Tcilsi ɣ 2014, tettyuṛḍal Ayan ɣ 2015 i Milwal; taggayt da f tsswa snat tmsswitin d Tcilsi ɣ [[Akrwas n Tmɣunt Tanuflayt n Tmɣarin|Ukrwas n Tmɣunt Tanuflayt n Tmɣarin]] ɣ 2015.<ref name="Soccerway profile" /><ref name="London Bees goals2">{{cite news|title=Ladies report: Chelsea 8 London Bees 0|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2015/08/ladies-report--chelsea-v-london-bees.html|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Chelsea L.F.C.|date=30 August 2015}}</ref> Dffir n kra n yirn d Milwal, taɣul s asgraw nns amzwaru. Ɣ 2016, tettyurḍal daɣ i Bristul Siti nna d tnfalal tẓat tkkal, tsswu kṛaḍt tmsswitin ɣ imzizwar akkʷ dat n wad turri s Tcilsi acku yugi umssanun n Bristul ad issiɣzif aṛṭṭal nns.<ref name="Joins Bristol C2">{{cite news|title=Rosella Ayane joins the Vixens on loan from Chelsea Ladies|url=http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_joins_the_vixens_on_loan_from_chelsea_ladies.html#OuSA6Z6evqRCU2Vg.97|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Bristol City W.F.C.|date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224301/http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_joins_the_vixens_on_loan_from_chelsea_ladies.html#OuSA6Z6evqRCU2Vg.97|archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Leaves Bristol C2">{{cite news|title=Rosella Ayane returns to Chelsea|url=http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_returns_to_chelsea.html#HiUQ95UXmwdKFKfd.97|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Bristol City W.F.C.|date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205843/http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_returns_to_chelsea.html#HiUQ95UXmwdKFKfd.97|archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> Ḍaṛat n wufuɣ nns zɣ Bristul, tettyuṛḍal daɣ i Ifirṭun lli rad ig asgraw nns wis kkuẓ.<ref name="Joins Everton2">{{cite news|title=Everton Ladies sign Chelsea's Rosella Ayane and Arsenal's Chloe Kelly|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36677524|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2016}}</ref> Tsswa timsswit nns tamzwarut d Ifirṭun ɣ 17 Yulyu ɣ tmnyugart ɣ nnran s 3–0 mgal Yuvil Tawn.<ref name="Yeovil goal2">{{cite news|title=Everton 3-0 Yeovil Town|url=http://everton.fawsl.com/matchesReport/everton_ladies_fc_v_yeovil_town_ladies_fc_17_july_2016_report.html#pcsI4sFZbbvXYKy0.97|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Everton L.F.C.|date=17 July 2016}}</ref> == Tudrt tazzulant tagraɣlant == Turar Ayan d Nngliz Ddaw 17 ula Ddaw 17. Gr 2011 d 2012, tskr smmus infalaln, tsswu yat tmsswit (mgal Finalnda). Acku babas iga Amɣribi, tmil ad tgzi Lmɣrib, tssnta dids ɣ Yunyu 2021, tsswu dffir n ukccum nns s tusdidt ɣ tmnyugart ɣ innra Lmɣrib s 3–0 mgal Mali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/sport/19388356.reading-born-rosella-ayane-shines-morocco-debut/|title=Reading born Rosella Ayane shines on Morocco debut|newspaper=[[Reading Chronicle]]|date=21 June 2022}}</ref> Druɣ yadlli ad tsti Skuṭlanda, s ugzzum, acku tssitm mas ad tamu, tg tagmamt ɣ taggayt Taskuṭlandt. Ɣ 2022, tdra Ayan ɣ Ukrwas n Tfriqt n Tmttiwin i Tmɣarin nna isnmala Lmɣrib. Tssnta timyugarin s sḍiṣt sɣ tuddma, tsswu snat tmsswitin, yat zgitsnt ɣ tmnyugart n tgira. Trẓa taggayt n Lmɣrib s 2–1, tg tis snat ɣ umzizwr ɣ umnid n [[Tafriqt n Unẓul|Tfriqt n Unẓul]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=CAFOnline.com|url=https://www.cafonline.com/totalenergies-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/matches/2314784/|access-date=2023-02-18|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en}}</ref> === Asgraw === {{updated|match played 16 December 2023}}.<ref name="Soccerway profile"/><ref name="CFA profile">{{cite news|title=Rosella Ayane profile|url=http://backend.cfa.com.cy/Gr/players/3340627/207056|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Cyprus Football Association|date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003757/http://backend.cfa.com.cy/Gr/players/3340627/207056|archive-date=13 November 2017}}</ref>''Ar ass n 16 Dujanbir 2023''<ref name="Soccerway profile" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+'''Infalaln d tmsswitin s usgraw, annaz d umzizwr''' ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Akrwas Anamur ! colspan="2" |Akrwas n Tmɣunt ! colspan="2" |Amnẓaw ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Chelsea |2013 |Women's Super League |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |6 |1 |- |2014 |Women's Super League |2 |0 |0 |0 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |2 |- |2015 |Women's Super League |0 |0 |0 |0 |3 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |4 |- |2016 |Women's Super League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !6 !1 !0 !0 !5 !6 !1 !0 !2 !0 !14 !7 |- | rowspan="1" |Bristol City (loan) |2016 |Women's Super League 2 |8 |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |3 |- | rowspan="1" |Everton (loan) |2016 |Women's Super League 2 |12 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- | rowspan="1" |Apollon Limassol |2017–18 | rowspan="1" |First Division |15 |14 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UWCL" /> |5 | colspan="2" |— |19 |19 |- | rowspan="1" |Bristol City |2018–19 |Women's Super League |15 |1 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |1 |- | rowspan="6" |Tottenham Hotspur |2019–20 |Women's Super League |11 |0 |2 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |1 |- |2020–21 |Women's Super League |19 |1 |3 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |2 |- |2021–22 |Women's Super League |17 |1 |1 |0 |4 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |4 |- |2022–23 |Women's Super League |19 |1 |2 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |2 |- |2023–24 |Women's Super League |7 |0 |0 |0 |3 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |tamuttrt !73 !3 !8 !0 !16 !8 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !97 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |tamuttrt tazzulant !129 !23 !9 !0 !25 !14 !5 !5 !2 !0 !170 !42 |} === Agraɣlan === {{updated|match played 31 October 2023}}''Ar 31 Kṭubr 2013'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by national team and year !National Team !Year !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Morocco |2021 |3 |1 |- |2022 |12 |6 |- |2023 |15 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !30 !10 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Rosella Ayane ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref. |- | align="center" |1 |10 June 2021 |Stade Moulay Hassan, [[Rrbaṭ|Rabat]], Morocco | Mali | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mazouz|first1=Salah Eddine|title=Women's Football: Morocco Crushes Mali 3-0|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/06/342841/womens-football-morocco-crushes-mali-3-0}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2 |22 February 2022 |Hibernians Stadium, Paola, Malta | Moldova | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2022 Malta International Women's Football Tournament |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moldova a cedat în fața Marocului|url=https://fmf.md/noutate/4650/fotbal-feminin-moldova-a-cedat-in-fata-marocului}}</ref> |- | align="center" |3 |7 April 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Morocco vs Gambia - 2022-04-08 - FIFA Friendlies|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2022-04-08/morocco-vs-gambia/2674487/}}</ref> |Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rrbaṭ|Rabat]], Morocco | Gambia | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |6–1 |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web|title=المنتخب الوطني النسوي يفوز على نظيره الجامبي بستة أهداف لهدف – FRMF|url=https://site.frmf.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b2-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%a7-2/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" |12 April 2022 | rowspan="2" |Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rrbaṭ|Rabat]], Morocco | rowspan="2" | Ghana | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |Friendly | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=المنتخب الوطني النسوي يفوز على نظيره الغاني بهدفين لصفر – FRMF|url=https://site.frmf.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b2-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%a7-3/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |6 |5 July 2022 |Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rrbaṭ|Rabat]], Morocco | Uganda | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 | rowspan="2" |2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda vs. Morocco - 5 July 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://my.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/05/africa/caf-championship--wc-qualifying-africa/uganda/morocco/3784765/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |7 |22 July 2022 |Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rrbaṭ|Rabat]], Morocco | South Africa | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |1–2 |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Morocco vs. South Africa - 23 July 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://my.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/23/africa/caf-championship--wc-qualifying-africa/morocco/south-africa/3785096/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |8 |17 February 2023 |Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Antalya, Turkey | Slovakia | style="text-align:center" |1–0 | style="text-align:center" |3–0 |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web|title=المنتخب الوطني لكرة القدم النسوية يفوز على سلوفاكيا – FRMF|url=https://site.frmf.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%88-13/}}</ref> |- | align="center" |9 |21 February 2023 |Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Antalya, Turkey | Bosnia and Herzegovina | style="text-align:center" |1–0 | style="text-align:center" |2–0 |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bosnia & Herzegovina - Morocco 0:2|url=https://www.flashscore.com/match/lr4K5drt/#/match-summary/match-summary}}</ref> |- | align="center" |10 |27 September 2023 |Stade Moulay Hassan, Rabat, Morocco | Zambia | align="center" |2–6 | align="center" |2–6 |Friendly |<ref>{{Cite web|last1=ZamFoot|title=Morocco 2-6 Zambia as it happned – Hatrick each for Kundananji, Barbra Banda - ZamFoot|url=https://zambianfootball.co.zm/live-morocco-v-zambia-barbra-banda-kundananji-starts/,%20https://zambianfootball.co.zm/live-morocco-v-zambia-barbra-banda-kundananji-starts/}}</ref> |} == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Taggayt:Timurarin n Twjja n Uḍaṛ]] [[Taggayt:Timurarin n Tufrint Tanamurt TAmɣribit]] [[Taggayt:Timurarin Timɣribiyin]] slt9tejtgdqqd9981k9epyzyzjyzcoq 0 9534 78859 70942 2026-09-28T00:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Iga '''Jan-Mari Dali''' (21 Nuwambir, 1909–3 Ɣuct, 1972)<ref>{{Cite web|title=BnF Catalogue général|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120017327|website=bnf.fr|access-date=2023-04-27}}.</ref> yan ɣ Imarawn Umliln (Les pères blancs) ig amsnils amẓlay ɣ tzrawin timaziɣin, d [[tutlayt Taqbaylit]] s wudm iẓlin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chretiensdelamediterranee.com/livre/jacques-lanfry/|website=chretiensdelamediterranee.com|access-date=2023-04-29|title=Jacques Lanfry : Un lion, l’Église et l’Islam|quote=Il a mené avec un autre Père Blanc, Jean-Marie Dallet (1909-1972), des travaux titanesques dans les domaines de la linguistique et de la connaissance du peuple berbère, accumulant des connaissances aux confins de la sociologie et de l’ethnographie, travaux qui seront reconnus dans les milieux universitaires en Algérie et en France, puis honorés par un hommage à l’INALCO en 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429112341/https://www.chretiensdelamediterranee.com/livre/jacques-lanfry/|archive-date=2023-04-29}}</ref> Iga Jan-Mari ggu [[Kantal]], iswuri ɣ Tbrkit (diocèse) n [[Anji]] dat ad imun d [[Jak Lanfry]] ɣ [[Larbɛa n Ayt Iratn]] ɣ 1934, ikk gis aylli d iɣaman ɣ tudrt nns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Horitzo/article/download/411831/506776|website=www.raco.cat|access-date=2023-04-29|title=LE DIALOGUE ISLAMO-CHRÉTIEN À L’ÉCOLE DES PÈRES BLANCS|quote=Originaire du Cantal, passé par la diocèse d’Angers avant d’entrer chez les Pères Blancs, Jean-Marie Dallet rejoint Jacques Lanfry à Aït-Larbaa en 1934. Enthousiasmé par l’apprentissage de la langue kabyle, il devient la cheville ouvrière du Fichier de Documentation Berbère qu’il dirige jusqu’à sa mort soudaine en 1972. La disparition brutale de Jean-Marie Dallet interrompt aussi son minutieux travail de composition d’un Lexique de langue kabyle qui aboutit cependant en 1982 grace un effort collectif auquel participe activement Jacques Lanfry. Salué par les universitaires et les linguistes, ce Dictionnaire porte significativement le surmon de “Dallet”..}}</ref> Ibayn d dars yan usmkl i tutlayin d tdlsa timaziɣin zikk, issnti tiɣri n [[tutlayt Taqbaylit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.depechedekabylie.com/culture/22865-une-vie-vouee-aux-etudes-berberes/|website=www.depechedekabylie.com|access-date=2023-04-29|title=Une vie vouée aux études berbères|quote=Travailleur inlassable, homme d’une grande moralité, Jacques Lanfry, autant que Dallet et Henri Genevois, a rendu un énorme service à la culture berbère, ses œuvres : Ghef Unejme n taddart (L’assemblée du village, 1959), L’entraide au village kabyle, 1945, Taqsit n sidi M’hend u Seâdan,1947, et bien d’autres, sont un réservoir immense où les jeunes berbérisants peuvent puiser des informations très utiles.}}</ref> Zɣ 1946 ar lliɣ tamttant nns ɣ 1972, isnar wan umnhal n ''Ufaylu n untam amaziɣ'' lli igan yan uɣmis azmzan amẓlay nna ittnawaln tizrawin Timaziɣin.<ref>{{cite book|date=1982|title=Dictionnaire Francais-Kabyle, Parler Des at Mangellat (Algérie)|publisher=SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1985|page=introduction|isbn=2852971437|quote=Il est bien connu par ses publications antérieures. Dans le cadre du Fichier de documentation berbère, périodique dont il a assuré la direction pendant de longues années (1940-1972) , il nous a laissé : Le Verbe kabyle, lexique partiel du parler des At Mangellat, Tome I, formes simples (1953) ; et une Initiation à la langue berbère (Kabylie) , deux volumes (1960, épuisés) en collaboration avec Sr. Louis de Vincenncs.}}</ref> Ig daɣ amẓṛag n mnnawt twuriwin f tutlayt Taqbaylit, zgitsn msmun awal Aqbayli-Afṛansis nna d iffuɣn ḍaṛat n Tmttant nns.<ref>{{cite book|date=1982|title=Dictionnaire Francais-Kabyle, Parler Des at Mangellat (Algérie)|publisher=SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1985|page=introduction|isbn=2852971437|quote=Le dictionnaire kabyle-français que nous publions est fondamentalement l'œuvre de Jean-Marie DALLET. Œuvre posthume, puisque l'auteur nous a quittés en 1972}}</ref> == Tbiblyugraft == * ''Initiation à la langue berbère (Kabylie)'', FDB Fort National, 1960. * ''Les cahiers de Belaid ou la Kabylie d'Antan'', FDB Fort National, 1963. * ''Contes Kabyles inédits '', FDB Fort National, 1967 * ''Dictionnaire Kabyle-Français'', SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1982  . * ''Dictionnaire Francais-Kabyle, Parler Des at Mangellat (Algérie)'', SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1985. == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Insmaziɣn]] [[Taggayt:Talalit n 1909]] [[Taggayt:Timttanin n 1972]] [[Taggayt:Imsnilsn zɣ Fṛansa]] fcb73288flnphr8kx88oc5tw150aei9 0 12739 78861 72262 2026-09-28T00:49:21Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Maṛku Ṛuys''' (s [[Tinglizit|tnglizt]]: {{Lang|en|Marco Reus|italic=yes}}; ilul ɣ 31 mayyu 1989 ɣ [[Durtmund]], [[Lalman|Almanya]]) iga yan umurar aliman n twjja n uḍaṛ. Yurar ɣ trabbut talimanit n twjja n uḍaṛ Burusya Durtmund zɣ 2012 ar 2024 ɣ udɣar n wammas n ubaraz.<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=2022-04-20 |title=BVB 09 {{!}} Teams {{!}} First Team - Player: Marco Reus {{!}} bvb.de |url=https://www.bvb.de/eng/Teams/First-Team/Marco-Reus |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420030333/https://www.bvb.de/eng/Teams/First-Team/Marco-Reus |archive-date=2022-04-20}}</ref> Ittustay ɣ 12 mayyu 2011 zɣ unmhal aliman [[Yuwaxim Luf]] ad ig agmam ɣ Trabbut Tanamurt n Twjja n Uḍaṛ n Walmanya. Yurar Ṛuys anmala nns amggaru d [[Burusya Durtmund]] mgal tarabbut n [[Ryal Madrid]] ɣ 27 mayyu 2024 ɣ tgira n tbrza n inbrazn n uṛubba da ɣ tṛẓa Durtmund s 0-2 ɣ [[Abaraz n Wimbliy|Ubaraz n Wimbliy]] ɣ tmdint n [[Lunḍun]].<ref>{{Bdr awib |title=Marco Reus - LA Galaxy Midfielder - ESPN (UK) |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/122356/marco-reus |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> == Tudrt nns == === Tudrt Taɛrrimt === Ilul Marku Ṛuys ɣ tmdint n [[Ḍurtmund|Durtmund]] ɣ 31 mayyu 1989, issnti tudrt nns tamaynut ɣ twjja n uḍaṛ i trabbut n Bust iḍfṛn i tmdint n Durtmund ɣ usggʷas n 1994, ilkm takadimit n Durtmund n imẓyann ɣ usggʷas n 1996, yurar d Burusya Durtmund aylliɣ ifta s trabbut n Rut Fays Ahln ddaw 19 ɣ usggʷas n 2006, ɣ usggʷas nns amzwaru yurar ɣ wammas n umnzaɣ, yack d ɣ smmus n tmnyugarin n trabbut tiss snat, nna yurarn ɣ trabbut n fays ahln yiws alliɣ tɣli s tbrza talimant tiss snat, ɣ usggʷas n 2008/09, lliɣ ilkm 19 ɣ uwtay nns, isbuɣla tawada nns zɣ lliɣ yurar 27 n unmala, isswu kkuẓ isswitn, issmguri 3. === Burusya Muncingladbax === [[Afaylu:090712-P-TS_BergischGladbach-Marco_Reus-0431.jpg|vignette|267x267px|Ṛuys d usrir n Burusya Muncingladbax ɣ usggʷas n 2009]] Ɣ 25 mayyu 2009, isgmḍ Ṛuys xf yan umsasa n kkuẓ isggʷasn d trabbut n [[Burusya Muncingladbax]] ɣ tbrza talimant n twjja n uḍaṛ [[Bundisliga]]. Ɣ 28 ɣuct 2009, isswa timsswit nns tamzwarut ɣ tbrza talimant ɣ tmnyugart n [[Maynz 05]] yaggugn s 50m zɣ uḥṭṭay n tratsa, zɣ wakud ann, iga imsswi n trabbut ddaw n tnmlwayt n [[Lusyin Fafr]]. Ɣ tuddma n tsutlt n 2011/12, issnti Ṛuys tawala s tɣarast iɣudan, yawi d 7 n isswitn ɣ 12 n tmnyugarin. Ikka tt inn dars yan umsasa d Burusya Muncingladbax nna yad iggʷzn ɣ usggʷas n 2015, nna ɣ illa yan waddad n ussufɣ n 18 mlyun Uṛu. inna Ṛuys mas iga Ṭumas Rusitski amdya nns anaflla. === Burusya Durtmund === {{Ẓṛ_ula|Burusya Durtmund}} [[Afaylu:Marco_Reus_2013.jpeg|vignette|306x306px|Ṛuys ɣ Burusya Durtmund]] '''2012/13''' Ɣ 4 Innayr 2012, isgmḍ Marku Ṛuys d trabbut n Burusya Durtmund s 17.1 mlyun Uṛu ɣ umsasa n smmus n isggʷasn, isawl xf umzizzl nns, yini: « ɣiyɣ ad skrɣ yan usurs d yuckan ɣ tsutlt ad yuckan. riɣ ad urarɣ d kra n trabbut nna ittmzizwarn xf tbrza talimant, iriɣ ad urarɣ ɣ [[Tabrza n Inbrazn n Uṛubba|Tbrza n Inbrazn n Uṛubba]], tarabbut ad tga tt Durtmund. Ilkm Ṛuys Durtmund ɣ 1 Yulyuz 2012, ɣ tmnyugart nns tamzwarut ɣ tbrza talimant ɣ 24 Ɣuct, isswa isswi nns amzwaru ɣ unmala ad d trna trabbut nns s tyafut n 1-2 mgl [[Firdr Brimn]], ɣ 29 Cutanbir, isswa snat n tmsswitin i Durtmund mgal n trabbut nns izrin (Burusya Muncngladbax), iggru unmala s tyafut n 5-0. lli yujjan tarabbut ad tɣli s tskʷflt tamzwarut ɣ tbrza talimant (Bundisliga). Ɣ 3 kṭubṛ, yurar Ṛuys anmala nns amzwaru ɣ tbrza n uṛubba, lliɣ yuwḍ Durtmund s 1 - 1 mgal [[Mancistr Siti]] ɣ tmnyugart tamzwarut n trabbut,<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=2016-01-26 |title=UEFA Champions League 2012/13 - History - Man. City-Dortmund – UEFA.com |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2013/matches/round=2000347/match=2009510/postmatch/report/index.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126184825/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2013/matches/round=2000347/match=2009510/postmatch/report/index.html |archive-date=2016-01-26}}</ref> dffir ad yawḍ s 2 - 2 d Ryal Madrid ɣ ubaraz n Santyagu Birnabyu ass n 6 Nuwanbir, yawḍ s tmnyugart tamqṛant dffir n tmnyugart n umdraw nns [[Rubirt Lifandufski]],<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=2013-12-23 |title=Real Madrid v Borussia Dortmund live football scores {{!}} Soccer scores and live video {{!}} ESPNFC.com |url=http://espnfc.com/en/report/355688/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427065745/http://espnfc.com/en/report/355688/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null |archive-date=2013-04-27}}</ref> ɣ 21 nuwanbir, isswa Ṛuys isswi amzwaru ɣ trabbut n Durtmund, iggru unmala s 4 - 1 mgal [[Ayaks Amstirdam]] ɣ ubaraz n [[Yuhan Kruyf Arina]], afad ad yamẓ taskʷflt tamzwarut ɣ trabbut izri ilmma s tilalt n 16 n tbrza.<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=2016-01-26 |title=UEFA Champions League 2012/13 - History - Ajax-Dortmund – UEFA.com |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2013/matches/round=2000347/match=2009558/postmatch/report/index.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126184825/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2013/matches/round=2000347/match=2009558/postmatch/report/index.html |archive-date=2016-01-26}}</ref> Ɣ 16 bṛayṛ 2013, isswa Ṛuys ahaṭṛik, lliɣ akkʷ isswa isswitn n Durtmund mgal trabbut n [[Eintracht Frankfurt|Fṛankfurt]]. ɣ 11 mayyu, isswa Ruys sin isswitn ɣ uzmz n tgira mgal [[VfL Wolfsburg|Fulfsburg]], tnru ilmma Burusya Durtmund. Ɣ 9 ibrir 2013, isswa Ṛuys isswi ɣ wakud ijlan mgal tarabbut n [[Malaga FC|Malaga]] ɣ tmnyugart n kkuẓ n tmggura n tbrza n uṛubba 1/4, d yiwn usrir n "BfB" s tsutlt d yuckan lliɣ itmma unmala s 3-2, ɣ uzgn amggaru yurar mgal [[Ryal Madrid]] trnu Burusya s 4-3 ɣ snat tmnyugar afad ad tzri s tgira n tbrza tṛẓ mgal [[Bayirn Muncin]] ɣ Ubaraz n Wimbliy s 2-1 ɣ tusdidin timgura. == Tiwlafin == <gallery perrow="11"> afaylu:Marco_Reus_(16204330530)_(cropped).jpg|lien=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93:Marco_Reus_(16204330530)_(cropped).jpg afaylu:FIFA_WC-qualification_2014_-_Austria_vs._Germany_2012-09-11_(03).jpg|lien=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93:FIFA_WC-qualification_2014_-_Austria_vs._Germany_2012-09-11_(03).jpg afaylu:20180602_FIFA_Friendly_Match_Austria_vs._Germany_Marco_Reus_850_0626.jpg|lien=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93:20180602_FIFA_Friendly_Match_Austria_vs._Germany_Marco_Reus_850_0626.jpg afaylu:2023-08-12_TSV_Schott_Mainz_gegen_Borussia_Dortmund_(DFB-Pokal_2023-24)_by_Sandro_Halank–052.jpg|lien=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93:2023-08-12_TSV_Schott_Mainz_gegen_Borussia_Dortmund_(DFB-Pokal_2023-24)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93052.jpg afaylu:2023-08-12_TSV_Schott_Mainz_gegen_Borussia_Dortmund_(DFB-Pokal_2023-24)_by_Sandro_Halank–077.jpg|lien=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93:2023-08-12_TSV_Schott_Mainz_gegen_Borussia_Dortmund_(DFB-Pokal_2023-24)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93077.jpg afaylu:2023-08-12_TSV_Schott_Mainz_gegen_Borussia_Dortmund_(DFB-Pokal_2023-24)_by_Sandro_Halank–132.jpg|lien=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93:2023-08-12_TSV_Schott_Mainz_gegen_Borussia_Dortmund_(DFB-Pokal_2023-24)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93132.jpg afaylu:Marco_Reus_(16389947731).jpg|lien=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93:Marco_Reus_(16389947731).jpg </gallery> == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} q9oh7enmhtub51mcgwzy5knprhqr6v0 0 15301 78854 78769 2026-09-28T00:18:30Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aḥmad Ṣṣfriwi''' ({{Langx|fr|Ahmed Sefrioui|label=[[Tutlayt Tafransist|Tafṛansist]]}}; {{Langx|ar|أحمد الصفريوي|label=[[Tutlayt_Taɛṛabt|taɛṛabt]]}}), ar as ttinin {{ill|Byir Luti|fr|Pierre Loti|lt=Luti}} Amɣribi,<ref name="Universalis">{{Bdr awib |last=Universalis |first=Encyclopædia |title=Biographie d'AHMED SEFRIOUI (1915-2004) |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/ahmed-sefrioui/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ilul ɣ Fas ɣ 1915, immt ɣ Ṛṛbaṭ 2004. Ar ittunna mas d Aḥmad Ṣṣfriwi ad igan amara amɣribi amzwaru s [[Tutlayt Tafransist|tutlayt Tafṛansist]], dat n umara aṭanjawi [[Ɛbdlqadr Ccaṭ]] s udlis nns "{{Langx|fr|Le chapelet d'ambre|label=none}}". Aya da t ittnakaṛ umaẓam [[Aḥmad Lftuḥ]] acku iffɣ d wungal n Ṣṣfriwi ɣ 1949, lliɣ yad tzri 17 n usggʷas f tẓṛigt n wungal "{{Langx|fr|Mosaïques ternies|links=no|label=none|italic=yes}}" n Ɛbdlqadr Ccaṭ lli yara ɣ 1930, tffɣ d ɣ [[Bariz]] ɣ usggʷas n 1932.<ref name=":0">{{Bdr awib |title=أحمد الفتوح للاتحاد الاشتراكي: الصفريوي لم يكن أول كاتب رواية مغربي بالفرنسية .. و النقد مطالب بتصحيح نظرته |url=https://www.maghress.com/alittihad/126752 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=مغرس |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194642/https://www.maghress.com/alittihad/126752 |archive-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> == Tudrt Tazzulant == Iga yan umara amɣribi wala istawhmman. Ilul ɣ 1915 ɣ tmdint n [[Fas]]. Imarawn nns gan [[Imaziɣn]] sɣ [[Aṭlas Anammas|waṭlas anammas]].<ref>{{Bdr adlis |last=Jay |first=Salim |title=Dictionnaire des écrivains marocains |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedese0000jays |date=2005 |publisher=EDDIF |isbn=978-9981-09-111-5 |location=Casablanca |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedese0000jays/page/320 320]}}</ref> Inkr d ɣ tmdint taqburt nna d bahra ittbayann ɣ tugt n twuriwin nns. Ibda tudrt nns tazzulant wan unɣmas aɛrrim ɣ tkuyast n "{{Langx|fr|L'Action du peuple|label=none|italic=yes}}", ilmma rad ittara imnnitn imzrayn, fadd rad ig imḥḍi n "Tsnniɣt n Ḍḍuḥa".<ref>{{Bdr awib |date=1994-08-11 |title=Ahmed Sefrioui ouvre sa boîte à merveilles |url=https://www.leconomiste.com/article/ahmed-sefrioui-ouvre-sa-boite-merveilles |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=L'Economiste |language=fr}}</ref> Ḍaṛat n 1938, ixdm ɣ mnnawt tmssugurin tunbiḍin n tdlsa, asgmi d tmallayt ɣ tmaẓunt tamɣribit [[Ṛṛbaṭ]]. Ifsr ungal nns amzwaru s uzwl "{{Langx|fr|Le Chapelet d'ambre|label=none}}" ɣ 1949, yawi sis [[Tasmɣurt Mqqurn n Lmɣrib i Tskla]], ig amɣribi amzwaru ad tt yawi. Immut ɣ Ṛṛbaṭ ɣ 2004 s uwtay izzgrn 89 n usggʷas, ittumḍal ɣ usmḍl n Ccuhada n Ṛṛbaṭ.<ref>{{Bdr adlis |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm49952113 |title=Encyclopedia of African literature |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23019-3 |editor-last=Gikandi |editor-first=Simon |location=London ; New York |pages=677 |oclc=ocm49952113}}</ref><ref>{{Bdr awib |last=ALM |date=2004-02-26 |title=Ahmed Sefrioui meurt dans l’indifférence |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/societe/ahmed-sefrioui-meurt-dans-lindifference-9841 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Tismɣurin == Tismɣurin da yuwi:<ref>{{Bdr inɣmisn |title=أحمد الصفريوي {{!}} جائزة كتارا للرواية العربية |url=http://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822191558/http://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A/ |archive-date=2019-08-22 |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=جائزة كتارا للرواية العربية |language=ar-AR}}</ref> * Tasmɣurt Mqqurn n Lmɣrib i Tskla s wungal "Le Chapelet d'ambre". * Tasmɣurt n unssixf n tgduda Tafṛansist ɣ usggʷas n 1953. * Tasmɣurt n Marsulin Jirun zɣ dar [[Takadimt Tafṛansist|Tkadimt Tafṛansist]] ɣ usggʷas n 1949. * Tasmɣurt n Ktar i wungal Aɛṛab smmus isggʷasn nnḍfrnin. == Tiwuriwin nns == * {{Bdr adlis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRShni28LWoC |title=Le chapelet d'ambre |date=1949 |publisher=Julliard |language=fr}} * {{Bdr adlis |url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9782020011570 |title=La Boite A Merveilles |date=1954 |publisher=Seuil |isbn=978-2-02-001157-0 |language=fr}} * {{Bdr adlis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uypJ0QEACAAJ&hl=shi |title=La maison de servitude |date=1973 |isbn=978-2-02-004834-7 |language=fr}} * {{Bdr adlis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrTDVv4DHNAC&hl=shi |title=Le jardin des sortilèges ou le parfum des légendes |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-18526-5 |language=fr}} == Tisuɣal == {{Tisaɣulin|2}} [[Taggayt:Timttanin n 2004]] [[Taggayt:Imaran Imaziɣn]] [[Taggayt:Mddn zɣ Fas]] issw2uaty34pdsb509ug18bqkyaagw9 0 15338 78868 77380 2026-09-28T01:21:02Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Iga '''Xalid Ljamɛi''' (s {{Langx|ar|خالد الجامعي|label=Tɛṛabt}}; 1994 – 1 Yunyu 2021) yan unɣmas, amara d umsfsi asrtan amɣribi. Ikka tt inn iga anssixf n tirra n uɣmis amɣribi ittyuran s tfṛansist L'Opinino, ig yan ugmam istawhmman n [[Amulli n Listiqlal|umulli n Listiqlal]]. Ittyakaz yadlli Ljamɛi s tmamkt nns iẓlin n tirra d tannayin nns tisrtanin timuzal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Journalist Khalid Jamai Passes Away |url=https://en.aldar.ma/?p=607 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=ALDAR |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=HM the King Offers Condolences To Family of Great Journalist, Late Khalid El Jamaï |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/activites-royales/hm-king-offers-condolences-family-great-journalist-late-khalid-el-jama%C3%AF |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=[[Maghreb Arab Press]]}}</ref> Ɣ 1973, ittyamaẓ Ljamɛi, ittukraf f tannayin nns nna d bdda issufuɣ wan unɣmas. Lliɣ tt inn ikka ɣ ubniq, iskr mnnaw imsnalatn d mnnaw n yinkraf, issntm tullisin nnsn d tannayin nnsn f timskarin tibulisiyin d tuṣkiwt tasrtant n Lmɣrib. Ḍaṛat n usdrfi nns, issufɣ d tullisin ad ɣ udlis nns "Présumés coupables".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goff |first=Shaquile |title=Moroccans Grieve for the Loss of Journalist Khaled Jamai |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/06/342687/moroccans-grieve-for-the-loss-of-journalist-khaled-jamai |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=[[Morocco World News]] |language=en}}</ref> Xalid Lajmɛi ad igan babas n unɣmas d umbank [[Abubakr Ljamɛi]]. Immut ɣ 1 Yunyu 2021 ɣ uwtay n 77.<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-06-01 |title=Décès du journaliste Khalid Jamaï, 77 ans : Une grande plume tire sa révérence |url=https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/deces-journaliste-khalid-jamai |access-date=2022-01-11 |work=Maroc Hebdo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111155009/https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/deces-journaliste-khalid-jamai |archive-date=2022-01-11}}</ref> == Tisaɣulin == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Inɣmasn n tasuta tis 21]] [[Taggayt:Inɣmasn n tasuta tis 20]] [[Taggayt:Imaran zɣ Fas, Lmɣrib]] [[Taggayt:Inɣmasn imɣribiyn]] [[Taggayt:Timttanin n 2021]] [[Taggayt:Talalit n 1944]] 5k13wf0y7t3vzwh8am6k8kgzidl6t5y 0 15375 78855 77768 2026-09-28T00:24:54Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78855 wikitext text/x-wiki Tga '''Cikagu''' tiɣrmt lliɣ akkʷ ggutn imzdaɣn ɣ uwank n Ilinuy (Illinois) d tmnaḍt tanammast n utaram n Iwunak Mullinin (Mirikan). Tucka d ɣ uftas ataram n uglmam n Micigan, tga tis kṛaḍt ɣ umdurri ɣ tmazirt Iwunak mullinin, s yan wuṭṭun n imzdaɣn ilkmn 2.74 n umlyun ɣ umzdaɣ ɣ usiḍn n 2020. Tamnaḍt tamiṭṛubult n Cikagu llan gis 9.41 n umlyun n imzdaɣn, tga tis kṛaḍt ɣ tmnaḍin timdinin ɣ tmazirt. Cikagu tga tasila n Tsga n Kuk (Cook County) lli tt igan d tasga tis snat ɣ ggutn imzdaɣn ɣ Mirikan. Tettyawṣka Cikagu tga tiɣrmt ɣ usggʷas 1837 tama n yat tzagurt gr Iglmamn mqquṛnin d wasif n Misisibbi. Tulwa s tazzla ɣ uzgn n tasut tis 19. Ɣ usggʷas 1871, Afa mqquṛn n Cikagu issrdl mnnaw ikilumitrn imkkuẓn, yajj uggar n 100,000 n mddn bla tazdduɣt, macc uṭṭun n imzdaɣ n Cikagu iɣama ar sul ittawn. Tskr Cikagu yan udraw ittyannayn ɣ taddast tuɣrimt d tgurast tuṣkiwt, zun d "Tinml n Cikagu", d umussu n "Tɣrmt Ifulkin", d imggar n ignwan win wuzzal. '''Chicago''' tga daɣ yan ugrbrid agraɣlan n tmstagt d tawssna d tsbbabt (commerce) d tmguri d usgmi d tsnimkt, unyalkam amaggug (telecommunications), d wawway. Tiɣrmt ad tla igdzan n '''idrimn''' (derivatives market) da akkʷ imqqurn ɣ umaḍal d willi gis imyanawn, ar d ittaru 20% sɣ unck n tasra d igamman inimaln n imstagn.[15] Anafag Agraɣlan n '''O'Hare''' ar bdda ittyafa gr mraw inafagn mqqurnin d willi bahra tkarnin s imussutn n imzgar ɣ umaḍal, tga daɣ tmnaḍt ad agrbrid n id ccmandifir n tmazirt.[17] Asarag n Cikago illa gis yan '''uyafu amatan''' '''n ugns''' (GDP) yutin akkʷ ingga nns ɣ umaḍal, tnmala tɣrmt ɣ tmuzurt tis sḍist ɣ umaḍal, tḍi d uggar n 919 mlyar n iḍulaṛn ɣ 2024.[18] '''Tadamsa n Chicago''' tmnaway bahra, ur gis tlli kra n tmguri lli yiwin uggar n 14% n itrrasn. Chicago tga uẓẓun mqquṛn n '''tmallayt''', kkin tt 55 mlyun n umallay ɣ 2024 afad ad ẓṛn timrsal nns n tdamsa, taɣart n uglmim n '''Michigan''', isiramn (restaurants), d uggar.[19][20] Tadamsa n Cikagu tfka ma iggutn i tẓuṛiwin tuẓṛiwin, taskla, ssinima, amzgun, taṭṣa (slawan akkʷ taṭṣa n tisfi/improvisational), tiram, d uẓawan (slawan akkʷ '''Jazz''', '''Blues''', '''Soul''', '''Hip-hop''', Gospel,[21] d uẓawan n '''House'''). Tiɣrmt ad tga tigmmi n trabbut n ''Chicago Symphony Orchestra'' d ''Lyric Opera of Chicago'', ɣili ɣ ittyawskar ''Art Institute of Chicago'' lli igan ansa n imutag (Asmutag) n tẓuṛiwin uẓṛiwn, ig yat tinml n tẓuṛi. == Amzruy == === Ussan nns n zikk === Amzdaɣ amzwaru n '''Cicagu''' lli ur igin yus n tmazirt iga yan usbbab afransis ism as '''Jean Baptiste Point du Sable'''. Ig argaz asggan d ikkan [[Hayiti|'''Hayti''']], babas iga amssaywul afransawi, innas tkka tt inn tga tawayya tafriqit. Ilkm d ɣinn ɣ isggʷasn n 1770 sɣ '''New Orleans''' f wasif n '''Mississippi''' ntta d tmɣart nns lli igan sɣ imzwura n Mirikan. Tigmmi nnsn tkka tt inn tlla ɣ imi n wasif n Cikagu. Ɣ usggʷas n 1803, tanbaḍt n Marikan tbna yan ugadir "'''Fort Dearborn"''' ɣ wansa lli ɣ tlla ɣilad tiɣmrt n usuk n Michigan Avenue d Wacker Drive. Agadir ad innstm ɣ 1812 dffir Imnɣi n Fort Dearborn, ittyawbna daɣ ɣ 1816, macc irdl daɣ akkʷ ɣ usggʷas n 1857.<ref name=":0">{{Bdr awib|title=Chicago History|url=https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/about/history.html|website=www.chicago.gov|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925005525/https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/about/history.html|archive-date=2025-09-25|language=en}}</ref> === Afa mqquṛn === Lliɣ ar tettimɣur tmdint n Cicagu, imzdaɣn nns skrn tiɣawsiwin muccdnin afad ad gis skkiwsn. Ɣ isggʷasn n 1850, ssɣlin mnnaw iswak s smmus ar tam iskfal fad ad srsn angraw n ismamann (sewer system) — ssɣlin ula tigmma. Macc, tigmma d iɣarasn, ula isulay, kkan tt inn ttyawskarn ɣar s ukccuḍ. Mayad af akkʷ kmḍn ɣ Wafa '''Mqqurn n Cicagu n 1871'''. Tazuni n tkadimt n imssxsayn (Fire Department training academy) lli illan ɣ 558 W. DeKoven St. tlla ɣilad ɣ wansa n O’Leary lliɣ issnti wafa. '''Azilal n Waman n Cicagu''' (Chicago Water Tower) d Tasrst n uduz (Pumping Station) lli llanin ɣ Michigan d Chicago avenues gant sɣ tgmma drusnin lli injmn i ukmaḍ ad.<ref name=":0" /> == Tisuɣal == ntgnybi6icuaeog68fflmvox87okxea 0 15420 78852 78779 2026-09-27T23:56:00Z InternetArchiveBot 82 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 78852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|en:milky way}} '''Asif n walim''' niɣ d '''tabrida n walim''' niɣ d '''asif n ignna''' niɣ d '''aɣaras n walim''', iga ism n yat tmzzuɣrt. Ig nit ansa n [[Angraw anafuk|Ungraw Anafuk]] ɣ illa wakal, anaw nns iga uzlig (izlg), ilkm s tiɣzi nns ikʷti n 100.000 n usggʷas anafaw, ilin gis gr 100 ar 400 n id mlyar n itran. iqqan d ad asn ittyafas ɣunckad n wuṭṭun ad nit n imttiwgn iɣ akkʷ drusn.<ref name=":0">[[Iraql|iga]] {{Bdr awib |date=2022-09-06 |title=Astronomie : qu'est-ce que la Voie Lactée ? {{!}} Maxisciences |url=https://www.maxisciences.com/sciences/espace/voie-lactee_art47348.html |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=www.maxisciences.com |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714075054/https://www.maxisciences.com/sciences/espace/voie-lactee_art47348.html |archive-date=2026-07-14}}</ref> Ar ittyawnna is d tamzzuɣrt ad tlul d ɣar kra n tizi nif abaqqay Mqqurn (Big Bang), attayn n 13,2 n id mlyar n usggʷas ayad. Itran, d imttiwgn, d tfkkiwin tisayrarin yaḍnin lli tt skarnin, ar smlillin f wammas nns, ɣilli ɣ illa yan ugḍay asggan anig-iẓẓay. Sɣ usmnu n Wakal, yaggug t ugḍay ad asggan s kra n 27.000 n usggʷas anafaw.<ref name=":0" /> Adjar nns akkʷ yaẓnn iga t tamzzuɣrt n Andṛumida lli yaggugn Tafukt s wattayn n 2,55 n umlyun n usggʷas anafaw, illa ɣ talayt n itran n Andṛumida. Ntta d wattayn n sḍiṣt tmrawin (60) n tmzzuɣar mẓẓiynin yaḍnin, lliɣ illa umdlu imqqurn n Majillan d umdlu imẓẓiyn n Majillan, ar kullu skarn "Tagrumma Tadɣrant", lli igan zaɣd nttat yan ugzzum sɣ "Ibr-Agdad n tgṣmaḍt". Yan umdaday ismmunn akkʷ timzzuɣar d-aẓnin i xtalli igan tinɣ.<ref name=":0" /> == Tasnaẓuṛt n ism == === Ism nns dar Imaziɣn: === Dar imaziɣn n zikk, amjakrar ann umlil ifruzziyn n itran d ar izggr ignna n dyiḍ, irwas alim usdid lli illuzzan, iffarri ɣ waḍu. Aswingm ad nit ad yujjan aɛṛabn ad as fkin ism n « Darb al-Tabbana » (Tasukt n imzznza n walim).<ref>[[Iraql|ur ittmtatnrad]] [[Iraql|ut y]]</ref> « Asif n walim » dar Imaziɣn d Waɛrabn irwas ma d iffal umkraz tiɣʷrdin nns, mk yusi yan waggʷa n walim ɣ kra n uzgaw ibbin. Mgalan d waɛṛabn lli ddrnin ɣ yat twnnaḍt izwan, tsur f iɣarasn d iswak, Imaziɣn daɣ (slawan akkʷ ɣwilli gisn zdɣnin ɣ tmnaḍin tidraranin n Waṭlas) ifl gisn uggar ungraw n twala n waman d isaffn. Assfif ad agnnan ittlkikiḍn, ur asn d isskti kra n uɣaras, isskti asn d imil azray n yan wasif ingin, yasi d dids ifṛẓẓan sfawnin n walim imlluln aynna ittkka. === Tagtti n Ismawn: === Tettyawsmma tmzzuɣrt ad s yan yism izḍarn ad ig "Abrid n walim" ɣ tuggt n tmizar n Imaziɣn, mqqar illa kra n naḥya gratsnt. Ɣ [[Lqbayl]] ar as ttinin (Abrid n walim), ɣ Lawras d [[Ayt Sɣruccn]] d [[Ayt Warayn]] (Abrid n wulum). Ɣ [[Sus]] d udrar n Drn ar as bdda ttinin (Tabrida n walim) zun d dar [[Actukn|Wactukn]], niɣ d (Imakrn n walim) ɣ [[Ayt Baɛmran|Ayt Bɛmran]], niɣ (Aɣaras n imakrn n walim), niɣ (Aɣaras n walim). Macc ism ad bahra ilan atig, ar ittmyatay d yan yism yaḍn ɣ iffus n Lmɣrib lli igan (Asif n ignwan), niɣ d (Ajggu n tgnaw) ɣ [[Bgayt]], d (Umzallaw) dar Itwargiyn.<ref>{{Bdr adlis |last=Usus |first=Muḥmmad |title=كوكرا في الميثولوجيا الامازيغية |publisher=المعهد الملكي للثقافة الامازيغية |year=2008 |isbn=978-9954-28-015-7 |pages=117 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Ism ad n "Asif n walim" bahra ittyawssann, ibidd f yan umiy n zikk mi ttalsn mddn ɣ [[Adrar n Drn|udrar n Drn]]; mas d kra n itran ukrn kra n walim, asin t, d ar asn iffrtl ɣ uɣaras (sḍrn t ɣ uɣaras), aylliɣ iskr tassfift ad n tmzzuɣrt. Ɣ yan umiy yaḍni, nnan is d ikka yan waḍu ijfan lli d iddan, isluzza alim ann ittyakarn, izuzzr t inn ɣ uɣaras lli kkan. === Ism nns dar iṛmmuyn: === Taguri n « Voie » tkka d tutlayt talatinit « Via » lli isnamkn: aɣaras, abrid, tin « Lactée » tkk d zaɣd nttat talatinit « Lacteus » lli isnamkn: mad izdin d ukʷfay, nɣ d kra irwasn akʷfay. S ɣmkad « La Voie Lactée » twats: Aɣaras n ukʷfay. Aẓuṛ n ism ad lli fkan i tmzzuɣrt n wasif n walim, ikka d Umiyn Igrikn iqburn. Mqqar itahl "[[Zus]]" (Zeus) s "Iṛa" (Héra), iṭṭaf snat d mrawt (12) n taldniwin s ma intln. D yat gisnt lli mi ismn "Alɣmin" (Alcmène), yuru dis yan yiwis, ism as "[[Iraql|iraɣl]]" (Hercule). Sɣ lliɣ d ilul warba ad, ila yat taẓẓiḍṛa yutin tin ufgan, lli as yiwsn ad issugr mnid n kra illan, amr Tamttant, acku innas tga tafgant d ar tettmttat.<ref>{{Bdr awib |title=La voie lactée {{!}} Espace des sciences |url=https://www.espace-sciences.org/archives/la-voie-lactee |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=www.espace-sciences.org}}</ref> Afad ad irar iwis d yan ur ittmtatn, yut Zus tamlda ɣ yan dyiḍ lliɣ tdda tmɣart nns "Iṛa" ad tgn zikk f mad yadlli tmyar. Isiggl Zus "iṛaɣl", isrs t f tama n tɣssa n "iṛa" lli iṭṭaṣn, ur imaṭil ubijju ad yaf tibbit n "Hiṛa", issnti ar itteṭṭḍ s kigan n udurdu sɣ "Ukʷfay n tɣllalt". Tduy d ilmma "iṛa" sɣ iṭṣ s yan uṛmmaḍ ijfan ɣ idmarn nns. Tfrk is ar tssuṭuḍ yan urba ur igin wins. Tmmaɣ ad t inn fllas tsitti, macc yumẓ nit Iṛaɣl ɣ tibbit nns. Tmmaɣ tiklit tis snat s uggar n tammara, macc tggammi, imuqqn gis Iṛaɣl s yat tgrdi iggutn. Ɣ tis kraḍt n tikkal, tssus iṛaɣl sɣ tibbit nns s iɣnan, ɣakudann ad d tnḍṛ yat tmiẓẓṛt n ukʷfay aylliɣ innzwi ɣ Ignna, iskr d nit ilmma mayann "Aɣaras n ukʷfay". == Amzruy == Galili ad igan walli izwarn ad t iẓr ɣ usggʷas n 1610 s twisi n tsmaqqalt nns tasnitrant. Yufa d is tettyawskar s tuggt n itran lli ur iẓḍaṛ ufgan ad tn izlm s tiṭṭ nns yazufn (« Iɣʷẓan mas d Asif n Walim ur igi amr yan ugudi n itran id war-uṭṭun lli lluzzanin f kra n igudiyn mẓẓiynin », Galili, Amazan agnnan, 1610). Assfif ad iflin, lli irwasn akʷfay, iga tamatart n tmzzuɣrt ɣ ignna, ɣmklli s ittyawmnad sɣ idis nns, sɣ udɣar ɣ tlla [[Tafukt]] ɣammas-ka-t-inn n ungraw ad abaraw. ==Talɣa nns d ma t iskarn== Tga tmzzuɣrt n wasif n walim yat tmzzuɣrt tuzligt imqqurn, lli mi tettyafa talɣa nns ɣ usggʷas n 1951 s radio n tsnitrit. Ɣ wammas nns illa yan waqqa isfawn mi ttinin "Aglla", gis ɣ turrut attayn n 10 000 n isggʷasn inafawn. Sɣ gis ar ttffuɣn kra n iɣalln uzlign ar skarn yan ufllun awarar n 100 000 n isggʷasn inafawn llanin ɣ turrut nns, d yat tzuri ilkkmn gr 1 000 ar 3 000 SgF (isggʷasn inafawn).<ref name=":1">{{Bdr awib |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=Voie lactée - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Voie_lact%C3%A9e/149220 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Aglla ad d ufllun lli dids, tssutl asn yat tsga iṭṭafn talɣa takʷlillayt ittyawssann s "amdallalas", lli mi tettyawsɣal turrut nns s 300 000 n isggʷasn inafawn. Amdallalas ad llan gis kigan n igudiyn n itran, taggat nnsn tlla ɣ uflla niɣ d ɣ wadday n ufllun ad. Waxxa ɣmkann, amdallalas ad (zun d tuẓẓumt n Wasif n Walim) ur iẓḍaṛ ad t tẓṛ tiḍṭ acku f ugḍṛuṛ agritran. F ɣmkann, taɣudiwt nns ar tettili s umgraw n ddu-zggʷaɣ d radio-telescopes.<ref name=":1" /> Iɣ ittyawmnad sɣ idis, asif n walim irwas yan ufllun iwrn, yili gis yan uffudl bahra isfawn ɣ tuẓẓumt nns, ɣinn aɣ munnt tuggt n itran. tamu tmzzuɣrt ad uggar n 100 n id mlyar n itran (itran zilliznin s uẓṛwal n wanaw amzwaru I, d itran izggʷaɣn mqqurnin n wanaw wis sin II), d igḍṛaṛ ula arragn gr itran. Asttul nns d wattayn n ifḍ n id mlyar n ttwal win Tafukt. Afllun ad, lli iṭṭafn attayn n 70 % sɣ usttul amakay n tmzzuɣrt, gis itran mzaraynin kigan ɣ usttul d uwtay nnsn. Ma illan ngr itran, kullu imun ɣ iɣalln uzlign nttat d itran lli akkʷ mẓẓiynin ɣ uwtay, lli mi ttinin agdud amzwaru I (T Tauri, itran O nɣ d B, Céphéides). Ɣ usggʷas n 2002, ufan imassann is illa yan ugḍay asggan bahra imqqurn ɣ tuẓẓumt n Wasif n Walim, lli mi ilkkm usttul nns kra n kkuẓ n id mlyun n ttwal win Tafukt. == Isuɣal== [[Taggayt: Timassanin]] 0pykc1j3tvbjo9mjq3wprq29bvw9o2x